BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

Behaviorism, Constr !tivism an" a Comm nit# o$ In% ir# $or a S !!ess$ & 'earnin( Environment
)re( *+ ,a&& Van!o ver Is&an" Universit#

On&ine 'earnin( an" Tea!hin( Di-&oma ./0 1im 'emie 2 Fe3r ar# 45, 6/47

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY Short Tit&e8 F && Tit&e

)iven that e" !ation is !entra& to h man &i$e, it is im-ortant that tea!hers re$&e!t -hi&oso-h9 i!a&&# an" tea!h in a :a# that is meanin($ & to tea!hers an" the ni% eness o$ the sit ation ;'avert#, 6//<=+ As a tea!her its im-ortant to eva& ate one>s o:n tho (hts an" 3e&ie$s :hen it !omes to e" 9 !ation an" $in" :a#s to n"erstan" an" a"a-t to o r !ontin a&&# !han(in( :or&"+ ,ith the Internet an" re&ate" te!hno&o(ies, the &an"s!a-e o$ &earnin( has !han(e" in this ne: in$ormation a(e+ S "9 "en&#, :e are a3&e to a!!ess more in$ormation than ever 3e$ore+ No &on(er are st "ents "e-en"in( on tea!hers an" -res!ri3e" te2ts to (ather in$ormation+ Ho:ever, the :a#s :hi!h :e "e&iver e" !a9 tion have sta#e" the same an" s!hoo&s as s&o: to !han(e+ On&ine &earnin( re-resents a ne: :a# $or st "ents to &earn+ ,ith Constr !tivism, st "ents !an :or? to(ether sin( on&ine too&s to !onstr !t meanin(+ Thro (h Behaviorism, st "ents !an (ain $ n"amenta& 3asi! s?i&&s tho (h on&ine -ra!ti!e too&s to he&- :ith $ t re s !!ess+ A $rame:or? !a&&e" The Comm nit# o$ In% ir# Mo"e& !an 3e se" to "ire!t &earnin(+ A&& mem3ers o$ the &earnin( !omm nit# :i&& have to 3e -resent in a ne: :or&" :here st "ents are a!tive -arti!i-ants in their o:n e" !ation, :here tea!hers ass me the ro&e o$ $a9 !i&itator an" a !omm nit# o$ on&ine &earners is esta3&ishe"+ I$ the :a# :e (ather in$ormation has !han(e", the :a# :e transmit in$ormation sho &" a&so !han(e+ St "ents sittin( in neat an" ti"# ro:s :hi&e the tea!her trans$ers in$ormation is sti&& the norm in most o$ o r s!hoo&s+ @a &o Freire ;6//.= s ((ests that tra"itiona& $orms o$ e" !ation a!t at times &i?e a 3an?, :here tea!hers ma?e the "e-osits an" st "ents re!eive, memoriAe an" re-eat the in$ormation $rom those "e-osits+ St "ents sho &" no &on(er 3e tho (ht o$ as Bem-t# vesse&sC ;Har mi, 6//6= to have in$ormation (i$te" -on them 3# those :ho are &earne"+ St "ents no: have the o--ort nit# to see? o t ne: in$ormation, thin? !riti!a&&#, so&ve -ro3&ems an" intera!t :ith a net9 :or? o$ -eers+ I$ a st "ent is "e-en"in( on an instr !tor $or ?no:&e"(e, the# are -assive mem3ers

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

in their o:n e" !ation+ I$ the# are (iven the !han!e to see? o t in$ormation, !onstr !t an" "is! s9 sion in$ormation, the# 3e!ome a!tive in their &earnin(+ In the &earnin( theor# ?no:n as Constr !tivism, st "ents are a3&e to 3 i&" their n"erstan"9 in( o$ a !on!e-t thro (h e2-erien!in( it in an a!tive an" inte&&e!t a& :a# ;1ear, 6/44=+ B# sin( Constr !tivism as a &earnin( theor#, st "ents :i&& en(a(e in an a!tivit# an" $in" their n"erstan"in( thro (h their -arti!i-ation in that a!tivit#+ Un"erstan"in( !an 3e a!hieve" in"ivi" a&&# as in DCo(9 nitive Constr !tivism> or as a (ro - o$ intera!tin( &earners thro (h DSo!ia& Constr !tivism> ;1ear, 6/44=+ In"ivi" a&&# thro (h !o(nitive !onstr !tivism, a st "ent ma# see? n"erstan"in( thro (h an on&ine sim &ation+ Ho:ever, (reater n"erstan"in( !an 3e o3taine" thro (h !onne!tin( in$ormation an" i"eas :ith other &earners :ho !o &" then share simi&ar e2-erien!es+ So!ia& !onstr !tivism !an serve as a ( i"in( -rin!i-&e in ho: the tea!her ( i"es a !omm nit# o$ &earners+ B# sin( So!ia& Constr !tivism, st "ents "o not have to 3e -assive -arti!i-ants in the &earn9 in( -ro!ess, 3 t rather the# are re% ire" to 3e a!tive&# invo&ve" in :hat the# are &earnin(+ A tea!her ma# a!t as $a!i&itator an" set o t a -ro3&em $or st "ents to so&ve+ St "ents :i&& :or? to(ether to !onstr !t a "ee-er meanin( o$ a !on!e-t+ B# :or?in( to(ether to rea!h a !ommon (oa&, st "ents !an &earn i"eas in a more meanin($ & :a# ;Ca&&ison, 6/46=+ In -ra!ti!e, the tea!her !an as? st "ents to e2amine a rea&9&i$e sit ation &i?e 3rain tra ma !a se" 3# hea" inE ries in !onta!t s-orts+ The st 9 "ents !an (o on&ine to resear!h i"enti$# :hat s-orts are a--&i!a3&e+ Ne2t, the# rea" !ase st "ies a3o t the to-i! an" revie: vi"eo $oota(e o$ in!i"ents+ @erha-s, the# !an $in" sim &ations a3o t :hat ha--ens to the 3rain " rin( an im-a!t+ 'ater, the# !o &" s-ea? :ith -eo-&e :ho are a$$e!te" 3# s-orts re&ate" 3rain tra ma+ Re( &ar&# thro (h this entire -ro!ess, st "ents !an 3e !omm ni!at9 in( :ith ea!h other s#n!hrono s&# thro (h vi"eo or a "io !hat or as#n!hrono s&# thro (h "is! s9 sion $or ms an" so!ia& me"ia+ As a res &t, thro (h So!ia& Constr !tivism, st "ents :or? to(ether in an on&ine !omm nit# to !onstr !t meanin(+

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

In or"er $or an on&ine !omm nit# to :or?, st "ents nee" to have the -rere% isite s?i&&s in or9 "er to 3e s !!ess$ &+ I$ a st "ent &a!?s &itera!# an" n mera!# s?i&&s, the# are at a "isa"vanta(e an" have a sma&&er !han!e o$ s !!ess in a te2t9heav# on&ine :or&"+ Re$eren!in( B+F+ S?inner, A&&# ;6//F= states that Bthat &earnin( is a !han(e in o3serva3&e 3ehavior !a se" 3# e2terna& stim &i in the environmentC ;-+4G=+ I$ a st "ent is (iven s $$i!ient -ra!ti!e thro (h re-etitive tas?s an" $ee"3a!? is time&#, a st "ent !an &earn a !on!e-t an" !han(e their 3ehavio rs+ I have hear" the term D"ri&& an" ?i&&> se" as a "ero(ator# :a# o$ "es!ri3in( D"ri&& an" -ra!ti!e> in e" !ation+ I "isa(ree an" it is m# vie: that $rom -ra!ti!e !omes !om-eten!e+ ,hi&e ath&etes nee" to -ra!ti!e a s?i&& over an" over to 3e!ome e2-erts, st "ents a&so nee" to -ra!ti!e 3asi! s?i&&s to 3e!ome !om-etent an" then s !!ess$ & in on&ine &earnin(+ Ma&!o&m )&a":e&& ;6//F= states that e2!e&&en!e at a!hievin( a !om-&e2 tas? re 9 % ires a minim m amo nt o$ -ra!ti!e+ I$ st "ents have not -er$orme" a minim m amo nt o$ -ra!9 ti!e in rea"in( an" :ritin(, the tas? o$ !omm ni!atin( on&ine :i&& 3e inherent&# !ha&&en(in(+ Usin( 3ehaviorism as -art as an on&ine &earnin( -ro(ram !an he&- st "ents "eve&o- $o n"a9 tiona& s?i&&s in &an( a(e an" mathemati!s+ The stren(th o$ 3ehaviorism is that it a&&o:s st "ents to a!hieve (oa&s in a :a# that invo&ves -ra!ti!e an" re:ar"s+,hereas !onstr !tivist a--roa!hes !an 3e se" to tea!h -ro!esses an" !on!e-ts, 3ehaviorist a--roa!hes !an 3e se" to tea!h more 3&a!? an" :hite $a!t 3ase" materia& ;A&&#, 6//F=+ A st "ent ma# &o( into an on&ine rea"in( -ro(ram &i?e A!9 !e&erate" Rea"er ;HA!!e&erate" Rea"er,H 6/47=+ St "ents !an rea" a3i&it# a--ro-riate te2ts, -arti!i-9 ate in !om-rehension an" vo!a3 &ar# enri!hin( a!tivities an" re!eive instantaneo s $ee"3a!? a3o t -ro(ress+ As :e&& as 3ein( in$orme" a3o t -ro(ress, st "ents !an $ee& intrinsi! satis$a!tion thro (h a!!om-&ishin( their (oa&s+ Simi&ar&#, tea!hers sin( the 1han A!a"em# are a&&o:in( st "ents the o--ort nit# to :or? on thro (h re-etitive series o$ 3asi! mathemati! s?i&& a!tivities in a str !t re" an" se&$9-a!e" :a# ;H1han A!a"em#,H 6/47=+ ,ith the 1han A!a"em# as an e2am-&e, the tea!her !an !reate an a!!o nt $or a st "ent, the st "ent !an &o( in, vie: vis a& t toria&s an" !om-&ete -ra!9 ti!e e2er!ises+ St "ents are re:ar"e" thro (h a -oints an" 3a"(e s#stem+ B# sin( a tra!?in( s#s9

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

tem, st "ents an" tea!hers see :hat !on!e-ts the# are str ((&in( :ith imme"iate&#+ ,Ith these t:o on&ine tea!hin( too&s, the tea!her an" st "ents are a:are o$ s !!esses an" short!omin(s an" are then a3&e to ma?e im-rovements+ Dri&& an" -ra!ti!e is not E st s -er$i!ia& &earnin( 3 t rather a (ate:a# to (ainin( the s?i&&s $or s rviva& in an on&ine environment+ In these ?in"s o$ on&ine a!tivities, the tas?s are re-etitive an" re:ar"s, either intrinsi! or e2trinsi! are rea"i&# avai&a3&e+ Another -rere% isite s?i&& st "ents :i&& nee" to have the ri(ht s?i&&s in or"er to 3e s !!ess$ & in an on&ine environment+ In a tra"itiona& !&assroom there are s?i&&s that :e ma?e st "ents -ra!ti!e so the# !an $ n!tion s !!ess$ &&#+ In $a!e to $a!e !&assroom, st "ents nee" to 3e ta (ht ho: to raise their han"s, &isten to an" -arti!i-ate in a!tivities :here the# are intera!tin( $a!e to $a!e :ith mem 9 3ers o$ the &earnin( !omm nit#+ This ta?es a &on( time an" some st "ents are more s !!ess$ & than others 3e!a se the# have 3een a3&e to a"a-t to &earnin( in this t#-e o$ environment+ In a virt a& en9 vironment, st "ents :i&& have to "eve&o- a ne: s?i&& set in or"er to a!hieve -ositive res &ts+ As 1ear ;6//F= states , some st "ents str ((&e :ith the in$ormation over&oa", te2t heav# !omm ni!ation an" $ee& that the me"i m is im-ersona& !om-are" to a $a!e to $a!e environment+ Some st "ents :i&& not a tomati!a&&# or 3# "e$a &t a3&e to -er$orm tas?s &i?e see?in( o t in$ormation on the internet or ho: to 3ehave in a "is! ssion $or m+ In or"er $or an on&ine !omm nit# to $ n!tion, the mem3ers have to 3e !om$orta3&e :ith the me"i ms that are se"+ Ass min( a st "ent is rea"# an" -ossesses the -rere% isite s?i&&s to 3e s !!ess$ & in a !om9 m nit# o$ on&ine &earners, a $rame:or? is ne!essar#+ A $rame:or? $or !reatin( an on&ine &earnin( environment that !om3ines !o(nitive "eve&o-ment :hi&e a&so a&&o:in( st "ents to !onstr !t mean9 in( $rom -arti!i-atin( in a tea!her $a!i&itate" on&ine !omm nit#, the Comm nities o$ In% ir# mo"e& is :e&& s ite" to a!hieve this - r-ose+ The Comm nities o$ In% ir# mo"e& states that on&ine &earnin( an" "ee-er n"erstan"in( o$ !ontent re% ires the "eve&o-ment o$ a !omm nit# ;S:an, )arrison I Ri!har"son 6//G=+ This mo"e& is ma"e - o$ three !om-onents that !om-&iment ea!h other to rea!h

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

the !omm nit#>s (oa&9 so!ia& -resen!e, !o(nitive -resen!e an" tea!her -resen!e+ An"erson ;6//F= states that "ee- an" meanin($ & &earnin( res &ts :hen these three B-resen!esC or -arts are in -&a!e+ A!!or"in( to 1an ?a an" )arrison ;6//7=, !o(nitive -resen!e is ho: m !h &earners are a3&e to "eve&o- their n"erstan"in( thro (h s staine" !omm ni!ation+ Co(nitive -resen!e is im-ortant 3e!a se it is the area o$ the mo"e& :here st "ents thin? !riti!a&&# an" &earn at hi(her &eve&s+ Here the# -rove :hether the# have &earne" somethin( :orth:hi&e+ Co(nitive -resen!e !an 3e seen in three -hases;)arrison, An"erson, Ar!her I )arrison, 6//7= 8 4+ Tri((erin( event9 Here the tea!her (ives the st "ents the -ro3&ems or iss es that are (oin( to 3e a""resse"+ This ma# ha--en thro (h a % estion or "ire!tin( st "ents to a -art o$ a te2t9 3oo? or rea"in(+ 6+ E2-&oration9 St "ents start -rivate e2-&oration o$ the !on!e-t an" move into vie:in( it as a so!ia& (ro -+ 0+ Inte(ration9 This is !onstr !tivism in a!tion as st "ents :or? to(ether to !onstr !t "ee-er meanin(+ The st "ents are (eneratin( n"erstan"in( $rom the i"eas in the e2-&oration sta(e+ 7+ Reso& tion9 Here, st "ents reso&ve the -ro3&em that has 3een !overe"+ I$ st "ents have re9 so&ve" the -ro3&em an" a!% ire the ne!essar# ?no:&e"(e, the# !an move to:ar" a ne: % es9 tion or tri((er even+ So!ia& -resen!e, is the a3i&it# o$ the st "ents to -roEe!t their -ersona& !hara!teristi!s into the !omm nit# ;1an ?a an" )arrison, 6//7=+ In so!ia& -resen!e, the &earner ma?es the !hoi!e on ho: the# :ant to 3e invo&ve" in the !omm nit#+ Here the &earners ma?e themse&ves into Drea& -eo-&e> thro (h the me"i ms o$ !omm ni!ation ;)arrison, An"erson, Ar!her I )arrison, 6//7=+ The me"i9 ms in this !ase are s#n!hrono s an" as#n!hrono s too&s+ For e2am-&e, a st "ent !an esta3&ish their on&ine i"entit# thro (h vi"eo or voi!e !hat or thro (h 3&o((in( or "is! ssion $or ms+ The a"vant9 a(es o$ on&ine &earnin( is that there is $&e2i3i&it# in time an" the t#-es o$ too&s se" $or !omm ni!a9 tion ;1ear, 6/44=+ A st "ent is a3&e to !omm ni!ate :hen the# :ant 3e!a se there are &ess restri!9

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

tion on time+ A st "ent is a&so a3&e to e2-&ore the iss e -rivate&# 3e$ore !omm ni!atin( :ith others+ Creatin( a so!ia& -resen!e !an -&a# o t in "i$$erent !ate(ories ;)arrison, An"erson, Ar!her I )ar9 rison, 6//7=8 4+ Emotiona& E2-ression9 St "ents !an se !hara!ters se" $or sho:in( emotions &i?e emoti!ons to e2-ress ho: the# are $ee&in(+ 6+ O-en Comm ni!ation9 On&ine &earnin( !an have an anon#mo s $ee&, (ivin( st "ents the a3i&9 it# to e2-ress themse&ves in a more ris? $ree :a#+ 0+ )ro - Cohesion9 Thro (h share" e2-erien!es an" !onne!tin( :ith -eers, st "ents !an $ee& -art o$ a !omm nit# :hi!h !an &ea" to the (ainin( o$ "ee-er n"erstan"in(+ A!!or"in( to )arrison, An"erson, Ar!her I )arrison ;6//7= BA--ro-riate !o(nitive an" so9 !ia& -resen!e, an" &timate&#, the esta3&ishment o$ a !riti!a& !omm nit# o$ in% ir#, is "e-en"ent -on the -resen!e o$ a tea!herC ;-4<=+ The -resen!e o$ the tea!her is :hat 3in"s the !omm nit# to9 (ether+ Tea!hin( -resen!e is !om-rise" o$ t:o $ n!tions8 the "esi(n o$ the e" !ationa& e2-erien!e an" $a!i&itation o$ the &earnin( a!tivities ;1an ?a an" )arrison, 6//7=+ The tea!her -&a#s a !r !ia& ro&e in ma?in( s re that the on&ine !omm nit# is -ositive an" st "ents are :or?in( to:ar" a (oa&+ B# a&&o:in( st "ents the o--ort nit# :or? in an on&ine !omm nit#, the tea!her is &ettin( the st "ent ta?e o:nershi- o$ their &earnin(+ Ho:ever, not a&& st "ents :i&& a tomati!a&&# $ee& !om$orta3&e :ith havin( so m !h !ontro& over :hat the# are &earnin(+ A st "ent ma# $ee& over:he&me" or not inter9 este" in the !on!e-t+ There is an ris? that the st "ent :i&& not rise to the !ha&&en(e in an environment that re% ires the &earnin( to 3e am3itio s an" se&$ motivate"+ The tea!her>s ro&e has shi$te" $rom 3e 9 in( the -rimar# "e-ositor o$ in$ormation to a $a!i&itator to a more !onstr !tivist, st "ent9!entere" &earnin( !omm nit#+ Tea!her -resen!e !an 3e -&a#e" o t :ith the se o$ the $o&&o:in( !ate(ories ;)arrison, An"erson, Ar!her I )arrison, 6//7=8 4+ Instr !tiona& Mana(ement9 The tea!her sets the str !t re o$ the !o rse, settin( the e2-e!ta9 tions an" ! rri! & m an" ti&iAin( the on&ine &earnin( too&s+

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

6+ B i&"in( Un"erstan"in(9 The tea!her he&-s to !reate a (ro - !ons!io sness, :here the (ro :or?s to(ether to a!hieve a !ommon (oa&+ The tea!her has to "ra: the &ess a!tive mem3ers o$ the !omm nit# in an" re!o(niAes !ontri3 tions an" ?ee-s the &earnin( atmos-here -ositive an" $o! sse"+ 0+ Dire!t Instr !tion9 As :e&& as the tea!her $a!i&itatin( st "ent re$&e!tions an" !onversations, the tea!her has to s mmariAe an" -rovi"e $ee"3a!? an" assessments+ There are times :here the tea!her m st "ire!t&# a!t as a ( i"e to &earnin(+ St "ents are a3&e to a!!ess in$ormation more $ree&# than ever 3e$ore an" the ro&e o$ the tea!her in a &earnin( !omm nit# is no &ess im-ortant in an on&ine &earnin( environment+ Constr !t9 ivism an" Behaviorism !an 3e se" $or "i$$erent - r-oses in &earner "eve&o-ment+ On&ine too&s s !h as "is! ssion $or ms, 3&o(s an" :i?is !an 3e se" to he&- st "ents !onstr !t meanin( 3# !o&&a3orat9 in( in !omm nities+ St "ents :ho nee" reme"iation o$ their 3asi! &itera!# an" n mera!# s?i&&s !an $in" -ra!ti!e o--ort nities :ith :e3sites that -rovi"e $ee"3a!? ne!essar# to !han(e 3ehaviors+

Comm nities o$ in% ir# as a $rame:or? !an a&&o: $or so!ia&, !o(nitive an" tea!her -resen!es to 3e 3a&an!e" to a!hieve an e$$e!tive e" !ationa& e2-erien!e+ For an on&ine &earnin( !omm nit# to 3e s !!ess$ &, the tea!her>s ro&e is to $a!i&itate an environment that ti&iAes re&evant too&s, n"erstan"s :here the st "ents are at in their &earnin(, -rovi"e time&# an" !onstr !tive $ee"3a!? an" to ( i"e st "ents thro (h the !o&&a3oration -ro!ess+

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY Re$eren!es

1an ?a, H+, )rrison, D+ ;6//7=+ Co(nitive -resen!e in on&ine &earnin(+ *o rna& o$ Com- tin( in Hi(her E" !ation, 4.;6=, 6490G+ Retrieve" $rom htt-s8JJe"(etest+a- s+e" Ja!!essJ!ontentJ(ro -J5e3<50G$9ee309766/9G3G09 /456eFa<<$/3J,ee?&# Rea"in(s an" Reso r!esJ,ee? 7 Rea"in(s an" Reso r!esJ!o(nit9 ive -resen!e+-"$ )arrison, D+, An"erson, T+, Ar!her, ,+, I )arrison, D+ ;6//7=+ Criti!a& thin?in(, !o(nitive -resen!e, an" !om- ter !on$eren!in( in "istan!e e" !ation+ Retrieve" $rom htt-8JJ!"e+atha3as9 !a +!aJ!oiKsiteJ"o! mentsJ)arrisonKAn"ersonKAr!herKCo(@resKFina&+-"$ A&&#, M+ ;6//F=+ Fo n"ations o$ e" !ationa& theor# $or on&ine &earnin(+ In T+ An"erson ;E"+=, The Theor# an" @ra!Ti!e o$ on&ine &earnin(Retrieve" $rom htt-8JJ:::+a -ress+!aJ3oo?sJ46/47<Je3oo?JGGLKAn"ersonK6//F9 Theor#Kan"K@ra!ti!eKo$KOn&ineK'earnin(+-"$ Freire, @+ ;6//.=+ @e"a(o(# o$ the o--resse"+ ;0/th Anniversar# E"ition e"+, -+ 56=+ Ne: Yor?, NY8 The Contin m Internationa& @ 3&ishin( )ro - In!+ Retrieve" $rom htt-8JJ:::+ ser9

s+h m3o&"t+e" JE:-o:e&&Je"re$ormFriereK-e"a(o(#+-"$ HIRUMI, A+ ;6//6=+ St "ent9!entere", te!hno&o(#9ri!h &earnin( environments ;s!entr&e=8 O-erationa&iAin( !onstr !tivist a--roa!hes to tea!hin( an" &earnin(+ *o rna& o$ Te!hno&o(# an" Tea!her E" !ation, 4/;7=, 7G59.05+ Retrieve" $rom htt-8JJ:::+r#erson+!aJa!tive&earnin(J$i&esJst "ent9!entere"+-"$ 1ear, 1+ ;6/44=+ On&ine an" so!ia& net:or?in( !omm nities a 3est -ra!ti!e ( i"e $or e" !ators+ Ne: Yor?8 Ro t&e"(e+ Ca&&ison, M+ ;,riter= ;6/46=+ Use a &earnin( theor#8 Constr !tivism M,e3N+ Retrieve" $rom htt-8JJ:::+#o t 3e+!omJ:at!hOvPQa.G-rLC.(A

BEHAVIORISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND A COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY

10

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