III.

DNG IN XOAY CHIU

1. CNG THC TNH NHANH V MT S DNG TON:
1.1)VIT BIU IN P V CNG DNG IN:
Phng php:
* Tnh tng tr Z:
2 2
. ( )
( ) ( )
1
( )
.
L
L C
C
Z L
Z R Z Z vi
Z
C
e
e
= O
= + O
= O

* Tnh bin I0 hoc U0 bng nh lut m:
0
0 0 0
.
U
I U I Z
Z
(
= =
(


* Tnh lch pha ca u so vi i:
u u i
i
= = Vi:
( )
2 2
t t

(
= < <
(

L C
Z Z
tg
R

* Vit biu thc:
+ Nu cho:
0
. ( . ) ( )
i
i I c t A e = + os e = + = +
0
. os( . ) ( )
u u i
u U c t V vi
+ Nu cho
e = +
0
. os( . ) ( )
u
u U c t V e = + =
0
. os( . ) ( )
i i u
i I c t A vi
Ch :
+ Nu cun dy khng thun cm
2 2
( ) ( )
( 0)
L
L C
L
Z R RL ZL ZC
R th
Z Z
tg
R R

- = + +

=

- =

+ Nu on mch thiu phn t no th cho tr khng ca phn t bng 0

on mch



Tng tr
2 2
C
R Z +
2 2
L
R Z + L C
Z Z

tg
C
Z
R

L
Z
R

2
2
t

+ =
=

+ Nu cho:
0
. ( . ) ( )
i
i I c t A e = + os
- in p tc thi hai u in tr thun R:
e = + =
0 0 0
. os( . ) ( ) .
R R i R
u U c t V vi U I R
- in p tc thi hai u cun thun cm:
e = + + =
0 0 0
. os( . ) ( ) .
L L i L L L
u U c t V vi U I Z
- in p tc thi hai u t in:
e = + + =
0 0 0
. os( . ) ( ) .
C C i C C C
u U c t V vi U I Z
1.2) XC NH GI TR CC PHN T R, L, C C TRONG ON MCH
KHNG PHN NHNH:
Phng php:
* Da vo cc d kin cho tnh gi tri tng tr Z ca on mch ang xt ri s
dng cng thc
2 2
( ) ( )
(
= + O

L C
Z R Z Z . T suy
ra: , ,
L C
Z Z R cn tm.
D kin cho S dng cng thc Ch
lch pha

=
L C
Z Z
tg
R
hoc os
(
=
(

R
c
Z

Thng tnh
os
(
=
(

R
Z
c

Cng sut P hoc
nhit lng Q


2
. . os . .
R
P U I c U I I R
(
= = =


Thng s dng tnh
I:
P
I
R
= ri mi p dng
nh lut m tnh tng
tr
U
Z
I
=
Cng hiu dng
v in p hiu dng
C R L XY
L C XY
U U U U
I
R Z Z Z
= = = =
Nu cho n d kin th ta
s tm c ( 1) n d kin
Ch : C th s dng cng thc trc tip tnh:
*Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu:
2
2
2
. . os . . .
R
U
P U I c U I I R R
Z
= = = =

2 2
2 2 2
. ( ) .
L C
U U
Z R R Z Z R
P P
(
= + = (
(


* H s cng sut os oac c h :
.
os
os

= = = =
R
P U R R
c Z
U I U Z c
2
2 2
( )
os
(
| |
( + =
|
( \ .

L C
R
R Z Z
c

* in p hiu dng hai u mi phn t in:
.
. ; . ; . vi I = .
.
R
R L L C C L
L
C
C
U
Z R
U
U U
U I R U I Z U I Z Z Z
Z U
U
Z Z
U

= = = =

2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
( ) .
( ) .
( ) .
L C
R
L C L
L
L C C
C
U
R Z Z R
U
U
R Z Z Z
U
U
R Z Z Z
U

(
| |

(
- + =
|
|

(
\ .

(
| |
(
- + =
|
|
(
\ .

| |
(

- + =
|
|
(

\ .


Ch : Tt c cc cng thc sau khi c bin i nh trn ta c th a v gii
phng trnh bc 2 hoc a v dng
2 2
A B = gii.
1.3) MCH IN THAY I DO NG NGT KHA K:
* Hin tng on mch:
Xt mt on mch c tng tr l
X
Z v mt dy ni AB c in tr khng

ng k theo hnh bn. V in tr ca dy ni khng ng k nn:
+ in th ti A( )
A
V gn bng in th ti B( )
B
V :
A B
V V =
+ Ton b dng in khng i qua phn t
X
Z m i qua dy ni AB. Hin tng trn
gi l hin tng on mch
* Kt qu:
+ Khi c hin tng on mch phn t no ta ci th xem nh khng c( khuyt) phn
t trong mch.
+ Ni(chp) hai im A, B hai u dy ni ri v mch li.
1.4) XC NH CU TO(HOC GI TR CC PHN T) CA MCH IN:
(Bi ton hp kn X)
Phng php:
* Tnh cht ca mch in:
- : u nhanh pha hn i
2
t

- : u nhanh pha hn i mt gc v ngc li hay
mch c tnh cm khng.
- : u chm pha hn i mt gc v ngc li hay mch c
tnh dung khng.
* Da vo lch pha ca u so vi i, ca
1
u so vi
2
u ri v gin vec-t. T
phn t ca mch.
C th:
+ Nu 0 = th mch thun tr(ch c R) + Nu 0
2
t
< < th mch c tnh cm
khng( Phi c R,L).
+ Nu 0
2
t
< < th mch c tnh dung khng( Phi c R,C). + Nu
2
t
= th mch
c L hoc L v C vi (ZL> ZC).
+ Nu
2
t
= th mch c C hoc L v C vi (ZL< ZC)
1.5) QUAN H GIA CC GI TRI HIU DNG CA CC IN P (S o ca
Vn- k):
Phng php:
Cch 1: * S dng cng thc:
2 2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = + v
; os
L C R
R
U U U
tg c
U U

=
* Hoc s dng cc cng thc cho tng loi on mch:
V d:
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
(1)
(2)
( ) (3)
( ) (4)
RL R L
RC R L
LC L C
R L C
U U U
U U U
U U U
U U U U
= +
= +
=
= +

Gii cc phng trnh trn tm ra
, , ..............
R L C
U U U hoacso ch cuaVon Ke
Cch 2: S dng gin vec-t Fresnel
* V gin vec-t Fresnel v nn v theo quy tc 3 im( V cc vec- t lin tip
nhau)
* p dng nh l hm s cos(hoc sin) tnh cos ( sin ) hoac
* Da vo h thc lng trong tam gic tnh , , , ......
R L C
U U U U
1.6) BI TON LIN QUAN N LCH PHA GIA CC IN P
1 2
va u u :
Phng php:
* S dng cng thc lch pha gia hai in p
1 2
va u u :
1 1 2
2
u u u
u i i

(
=
(


Trong :
1
2
:
:
1
2
o lech pha cua u so vi i
o lech pha cua u so vi i
u
i
u
i

Ch :
- C th dng phng php gin vec-t Fresnel gii dng ton trn.
- Nu
1 2
va u u lch pha nhau
2
t
hay
1 1 2
2
2
u u u
u i i
t
= = . Ta lun c:
1 2
( ).( ) 1
u u
i i
tg tg
(
=
(




V d: Xt on mch theo hnh bn. Bit lch pha ca
2
vi la
AN MB
u so u
t
. Tm h thc lin h gia , ,
L C
R Z Z .
Hng dn: Ta c ( ).( ) 1 1
AN MB
C L
u u
i i
Z Z
tg tg
R R

| | | |
= =
| |
\ .\ .


Kt qu::(CTTN)
2 2
.
L C
L
R Z Z hay R
C
(
= =
(


1.7) BI TON CC TR (cc i hoc cc tiu):
Phng php:
Cch 1:
* Bin i biu thc C cn tm cc tr v dng phn s
( )
( )
C: bieu thc can tm cc tr
vi D: la ai lng hang so trong mach(thng la U hai au oan mach)
la ham so vi bien so la ai lng b thay oi cua mach ie
D
C
f X
Y f X
=
=
L C
n( Thng la R, Z , Z ,f)

T
max min
min m
( )
( )
ax
C f X
C f X

* Kho st cc tr ca hm s ( ) Y f X = .
Ch : Xt cc tr ca hm s ( ) Y f X = bng cc cch sau;
- Hin tng cng hng
m
I
ax
khi
L C
Z Z =
- Dng bt ng thc Csi cho 2 s , 0 A B> A . Vi
( )
min
2 . 2 . A B AB A B AB A B + > + = =
- Dng o hm kho st hm s ( ) Y f X =
- Nu ( ) Y f X = c dng phng trnh bc 2
2
( ) . . Y f X a X b X c = = + +

min
( ) 0.
b
o: X= -
2.a
Y f X a Khi = >
* Tnh nhanh mt s trng hp c th:
a) Tm gi tr cc i ca cng sut tiu th ca mch:
S dng cng thc:
2 2
2
2 2 2
. .
( ) ( )
U
vi I =
Z
L C L C
U U
P RI R
Z Z R Z Z
R
R
(
(
= = =
(
+
(
+
(


+ Khi L, C hoc f thay i(R khng i):

Kt qu:(CTTN) Khi L hoc C thay i th:

2
max
( ).( machxayraconghng he qua hien tng cong hng)
L C
U
P Z Z Xem
R
(
= =
(


+ Khi R thay i: ( p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng
( )
2
L C
Z -Z
va A R B
R
= =
Kt qu:(CTTN) Khi R thay i th:

2
max
2
.
2. 2
o : cos = hay =
4
L C
U
P R Z Z Khi
R
t

(
= =
(


b) Tm ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
ax ax ax
hoac
R L C
m m m
U U U khi R, L, C thay i trong on mch RLC:
- Tm ( )
ax
R
m
U khi R thay i: Ta c
2 2 2
2
. .
( ) ( )
1
R
L C L C
U U
U RI R
R Z Z Z Z
R
= = =
+
+


Kt qu:(CTTN)Khi R thay i th: ( )
ax
R L C
m
U U Z Z ( = =


- Tm ( )
ax
L
m
U khi L thay i:
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
. .
( ) ( ) 2.
1
L L L
L C L C C C
L L L
U U U
U Z I Z
R Z Z R Z Z R Z Z
Z Z Z
= = = =
+ + +
+

t:
2 2 2
( ) ( ). 2 . 1
C C
Y f X R Z X Z X = = + + . Vi:
1
C
X
Z
=
Do
C
onst ; R= const ; Z = const U c = nn ta suy ra: ( ) | |
min
( )
ax
L
m
U Y f X =
Vi:
2 2
0; 2. ; 1
C C
a R Z b Z c = + > = = . Suy ra: | |
min
( ) Y f X = khi
2.
b
X
a
=

2 2
2 2
1
.
C
L C C
L C
Z
Z Z R Z
Z R Z
= = +
+
. Khi : ( )
2 2
.
ax
U
=
R
L C
m
U R Z +
Kt qu:(CTTN)Khi L thay i th:
( )
2 2
2 2
.
.
ax
U
=
R
L C C
L C
m
Z Z R Z
U R Z
= +

Tng t: (CTTN)Khi C thay i th:
( )
2 2
2 2
.
.
ax
U
=
R
L C L
C L
m
Z Z R Z
U R Z
= +

Cch 2: Dng gin vec-t quay
Xt on mch RLC theo hnh bn. nh C ( )
max
C
U . Tm
( )
max
C
U
Hng dn:
Ta c: ; ; ; ; AB AN L C
RL L C
AB U AN U U MN U NB U MB U U = = = = = =
Vi:
2 2
sin onst
R
AN
L
U R
c
U
R Z
o = = =
+
.
p dng nh l hm s sin trong AMN A :

2 2
. .sin
C
C L
U U U
U R Z
sin sin R
|
| o
= = + ( U = const)
Vy: ( )
0
max
sin 1 90 :
2
lech pha vi
L RL AB
U hay u so u
t
| | = =

( )
2 2
max . .
R
U
L RC L
U U
U U R Z
R
(
= = +
(


Khi :
1 2
. 1 . 1
L C L
Z Z Z
tg tg
R R
| |
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Hay:
2 2
.
L C L
Z Z R Z ( = +


BNG TM TT:

i lng
bin thin
trong
mch RLC

Gi tr cc tr cn tm
Mi lin h vi cc
phn t cn li
trong mch

Ch :
R
( )
ax
R
m
U U =
L C
Z Z = Hin tng cng
hng
R
2
max
2.
U
P
R
=
L C
R Z Z =
2
2
cos = hay =
4
t

L hoc C
( )
2
max
; 1
ax
os
m
U
P c
R
= = ;
L C
Z Z = Hin tng cng
hng
L
( )
2 2
.
ax
U
=
R
L C
m
U R Z +
2 2
.
L C C
Z Z R Z = +
2
lech pha vi
RC
u so u
t

C
( )
2 2
.
ax
U
=
R
C L
m
U R Z +
2 2
.
L C L
Z Z R Z = +
2
lech pha vi
RL
u so u
t


5.8) MT S DNG TON KHC:
1. Dng in xoay chiu i = I0cos(2tf.t + i)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln * Nu pha ban u i = 0 hoc i = t th
ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln.
2. Cng thc tnh khong thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t hiu in th u = U0sin(et + u) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln
khi u U1.
4
t

e
A
A = Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = , (0 < A < t/2)
3. MchRLC khng phn nhnh c C bin i.
- Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th UC c cng gi tr th UCmax khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
(
+
= + =
(
(


- Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th cng sut P c cng gi tr th:
1 2
2.
C C L
Z Z Z ( + =


4. MchRLC khng phn nhnh c R bin i.. Khi R = R1 hoc R= R2
1 2
( ) R R = th
P c cng gi tr th:
2
1 2
. ( )
L C
R R Z Z ( =


5. Mch RLC c e thay i:
- Khi
1
LC
e = th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip
nhau
- Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C
e =

th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

- Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
e = th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

- Vi e = e1 hoc e = e2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc
PMax hoc URMax khi
1 2
e ee = tn s
1 2
f f f =
6. Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau A
Vi
1 1
1
1
L C
Z Z
tg
R

= v
2 2
2
2
L C
Z Z
tg
R

= (gi s 1 > 2)ffff
C 1 2 = A
1 2
1 2
1
tg tg
tg
tg tg

= A
+
Trng hp c bit A = t/2 (vung
pha nhau) th tg1tg2 = -1.
Ch 1 : I CNG V DAO NG XOAY CHIU
5.1.Khung dy dn quay u vi vn tc gc o quanh mt trc cc ng cm ng t.
T thng qua khung bin thin vi:
tn s gc > o tn s f > fo tn s gc = o
tn s gc < o
5.2.T thng gi qua mt khung dy c din tch S gm N vng dy quay u vi vn tc
gc quanh trc trong mt t trng u c vect cm ng t B , c biu thc =
0cos(t + ).Trong :
0 = NBS l gc hp bi php tuyn ca mt phng khung dy thi im
t = 0 vi vct cm ng t
n v ca l Wb (v-be) C A,B,C u ng
5.3.Mt khung dy din tch 1cm
2
, gm 50 vng dy quay u vi vn tc 120 vng/pht
quanh trc t trng u B = 0,4T. Khi t = 0, mt phng khung dy c v tr vung
gc cc ng cm ng t. Biu thc ca t thng gi qua khung:
= 0,02cos(4t + /2)(Wb) = 0,002cos(4t)(Wb)
= 0,2cos(4t)(Wb) = 2cos(4t + /2)(Wb)
5.4.Khung dy dn quay u vi vn tc gc o quanh mt trc cc ng cm ng t.
S cm ng bin thin vi:
tn s gc > o tn s gc = o tn s gc < o
Khng c c s kt lun
5.5.Khung dy dn quay u vi vn tc gc quanh mt trc cc ng cm ng t
ca mt t trng u. T thng cc i gi qua khung v sut in ng cc i trong
khung lin h nhau bi cng thc :
Eo = o/ 2 Eo = o/ Eo = o/ 2
Eo = o
5.6.Khung dy dn c din tch S gm N vng dy, quay u vi vn tc gc quanh
mt trc cc ng cm ng t ca mt t trng u. Sut in ng cm ng sinh ra
trong khung dy c biu thc e = E0cos(t + ). Trong :
E0 = NBS l gc hp bi vct php tuyn ca mt phng khung dy vi
vct cm ng t khi t = 0
n v ca e l vn (V) C A,B,C u ng
5.7.Dng in cm ng
xut hin trong cun dy dn kn trong thi gian c s bin thin ca cc ng
cm ng t qua tit din cun dy
xut hin trong cun dy dn kn khi c cc ng cm ng t gi qua tit din
S ca cun dy
cng ln khi din tch S ca cun dy cng nh
tng khi t thng gi qua tit din S ca cun dy tng v gim khi cc t thng
gi qua tit din S ca cun gim
5.8.Dng in cm ng s KHNG xut hin khi mt khung dy kn chuyn ng trong
mt t trng u sao cho mt phng khung dy:
Song song vi cc ng cm ng t Vung gc vi cc
ng cm ng t
To vi cc ng cm ng t 1gc 0 < < 90
o
C 3 cu u to
c dng in cm ng
5.9.Trong cun dy dn kn xut hin dng in xoay chiu khi s ng sc t xuyn
qua tit din S ca cun dy
Lun lun tng Lun lun gim Lun phin tng,
gim Lun khng i
5.10 i vi dng in xoay chiu cch pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Trong cng nghip, c th dng dng in xoay chiu m in.
B. in lng chuyn qua mt tit din thng dy dn trong mt chu k bng khng.
C. in lng chuyn qua mt tit din thng dy dn trong khong thi gian bt k
u bng khng.
D. Cng sut to nhit tc thi c gi tr cc i bng 2 ln cng sut ta nhit trung
bnh.
5.11 Cng dng in trong mch khng phn nhnh c dng i=2 2 cos100tt(A).
Cng dng in hiu dng trong mch l : A. I=4A B. I=2,83A
C. I=2A D. I=1,41A
5.12 Hiu in th gia hai u on mch c dng u=141cos100tt(V). Hiu in th
hiu dng gia hai u on mch l :
A. U=141V B. U=50Hz C. U=100V D. U=200V
5.13 Trong cc i lng c trng cho dng in xoay chiu sau y, i lng no c
dng gi tr hiu dng :
A. Hiu in th B. Chu k C. Tn s D. Cng sut
5.14Trong cc i lng c trng cho dng in xoay chiu sau y, i lng no
khng dng gi tr hiu dng :
A. Hiu in th B. Cng dng in C. Tn s
D. Cng sut
5.15 Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Khi nim cng dng in hiu dng c xy dng da vo tc dng ha hc
ca dng in.
B. Khi nim cng dng in hiu dng c xy dng da vo tc dng nhit ca
dng in.
C. Khi nim cng dng in hiu dng c xy dng da vo tc dng t ca
dng in.
D. Khi nim cng dng in hiu dng c xy dng da vo tc dng pht
quang ca dng in.
5.16.Dng in xoay chiu l dng in:
i chiu lin tc theo thi gian m cng bin thin iu ho theo thi
gian
m cng bin thin tun hon theo thi gian C A,B,C u ng
5.17 .Nguyn tc to dng in xoay chiu da trn:
Hin tng quang in. Hin tng t cm. Hin tng cm ng
in t. T trng quay
5.18 .Cc n ng dng dng in xoay chiu c tn s 50Hz s pht sng hoc tt
50 ln mi giy 25 ln mi giy 100 ln mi giy
Sng u khng tt
5.19 .Chn cu tr li sai. Dng in xoay chiu: