Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

1. Tong quan ve nguyen lieu tht heo ti

1.1 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nguyen lieu tht heo Thanh phan hoa hoc c ban cua heo gom cac thanh phan chnh la nc, protein, lipid, khoang Bang 1.1: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht heo

S phan bo cac thanh phan dinh dng trong phan nac, m cung khac nhau. Bang 1.2: Thanh phan dinh dng trong phan nac va m mot vai loai tht (tnh cho 100g trong lng)

Thanh phan dinh dng nhng phan cat khac nhau cung khac nhau. Bang 1.3: Thanh phan dinh dng nhng phan cat khac nhau

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Trong thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht, th protein ong vai tro chu yeu, quyet nh gia tr va nguon dinh dng cua tht. ay la loai protein hoan thien, co tat ca cac amino axit can thiet cho s phat trien cua c the. Lipid trong tht va lam cho tht co gia tr nang lng cao va gop phan tang hng v thm ngon cua tht. 1.1.2 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo c Bang 1.4: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo c

Protein cua si c la thanh phan quan trong nhat cua mo c. ay la mot trong nhng loai protein hoan thien va de tieu hoa. Miozin: chiem 40%, tham gia vao cau tao te bao va cac enzyme xuc tac qua trnh thuy phan ATP, giai phong ra nang lng. Actin: chiem 15%, ton tai 2 dang: phibrin va globulin. Chung co kha nang ket hp vi miozin tao thanh actimiozin, chat nay anh hng en chat lng c nh lam cho kha nang tan kem i. Tropomiozin: la mot dung dch nht, chiem t le rat thap.
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Mioglobumin: la mot loai protein phc tap c tao thanh bi s ket hp gia protein vi nhom Heme. Khi oxy hoa, Heme bien thanh hematin, la chat sac to co pho hap thu nhat nh. Khi c hoat ong, Heme b oxy hoa manh hn hemoglobin trong mau. Cung v vay c hoat ong manh thng co mau sam. Globulin: la tieu phan protein khong tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dung dch muoi trung tnh. Collagen va elastin: khong tan trong nc. Lipid cua c bao gom glyxerit gia si c va trong chat c, v vay c co dang van uc. Cac thanh phan photphatit, cholesterol. este... la nhng thanh phan khong the thieu c trong lipid c. Khoang trong mo c co nhieu khoang khac nhau nh: Ca, P, Na, K, S, Cl, Mg... chung co anh hng en trang thai ben trong cua mo c nh tnh tan, tnh ngam nc. 1.1.2 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo lien ket Bang 1.5: Thanh phan hoa hoc trung bnh cua mo lien ket

Mo lien ket gom gan, day chang, noi ngoai mac c... Protein cua mo lien ket la loai protein khong hoan thien, kho tieu hoa, bao gom collagen, elastin, muxin, mucoit... 1.1.3 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo m Bang 1.6: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo m

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Mo m c chia lam 2 loai: m di da va m trong da. Ngoai ra con co mot lng nho lipid, chat khoang, sac to va vitamin. Thanh phan chu yeu cua m la triglyxerid (97%). Ngoai ra con co cac photphatic, cholesterol, este, sac to, men, vitamin. 1.1.4 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo xng va mo sun Mo sun: cau tao t cac te bao hnh cau va chat gian bao. Bang 1.7: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo sun

Ngoai ra trong thanh phan mo sun con cha mot lng rat t glucid. Mo xng: la mot trong cac loai mo lien ket. Chat c ban cua mo xng gom cac chat hu c tham muoi khoang va mot so chat sau. Bang 1.8: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo xng

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

1.1.5 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo mau Trong mau cha 16,4-18,5% protein, 79-82% nc, chat hu c phi protein va 0,8-1% chat khoang 1.2 Cac qua trnh bien oi cua tht sau khi giet mo Ngay sau khi chet, trong mo c cua ong vat xay ra nhng bien oi, tuy thuoc vao ieu kien moi trng, trong mot thi gian nhat nh, cuoi cung se dan en hien tng t phan va sau o la h hong, thoi ra. Nhng bien oi nay co y ngha quan trong ve thng mai, ky thuat. Nguyen nhan chnh cua hien tng nay la s trao oi chat trong cac mo chet dng lai, ong thi qua trnh hoa sinh thuan nghch bi enzyme chuyen hoa thanh cac qua trnh khong thuan nghch. Khi cha co s tham gia cua vi sinh vat ngi ta chia s bien oi trong mo c cua ong vat sau khi chet thanh 3 giai oan: Giai oan trc co cng: mo c mem va an hoi. Giai oan co cng: mo c tr nen cng chac. Giai oan sau co cng: mo c tr nen mem, khong an hoi sau o b phan ra. 1.2.1 Giai oan trc co cng Gom nhng chuyen hoa trong he protein dan en s bien oi chc nang o chac hay o mem mai cua mo c . Giai oan trc co cng: la qua trnh bien oi sinh hoa - c ly hoa hoc
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

trong te bao ong vat chet.

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Thc chat cua giai oan trc co cng la do qua trnh bien oi protid trong te bao chat: Actin, Miozin, Actomiozin. Trong te bao chet do s trao oi chat vi ben ngoai b nh ch nen qua trnh phan huy acid Adenozin Triphotphat (ATP) thanh acid Adenozin Diphotphat (ADP) va sinh nhiet nang: ATP ADP + Q Ngi ta nh rang cac si c bap gi tnh an hoi ch khi nao co u lng nhat nh ATP. ATP va mot so cac nucleotide Triphotphat khac co tac dung phan ly Actomiozin thanh Actin va Miozin. Neu t Actomiozin (nhieu Actin va Miozin) th ham am tht heo cao, tht mem. Ngc lai, nhieu Actomiozin (giam Actin va Miozin) th tht giam am, protid co cng cuon tron, tang o ben c ly. Muon cho con vat vt qua giai oan trc co cng th phai bao quan nhiet o 7-9oC. 1.2.2 Giai oan co cng Sau khi chet, ATP se dan dan b mat i, ham lng glycogen cung giam dan. Neu c the con song th acid lactic se pha v can bang lam cho c the bat buoc phai lap lai can bang. Con trong c the chet, acid acetic va mot so acid khac tao ra trong cac phan ng tren se tch luy lai lam cho pH moi trng giam xuong. Khi pH = 5,5-5,8 th actin va miozin se b ong tu, luc nay mo c tr nen cng chac. Thi gian at trang thai co cng cua tht phu thuoc vao nhiet o: Bang 1.2: Thi gian at trang thai co cng cua tht

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

1.2.3 Giai oan sau co cng Trong mo c ong vat a chet khong xay ra qua trnh: Actomyozin Co cng vung acid: Enzyme Cathepsine: co kha nang cat t day chang trong mo c. Enzyme Collagenase: co tac dung thuy phan collagen, khi o se pha uy toan bo mo c, v vay lam mo mem va khong an hoi. Ngoai ra con mot chuoi cac phan ng noi enzyme xuc tac: protein Polypeptid Pepton Oligopeptid Acid amin Ben canh o xay ra phan ng deamin hoa, decacboxyl hoa tao thanh nhng san pham co tnh kiem v vay lam cho pH moi trng tang len. Cuoi giai oan mem, pH at trung tnh. Luc nay vi sinh vat bat au hoat ong ac biet la cac vi sinh vat gay thoi ra, bat au xay ra qua trnh thuy phan tht. 1.3 Cac yeu to anh hng en thi gian bao quan Lng vi sinh vat trong tht, nhiet o bao quan, o am, loai bao b, chat lng nguyen lieu trc khi bao quan anh hng rat ln en thi gian bao quan. Lng vi sinh vat anh hng rat ln en qua trnh bao quan, v vay phai ngan can s phat trien cua vi sinh vat trong suot qua trnh van chuyen, che bien, ong goi va bao quan. Gi co nh nhiet o cua tht nho hn 3oC th chat lng cua tht se tot nhat. Muon vay, duy tr nhiet o cua phong nho hn 5oC, neu co s thay oi nhiet o th mc o tang phai thap nhat, nhiet o van chuyen, boc d cung phai nho hn 3oC. Bao b cung anh hng en thi gian bo quan. Tuy theo vat lieu lam bao b, cung nh phng phap bao goi, se keo dai c thi gian bao quan. Bao b se co tac dung ngan nga s nhiem vi sinh vat, ngan can s mat nc, gi c mau sac tren be mat tht. Co the dung bao giay, plastic, tot nhat la nen bao goi chan khong. Actin + Myozin duoi(mem)

ma luc o trong dch c tng co cha mot so enzyme protease co pHop

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Ngoai ra, thi gian bao quan tht con phu thuoc vao tnh chat ac trng cua moi loai tht. Mat khac, thi gian bao quan cung phu thuoc vao lng vi sinh vat b nhiem vao tht trong qua trnh giet mo.

2. Cac phng phap bao quan tht heo

2.1 Bao quan tht trong phong lanh 2.1.1 Quy trnh cong nghe Tht gia suc sau khi mo c lam sach roi c lam mat, sau o a t t vao phong lanh. Nhiet o buong lanh c ieu chnh nh thiet b lanh. Tuy theo kch thc con vat ma xe oi hoac e nguyen con. Tht heo tren gia hay moc tren cac gian go, tren cac ng ray van chuyen: oi vi tht nguyen con & na con th treo (220280kg)/m ng ray, hay la (200250)kg/ m san phong. Cac suc tht thng phai theo cung trong lng, cung mc o beo e co san pham cung che o nhiet nh nhau. Nen xep cac suc tht beo va nang gan cac dan lanh va ranh thoi, mien ben trong suc tht hng ve pha quat thoi khong kh vao. Khoang cach gia cac suc tht t 3-5 cm, cach tng 30 cm.

Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.1: Quy trnh bao quan tht trong phong lanh Nhiet o cua phong lanh trc luc xep hang la 2-3 C, sau khi xep hang th duy tr nhiet o t 0-1o C, o am 85-90%. Van toc va thi gian lam lanh phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: Lng nhiet can rut ra khoi san pham. Kch thc san pham. Tnh chat vat ly cua san pham( o dan nhiet, nhiet dung). Moi trng truyen nhiet. Khoi lng nho, be mat ln th thi gian lam lanh ngan va ngc lai; he so truyen nhiet ln th thi gian ngan va ngc lai. Sau khi lam lanh a sang phong bao quan. Viec bao quan cung thc hien trong cac phong lanh. Nhiet o bao quan t 0 -2oC, o am < 85%, van toc khong kh 0,05 en 0,1 m/s. e tranh ong am be mat tht & tranh bay am qua am qua manh thc pham, ta co che o bao quan lanh thch hp.
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Theo ly thuyet th thi gian bao quan cua tht heo la 17 ngay, nhng tren thc te th thi gian bao quan t 10 -15 ngay v trong trong thi gian bao quan nguyen tac van hanh khong c am bao nghiem ngat do m ca e xuat tht, lam o am, nhiet o tang ot ngot, khien cho lp ngoai cua tht chay nc, tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat va nam moc phat trien.

Hnh 2.2: Cach treo tht trong phong lanh 2.1.2 Bien oi cua tht trong qua trnh bao quan Qua trnh bao quan lanh luon co s bay hi am t san pham & s ngng tu am dan ong lam lanh .Trong thi gian bao quan lanh , be mat cua tht bien oi ro ret. Nhng ngay au bao quan tht tr nen o ti do Hemoglobin, Mioglobin tac dung vi 02 cua khong kh thanh Oxihemoglobin, Oximioglobin. Sau 1 thi gian be mat cua tht tr nen xam en, co nep nhan do Oxihemoglobin, Oximioglobin mat 1 ien t trong qua trnh oxi hoa kh phc tap tao thanh Methemoglobin, Metmioglobin.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Nhng bien oi trong tht trong qua trnh sinh hoa th chu yeu khong i qua gii han giai oan co cng cua tht. Neu bao quan qua gii han cho phep th co s phan huy protein ro ret, tht tr nen nhan va trng n cac si c Lagen. nhiet o ln hn 00 C, kk cao th cac qua trnh hoa sinh tr nen cang manh, hoat tnh pha hoai cua vi sinh vat cang cao, tht cang nhanh ha pham chat . 2.1.3 u, nhc iem cua phng phap bao quan lanh u iem Ngan chan hoac lam giam qua trnh h hong, ac biet la s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. Gi c trang thai t nhien cua tht ti hn so vi cac phng phap bao quan khac. Nhc iem Ch co tac dung lam cham s phat trien cua vi sinh vat ch khong co tac dung tieu diet vi sinh vat. Co the lam tang s mat nc cua tht. 2.2 Dung hoa chat ket hp vi bao quan lanh tht Tht co the c nhung ngap trong hoa chat hoac phun chat long Tht at trong pallet roi nhung trong chat long hoac tht c at tren bang chuyen, chat long c phun len be mat tht. 2.2.1 Quy trinh cong nghe

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.3: Quy trnh dung hoa chat ket hp vi bao quan lanh tht 2.2.2 Yeu cau cua hoa chat s dung V dung trong bao quan thc pham nen hoa chat dung e bao quan phai at cac yeu cau sau: Chon hoa chat co trong danh muc cho phep s dung. S dung ung lieu lng cho phep. Khong co mui v la, tnh chat hoa hoc on nh. Neu san pham cha hoa chat khong c phep s dung hoac s dung qua gii han cho phep th san pham se b huy. Ngoai ra, can chon hoa chat khong lam muc dung cu, phai co hieu lc sat trung manh, gia thanh thap va cach s dung n gian. 2.2.3 Nguyen tac phng phap dung hoa chat ket hp vi bao quan lanh Lam cham cac bien oi ve oxy hoa va vi sinh vat xay ra trong qua

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

trnh bao quan. Duy tr o ti. Keo dai thi han s dung.

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Cai thien chat lng cua san pham: cau truc, mau sac, mui v 2.2.4 Hoa chat s dung Muoi (NaCl) Tac dung cua muoi Tao v man cho san pham Tac ong len mot so tnh chat cua tht: Tac ong len kha nang gi nc: muoi lam tang kha nang gi nc cua tht. Ngi ta nhan thay rang muoi co tac dung lam giam s thoat dch cua tht. Tac ong len tnh hoa tan cua protein tht : muoi co tac dung trch ly protein, lam tang o hoa tan protein, gop phan tang lien ket cac phan cua tht, tao thuan li cho viec hnh thanh nhu tng ben vi chat beo, tang pH cua he nhu tng, tang kha nang gi nc. Tac ong len m: muoi khong hoa tan trong m nhng chung hoa tan trong nen protein bao quanh cac te bao m, nh vay no co tac dung bao quan nen protein nay nhng muoi lai thuc ay viec oxy hoa chat beo va gay oi hoa m. Ngoai ra, muoi cung gop phan lam giam mau tht, ac biet khi ham lng muoi ln hn 1,5%. ay la nhng tac ong khong co li cua muoi. Tac ong len s phat trien cua vi sinh vat: Muoi khong co tac dung giet chet vi sinh vat; no ch kiem ham s phat trien cua mot so loai vi sinh vat bang cach giam lng nc can thiet cho s tang trng cua chung. Tuy nhien muoi co the tao ieu kien thuan li cho s phat trien cua cac vi khuan a muoi. Tac dung c che cua NaCl b anh hng bi nhiet o, pH, nhiet lng, nong o muoi, so lng vi sinh vat, loai thc pham. Cac nghien cu cho thay neu pH moi trng thap th ch can mot lng nho NaCl e ngan nga s phat trien cua vi khuan. Lieu lng s dung

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

NaCl thng c s dung trong khoang 1 - 2,5% khoi lng san pham. tht co ham lng muoi 2 -2,5% th protein c trch ly nhieu hn, pH san pham cao hn, kha nang gi nc cao hn, kha nang tao nhu va o deo cao hn, s phat trien cua vi sinh vat cung cham hn so vi san pham co ham lng muoi 1 1,5%. oc tnh: Lieu lng NaCl vt qua gii han cho phep co the dan en chng tang huyet ap. Polyphotphat Tac dung cua polyphotphat Anh hng en tnh gi nc cua tht: ay la chc nang chnh cua polyphotphat. Cac loai muoi thong thng khac cung co ac tnh nay nhng thng gay anh hng khong tot en v cua san pham. Khi s dung vi lieu lng nhat nh, polyphotphat khong lam thay oi ang ke mui v san pham, co the lam tang nhe v man cua san pham. Polyphotphat c xem la tac nhan gi nc vi c che tao moi lien ket gia protein va nc do viec be gay cac cau noi gia cac chuoi peptid, nh o ma moi trng c hydrat hoa. Polyphotphat con c s dung nham lam tang khoi lng tht ca do kha nang gi nc. S tang khoi lng nay khong mang tnh li ch k thuat ma ch mang tnh kinh te, giup tang li nhuan Anh hng en tnh hoa tan cua cac protein chu yeu la cac protein si c. am bao s on nh nhat nh mau sac tht va gii han s oxi hoa m nh vao kha nang tao phc vi cac kim loai xuc tac cho phan ng oxi hoa nh sat, ong Anh hng en s phat trien cua vi sinh vat:Mac dau theo l thuyet polyphotphat co the la nguon cung cap photpho tao ieu kien cho s phat trien cua vi khuan nhng thc te polyphotphat lai c che vi sinh vat,gop phan ngan can s tang sinh khoi, tao ieu kien thuan li cho s pha huy cac mam vi khuan. Nhieu nghien cu a cho thay polyphotphat lam cham s tang trng cua a so cac vi khuan nh

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus nhom D, cac trc khuan ng ruot: Bacillus, Clostridium perfringens. Lieu lng s dung Ham lng toi a cho phep la 0,5%. Polyphotphat co ten thng mai la TARI, thng dung TARI-K oc tnh : Phan ln polyphotphat c them vao tht eu c phan huy thanh nhng phan t photphat n da day hoac tham ch trc khi i vao c the. V vay hau het polyphotphat c them vao tht cung co ac tnh tng t nh phosphat san co trong thc pham va t gay hai en sc khoe con ngi. Tuy nhien viec s dung polyphotphat phai di mc gii han cho phep v viec dung polyphotphat cung nh bat k loai phu gia nao khac, neu qua lieu lng eu co anh hng khong tot en sc khoe. 2.3 Bao quan tht bang phng phap bao goi 2.3.1 Yeu cau oi vi bao b thc pham Khong oc hai oi vi ngi. Chong lai s tan cong lay nhiem t cac vi sinh vat gay hai. La hang rao ngan can am va oxy. Ngan can s mat mui cua thc pham va chong lai s nhiem cua cac chat oc t ben ngoai. Chong lai s tac ong c hoc. De m, de phan phoi, de sap xep. Co kch c, hnh dang, khoi lng phu hp. Gia bao b thap. Phu hp vi thc pham. Bao b co the tai s dung, khong anh hng xau en moi trng. 2.3.2 Vat lieu lam bao b Hieu qua bao quan bang phng phap bao goi phu thuoc rat nhieu vao vat lieu lam bao b. Nguyen lieu che tao bao b cac san pham tht thng la: plastic, cellulose, kim loai, la nhom. Chung co the c s dung n, oi hay c ghep lai vi nhau. Nhng vat lieu nay khac nhau cac ac tnh: Tnh tham oxy Tnh tham nc, tham beo

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

Chu nhiet Tnh keo dan De trang tr

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Bao b thch hp cho tht lanh phai ngan nga s oxy hoa chat beo, ngan nga s nhiem ban va s phat trien cua vi sinh vat trong qua trnh bao quan, van chuyen, chong tham m, tham nc, tham kh, vat lieu lam bao b khong co mui v. Neu co nhng san pham co hnh dang khac nhau th can chon bao b co hnh dang phu hp. 2.3.3 Cac phng phap bao goi Bao goi chan khong Nguyen tac Bao quan tht trong moi trng khong co oxi. Ngan chan s phat trien cua nam moc, nam men va hau het cac vi sinh vat hieu kh di nhiet o lanh. Chong lai qua trnh oxi hoa va qua trnh mat am Tuy nhien, cac vi sinh vat k kh khong bat buoc se phat trien t do trong ieu kien oxy va u e co the anh hng en chat lng thc pham. Do o, can co gang giam en mc toi thieu lng vi sinh vat nhiem vao trong qua trnh x ly, cat va bao goi, ngha la bao goi chan khong phai c thc hien di ieu kien ve sinh va kiem soat nghiem ngat. Khi rut chan khong, bao b deo ep sat vao san pham, ep hau het kh ra khoi bao b. Lng kh con lai c bay trong lp film e han che s tiep xuc vi tht. Chan khong tao c bi v ap suat khong kh ap sat thanh lp film tren be mat tht. ng dung chan khong t 0,8 en 0,9 khong kh th phu hp e san xuat bao b chan khong. Sau khi rut chan khong th han nhiet e bao b kn lai bang cach cho tht chay qua 1 tunnel co nhiet o 90oC trong 2-3s. Tuy nhien, neu bao b khong ep sat vao san pham, hoac neu san pham con nhng khoang trong nh la nhng cho hoc cua tht, kh con lai c gi trong bao b, dan en hnh thanh bao goi khong rut het chan khong. Bao goi khong rut het chan khong th kem hieu qua hn bao goi chan khong trong viec keo dai thi gian bao quan tht.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Tuy nhien, trong thc te kho co the loai hoan toan kh oxi ra khoi bao b. Do o, trong bao goi chan khong luc nao cung con mot lng oxi nhat nh, thng nho hn 1% (neu ln hn se tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat hieu kh phat trien anh hng en chat lng tht). Lng oxi con lai trong bao goi chan khong sau khi bt kn se bien oi thanh CO2 bi s ho hap cua tht ti. Trong 1 hoac 2 ngay trong bao b, mot lng nho kh con lai trong bao b la N2 nhng CO2 tang len en 20%. Lng CO2 tch tu ben trong bao b la ket qua cua s ho hap cua san pham. Toc o phat trien cua vi sinh vat phu thuoc vao vat lieu bao b. PVDC chong tham kh kem hn foil laminate (mang mong) v no cho O2 vao va CO2 ra. Mang plastic cho tham CO2 gap 4 lan O2. Bang 2.1:So sanh anh hng cua film bao goi, pH tht, va CO2 tch tu en s phat trien cua vi sinh vat gay benh cua bao goi chan khong tht trong suot thi gian bao quan 0oC (Nguon: Gill va Penney, 1998)

N.D: khong xac nh, S: mui chua, P: mui thoi Nhan xet Khi bao quan pH bnh thng( 5,5-5,7) th so lng vi sinh vat gay benh thap hn khi bao quan pH cao > 6. Bi vi sinh vat thch hp phat trien moi trng pH trung tnh.
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

Trong 3 loai bao b th:

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

PVDC: so lng vi sinh vat nhieu nhat la do PVDC cho O2 vao va CO2 ra de dang hn. Mang mong (Foil laminated): loai bao b nay chong tham CO2 va O2 rat tot, lng CO2 tch tu khong b mat i nen kha nang chong vi sinh vat cao hn. Mang mong co hap thu CO2 (Foil laminated + CO2 absorber): loai bao b nay co kha nang hap thu CO2 nen kha nang chong vi sinh vat kem hn Foil laminated nhng cao hn PVDC. u nhc iem cua phng phap u iem Han che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat hieu kh gay hai. Ngan can hoac lam cham cac phan ng oxy hoa co hai cho thc pham trong suot qua trnh ton tr nh vao kha nang ngan can oxy cua bao b. De thc hien Nhc iem Lam giam s canh tranh cua vi sinh vat, co the dan en s phat trien cua nhng vi sinh vat gay benh khong mong muon. Khong nhan biet, kiem tra c s h hong hoac nhng thay oi khong mong muon neu khong m bao b. Tang them chi ph cho thiet b bao goi. Kho o nhiet o cua thc pham bao goi chan khong. Yeu cau cua mang c s dung e bao goi chan khong Chong lai s xuyen thau cua cac yeu to vat ly. Mem deo. Kn hi. Khong tham chat long. t tham kh, ac biet la oxy. c san xuat t nhng vat lieu khong oc, khong mui. Phai tao c moi ghep ben nhiet, kn, khong tham kh Bao goi kh quyen hieu chnh (MAP) Nguyen tac

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

ay la phng phap ma thanh phan cua hon hp kh c ieu chnh trc khi them vao trong bao b. Thanh phan cua hon hp kh phai c ieu chnh sao cho phu hp vi tht. Sau khi bao goi xong em bao quan lanh nhiet o < 2oC. Nhng loai kh thng c s dung trong phng phap MAP la nit, oxy va kh cacbonic. Trong o: Nit la loai kh khong co tac dung khang vi sinh vat, dung e thay th khong kh ben trong bao b, uoi oxy va la kh lam ay. Kh oxy c s dung e ngan can s mat mau cua c tht. Kh cacbonic dung e c che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat, s c che nay phu thuoc vao loai vi sinh vat, ham lng CO2, nhiet o ton tr, o hoat ong cua nc trong thc pham, giai oan phat trien cua vi sinh vat ngay thi iem bao goi. Ngoai ra, ngi ta co the them CO vao trong bao goi MAP. Mau cua tht c gi bang cach s dung CO. CO ket hp manh vi myoglobin tao thanh cacboxymyoglobin, tao ra mau o sang cho mo c va thoa man nhu cau ngi tieu dung. MAP s dung nong o CO thap va CO2 cao gi c mau cua tht va chat lng tht. Tht heo bao quan 4oC trong 21 ngay vi ieu kien bao goi: 0,4% CO+ 60% CO2+ 40% N2. Bao goi chan khong: 99% CO2 +1%CO: lam noi ro mau sac cua tht do CO ket hp lam giam lng MetMb. Phoi hp s dung moi trng kh cacbonic va lanh co the c che hoac nh ch hoat ong song cua nhieu loai vi sinh vat. Kh CO2 khong nhng c che manh s phat trien cua nam moc, cac loai vi sinh vat gay thoi ra ma con co tac dung km ham cac qua trnh oxy hoa va thuy phan chat beo. Hieu qua tac dung cua kh CO2 phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh nong o CO2, nhiet o, moi trng va chung loai vi sinh vat. Nhiet o ha thap, tac dung cua CO2 oi vi vi sinh vat cang ro. Nong o CO2 cang cao th hieu lc bao quan tht cang tot. Nhng khong cho phep dung nong o CO2 qua 20 22% e tranh tht b xam mau va giam chat lng tht.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.4: o th the hien anh hng cua the tch CO2 trong tht, pH tht, thi gian bao quan en s phat trien cua vi sinh vat gay benh trong thi gian bao quan tht 1oC trong mang mong Nhan xet Bao quan pH bnh thng th so lng vi sinh vat t hn khi bao quan pH cao. Khi the tch CO2 cang cao th so lng vi sinh vat cung t hn.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

u nhc iem cua phng phap u i m Keo dai thi gian bao quan.

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Cung cap san pham co chat lng tot. Nhc im Moi loai san pham oi hoi mot cong thc kh, thanh phan kh ben trong co the b thay oi theo thi gian. Khi o hieu qua bao quan se giam. e khac phuc ieu nay can chon vat lieu bao b thch hp. Can phai kiem soat nhiet o (nhiet o ong goi, bao quan 2oC). Nong o kh CO2 cao se keo dai thi gian s dung, nhng cao qua co the la nguyen nhan gay ra ton thng cau truc cua mo c. Tht phai co chat lng cao th dung phng phap nay mi hieu qua. Gia thanh tang ro ret. 2.4 Bo qun bng tia bc x 2.4.1 Quy trnh cong nghe

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.5 : Quy trnh bao quan bang tia bc xa ket hp vi bao quan lanh 2.4.2 Nguyen tac Phng phap lanh ket hp hp vi tia bc xa da tren nguyen tac : Tieu diet vi khuan vi khuan gay h hong, ong vat ky sinh va vi khuan gay benh. Staphylococus spp b loai hoan toan bi tia bc xa vi lieu 2 kGy. Cai thien chat lng vi sinh cua san pham bang cach giam thieu tong lng vi khuan (TBC). 2.4.3 Lieu dung va thi han s dung Tia bc xa anh hng en thi han s dung va tnh an toan cua tht. 3 kGy la toi u e keo dai thi han s dung. 1 lieu 3kGy tren san pham tht th thi han s dung keo dai hn 2 tuan so vi nhng mau khong co tia bc xa tng ng. Chieu xa cho nhng san pham a ong goi trc khi c bao quan lanh nhiet o (0-3oC) trong Food Package Irradiator (Nordion Intl. Inc, Canada) vi nguon 60Co toc o chieu 3kGy/h. Tia bc xa cai thien chat lng vi sinh cua san pham bang cach giam thieu tong lng vi khuan (TBC). Lieu dung tia bc xa khac nhau th hieu qua lam giam tong lng vi khuan se khac nhau. Tuy theo lieu dung ma thi gian bao quan c keo dai khac nhau. Tht heo khong chieu xa th thi gian bao quan t hn 7 ngay trong khi nhng san pham co chieu xa (3kGy) th khoang 18 ngay. Hieu qua cua tia bc xa len te bao vi sinh vat phu thuoc vao : Loai tia: ngi ta nhan thay tia co sc xuyen pha manh nhng tac dung diet khuan kem hn tia X, tia cosc xuyen pha yeu nhat. Loai vi sinh vat: o nhay cam cua vi sinh vat oi vi tia bc xa phu thuoc vao chung loai va trang thai sinh ly cua vi sinh vat. Vi khuan gram am nhay cam hn vi khuan gram dng. Cac yeu to khac: ngoai ra cac chat am, ng co tac dung bao ve te bao vi sinh vat. Trai lai, oxy, cacbonic, nhiet o cao, o am cao ho tr tac dung cua tia trong viec diet khuan, pH khong lien quan en lieu chieu xa.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.6: Nguyen ly phat xa tia

Hnh 2.7 : Mo hnh he thong chieu xa bang tia

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.8 : o th the hien anh hng cua tia bc xa (khoang 3kGy) len tong lng vi sinh vat trong tht heo nhiet o bao quan 0 - 3oC Trong khoang 7 ngay, nhng mau c chieu xa 3kGy khong xuat hien vi sinh vat

Hnh 2.9 : o th anh gia cam quan cua tht khi c chieu xa ket hp vi lanh (cha trai qua giai oan bao quan)

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.10 : o th anh gia cam quan cua tht khi c chieu xa ket hp vi lanh (bao quan c 1 tuan) anh gia cam quan, mui v, trang thai va nhng phan co the chap nhan c cua san pham : 10 iem, 10 tng ng la thanh phan ac trng cua tht ngon nhat 9 la giam 1 phan thanh phan tht ti nhng khong bieu lo nhng tnh chat mi. 7-8 la nhng thay oi quan trong au tien, mc o thay oi nhe nhng ben ngoai phu hp, 5-6 la mc o thay oi va phai, giam manh hoac xuat hien nhng thanh phan them vao, nhng tnh chat bnh thng van chiem u the, 3-4 la mc o giam manh, thanh phan khong bnh thng chiem u the hn, 0 la rat toi. T 9-6 co the chap nhan c Khi chieu xa ket hp vi lanh th lieu dung 3kGy se keo dai thi gian bao quan san pham hn 2 tuan so vi nhng san pham khong chieu xa. 2.5 Bao quan bang kh ozon 2.5.1 Nguyen tac Bao quan tht phoi hp dung lanh va kh ozon co tac dung kiem ham nh ch s phat trien cua vi khuan, nam moc va bao t tren be mat tht nh : Pseudomonads, vi khuan sinh H2S, B. Thermosphacta, Enterobacteraceae, vi khuan lactic...

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Khong kh cha ozon km ham vi sinh vat phat trien nhng neu ngng cung cap ozon th vi sinh vat lai phat trien bnh thng Mc o kiem ham vi sinh vat phu thuoc vao pH, nhiet o va ham lng chat hu c trong tht. Hoat tnh cua ozon rat cao, nhng kho d oan c khi co mat cua cac chat hu c. Ozon se b ion hoa hoac ozon hoa tren 1 chat nen hoac t phan ly thanh oxi va goc t do. Ozon co the thuc ay s h hong tht, oxi hoa be mat tht, mat mau va tao ra nhng mui khong mong muon neu s dung qua mc. 2.5.2 Phng phap s dung ozon Ozon trong phong lanh

Hnh 2.11: Quy trnh bao quan bang ozon trong phong lanh Theo nguyen tac, ngi ta ieu chnh lng kh ozon trong bao quan ngay au tien cao hn va lau hn nhng ngay ve sau. Trong 3 - 4 ngay au, moi ngay can cung cap lien tuc 3 gi kh ozon vi lng 10mg/m3 khong kh. Nhng ngay tiep theo cung cap lng ozon 3 mg/ m3 trong 3 gi. Vi nong o thch hp (khoang 10 mg/ m3) ozon con co tac dung kh mui oi cua tht, lam tang chat lng san pham. Neu tht nhieu m th ch nen bao quan vi nong o ozon 2 mg/ m3
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

Ozon khi tht c bao goi

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

. Hnh 2.12: Quy trnh bao quan bang ozon khi tht a c bao goi Nong o ozon s dung la: 1mg/l Thi gian ozon hoa: 60 hoac 90 phut.

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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Hnh 2.13: o th the hien s thay oi mui, v, trang thai cua tht khi c ozon hoa Nhan xet Chat lng tht khi c ozon hoa hoac khong ozon hoa th mc o giam nh nhau.
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Phng phap bao quan tht heo

GVHD:ThS. Nguyen Th Hien

Mau va v cua tht c ozon hoa vi thi gian 90 phut th tot hn khi tht khong c ozon hoa hoac ozon hoa vi thi gian 60 phut. Do o, ta phai chon ieu kien ozon hoa thch hp, tc la ta phai chon nong o va thi gian ozon hoa thch hp. Thi han bao quan tht phoi hp dung kh ozon va bao quan lanh a tang len gap ri so vi ch dung bao quan lanh. 2.5.3 u nhc iem cua phng phap

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