J.Geomag. Geoelectr.

,42,211-224,1990

CSAMT

Measurements of Izu-Oshima Yasuo OGAWA

across the 1986 C Craters Island, Japan

and Shinichi TAKAKURA

(geological Survey of Japan, 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan (Received March 10,1988; Revised September6,1988)

We carriedout CSAMT(controlled-source audiofrequencymagnetotelluric) measurements across the 1986 C cratersof Izu-Oshima Islandone year afterthe eruptions. After 2D analyses of the two profiles, we obtainedbasically two-layered structures, except for shallow resistivity variations. We found a deep conductive layerbelow the resistive lava which corresponds to thermal water,compared with nearby wells. We alsofound shallow(<200 m)conductive bodieswhose locations correspond to an old vent(8th century)and one of the 1986 craters. We think these are fracture zones containingmeteoricwater.We did not get affirmative evidence for dyke-likestructures, partlybecause we used TM mode excitation, and partly because the dyke hadn't transferred enough heat to the surrounding rocks to decreaseresistivity. Away from the profiles, we found a threelayeredstructure. We think the three layers correspond to(top)resistive lava,(middle)afreshwater lens, and(bottom) sea water.We think the two profiles lacked the freshwater lensdue to mixing of freshand saline water by thermal convection.

1. Introduction Electromagnetic(EM)methods are suitable for detailed 2D(3D)resistivity structural studies,especiallyin a volcanic region where surface resistivity is high. Among them, the controlled source audiofrequency magnetotelluric(CSAMT) method is preferable.CSAMT allows plane wave interpretationifthe transmitterreceiverdistance isgreater than 3 skin depths. Ithas stablesignalstrengthcompared to natural AMT methods(GOLDSTEIN and STRANGWAY,1975;ZONGE et al.,1986; YAMASHITA,1987). We often apply itto geological structuralstudies(e.g., UCHIDA et al.,1986), especially to mineral explorations(e.g., YOKOKAWA,1984), and geothermal explorations(SANDBERG and HOHMANN,1982;BARTEL and JACOBSON, 1987).Owing to the high S/N ratio,controlled source EM isuseful for monitoring activevolcanoes(JACKSON et al.,1985)as well. We adapted the CSAMT method to Izu-Oshima Island(Fig.1). Izu-Oshima Island is a basalticvolcanic island located about 110km south of Tokyo. Itismade up of several Quaternary volcanoes(e.g., SAKAGUCHI et al.,1987). The 1986 eruption sequences were summarized by SOYA et al.(1987)as follows.Mt. Mihara (the A crater)erupted on November 15,1986. Six days later, fissureeruptions(the B craters)occurred in the northern caldera floor. One and half hours later,the C craters erupted on the northwestern flank of Oshima Island, outside of the caldera 211

212

Y. OGAWA and

S. TAKAKURA

Fig.1. Location map of groundedelectric dipole withtransmitter(TX)and receiver sites(solid dots withsite numbers)together withA, B, and C craters ofIzu-Oshima lsland. Profiles l and 2 arefor two-dimensional studies across theC craters. Stars denote geothermal wells. rim. The alignments of the B and C craters are in the NNW-SSE direction, like many parasitic volcanoes on the island(NAKAMURA,1964). These parasitic volcanoes are indicatorsof maximum compressional tectonic stress(NAKAMURA, 1964,1977). There are many geophysical studies of Oshima Island including electrical and electromagnetic ones. ONO et al.(1961)initially studied the resistivity structure down to l km depth by use of the Schlumberger method. They interpreted the resistivity structure in relationto ground water. YUKUTAKE et al.(1985)also used Schlumberger soundings inside the caldera and along our profile 2, so we can compare our resultswith theirs to see if there was a resistivity change before and afterthe 1986 eruption. YUKUTAKE et al.(1990)carried out an airborne VLF survey over the island in which they found shallow conductivity anomalies which correspond to surface fracture zones and pointed out anomalies along the B and C

CSAMT

Measurements

across the 1986 C Craters

of Izu-Oshima

Island, Japan

213

craters. 1986 crater. Our km depth

YUKUTAKE of

et al.(1987)monitored the A crater by use

the

resistivity

change measurements

associated across

with the

the A

eruptions

of dipole-dipole

study by the

focused use of

on

detailed

structures Unfortunately, the C craters across

across

the

1986 the purpose We

fissures B craters of this thought

down are

to hard

l to

CSAMT. across

because only. the C the The

access, analyze difficult the see pore

measurements the detailed the

were

survey it would dyke expect rocks,

is to be on to the et

resistivity dyke

structure

craters. width

to detect was

structure one If the

itself, because

of the

observed we can

surface a dyke-like fluids

less than structure.

meter(SOYA dyke rocks supplies can

et al.,1987). enough more heat

However, to

surrounding

of

the

surrounding

become

conductive(YOKOYAMA

al.,1983).

2.CSAMT

Measurements

We The

constructed source are

a current has mainly a moment across

bipole

in the

southeastern Am in the 3.5 using

part a 25

of the kW

island(Fig.1). The island. enough,

current sites

of 8-12103 the range C craters from

transmitter. part of the

receiver The the

northwestern they and are

source-receiver so-called and the measured conduction. we use.

separations phenomena

to 7 km;if

not

large

near-field

occurs(GOLDSTEIN

STRANGWAY,1975; In the but the major neareffect low the

KAUFMAN field, of DC

KELLER,1983;ZONGE impedance We get no has the

et al.,1986;YAMASHITA,1987). minor effect of induction, in must the be

deep

information separation

near-field, 3 and times

whatever greater than

frequencies depth Since bipole of the as

Source-receiver to get a plane

investigation resistivity far as the

wave(GOLDSTEIN unknown alleviate field was to the some

STRANGWAY,1975). we effect. the free TM from set the Due current to this

structure possible in

is a priori order of all the to the

extent,

near-field in

configuration, polarization). effects. Using current electrode above noise 4 a bipole span Hz

excitation

restricted 21)were

mode(Hnear-field

Fortunately,

sites except

one(site

two-channel and was were magnetic at low 50 one m,

receiver, magnetic and the but

we field frequency

measured

one

electric to from often field, the

field

parallel

to

the Our data wind

perpendicular range Hz they was were electric

electric Hz.

field. The to

l to 2048 scattered and the

excellent, field,

below

4 noise

due small

in the

cultural

in the

number

of stackings

frequencies.

3.CSAMT

Data

and

Inferred

Resistivity

Structure

3.1

Profile Profile

1 1 lies adjacent to on between the the southern ground. the B and end However, C and craters, of the we C craters. There that products We there from are no

geothermal be and buried a connection C craters dyke Figures respectively.

manifestations of dykes were beneath 2(a)and See both this

expected

might the B a

because

andestic(NAKANO profile. the apparent sites 2 and

YAMAMOTO,1987).

suspected

2(b)show

resistivity 3. There

and is no

phase

pseudo-sections, due to the

Fig.2(a)around

perturbation

214

Y. OGAWA

and

S. TAKAKURA

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. (a) Apparent resistivity pseudo-section for profile1. Apparent resistivity lessthan 50 ohm-mis shaded. "C"corresponds to thesuspected extension ofC craters. (b) Phasepseudo-section for profile 1. Contourinterval is 5 degrees. Phasemorethan 70degreeis shaded. suspected dyke between the B and C craters; however, there are perturbations at sites 5 and 6. On the other hand, the contours in the phase pseudo-section (Fig. 2(b)) are mostly horizontal, meaning that the deep structure is almost one-dimensional. These two pseudo-sections show typical signatures of static distortion (BERDICHEVSKY and DMITRIEV, 1976). Shallow localized anomalies significantly disturb apparent resistivity even at low frequencies, but hardly disturb phase values at low frequencies. Figure 3 shows the inferred resistivity structures by one-dimensional inversion at each site. Shallow localized anomalies may easily distort 1D results and false deep

CSAMT

Measurements

across

the

1986 C Craters

of Izu-Oshima

Island,

Japan

215

Fig. 3. 1Dinverted resistivity structure for profile1.Numerals denoteresistivity inohm-m.

features may emerge. We are skeptical about the undulation of the low resistivity layer around sites 5, 6, 65 and 7 in Fig. 3. By use of the TM mode (H-polarization) 2D modelings, we can overcome the effects of shallow localized anomalies. Moreover, it is known that TM mode 2D modeling gives good approximations, even for the 3D resistivity structure (TING and HOHMANN, 1981; WANNAMAKER et al., 1984). We can consequently obtain a reasonable resistivity cross section even if the structural strike is not long enough. Figure 4(a) shows the final model of the two-dimensional inversion. Our codes (see OGAWAet al., 1988) consist of forward calculations based on MOM's method (RODI, 1976) and inversions using singular value decomposition (SAITo, 1983). Figure 4(b) shows the fitting of calculated values to observed ones. We have excellent fittings. From the surface to the 200 m depth, there are resistivity variations; these may be due to the difference in porosity or water content of basaltic lava. Deeper than 200 m, all the sites are underlain by the conductive layer (15-20 ohm-m), whose top is 150 m above sea level. Site 32 is located 1 km away from profile 1. The 1D inversion result shows a three layered model (Fig. 3). The depth to the bottom conductive layer (10 ohm-m) is 200 m below sea level. The resistivity of the bottom layer is similar to the conductive layer below profile 1. The depth to the conductive layer may become deeper as one goes farther away from the craters. 3.2 Profile 2 Profile 2 crosses the C craters. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the apparent resistivity and the phase pseudo-sections, respectively. Site 14 is just on a volcanic vent. At this site, the apparent resistivity pseudo section (Fig. 5(a)) is very perturbed, but the phase pseudo section (Fig. 5(b)) is not. These are typical signatures of static distortion like profile 1. Figure 6 shows the 1D inverted resistivity structure. Below site 14, the depth of the conductor and resistivity values are underestimated by 1/2 and 1 order of

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Y. OGAWA and S. TAKAKURA

magnitude, respectively, compared with surrounding sites. We may expect a conductive dyke beneath site 14 at first glance. However, we have to take the effect of localized structure into account by the use of 2D modelings. Figure 7(a) shows the result of the 2D inversion, and Figure 7(b) shows the comparison between the observed and calculated values; the fitness is excellent. All the sites are underlain by a conductive layer (10-30 ohm-m) below sea level. Beneath site 14, the 2D model does not require a conductive dyke-like structure, but a localized shallow (<100 m) conductor (180 ohm-m). As is well-known, the TM mode response is insensitive to the bottom depth of vertical structures (e.g., OGAWA, 1986). It is still possible that the 180 ohm-m conductor may link its bottom to the deep conductive layer. 3.3 Inside the caldera We tried CSAMT measurements inside the caldera as well; Sites 22 and 23 are located inside the caldera. From 1D inversion we got a three-layered structure (see Fig. 8); we obtained an intermediate conductive layer (70 ohm-m) from 250 m down to -450 m above sea level, and the bottom conductive layer (20 ohm-m) underlies the intermediate layer. The bottom layer may correspond to the conductive layer found below profiles 1 and 2. 4. Discussion

By using CSAMT, we found shallow conductive bodies, resistive lava, and a deep conductive layer below the two profiles. In this session, we interpreted the resistivity structure in relation to geology, geochemistry, and hydrology. Initially, we expected to see a dyke-like structure beneath the two profiles; however, we could not find affirmative evidence for the dyke structure itself. What we found as conductive anomalies were shallow conductors. Below profile 1, we

Fig. 4. (a) 2D inverted resistivity structure for profile 1. (b) Comparison between observed and calculated apparent resistivity and phase values. Solid circles denote observed values and lines denote calculated ones. Standard errors of each observed value are shown by vertical bars, but they are mostly smaller than the radii of the solid circles.

CSAMT

Measurements

across

the

1986 C Craters

of Izu-Oshima

Island,

Japan

217

218

Y. OGAWA and

S. TAKAKURA

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Apparent resistivity pseudo-section for profile 2. Apparent resistivity values less than 50 ohm-m are shaded. "C" corresponds to the C craters. (b) Phase pseudo-section for profile 2. Contour interval is 5 degrees. Phase values more than 70 degrees are shaded.

found relatively

conductive

volcanics

(300 ohm-m)

at sites 5 and 6 in the shallow

part (<200 m). The location of this conductor corresponds to an old magmatic eruption center (ISSHIKI,1984). Isshiki suspected this old vent based on the isopack map of the scoria. Below profile 2, we found a shallow conductor corresponding to the C craters. We think these shallow localized conductors are due to near-surface fractures made by eruptions or by dyke intrusions; we obtained no positive evidence for these shallow conductors penetrating deeply into the crust. The two profiles had resistive (500-2000 ohm-m) lava from the surface down to

CSAMT

Measurements

across

the

1986 C Craters

of Izu-Oshima

Island,

Japan

219

Fig.

6.

1D inverted

resistivity

structure

for

profile

2. Numerals

denote

resistivity

values

in ohm-m.

the 200-300 m depth, except for the shallow anomalies. One may expect a systematic resistivity decrease with respect to the distance from a suspected dyke. We should have had such results, if the heat transfer had been efficient enough to decrease the resistivity of pore fluids in the surrounding rocks; however, we cannot see such effects from our analyses. We obtained conductive (6-30 ohm-m) layers, below the resistive lava, which we can interpret by referring to geothermal wells between sites 7 and 32 (see Fig. 1). One of the wells was drilled down 369 m from the surface, i.e. 105 m above sea level. These wells encountered ground water at 190 to 250 m above sea level (ISSHIKIet al., 1963); this ground water level almost corresponds to the top of the conductor below profile 1. TAKAHASHI et al. (1987) reported that the resistivity values of water taken from these geothermal wells range from 13 to 17 ohm-m, and this value is compatible with our inferred resistivity for the deep conductive layer. Consequently, we think that the conductive layer is due to thermal water. YUKUTAKE et al. (1985) showed a resistivity structure below our profile 2 from a Schlumberger sounding before the eruption. They didn't detect the deep conductor, as we did; this significant resistivity change reflects the thermal activity below the C craters. We got very few sites away from the C craters. The inferred resistivity structures differ from those below the two profiles; i.e., below sites 32, 22, and 23, we got three layered structures. There is an intermediate conductive (70-100 ohm-m) layer between the top resistive layer and bottom conductive layer; the intermediate and bottom layers may correspond to a fresh water lens (Ghyben-Hertzberg's lens), and invading sea water, respectively. This is a typical distribution of groundwater on a volcanic island (e.g., ECKER,1976). The resistivity of basalt saturated with sea water is thus estimated as 10-20 ohm-m. This value is similar to that of Hawaii (30 ohm-m) inferred from Schlumberger soundings (ZoHDY and JACKSON,1969). Figure 9 summarizes the schematic picture relating resistivity structure to groundwater. The two profiles are lacking in this intermediate conductive layer (the fresh water lens). Hydrothermal convection may mix fresh water and invading sea water.

220

Y. OGAWA and

S. TAKAKURA

CSAMT

Measurements

across

the

1986 C Craters

of Izu-Oshima

Island,

Japan

221

Fig.

8.

Sounding

curve

for site 22 and 1D

inverted

structure.

Fig. 9. Schematicstructure of Izu-OshimaIsland obtained from the presentCSAMT study.

TAKAHASHI et al. (1987) analyzed the chemical components of water samples taken from wells on Oshima Island. They thought the groundwater near the wells must be isolated and dyke-impounded, because the water samples from the wells in Fig. 1 were chemically different from other groundwater. In contrast, our CSAMT result below the two profiles requires a horizontally connected fluid path; we could not find isolated water pockets. The form of groundwater distribution may be different between the well locations and our two profiles. Lastly, we discuss two possible reasons why we could not sense the dyke-like structure. One is that our measurements were in the TM mode only. The TM mode is rather insensitive to vertical dyke-like structures, so further study requires TE

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Y. OGAWA and S. TAKAKURA

mode excitation as well, or tensor AMT measurements. The other reason is that the dyke itself or dyke-like structure is too thin. A thin dyke could not heat surrounding rocks to reduce their resistivity. 5. Conclusion

We analyzed CSAMT data across the 1986 C craters of Izu-Oshima Island. After 2D analyses of the two profiles, we obtained basically two-layered structures, except for shallow resistivity variations. We found a deep conductive layer below resistive lava. This deep conductive layer corresponds to thermal water, comparing with nearby wells. We found shallow conductive bodies beneath the two profiles whose locations correspond to an old vent (8th century) and the 1986 vent, respectively. We think these contain meteoric water contained in fracture zones due to magmatic intrusion. We expected to see a dyke-like structure due to heated rocks surrounding the dyke, however, we did not obtain affirmative evidences for dyke-like structures. This was partly because we used TM mode excitation, and partly because the dyke hadn't transferred enough heat to the surrounding rocks to decrease resistivity. Away from the two profiles, we found three layered structures: (top) resistive lava, (middle) less resistive basalt saturated with fresh water, and (bottom) deep conductive basalt saturated with sea water. This is a typical hydrological structure of a volcanic island. On the other hand, the two profiles lacked the three layer structure. Fresh water and saline water may be mixed by thermal convection. We appreciate the assistance of Drs. R. Takada, Y. Kuwahara, J.L. Oubina and H. Endo in the field measurements.We also acknowledgethe Oshima Volcanic Observatory, Earthquake Research Institute, Universityof Tokyo for their cooperation. We would like to thank Drs. Y. Murakami, T. Uchida, J. Nakai, H. Tsu, K. Ono, T. Soya, N. Isshiki, N. Hanaoka, and M. Takahashi for helpful suggestions. Comments from two anonymous referees much improvedthe manuscript. Computer facilitieswere at the Research Information Processing System,the Agencyof Industrial Science and Technology (IBM3081K), and at the Geological Survey of Japan (SIGMA system, IBM4341). REFERENCES BARTEL, L.C. and R.D. JAcossoN, Resultsof a controlled-source audiofrequency magnetotelluric survey at the Puhimau thermal area, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Geophysics, 52,665-677, 1987. BERDICHEVSKY, M.N, and V.I. DMITRIEV, Distortion of magnetic and electrical fieldsby nearsurface inhomogeneities, Acta Geodat.,Geophys. et Montanist. Acad. Sci. Hung. Tumus,11, 447-483, 1916. ECKER, A.,Groundwater behaviour inTenerife, volcanic island(Canary Island,Spain), J. Hydrology, 28, 73-86,1976. GOLDSTEIN, M. A. and W.D. STRANGWAY, Audio-frequency magnetotellurics witha grounded dipole source,Geophysics, 40,669-683, 1975. ISSHIKI, N., Geology of the OShimadistrict,Quadrangle series, scale1:50,000, Geol.Surv.Japan, 133 pp., 1984 (inJapanese withEnglish abstract). ISSHIKI, N., K. NAKAMURA, M. HAYAKAWA, K. HIRASAWA, T. YUKUTAKE, Y. ARAI, and B. IWASAKI, Structureof calderaof Oshimavolcano,Izu, as revealed by drilling,Kazan,8, 61-106,1963(in

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ZOHDY, ZONGE,

A.

A.

R.

and

D.

B. JACKSON, Geophysics, and

Application 34, 584-600,

of 1969.

deep

electrical

soundings

for

groundwater

exploration measurements, pp. 749-763,

in Hawaii,

L. K., A. G. OSTRANDER,

D. F. EMER, Controlled-Source Methods, edited by K. Vozoff, 1986.

audio-frequency Geophysics

magnetotelluric reprint series No. 5,

in Magnetotelluric Society of Exploration

Geophysicists,