Early History and development of Semiconductor

 The birth history of semiconductors can be followed back to the

development of the rectifier (AC-DC converter) in 1874.
 1904: Two-electrode vacuum tube is invented
 1946: World's first general-purpose computer ENIAC is announced
 1948: Junction-type transistor is invented
 1957: Esaki diode is invented
 1980: Flash memory is invented
 1991: Carbon nanotube is discovered

Semiconductor
 A substance that has the properties between an insulator and a conductor.
 Materials that have a medium-sized band gap between atoms thus
environmental or material factor were needed to push the atoms so that
the current will flow.
 The conductivity of a semiconductor would only be activated if heat, light,
electric current and computer electric fields was applied.
 Semiconductor is having an industrial application of controlling the
electron flow in a system.

Doping Process in Semiconductor

 Doping means the introduction of impurities into a semiconductor crystal
to the defined modification of conductivity.
 The dopant is integrated into the lattice structure of the semiconductor
crystal, the number of outer electrons define the type of doping
 Elements with 3 valence electrons are used for p-type doping, 5-valued
elements for n-doping.
 N- Doping: The dopants are positively charged by the loss of negative
charge carriers and are built into the lattice, only the negative electrons can
move.
 P-Doping: The dopant is fixed in the crystal lattice, only the positive charges
can move. Due to positive holes these semiconductors are called p-
conductive or p-doped.
 Properties of Semiconductor
 The conductivity of pure semiconductor rises exponentially with
temperature. At lower temperature a smaller concentration of impurities is
required in order to ensure this condition.
 The conductivity in an impure semiconductor depends strongly on the
impurity concentration.
 The conductivity is changed by irradiation with light or high-energy
electrons o by injection of carriers from a suitable metallic contact.
 Depending on the kind of doping the charge transport may be either by
electrons or by so-called positive holes.

Most commonly used materials of Semiconductors

 Germanium – is the most extensively used in the early years of
semiconductor technology.
 Silicon – Most common used semiconductor in the industry in the
present time. Because germanium is super unstable in high temperature
that’s why silicon took its place to be the most useful and most efficient.
Dahil noon naman e hindi pa ganoon kalakas gumamit ng electricity and
mga devices kaya hindi nakakapg produce ng ganong kataas na
temperature. But as time goes by nag iimprove din yung devices and
dumadami yung function kaya mas nakakapag produce ng mataas na
temp. e ang silicon is able to function well even on high temperature
while yung germanium e hindi.
 Why germanium and Silicon? Because sila yung meron na 4 valence
electrons and yun lang yung kailangan para makapag function ng
maayos ang isang semiconductor.

Two types of Semiconductor

 Intrinsic Semiconductor – This is the pure form of a semiconductor.

 Extrinsic Semiconductor - There are intentionally added impurities to

make it more conductive. But this added impurities are at a controlled
state just to make it more conductive because an  intrinsic
semiconductor is capable to conduct a little current even at room
temperature, but it is not useful for the preparation of various electronic
devices. Nabanggit din kanina about sa P-doping & N-doping
Importance of Semiconductor

 Semiconductors are the foundation and the seeds of modern-day

electronics, such as radio, computer/laptops, phones and even smart
watches. Without semiconductors, the device that we use right now is
nothing. Kumbaga, sa isang building yung foundation ng building, yun yung
nagseserve na parang semiconductors and kung wala yung foundation na
yon, hindi mabubuo ang isang building. Ganon kahalaga ang
semiconductors sa modern life na meron tayo. Pinapadali neto ang ating
way of life kasi kung tutuusin nasa paligid lang natin ang semiconductors
and it helps us in our daily lives.

Advatages of Semiconductor

 Semiconductor diode doesn’t require warm up time for operation.

 Semiconductor diode is cheaper as compared to vacuum tubes.
 Semiconductor diode does not produce any current in the absence of applied
voltage.
 It has very small interelectrode capacitances.
 This is very important in high frequency application.
 Small in size and lighter weight.
 Less power consumption.
 It operates at low voltage.
 In the wiring it can be easily incorporated.
 This cannot be done with vacuum tubes.
 It has a long life and is robust in construction.

Disdvatages of Semiconductor

 Semiconductor diode cannot withstand high reverse voltage.

 It has poor response.
 It has reverse saturation current.
  In high frequency rang Noise level is higher in semiconductor device.
Kung tutuusin, kahit may disadvantages ang semiconductors e mas naweweigh-in
pa rin yung benefits and advantages na nakukuha natin sa semiconductors.

Connection of Semiconductors in Material Science

 Everything is made of something. Materials scientists investigate how

materials perform and why they sometimes fail. By understanding the
structure of matter, from atomic scale to millimeter scale, they invent new
ways to combine chemical elements into materials with unprecedented
functional properties. Lahat naman ng bagay e may pianagmumulan and
bago mabuo ang isang bagay, binubuo muna ito ng smaller components na
usually hindi na natin napapansin katulad ng semiconductors and other
materials katulad ng insulators, conductors, etc etc na ginagamit para
makagawa ng isang functioning device. And ang connection neto sa
material science na subject natin is bawat components e kailangan nating
malaman and matutunan because there is something more sa kung ano
yung nakikita and nahahawakan natin and possible na maimprove pa natin
itong mga bagay na to in the near future pag enough na yung knowledge na
meron tayo.