Electricity

Electron Theory
an ATOM is made up of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a
negatively charged electrons.
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

NATURE OF CHARGES

▪ can be positive (+q) or negative (-q)

▪ LIKE charges REPEL, OPPOSITE charges ATTRACT
▪ conserved
▪ measured in coulombs (C)
▪ charge of an electron (e) = -1.60 x 10-19 C
▪ charge of a proton (p) = +1.60 x 10-19 C
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

CHARGED OBJECTS
a CHARGED object has an UNEQUAL
number of protons and electrons in its
atoms

If the object is not charged, does it mean that it has no positive or

negative charges?
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

HOW DOES AN OBJECT BECOME CHARGED?

▪ CHARGING BY FRICTION. transfer of electrons

between the two objects rubbed together
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

HOW DOES AN OBJECT BECOME CHARGED?

▪ CHARGING BY INDUCTION. bringing a charged object close to a conductor without

actually touching it

Conductors – materials where

electrons can freely move

Polarization – separation of opposite

charges within an object
Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

HOW DOES AN OBJECT BECOME CHARGED?

 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

HOW DOES AN OBJECT BECOME CHARGED?

▪ CHARGING BY CONDUCTION. contact between a charged object and a

neutral conductor
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

COULOMB’S LAW
COULOMB’S FIRST LAW 𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1
The size of the force of attraction/repulsion between the two
charges is directly proportional to the value of the charge. 𝐹 ∝ 𝑞2
COULOMB’S SECOND LAW 1
The size of the force of attraction/repulsion between the two 𝐹 ∝ 2
charges is inversely proportional to the square of the 𝑟
distance between the two charges.
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

COULOMB’S LAW EQUATION

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝒆 = 𝒌 𝟐
𝒓
where:
𝐅𝐞 − electric force in newtons (N)
1
𝐤= = 9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2
4πε
𝐪𝟏 , 𝐪𝟐 − charge in coulombs C
𝐫 − distance between two charges in meters (m)
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

PRACTICE
✓ Two charges, q1 and q2 are separated by a distance r. If q2 will
tripled, by how much will the force between the charges change?

ANS: three times as great

 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

PRACTICE
✓ Two charges, q1 and q2 are separated by a distance r. If the distance
between the charges will be increased to four times as great, what
will happen to the force between the two charges?

ANS: reduced to 1/16

 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
𝑞1 𝐹Ԧ12 𝑞2
𝐹Ԧ21
PITFALL PREVENTION
Suppose there are 2 charges, q1 and q2 separated 𝑟

by a distance r. q2 is twice as large as q1. How

will you compare the force exerted by q1 on q2
(F12) and the force exerted by q2 on q1 (F21)?

You may think that F21 is greater than F12 because

q2 is larger than q1. But actually, these two
forces are equal in magnitude!
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
𝐹Ԧ12 = 𝐹Ԧ21 𝐹Ԧ21 < 𝐹Ԧ31
PITFALL PREVENTION
𝐹Ԧ12 𝐹Ԧ21
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 𝑞2
𝑞1
𝑟
Three charges, q1, q2 and q3 are
𝑟 𝐹Ԧ31
separated by a distance r from each 𝑟
other. q1 is twice as great as q2 and is
equal with q3. Are the forces F12 and
F21 equal? How about F21 and F31?

𝑞3
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

DIRECTION OF FORCE
Suppose there is a proton p1 and an electron e that lie on a straight line as shown.

What is the direction of force exerted by p1 on e? by e on p1?

red arrow: force exerted by p1 on e

blue arrow: force exerted by e on p1
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
NET ELECTRIC FORCE Since p and e are unlike charges, e
experiences an attractive force due to p1
Suppose there are two protons, p1 and p2 and an and p2 . Thus,
electron e that lie on a straight line as shown.

red arrow: force exerted by p1 on e

What is the direction of the force exerted by p1 on e? blue arrow: force exerted by p2 on e
green arrow: net force exerted on e
by p2 on e? net force acting on e due to p1 and p2?
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
NET ELECTRIC FORCE
Suppose there are three charges, Q, Q and q
positioned at the vertices of an equilateral triangle
as shown. What is the net force acting on q?
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
𝑞1 = 1.0 𝑛𝐶 𝑞2 = −3.0 𝑛𝐶
𝐹21
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
𝑂 0.02 0.04
Two point charges are located
𝑟

on the positive x-axis of a 𝑁𝑚 2 (1.0 × 10−9 𝐶)(−3.0 × 10−9 𝐶)

coordinate system. Charge q1 = 𝐹21 = 9 × 109
𝐶2 (0.04 𝑚 − 0.02 𝑚)2
1.0 nC is 0.02 m from the origin 𝑁𝑚 2 3.0 × 10−18 𝐶 2
𝐹21 = 9 × 109
and charge q2 = -3.0 nC is 0.04 𝐶2 (0.02 𝑚)2

m from the origin. What is the 𝐹21 = −6.75 × 10−7 𝑁

force exerted by q2 on q1?
𝐹21 = 6.75 × 10−5 𝑁, attractive or to the right
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
𝑞1 = 1.0 𝑛𝐶 𝑞2 = −3.0 𝑛𝐶
𝐹21
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
𝑂 0.02 0.04
Two point charges are located
𝑟

on the positive x-axis of a 𝑁𝑚 2 (1.0 × 10−9 𝐶)(−3.0 × 10−9 𝐶)

coordinate system. Charge q1 = 𝐹21 = 9 × 109
𝐶2 (0.04 𝑚 − 0.02 𝑚)2
1.0 nC is 0.02 m from the origin 𝑁𝑚 2 3.0 × 10−18 𝐶 2
𝐹21 = 9 × 109
and charge q2 = -3.0 nC is 0.04 𝐶2 (0.02 𝑚)2

m from the origin. What is the 𝐹21 = −6.75 × 10−7 𝑁

force exerted by q2 on q1?
𝐹21 = 6.75 × 10−5 𝑁, attractive or to the right
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
𝑞2 = +3.20 𝑛𝐶
𝐹Ԧ3 = 𝐹Ԧ23 + 𝐹Ԧ13
𝑂 𝑁𝑚2 (3.20 × 10−9 𝐶)(5.0 × 10−9 𝐶)
𝐹Ԧ23 = 9 × 10 9
𝐶2 (0.4 𝑚 − 0 𝑚)2
𝑁𝑚2 1.6 × 10−17 𝐶 2
Two point charges, q1 and q2 𝐹Ԧ23 = 9 × 10 9
𝐶2 (0.4 𝑚)2

,are located on the y-axis as −0.200 𝐹Ԧ23 = 9 × 10−7 N, repulsive

follows: charge q1 = -1.50 nC at 𝐹Ԧ13 = 9 × 109

𝑁𝑚2 (−1.50 × 10−9 𝐶)(5.0 × 10−9 𝐶)

y = -0.600 m, and charge q2 = 𝐶2 (0.6 𝑚 − 0.4 𝑚)2

𝑁𝑚2 −7.5 × 10−18 𝐶 2

+3.20 nC at the origin (y = 0).
𝑞3 = +5.00 𝑛𝐶
𝐹Ԧ13 = 9 × 109
𝐶2 (0.2 𝑚)2
−0.400
What is the net force exerted 𝐹Ԧ13 = −1.688 × 10−6 N

by these two charges on a 𝐹13 𝐹23

𝐹Ԧ13 = 1.688 × 10−6 N , attractive

third charge q3 = +5.00 nC 𝐹Ԧ3 = 𝐹Ԧ23 + 𝐹Ԧ13 Since the two forces have the same direction so
their sign must also be the same.

located at y = -0.400 m? −0.600

𝑞1 = −1.50 𝑛𝐶
𝐹Ԧ3 = (9 × 10−7 N) + (1.688 × 10−6 N)
𝐹Ԧ3 = 2.588 × 10−6 𝑁, downward
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

PROBLEM SOLVING ON COULOMB’S LAW (3D)

Suppose we have two like charges Q1 and
Q2. Let F2 is the force experienced by Q2,
the vector r1 be the position vector for
+

Q1 and the vector r2 be the position

vector for Q2. Then the vector R12 - -
represents the directed line segment
(distance) from Q1 to Q2.
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

PROBLEM SOLVING ON COULOMB’S LAW (3D)

Thus, the vector form of Coulomb’s Law is given by

𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 2 ෝ
𝒂 𝟏𝟐
𝑅12
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝐹 𝑎ො12
 Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Coulomb’s Law

PROBLEM SOLVING ON COULOMB’S LAW (3D)

Two charges Q1 and Q2. have the values 3 × 10−4 𝐶 and−1.0 ×
10 𝐶, respectively. If Q1 is located at (1, 2, 3) and Q2 is located
−4

at (2, 0, 5), find the force on Q2 by Q1.

 Two charges Q1 and Q2. have the values 3 × 10−4 𝐶 and −1.0 ×
10−4 𝐶, respectively. If Q1 is located at (1, 2, 3) and Q12 is located at (2, 0,
5), find the force on Q12 by Q11.

𝐹Ԧ12 = 𝐹12 𝑟12

Ƹ 𝑟12 = 2𝑚 − 1𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + 0𝑚 − 2 𝑚 𝑗Ƹ + (5𝑚 − 3 𝑚)𝑘෠

𝑟1 = 1, 2, 3 𝑚 𝑟12 = 1 𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + −2 𝑚 𝑗Ƹ + (2 𝑚)𝑘෠

𝑟2 = 2, 0, 5 𝑚 𝑟12 = (1𝑚)2 +(−2𝑚)2 +(2𝑚)2

𝑟12 = 3 𝑚

𝑟12 Ƹ −2 𝑚 𝑗+(2
1 𝑚 𝑖+ Ƹ ෠
𝑚)𝑘
𝑟ෞ
12 = = = 0.333𝑖Ƹ − 0.667 𝑗Ƹ + 0.667𝑘෠
𝑟12 3𝑚
 Two charges Q1 and Q2. have the values 3 × 10−4 𝐶 and −1.0 ×
10−4 𝐶, respectively. If Q1 is located at (1, 2, 3) and Q12 is located at (2, 0,
5), find the force on Q2 by Q1.
2
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑁𝑚 (3 × 10−4 𝐶)(−1.0 × 10−4 𝐶)
𝐹12 = 2 = 9 × 109
𝑟12 𝐶2 (3 𝑚)2

𝑁𝑚2 −3 × 10−8 𝐶 2
𝐹12 = 9 × 109 = −30 N
𝐶2 9 𝑚2

𝐹Ԧ12 = 𝐹12 𝑟12 ෠

Ƹ = −30 𝑁 (0.333𝑖Ƹ − 0.667 𝑗Ƹ + 0.667𝑘)

𝐹Ԧ12 = −9.99𝑖Ƹ + 20.01 𝑗Ƹ − 20.01𝑘෠ N