Toan7 PDF

Ton hc 7 Forever 812
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Trang 1
NGUYN VN TIN
THANDIEU2 TRNG THCS LIM PHONG
S HU T, CNG TR S HU T

Kin thc:
- S hu t l s vit c di dng
a
b
vi a, b eZ , b = 0. Tp hp cc s hu
t k hiu l Q.
- Cc phn s bng nhau biu din cng mt s hu t
- Vic biu din s hu t trn trc s khng ph thuc vo cch chn phn s
xc nh n.
- so snh hai s hu t x v y ta lm nh sau:

+Vit x, y di dng phn s c cng mu dng: x =
a
m
; y =
b
m

+So snh cc s nguyn a v b. Nu a <b th x <y
Nu a >b th x >y
Nu a =b th x =y
- Cng, tr s hu t: Vi x =
a
m
; y =
b
m
( a, b, meZ ; m >0) ta c:
a b a b
x y
m m m
+
+ = + =
a b a b
x y
m m m
= =
- Quy tc chuyn v: Vi x, y, z e Q th : x +y =z => x =z y

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Vit cc s sau y di dng phn s c mu l 20: 1 ; -2; 0;
3
5
;
7
4

Bi 2: So snh cc s hu t sau:

a. x =
2
7
v y =
3
11
; b. x =
213
300
v y =
18
25
; c. x =0,75 v y =
3
4

Bi 3: Cho hai s hu t
a
m
v
b
m
( a, b, meZ ; m >0) .
CMR nu
a
m
<
b
m
th
a
m
<
a b
m
+
<
b
m

=>Nhn xt: Gia hai im hu t khc nhau bt k bao gi cng c t nht 1 im
hu t na v do c v s im hu t.

Bi 4: So snh cc s hu t sau:
a.
7
8
v
19
18
; b.
1
4003
v
75
106
; c.
2000
2001
v
2003
2002

Hdn: So snh qua cc s hu t trung gian: 1 ; 0 ; -1

Trang 2
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 5: Tm phn s
9
x
(xeZ ) sao cho
9
x
<
4
7
<
1
9
x +
.

Hdn: T
9
x
<
4
7
<
1
9
x +
=>
7
63
x
<
36
63
<
7 7
63
x +
nn 7x <36 <7x +7
=>x <
36
7
<x +1 =>x =5. Vy phn s phi tm l :
5
9

Bi 6: Tnh
a.
3 5
7 9

+ b.
4
15
+0,75 c.
21 11
36 30

d.
1 1 4
2 3
2 6 3
+ e.
1 1 1 1
( )
2 3 23 6

+ + g. |
2 7 1 3
( ) ( )
3 4 2 8

+

Bi 7: Tm x bit
a. x +
2
3
=
3
5
b. x -
2
7
=
3
8
c. x -
2
15
=
3
10
d. x +
1
3
=
2
5
-
1
4

Bi 8: Thc hin php tnh hp l
A =
2 1 5 3 7 5
6 5 3
3 2 3 2 3 2
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

B =
3 3 2 1 3 23
5 11 97 35 4 44

+ + +
Hdn: biu thc A ta nhm cc s hu t c cng mu vo cc nhm ri thc
hin. Kt qu: A =
5
2

biu thc B ta nhm nh sau: B =
3 3 2 1 3 23
5 11 97 35 4 44

+ + +

3 3 1 3 3 23 2
5 7 35 11 4 44 97
21 15 1 12 33 23 2
35 44 97
2 2
1 ( 1)
97 97
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
+
= + +

= + + =

Bi 9: Tnh tng:
A =
1 1 1 1
.....
1.2 2.3 3.4 99.100
+ + + + \
Hdn: a, C
1 1 1
1.2 1 2
= ;
1 1 1
2.3 2 3
= ; ..;
1 1 1
99.100 99 100
=
A =
1 1
1 2
+
1 1
2 3
+ +
1 1
99 100
=1 -
1 100 1 99
100 100 100
= =

----------------------


Trang 3
NGUYN VN TIN
S HU T, NHN, CHIA S HU T

Kin thc:

1. Nhn hai s hu t:

Vi x =
a
b
v y =
c
d
( b = 0, d = 0) ta c: x.y =
.
.
a c a c
b d bd
= .

2. Chia hai s hu t:
Vi x =
a
b
v y =
c
d
(y= 0) ta c: x:y =
.
: .
a c a d a d
b d b c bc
= =

Lu : Thng ca php chia s hu t x cho s hu t y (y= 0) gi l t s ca 2
s x v y, k hiu l: x : y hoc
x
y

3. Gi tr tuyt i ca 1 s hu t c xc nh nh sau:

x
x
x

Nhn xt: x eQ ta c: x > 0; x > x; x = x

Bi tp:

Bi 1: Tnh:
a.
3 32
.
8 11
b.
25
0,23.
4
c.
5
( 3).( )
12

d.
2 4
:
5 7
e.
7
1,25:
2
f.
1 4
4 :( 2 )
5 5

Bi 2: Thc hin php tnh:
a.
10 1 10
2 .
7 4 3
| |
+
|
\ .
b.
9 3
3 :
5 4
| |
|
\ .
c.
3 12 6
. :( )
4 5 25

d.
11 33 3
: .
12 36 5
| |
|
\ .
e.
7 8 45
.
23 6 18
| | (

| (
\ .
f.
26 13
: 10
3 3

g.
1 1 1 1 1
2 3 : 4 3 7
3 2 6 7 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

p s: a.
115
42
b.
8
5
c.
1
7
2
d.
3
5
e.
7
6

f. -8 g.
7 7 25 22 15 35 42 15 1135
: .
3 2 6 7 2 6 43 2 86
| | | |
= + + = + =
| |
\ . \ .

nu x
s
0
nu x > 0

Trang 4
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: Tm x bit:
a.
3 21
.
5 10
x
= b.
3 31
: 1
8 33
x = c.
2 3 4
1 .
5 7 5
x

+ =
d.
11 5
. 0,25
12 6
x
+ = e.
1 3 2 5
:
4 4 5 7
x

+ =

p s: a. x =
7
2
b. x =
64 3
.
33 8
=>x =
8
11

c.
7 4 3
.
5 5 7
x

= =>
7 43
.
5 35
x

= =>
43 7
:
35 5
x

= =>
43
49
x

=
d.
11 5 1
.
12 6 4
x
= =>
7 11
:
12 12
x

= =>
7
11
x

=
e.
1 2 5 3
:
4 5 7 4
x = + =>
1 56 100 105
:
4 140
x
+
= =>
1 51
:
4 140
x = =>
51 1
.
140 4
x = =>
51
560
x =

Bi 4: Thc hin php tnh mt cch hp l:
a.
3 3 36
.5 0,75.
4 13 13
b.
5 5 49 5
4 : :
9 7 9 7

+
c.
3 4 7 2 5 7
: :
5 9 11 5 9 11
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
d.
6 3 3 6 1 8
: :
7 26 13 7 10 5
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

Hdn:
a.
3 68 3 36 3 68 36 3 104 3
. . . . .8 6
4 13 4 13 4 13 13 4 13 4
| |
= + = + = = =
|
\ .

b.
41 49 5 7
: 10. 14
9 9 7 5
| |
= + = =
|

\ .
c.
3 4 2 5 7
: 0
5 9 5 9 11
| |
= + + + =
|
\ .

d.
6 3 6 3 6 26 6 2 26 2 6 28
: : . . . 8
7 26 7 2 7 3 7 3 3 3 7 3
| |
= + = + = + = =
|
\ .

Bi 5: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
A=
4 4 4
5 19 23
8 8 8
5 19 23
+
=
+
B =
2 2 2 1 1
0,4 0,25
9 11 37 3 5
7 7 7 1
1,4 1 0,875 0,7
9 11 37 6
+ +
+ +

Hdn: A =
1 1 1
4.
4 1 5 19 23
1 1 1 8 2
8.
5 19 23
| |
+
|

\ .
= =
| |
+
|
\ .

B =
1 1 1
1 1 1
2. 0,2
2 2 9 11 37
3 4 5
0
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 7
7. 0,2 .
9 11 37 2 3 4 5
| |
+
+ |
\ .
= = =
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .


Trang 5
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 6: Tm x bit:
a. x =
2
5
3
b. 1,75 3,21 x = c. 1,5 2 x = d. 1,5. 2,81 1,09 x =
e.
1 1 2
6 2 3
x + = f. 2 3 2 0 x x + = g. 3 2 4 0 x x =
Hdn: a. x =
2
5
3
b. x =1,75 +3,21 => x =4,96 =>x = 4,96
c. x 1,5 =2 hoc x 1,5 =-2 d . 1,5. x =2,81 +1,09 =>1,5. x =3,99
=> x =3,5 hoc x =-0.5 => x =3,99 : 1,5 => x =2,66
=>x = 2,66
e.
1
6
x =
2 1
3 2
=>
1
6
x =
1
6
=>x -
1
6
=
1
6
hoc x -
1
6
=-
1
6

=> x =
2
3
x =0
f. => 2 x =0 v 3 2x =0 (V 2 x > 0 x eQ; 3 2x > 0 x eQ)
=>x =2 v x =1,5 (v l) nn khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn
g. =>3 2 x =4 x =>3x 2 =4 x hoc 3x 2 =-(4 - x)
=>4x =6 2x =-2
=>x =1,5 hoc x =-1
Bi 7: Tnh nhanh
A =(2 +4 +6 ++100).
3 2 1 1 1 1
:0,7 3. : ...
5 7 2 4 6 100
( (
+ + + + +
( (

Hdn: C
3 2
:0,7 3.
5 7
(
+
(

=
3 10 6 6 6
. 0
5 7 7 7 7
( (
+ = + =
( (

=>A =0

Bi8: Tnh cc tch sau:
A =
3 8 15 9999
. . ...
4 9 16 10000
B =
1 1 1 1 1
1 . 1 . 1 ... 1 1
2 3 4 2007 2008
| | | | | | | || |

| | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .\ .

Hdn:
A =
3 8 15 9999 1.3 2.4 3.5 99.101 1.2.3....99 3.4.5...101 101
. . ... . . ... .
4 9 16 10000 2.2 3.3 4.4 100.100 2.3.4....99 2.3.4...100 2
= = =

B =
1 2 3 2006 2007 1
. . ... .
2 3 4 2007 2008 2008

= =

Chc cc em hc tt!


Trang 6
NGUYN VN TIN
LU THA CA MT S HU T

KIN THC:

- Ta c: x
n
=x.x.xx ( x eQ; ne N; n >1)
n tha s

- Tnh cht: x eQ ta c:

x
m
. x
n
=x
m+n
x
m
: x
n
=x
m-n
(x; m > n)
(x.y)
n
=x
n
. y
n
(x:y)
n
= x
n
: y
n
(y= 0)
(x
m
)
n
=x
m.n

BI TP:
Bi 1: Tnh
a. (
2
3
)
3
b. (
2
3
)
3
c. (
1
2
2
)
4
d. (-0,375)
0
e. (-0,2)
2

f. (-0,2)
3
g: (
2
3
)
2
. (
2
3
)
3
h.
5 5
6 6
15.10
6.25
i.
4 3 3
4
(5 5 )
125

Hng dn:

h.
5 5
6 6
15.10
6.25
=
5 5
6 6
(15.10) 150 1
(6.25) 150 150
= =

i.
4 3 3
4
(5 5 )
125
=
3
3
3 3
4 4
5.(5 1)
125.4 64
125 125 125
(

= =

Nhn xt: +Lu tha vi s m chn ca 1 s m l mt s dng
+Lu tha vi s m l ca 1 s m l mt s m.

Bi 2:

a, Vit cc s sau di dng lu tha ca c s 3:
1 ; ;243; 81;
1
27
;3; 729;
1
243
; 9;
1
729

b, Trong cc s trn, s no c th vit c di dng lu tha ca c s -3 ?

/s:
1
9
; 81; 729; 9;
1
729

* Lu : Cc lu tha vi s m chn ca c s x th vit c di dng lu tha ca
c s x (vi x = 0)


Trang 7
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: Ta tha nhn tnh cht: a = 0, a = 1, nu a
m
=a
n
th m =n. Da vo tnh
cht ny hy tm s n sao cho:
a. 3
n-1
=
1
243
b.
32 1
2 2
n
= c.
2 1
1 1
2 8
n
| |
=
|
\ .

d.
5
1 1
3 81
n
| |
=
|
\ .
e. 2
-1
. 2
n
+4 . 2
n
=9 .2
5

Hdn: a. 3
n-1
. 3
5
=1 =>3
n+4
=3
0
=>n +4 =0 =>n =-4
b. 2
n
=2
5
. 2 =>2
n
=2
6
=>n =6 c.
2 1 3
1 1
2 2
n
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
=>2n 1 =3 =>n =2
d.
5 4
1 1
3 3
n
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
n 5 =4 =>n =9
e. 2
n
. (
1
2
+4) =9 .2
5
=>2
n
=2
5
. 2 =>n =6

Bi 4: Tm x bit:
a.
3
1
0
2
x
| |
=
|
\ .
b. ( 2x - 1)
3
=-8 c. ( x - 2)
2
=1 d.
2
1 1
2 16
x
| |
=
|
\ .

Hdn: a. =>
1 1
0
2 2
x x = = b. ( 2x - 1)
3
=(-2)
3
=>2x 1 =-2 =>x =-1,5
c. C 1 =1
2
=(-1)
2
nn ta c x 2 =1 hoc x 2 =-1 =>x =3 hoc x =1
d. C
2 2
1 1 1
16 4 4
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
nn ta c
1 1
2 4
x = hoc
1 1
2 4
x = =>x =
3
4
hoc x =
1
4

Bi 5: So snh cc s sau:
a. 2
27
v 3
18
b
*
. 3
21
v 2
31
c
*
. 99
20
v 9999
10

Hdn: a. C 2
27
=2
3.9
=8
9
; 3
18
=3
2.9
=9
9
V 8 <9 nn 8
9
<9
9
hay 2
27
<3
18

b. C 3
21
=3. 3
20
; 3
20
=3
2.10
=9
10
; 2
31
=2. 2
30
v 2
30
=2
3.10
=8
10
Li c: 3 >2; 9
10
>8
10
=>3.9
10
>2. 8
10
hay 3
21
>2
31

c. C 99
20
=99
10
. 99
10
; 9999
10
=(99.101)
10
=99
10
.101
10
m 99
10
<101
10

nn 99
20
<9999
10

Bi 6: Chng minh rng:
a. 27
8
3
21
26 b. 8
12
2
33
2
30
55
Ta c: a. 27
8
3
21
=(3
3
)
8
3
21
=3
21
(3
3
-1) =3
21
. 26
M 26 26 nn 3
21
. 26 26 hay 27
8
3
21
26
b. 8
12
2
33
2
30
=(2
3
)
12
2
33
2
30
=2
30
.(2
6
2
3
- 1) =2
30
. 55
M 55 55 nn 2
30
. 55 55 hay 8
12
2
33
2
30
55


Trang 8
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 7: Tnh
A =(100 - 1).(100 - 2
2
).(100 - 3
2
)(100 - 50
2
)
B =1 +3 +3
2
+3
3
++3
100

+Ta c: 100 10
2
=100 100 =0
A =(100 - 1).(100 - 2
2
).(100 - 3
2
)(100 - 50
2
)
A =(100 - 1).(100 - 2
2
).(100 - 3
2
) 0 (100 - 50
2
) =0

+C 3B =3 +3
2
+3
3
++3
100
+3
101

=>3B B =3
101
1 hay 2B =3
101
1 =>B =
101
3 - 1
2

Thandieu2 Diendankienthuc.net


Trang 9
NGUYN VN TIN
T L THC, TNH CHT DY T S BNG NHAU

KIN THC

T l thc l ng thc ca hai t s
a
b
v
c
d

- Ta c th vit:
a c
b d
= l a : b =c : d
(a, b, c, d l cc s hng ca t l thc).
a v d l s hng ngoi (ngoi t); b v d l s hng trong (trung t)

- Tnh cht :
a. Nu
a c
b d
= th a.d =b .c

b. Nu ad =bc v a, b, c, d khc 0 th ta c th suy ra cc t l thc sau:
; ; ;
a c a b d c d b
b d c d b a c a
= = = =

Tnh cht dy t s bng nhau:

( 0; 0)
a c a c a c
b d b d
b d b d b d
+
= = = + = =
+

Tnh cht ny cn c m rng cho dy t s bng nhau, chng hn:
....
a c e a c e a c e
b d f b d f b d f
+ + +
= = = = =
+ + +

(Gi thit cc t s u c ngha)
BI TP:
Bi 1: Thay t s gia cc s hu t bng t s gia cc s nguyn
a. 1,4 : 1,89 b.
11
:1,32
25
c.
3 5
2 :
8 4

V d: 1,4 : 1,89 =
14 189 14 100 20
: . 20: 27
10 100 10 189 27
= = =

Bi 2: T cc t s sau c th lp c cc t l thc khng?
a. 5,4 : 13,5 =6 :15 b.
5
8
: 1,5 =7 : 13
c.
5 2
15 :21 2,5:3,9
9 3
= d.
2 12
1,7:2,85 :
3 17
=
Hdn: Tnh cc t s v so snh, nu cc t s bng nhau th ta c th lp c
t l thc, nu khng bng nhau th ta khng th lp c t l thc.


Trang
10
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: Tm x bit:
a.
3
18 3,6
x
= b. 2,5 : 7,5 =x : 3,5 c.
4 2
3 :2 0,25:2
5 3
x =
d.
1 3
2 :0,01 0,75:
2 4
x = e.
72 18
3 5
x x
= f. 0,3: : 2,7 x x =

Hdn: Dng tnh cht c bn ca t l thc lp tch ngoi t bng tch trung t, sau
tm x. V d:
a. T
3
18 3,6
x
= =>x. 3,6 =18 . (-3) =>x =
18 . (-3) 54
3,6 3,6
= =-15

Bi 4: Lp tt c cc t l thc c th c t 4 s sau:
a. 4,4 ; 9,9; 0,84; 1,89
b. 0,03; 6,3; 0,27; 0,7

Hdn: Nu 4 s c th lp thnh t l thc th tch ca 2 s ny phi bng tch
ca hai s kia, v vy kim tra xem 4 s no c th lp thnh t l thc ta so snh
tch ca s nh nht vi s ln nht v tch ca hai s cn li. Nu 2 tch bng
nhau th ta lp cc t l thc t ng thc da vo tnh cht 2 ca t l thc. V d:
a. C 9,9 . 0,84 =8,316; 4,4 . 1,89 =8,316
=>9,9 . 0,84 =4,4 . 1,89 =>ta c cc t l thc sau:
9,9 1,89 9,9 4,4 0,84 1,89 0,84 4,4
; ; ;
4,4 0,84 1,89 0,84 4,4 9,9 1,89 9,9
= = = =

Bi 5:
a. Tnh hai cnh ca hnh ch nht bit rng t s gia 2 cng l 2 : 3 v chu vi
ca n l 90cm?
b. Tnh 3 gc ca mt tam gic bit rng cc gc t l vi 1:2:6 v tng 3 gc
bng 180
0
?

Hdn:

a. Gi di ca 2 cnh hnh ch nht ln lt l a v b ( cm; a, b >0)
Theo bi ra ta c: a : b =2 : 3 v 2(a+b) =90
T a : b =2 : 3 =>
2 3
a b
= ; a +b =45
p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau ta c:
45
9
2 3 2 3 5
a b a b +
= = = =
+
=>a =2 . 9 =18; b =3 . 9 =27
vy di hai cnh ca hcn l 18cm v 27cm

b. Lm tng t, kt qu: s o 3 gc ln lt l: 20
0
; 40
0
; 120
0


Trang
11
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 6: Tm a, b bit rng
5 4
a b
= v
2 2
81 a b =
Hdn: T
5 4
a b
= =>
2 2
25 16
a b
= . p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau ta c:
2 2 2 2
81
9
25 16 25 16 9
a b a b
= = = =
=>a
2
=9 . 25 =225 =>a =15 hoc a =-15
b
2
=9 .16 =144 =>b =12 hoc b =-12
V
5 4
a b
= nn a v b cng du. Vy a =15 v b =12 hoc a =-15 v b =-12

Bi7: Cho t l thc
a c
b d
= , chng minh rng:
a.
a b c d
b d

= b.
2 2
2 2
ac a c
bd b d
+
=
+

Hdn:
a. T
a c
b d
= => 1 1
a c a b c d
b d b d

= =
b.T
a c
b d
= =>
2 2
2 2
a c
b d
= =>
2 2
2 2
ac a c
bd b d
= = .
p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau ta c:
2 2
2 2
ac a c
bd b d
= = =
2 2
2 2
a c
b d
+
+
hay
2 2
2 2
ac a c
bd b d
+
=
+
.

Bi 8: Tm 3 s x, y, z bit rng:
a. x : y : z =3 : 5 : -2 v 5x y +3z =124
b. 2x =3y ; 5y =7z v 3x 7y +5z =30.

Hdn: a. T lm (tng t nh vi 2 s bi 7)
b. T 2x =3y
3 2 21 14
x y x y
= =
5y =7z
7 5 14 15
y z y z
= =
=>
21 14 15
x y z
= = .

T p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau v tm x, y, z bnh thng.
Bi 9: Tm a v b bit
3 4
a b
= ; a.b =48?
Hdn:
C
1
: T
3 4
a b
= =>
2
. .
3 3 4 3 9 12
a a b a a ab
= = . M a.b =48 =>a
2
=36 =>a =6 hoc a =-6
Nu a =6 =>b =8 Nu a =-6 =>b =-8
Kt lun: ....


Trang
12
NGUYN VN TIN
C
2
: t t s
3 4
a b
= =k =>a =3.k ; b =4.k
M ab =48 =>12k
2
=48 =>k
2
=4 =>k =2 hoc k =-2
Vi k =2 =>a =6 =>b =8
Vi k =2 =>a =-6 =>b =-8
Kt lun: ....

u c ch - c con ng

Thandieu2 Diendankienthuc.net


Trang
13
NGUYN VN TIN
S THP PHN HU HN
S THP PHN V HN TUN HON

A. KIN THC C BN

1. Mi s hu t c biu din bi mt s thp phn hu hn hay v hn tun
hon v ngc li, mi s thp phn hu hn hay v hn tun hon u biu din mt
s hu t.
V d:
( ) ( )
( )
11
6
1
99
54
1 54 , 1 ) 63 ( , 0 ... 6363 , 0
11
7
3
2
9
6
1 10
6
6 , 0 3 , 0 ... 33 , 0
3
1
25
12
1
100
48
1 48 , 1 14 , 0
150
21
20
3
15 , 0 4 , 0
5
2
= = = =
= =
= = =
= = =
= =

Ch : Nhng phn s c mu ch cha tha s nguyn t 2 v 5 khi phn tch
ra tha s nguyn t th vit c di dng s thp phn hu hn.

2. S thp phn v hn tun hon m rng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
11100
56789
99900
12 12423
5 423 12 , 5 001 , 0
999
1
110
29
990
261
990
2 263
63 2 , 0 01 , 0
9
1
33
13
99
39
39 , 0 1 , 0
9
1
=
= =
= =
= =
= = =

B. BI TP

Bi 1: Vit cc phn s sau di dng s thp phn hu hn hoc v hn tun hon
175
203
;
60
121
;
55
4
;
37
11
;
15
2
;
30
8
;
1024
9
;
40000
13
;
; 75
21
;
64
5

Bi 2: Vit cc s thp phn sau di dng phn s ti gin
-5,12; 0,(72); 0,2(36); -17,(23); 0,15(279)

Bi 3: Vit s thp phn di dng phn s ri thc hin php tnh
a) 10,(3) +0,(4) - 8,(6)
b) [12,(1) - 2,3(6)] : 4,(21)
c) 0,5 (3) : 0,58(3) . 0,875
d) ( ) |
.
|
\
|
53
42
:
11
5
2 . 4 , 2
9
4
.
2
1
3

Trang
14
NGUYN VN TIN
LM TRN S
L THUYT

Quy c lm trn s

+ Trng hp 1: Nu ch s u tin trong cc ch s b b i nh hn 5 th ta gi
nguyn b phn cn li. Trong trng hp s nguyn th ta thay cc ch s b b i
bng cc ch s 0

+ Trng hp 2: Nu ch s u tin trong cc ch s b b i ln hn hoc bng 5
th ta cng thm 1 vo ch s cui cng ca b phn cn li. Trong trng hp s
nguyn th ta thay cc ch s b b i bng cc ch s 0

BI TP

Bi 1: Gi tr (lm trn n hng n v) ca biu thc M =1,85 x 4,145 l

A. 7,6. B. 7. C. 7,66. D. 8. E. Khng c cc kt qu trn.

Bi 2: Gi tr (lm trn n ch s thp phn th nht) ca biu thc

H =20,83 : 3,11 l

A. 6,6 B. 6,69 C. 6,7 D. 6,71 E. 6,709

Bi 3: Gi tr (lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai) ca biu thc

N =
827 , 19
35
. 854 , 1 l

A. 3 B. 3,3 C. 3,27 D. 3,28 E. 3,272

Bi 4: Thc hin php tnh ri lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai.
( ) ( ) ( )
11
0, 3 1, 5 0, 21 .
83
A = + (

Gii:
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) 2 , 0
9
2
83
11
.
99
166
83
11
.
99
21
9
5
1
9
3
83
11
. 21 , 0 5 , 1 3 , 0
= = =
(
+ =
+ = A

Lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai th c 0,22


Trang
15
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 5: Tm x (kt qu lm trn n 1 ch s thp phn) bit: 0,6x. 0,(36) = 0,(63) (1)
Gii:
4
7
6 , 0
63
99
.
99
63
6 , 0
99
63
99
36
. 6 , 0 ) 1 ( = = = x x x
) 66 ( 91 , 2
12
35
3
5
.
4
7
10
6
:
4
7
= = = = x x x
Ly chnh xc n 1 ch s thp phn th x ~ 2,9

Bi 6. Chng t rng

a. 0,(37) +0,(62) =1.

Ta c: 0,(37) =
99
37
v 0,(62) =
99
62
. Do : 0,(37) + 0,(62) =
99
37
+
99
62
= 1
99
99
=

b. 0,(33) . 3 =1

Ta c: 0,(33) =
3
1
99
33
= . Do : 0,(33) .3 = 1 3 .
3
1
=


Trang
16
NGUYN VN TIN
S V T - CN BC HAI S THC

L THUYT

- S v t l s c th vit c di dng s thp phn v hn khng tun hon. Tp
hp s v t k hiu l I.
- S hu t v s v t c gi chung l tp s thc. Tp s thc k hiu l R
R Q I =

* Ch lm bi tp:

+) Khng tn ti cn bc hai ca s m.
+) iu kin A c ngha l A > 0.
+) Khi tn ti A th A >0 v - A s 0.
+) ( ) A A =
2

+) Khi A =B th B khng m v A =B
2
.
+) Khi a, b >0 th a >b khi v ch khi cn
bc hai ca a ln hn cn bc hai ca b.
+) Ta c: | |
2
A A = .

* Mi tnh cht ca cc php ton trn tp R ging nh trn tp hp s hu t.

II) Bi tp:

Bi 1: Tnh :
a) 0,36 + 0,49; b)
4
9
-
25
36
; c)
2
(2 3) +
2
( 3 4) .

Bi 2: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
a) A =
4 2 2
) 7 ( ) 5 3 ( ) 3 4 ( + ; b) B =
2 2 2 2
) 125
5
1
( ) 5 , 0 4 ( ) 2 3 ( ) 3 2 ( + ;
c) C =| | | | 9 , 0 96 , 1 5 , 4 : ) 2 2 ( 1 225
2
+ + ;
d) D =
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
5 2 2
1
2 2 :2,4 . 5,25: 7 : 2 : : 2 :
7 7 81
( (

( ( ( (
`
( ( ( (

( (
)
.

Bi 3: Rt gn biu thc sau theo cch hp l:
a)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
6
2 2
2 2
33 5
2
17 5
8
17 3
8
9
2 2
8 = A ; b)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
154
3
22 . 4
3
5 . 2 2
3
5 2
9
7
4
2 2
2
2
+ + + + = B ;
c)
( )
2
2
1 1 1
1
49 49
7 7
C
64 4 2 4
2 7 7 343
+
=
| |
+
|
\ .
; d)
( )
( )
374
5
204
25
21 2
5
196
5
1
2
2
= D .


Trang
17
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4: So snh A v B trong cc trng hp sau:
a) A =4 +
; 14 29 ; 33 + = B
b) ; 18 ; 120 48 = + = B A
c) . 91 ; 15 23 = + = B A d) A = 1 26 17 + + ; B = 99;

Bi 5: Tm x bit:
a)x - 2 x =0; b) 1 2= x ; c) (x - 1)
2
=
9
16
; e) 0 2 3 = + x ;
g) 2 1 5 = x ; h)
10
9
144
16
. 81 , 0 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x ; i)
9
1
6
1
|
9
2
1 .
3
1
| = + x .

Bi 6: a) Chng minh rng 2; 3; 5 l s v t.
b) Tng qut: Nu a l s t nhin khng chnh phng th a l s v t.
Bi 7: Tm x e Z sao cho AeZ vi A =
2
3
+
x
x
.
p n hoc hng dn:

Bi 2: p s: A = 52; B = -3; C =2; D =15/4.
Bi 3: p s: A = 7
33
1
; B =1; C =1/4; D =6/11.
Bi 4: p s:
a) A >B ; b) A <B; c) A <B; d) A >B.
Bi 5: p s: h) x = 4/9; i) x = 5/4.
Bi 7: p s: x = 9; x = 1; x = 49.( Ch ra x -2 l c ca 5)

BI TP T RN

Bi 11: Tnh cc cn thc sau (khng dng my tnh)
( )
81
64 , 0
; 0001 , 0 ; 12 ;
25
16
; 8 . 6 . 3 ; 1225 ; 10 ; 49
2
6

Bi 12: Thc hin php tnh
a) ( )
9
4
. 3 44 , 1 . 5 5 49
2
+ +
b) ( )
2
2
3
2
. 5 :
16
25
. 3 69 , 1 . 7 3 . 2 64
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ +
Bi 13: Tm x bit
a)
10
13
121
81
2 . 69 , 1 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x
b) ( ) 0
10
9
64
16
. 81 , 0 > =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x x

Bi 13 (Tip)
c) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
9
2 3 0
4
x x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

d)
5
1
4
3
20
1
5
3
= x
e) 0 5 = x x
f)
7 5
2x x =


Trang
18
NGUYN VN TIN
I LNG T L THUN
MT S BI TON V I LNG T L THUN

KIN THC
- Nu i lng y lin h vi i lng x theo cng thc y =k.x (vi k l hng
s khc 0) th ta ni y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k.
- Khi y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k th x t l thun vi y theo h s t l l
1
k
v ta ni x, y t l thun vi nhau.
- Cho x v y l hai i lng t l thun vi nhau y =kx (vi k l hng s khc
0). Khi , vi mi gi tr x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, khc 0 ca x ta c mt gi tr tng ng
y
1
=kx
1
; y
2
=kx
2
; y
3
=k x
3
; ... ca y v lun c:
1/
1 2 3
1 2 3
........
y y y
k
x x x
= = = = 2/
1 1 1 1 2 2
2 2 3 3 3 3
; ;
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
= = = ;

BI TP
Bi 1: Cho x v y l hai i lng t l thun vi nhau.
a. in s thch hp vo trng trong bng sau:
x -3 -2 2 4 5
y 9 6 -6 -12 -15
b. y t l thun vi x theo h s t l no? Vit cng thc.
c. x t l thun vi y theo h s t l no? Vit cng thc.
Hdn:
a. V x, y t l thun nn k =6 : (-2) =-3. T in tip vo bng gi tr.
b. y t l thun vi x theo h s t l -3. Cng thc: y = -3x.
c. x t l thun vi y theo h s t l
1
3
. Cng thc: x =
1
3
y.
Bi 2: Cc gi tr ca 2 i lng x v y c cho trong bng sau:
x -3 -2 0,5 1 4
y -4,5 -3 0,75 1,5 6
Hai i lng ny c t l thun vi nhau khng? Nu c hy vit cng thc biu
din y theo x?
Gii: Hai i lng ny t l thun vi nhau v vi bt k cp gi tr no ca x, y cho
bi bng trn ta u c: y : x = 1,5.


Trang
19
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: Cho bit: y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k ( => y = kx)
x t l thun vi z theo h s t l h ( => x = hz)
Hi y v z c t l thun vi nhau khng? Nu c hy xc nh h s t l?
(C: y = kx =k(hz) =(kh)z =>h s: k.h)

Bi 4: Mt cng nhn c 30 pht th lm xong 3 sn phm. Hi trong 1 ngy lm vic
8h cng nhn lm c bao nhiu SP?
Gi : Gi x l s SP cn tm, ta c:
0,5 3 8.3
48
8 0,5
x
x
= = = (SP)
Bi 5: Thay cho vic o chiu di cc cun dy thp ngi ta thng cn chng. Cho
bit mi mt dy nng 25 gam.
a. Gi s x mt dy nng y gam. Hy biu din y theo x.
b. Cun dy di bao nhiu mt bit rng n nng 4,5kg.

p n: a. y = 25.x(gam)
b. Gi x l chiu di ca cun dy , ta c:
25 1 4500.1
180
4500 25
x
x
= = = ( m)

Bi 6: Tam gic ABC c s o cc gc A, B, C t l vi 3, 5, 7. Tnh s o cc gc
ca tam gic ABC?

Hdn: Gi s o cc gc ca tam gic ln lt l a, b, c ta c: a +b +c =180
0

v
3 5 7
a b c
= = =>
0
0
180
12
3 5 7 3 5 7 15
a b c a b c + +
= = = = =
+ +
=>Cc gc a, b, c.

Bi 7: Bit di cc cnh ca mt tam gic t l vi 3; 4; 5. Tnh di mi cnh
ca tam gic , bit rng cnh ln nht di hn cnh nh nht l 8cm?
Hdn: Gi di cc cnh ca tam gic ln lt l a, b, c( cm) (a, b, c >0)
Ta c:
3 4 5
a b c
= = v c a =8 =>
8
4
3 4 5 5 3 2
a b c c a
= = = = =
. T tm c a, b, c.

BI TP LUYN RN

Bi 1 : Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun, hon thnh bng sau:

x 2 5 -1,5
y 6 12 -8

Bi 2 : Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun v khi x =5, y =20.
a) Tm h s t l k ca y i vi x v hy biu din y theo x.
b) Tnh gi tr ca x khi y =-1000.


Trang
20
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 3: Cho bng sau:
x -3 5 4 -1,5 6
y 6 -10 -8 3 -18

Hai i lng x v y c cho trn c phi l hai i lng t l thun khng?
V sao?
Bi tp 4:
Tm ba s x, y, z, bit rng chng t l thun vi cc s 5, 3, 2 v xy+z =8.

Bi tp 6: Ba lp 7A, 7B, 7C i lao ng trng cy xanh. Bit rng s cy trng
c ca mi lp t l vi cc s 3, 5, 8 v tng s cy trng c ca mi lp l 256
cy. Hi mi lp trng c bao nhiu cy?

Bi tp 7: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun, hon thnh bng sau:

x 3 9 -1,5
y 6 1,8 -0,6

Bi tp 8: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun v khi x =2, y =-15.
c) Tm h s t l k ca y i vi x v hy biu din y theo x.
d) Tnh gi tr ca x khi y =-10.
Bi 9: Tm ba s x, y, z, bit rng chng t l thun vi cc s
3 3 1
; ;
16 6 4
v x +y +z =
340.

Thandieu2

DIN N KIN THC HC TP SUT I


Trang
21
NGUYN VN TIN
I LNG T L NGHCH
MT S BI TON V I LNG T L NGHCH
KIN THC:
- Nu i lng y lin h vi i lng x theo cng thc
a
y
x
= (hay x.y =a) (vi
a l hng s khc 0) th ta ni y t l nghch vi x theo h s t l a.
- Khi y t l nghch vi x theo h s t l a th x cng t l nghch vi y theo h s
t l l a v ta ni x, y t l nghch vi nhau.
- Cho x v y l hai i lng t l nghch vi nhau
a
y
x
= (vi a l hng s khc
0). Khi , vi mi gi tr x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, khc 0 ca x ta c mt gi tr tng ng
1 2 3
1 2 3
; ;
a a a
y y y
x x x
= = = ; ....ca y v lun c:
1/ x
1
.y
1
=x
2
.y
2
=x
3
.y
3
=...... =a 2/
1 2 1 3 2 3
2 1 3 1 3 2
; ;
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
= = = ;.
BI TP
Bi 1
4 i c 36 my cy
i I hon thnh cng vic trong 4 ngy
i II hon thnh cng vic trong 6 ngy
i III hon thnh cng vic trong 10 ngy
i IV hon thnh cng vic trong 12 ngy
Tnh s my cy mi i.
BG:
Gi s my ca mi i ln ltl
1 2 3 4
, , , x x x x ta c:
1 2 3 4
36 x x x x + + + =
V s my t l nghch vi s ngy hon thnh cng vic

1 2 3 4
4 6 10 12 x x x x = = =

+ + +
= = = = =
+ + +
3 1 2 3 4 1 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 6 10 12 4 6 10 12
x x x x x x x x

36
60
36
60
= = (t/c ca dy t s bng nhau)

1
1
60. 15
6
x = =
2
1
60. 10
6
x = =

3
1
60. 6
10
x = =
4
1
60. 5
12
x = =
Vy s my ca 4 i ln lt l 15; 10; 6; 5 my.


Trang
22
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 2:
a. Bit y t l thun vi x, h s t l l 3; x t l nghch vi z, h s t l l 15, Hi y t
l thun hay nghch vi z? H s t l?
b. Bit y t l nghich vi x, h s t l l a, x t l nghch vi z, h s t l l 6. Hi y t
l thun hay nghch vi z? H s t l?
Gii:
a. y t l thun vi x, h s t l l 3 nn: y =3x (1)
x t l nghch vi z, h s t l l 15 nn x . z =15 x =
z
15
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: y =
z
45
. Vy y t l nghch vi z, h s t l l 45.
b. y t l nghch vi x, h s t l l a nn y =
x
a
(1)
x t l nghch vi z, h s t l l b nn x =
z
b
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra y = x
b
a
.
Vy y t l thun vi z theo h s t l
b
a
.
Bi 3:
a. Bit x v y t l nghch vi 3 v 5 v x . y =1500. Tm cc s x v y.
b. Tm hai s x v y bit x v y t l nghch vi 3 v 2 v tng bnh phng ca hai
s l 325.
Gii:
a. Ta c: 3x =5y
2
15
1
.
5
1
;
3
1
5
1
3
1
k y x k y k x k
y x
= = = = =
m x. y =1500 suy ra 150 22500 1500
15
1
2 2
= = = k k k
Vi k = 150 th 50 150 .
3
1
= = x v 30 150 .
5
1
= = y
Vi k = - 150 th 50 ) 150 .(
3
1
= = x v 30 ) 150 .(
3
1
= = y
b. 3x =2y k y k x k
y x
2
1
;
3
1
2
1
3
1
= = = =
x
2
+y
2
=
36
13
4 9
2 2 2
k k k
= + m x
2
+y
2
=325

Trang
23
NGUYN VN TIN
suy ra 30 900
13
36 . 325
325
36
13
2
2
= = = = k k
k

Vi k = 30 th x = 15 30 .
2
1
2
1
; 10 30 .
3
1
3
1
= = = = = k y k
Vi k = - 30 th x = 15 ) 30 .(
2
1
2
1
; 10 ) 30 .(
3
1
3
1
= = = = = k y k
Bi 4: Hc sinh lp 9A ch vt liu xy trng. Nu mi chuyn xe b ch 4,5 t
th phi i 20 chuyn, nu mi chuyn ch 6 ta th phi i bao nhiu chuyn? S vt
liu cn ch l bao nhiu?

Gii:
Khi lng mi chuyn xe b phi ch v s chuyn l hai i lng t l nghch
(nu khi lng vt liu cn chuyn ch l khng i)
Mi chuyn ch c S chuyn
4,5t 20
6t x?
Theo t s ca hai i lng t l nghch c th vit
15
6
5 , 4 . 20 20
5 , 4
6
= = = x
x
(chuyn)
Vy nu mi chuyn xe ch 6 t th cn phi ch 15 chuyn.

Bi 5: Cnh ca ba hnh vung t l nghch vi 5 : 6 : 10. Tng din tch ba hnh
vung v 70m
2
. Hi cnh ca mi hnh vung y c di l bao nhiu?
Gii:
Gi cc cnh ca ba hnh vung ln lt l x, y, z.
T l nghch vi 5 : 6 : 10
Th x, y, z t l thun vi
10
1
;
6
1
;
5
1

Tc l: k z k y k x k
z y x
10
1
;
6
1
;
5
1
10
1
6
1
5
1
= = = = = =
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 30 70
100
1
36
1
25
1
100 36 25
2
2 2 2
= = |
.
|
\
|
+ + = + + k k
k k k

Vy cnh ca mi hnh vung l: x = 6 30 .
5
1
.
5
1
= = k (cm); 5 30 .
6
1
.
6
1
= = = k y (cm)
3 30 .
10
1
10
1
= = = k z (cm)

Trang
24
NGUYN VN TIN
BI TP T RN

Bi tp 6: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l nghch, hon thnh bng sau:

x 3 9 -1,5
y 6 1,8 -0,6

Bi tp 7: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l nghch v khi x =2, y =-15.
e) Tm h s t l k ca y i vi x v hy biu din y theo x.
f) Tnh gi tr ca x khi y =-10.

Bi tp 8: Cho bng sau:

x -10 20 4 -12 9
y 6 -3 -15 5 -7

Hai i lng x v y c cho trn c phi l hai i lng t l nghch khng? V
sao?.

Bi 9: Ba i my cy cng cy trn ba cnh ng nh nhau. i th nht hon
thnh cng vic trong 3 ngy, i th hai hon thnh cng vic trong 5 ngy, i th
ba hon thnh cng vic trong 9 ngy. Bit rng mi my cy u c nng sut nh
nhau v tng s my cy ca ba i l 87 my. Hi mi i c bao nhiu chic my
cy?


Trang
25
NGUYN VN TIN
HM S

KIN THC C BN
Khi nim: Nu i lng y thay i ph thuc vo i lng thay i x sao
cho vi mi gi tr ca x ta lun xc nh c ch mt gi tr tng ng ca y th y
c gi l hm s ca x v x gi l bin s.
Ch :
- Khi x thay i m y lun nhn mt gi tr th y c gi l hm hng.
- Hm s c th cho bi bng hoc cng thc.
- Khi y l hm s ca x th ta c th vit y = f(x); y = g(x)
BI TP

Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1: Chn phng n ng: i lng y khng l hm s ca i lng x nu:
a)
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 10 5 0 5 10 15
b)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -3 -4 -5 -4 - 3 -2
c)
x -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -2.5 -3
y 5 4 3 2 1 0
d)
x -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3
y 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bi 2: Cho hm s y =f(x) =x
2
- 1
Cc khng nh sau ng () hay sai (S)
a) Vi x =-3 th f(x) =-10 b) Vi x =-3 th f(x) =8
c) Nu f(x) =0 th x =1 d) Nu f(x) =0 th x = 1
e) Vi x = 3 th f(x) =8 f) Vi f(x) = 8 th x =3
g) Vi f(x) = 8 th x = 3

Bi tp t lun
Bi 1: Hm s y = f(x) c cho bi cng thc y = 3x
2
- 7
a) Tnh f(-1); f(0); f(
5
1
); f(-5); f(-3.1); f(
2
1
1 )
b. Tnh cc gi tr ca x tng ng vi cc gi tr ca y ln lt l:
-4; 5; 20;
3
2
6 ; -10


Trang
26
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 2: Hm s y = f(x) c cho bi cng thc
2
16
=
x
y
a) Tm cc gi tr ca x sao cho v phi l cng thc c ngha.
b) Hy in cc gi tr tng ng ca hm s y = f(x) vo bng sau:

x -6 -3 -2 1 3 6 10
y =f(x)

Bi 3: Cho hm s y =f(x) =
<
> +
) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
x x x
x x

a) Hm s f(x) c th vit gn bi cng thc no?
b) Tnh f(-2); f(-3); f(
4
1
); f(0)
c) Tm x
2
1
) ( ; 0 ) ( ;
2
1
) ( = = = x f x f x f

Bi 4: Cho hm s f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c
Bit f(0) =3; f(1) =0; f(-1) =1. Tm a, b, c

Bi 5: Cho hm s f(x) = mx + n
Bit f(1) =3; f(-2) =9. Tm m, n

Bi 6: Cho hm s y = f(x) = kx (k l hng s, k = 0). Chng minh rng:
a/ f(10x) =10f(x)
b/ f(x
1
+x
2
) =f(x
1
) +f(x
2
)
c/ f(x
1
- x
2
) =f(x
1
) - f(x
2
)

Bi 7: Vit cng thc ca hm s y = f(x).
Bit rng y t l nghch vi x theo h s a =12.
a/ Tm x f(x) = 4 ; f(x) = 0
b/ Chng t rng f(-x) =-f(x)


Trang
27
NGUYN VN TIN
MT PHNG TO

KIN THC C BN
1. Mt phng to
Trn mt phng, ta v hai trc Ox, Oy vung gc vi nhau v ct nhau ti gc ca
mi trc. Khi ta c h trc to Oxy.
- Cc trc Ox v Oy gi l cc trc to : Ox gi l trc honh; Oy gi l trc tung.
Ngi ta v Ox nm ngang, Oy nm thng ng.
- Giao im O biu din s 0 ca trc gi l gc to .
- Mt phng c h trc to Oxy gi l mt phng to Oxy.
- Hai trc to chia mt phng thnh bn gc: Gc phn t th I, II, III, IV theo th
t ngc chiu kim ng h.
2. To ca mt im trong mt phng to
Trn mt phng to :
- Mi im M xc nh bi mt cp s (x
0
; y
0
). Ngc li, mi cp s (x
0
; y
0
) xc
nh mt im M.
- Cp s (x
0
; y
0
) gi l to ca im M. x
0
l honh , y
0
l tung ca im M.
- im M c to (x
0
; y
0
) c k hiu l M(x
0
; y
0
).

BI TP
Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1: Cho cc im
).
5
3
4 ;
2
1
2 ( ) 0 ; 3 ( )
3
1
4 ; 5 . 3 (
) 2 ; 5 ( ) 1 ; 2 ( ) 1 ; 0 (
F E D
C B A

a) im no nm trn trc honh:
A. E B. A C. F D. Khng c im no
b) im no nm trn trc tung:
A. E B. A C. F D. Khng c im no
c) A. im B nm gc phn t th IV.
B. im D nm gc phn t th III.
C. im F nm gc phn t th I.
D. im C nm gc phn t th II.
Bi 2: Cc pht biu sau ng () hay sai (s)
a) Mi im nm trn trc honh u c honh bng 0.
b) Mi im c honh bng 0 u nm trn trc tung.
c) Mi im c honh p dng u nm gc phn t th I.
d) Mi im nm gc phn t th I u c honh v tung dng.
e) Mi im nm gc phn t th II u c honh m.


Trang
28
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp t lun
Bi 1: Trn mt phng to Oxy cho 3 im A(0;1); B(3;2); (C0;11).
Chng minh rng ABC A l tam gic vung.
Bi 2: Trn mt phng to Oxy cho hnh ch nht ABCD c A(3;3); B(3;-
3); C(-1;-3)
a) Xc nh to ca im D. Tnh chu vi hnh ch nht ABCD.
b) C nhn xt g v ng thng OA v OB.
c) Xc nh ng trung trc ca on thng AB.
Bi 3: Trn mt phng to Oxy tm tt c cc im c to x; y tho mn:
a) x(y +1) =0 b) (x - 2)y =0
c) (x +2)
2
+(y - 3)
2
=0.

S T DUY MT PHNG TA Oxy

Trang
29
NGUYN VN TIN
TH CA HM S y = ax (a= o)

KIN THC C BN

nh ngha th ca hm s
th ca hm s y = g(x) l tp hp cc im biu din cc cp gi tr tng
ng (x; y = g(x)) trn mt phng to .

th ca hm s y = ax (a= 0)
th ca hm s y = ax (a= 0) l mt ng thng i qua gc to v i qua
mt im A(x
0
; ax
0
) vi x= 0.

BI TP
I. Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1: Hy chn p n ng
a) th hm s y = -5x khng i qua im:
A. M(1;-5) B. N(-2;10) C. P(-1;-5) D. Q(2;-10)
b) th hm s x y . 2 = i qua gc to v i qua im:
A. E(-1; 2) B. F( 2;2) C. G(1;2) D. H(-1;-2)
c) im A(-3;6) khng thuc th hm s:
A. y =-2x B. y =x +9 C. y =3 - x D. y =x
2

d) im B( ) 2 ;
2
1
1 thuc th hm s:
A. x y
3
1
1 = B. x y
3
1
1 = C. x y
3
1
= D. x y
3
1
=
Bi 2: Cc khng nh sau ng hay sai
a) th hm s y = ax vi a l hng s khc 0, l hai im O(0;0) v A(x
0
;y
0
)
trong x
0
= 0.
b) th hm s y = ax vi a l hng s khc 0, l ng thng i qua hai
im O(0;0) v A(x
0
;y
0
) vi x
0
= 0.
c) th hm s y = ax vi a l hng s khc 0 l ng thng i qua gc to
O(0;0) v nm gc phn t th nht v th III.
d) th hm s y = ax vi a l hng s khc 0 l ng thng i qua gc to
O(0;0) v nm gc phn t th I v th IV.

II. Bi tp t lun

Bi 1: V trn cng mt phng to th ca cc hm s sau:
a) y =x y =-x y =2x y =-2x
b) x y x y
2
1
2
1
= =
c) x y x y 5 = =
V rt ra nhn xt.


Trang
30
NGUYN VN TIN

Bi 2: Cho hm s y = (5 - 2m)x
a) Tm m th hm s trn ia qua im M(-2;-6)
b) Vit cng thc v v th hm s trn.
c) Trong cc im sau im no thuc th hm s trn, im no khng
thuc th hm s trn:
) 1 ;
3
1
( ) 3 ; 0 ( )
3
1
;
2
1
( ) 3 ; 1 ( G F B A
d) Vi hm s tm c cu a, tnh:
) 75 . 0 ( )
2
1
3 ( )
3
1
( ) 2 ( ) 0 ( f f f f f
Bi 3: Cho hm s y = (1-4a)x c th i qua A(-2;6)
a) Tm a, vit cng thc v v th hm s va tm c.
b) Chng t rng trong 4 im sau c ng 3 im thng hng:
) 5 . 1 ;
2
1
( ) 1 ;
3
1
( ) 1 ;
3
1
( ) 3 ; 1 ( Q P N M
c) Trong cc hm s sau, hm s no c th i qua im A; hm s no c
th khng i qua im A.
y =2x +10 y =-03.5 - 2x y =3x
2
- 6
d) Trn th ca hm s tm c cu a, hy xc nh cc im:
C honh l: 1 -1 2 -1.5
C tung l: 0 -3 1.5 2

Trang
31
NGUYN VN TIN
N TP CHNG I+II

L THUYT
- Tr li 10 cu hi n tp SGK.
- Mt s bi tp trc nghim.

BI TP TRC NGHIM
Bi 1: in cc du ( c e e ; ; ) thch hp vo vung:
-2 N -2 Z -2 Q -2 II
2 II 2 Q Z Q N R
Bi 2: Hy chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu A; B; C; D; E
a) 5
6
.5
2
=
A: 5
4
B: 5
8
C: 5
12
D: 25
8
E: 25
12

b) 2
2
.2
5
.2
4
=
A: 2
11
B: 8
11
C: 2
10
D: 4
11
E: 8
10

c) 3
6
.3
2
=
A: 3
8
B: 1
4
C: 3
4
D: 3
12
E: 3
3

d) a
n
.a
2
=
A: a
n+2
B: (2a)
n+2
C: (a.a)
2n
D: a
n2
E: a
2n

e) 5
0
=
A: 0 B: 5 C: 1
f) 0
5
=
A: 0 B: 1 C: 5
Bi 3: in s thch hp vo vung
a) =7 b) 169= c)
2
=14
d) - =-11 b)
2
)
5
3
( = f)
2
4
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
g) ( ) 81
2
= h) =0
Bi 4: Tm sai lm trong li gii sau v sa li ch sai:
a) 3 . 0 9 . 0 7 . 0 49 . 0 9 84 = = =
b) ( )
5 2
2
2 1024 13 13 1 . 0 5 = = =
c) 10 100 11 121 1 . 0 01 . 0
2
= = =
d) 81 1600 1681 + = e) 9 . 6 ) 81 ).( 36 ( =
f) ( ) 3 3
2
= g) 144 169 144 169 =
h) 7 ) 7 (
2
= i) 7 ) 7 (
2
=


Trang
32
NGUYN VN TIN
BI TP
Bi 1: Thc hin php tnh (bng cch hp l nu c th)
1) |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
2 , 0
5
4
3 : 18 , 2
25
9

2)
5
4
. 5 , 4
25
7
: 456 , 1
18
5
+
3) |
.
|
\
|
+
63
16
1 25 , 1 .
9
8
1
28
5
5 : 13 , 5
4) |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
25
4
75
62
.
3
1
4 : 5 , 19 9 , 1 .
3
1
3
5)
21
16
5 , 0
23
4
21
5
23
4
1 + + +
6)
3
1
33 .
7
3
3
1
19 .
7
3

7)
3
1
3
1
. 9
3
+ |
.
|
\
|

8) |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
7
5
:
4
1
25
7
5
:
4
1
15
9) ) 2 ( :
6
1
3
1
) 3 ( :
5
3
5 , 0 |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

10)
17
2
2 .
9
5
6
4
1
3 :
7
4
: 008 , 1
25
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

11)
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
4 3 0
3
2
) 2 , 0 .(
3
1
2
2
1
1 .
5
7
: 75 , 1
5
3
4 . ) 6 , 0 .(
3
1
2
12)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

49
25
:
21
16
7
5
:
196
5
:
5
1
1 .
64
16
144
25
.
5
1
1
24
121
:
5
1
1
13)
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
|
.
|
\
|

(
|
.
|
\
|
+ 75 , 0
3
4
1 25 , 1
3
5
1
2
1
1
4
3
1
14)
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
+
+
+
15)
2005
2 2
) 1 (
2
4
. 12
2
3
. 8 + |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

16) ( )
2
5 , 0 :
4
1
11 .
4
39
4
3
8 . 75 , 9 |
.
|
\
|

17)
3 2
2
1
:
12
5
3
2
.
3
2
.
169
16
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

18*) |
.
|
\
|

5
42
:
11
5
2 ). 4 .( 2
49
4
.
2
1
3

Trang
33
NGUYN VN TIN
19*) |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
1
3 5 , 0
2
1
.
3
1
3
4
) 12 ( 4 , 3
2
1
3
20)
6
5
1 :
3
2
23 37 , 1 : 81 , 17
88 , 0 : 4 , 2 . 75 , 0 . 18
3
1
26 375 , 47 : 5 , 4
|
.
|
\
|

Bi 2: Tm x bit
1) 2 , 0 :
9
7
1 :
3
2
2 = x 2)
5
4
: 4 , 0 :
3
2
x =
3)
5
2
:
4
3
1
3
2
: .
3
1
= |
.
|
\
|
x 4) 02 , 0 : 2 .
4
1
: 8 = |
.
|
\
|
x
5)
3
5
2 3
4
=
+ x
6)
25 , 0
04 , 0 x
x
=
7)
x
9
7
1
03 , 0
3
2
2
= 8) 01 , 0 : 1
5
2
: 3 = x
9) ( )
1
3
2
2 : 25 , 0 2 :
5
4
3

|
.
|
\
|
= x 10)
5
2
1
3
+
=
+
x
x
x
x

11)
5
4
7
3
5
1
1 = + x 12)
10
21
5
3
= x
13)
33
31
1
8
3
: = y 14)
6
5
25 , 0
12
11
= + x
15) 5 , 2 = x 16) 2 573 , 0 = + x
17) 2 , 1 = x 18) 1 4
3
1
= + x
19)
4
3
2
2
1
3 = x 20)
5
2 4
3
2 x x +
=

21)
4
3
2 3 3 2 = x 22) ( )
81
1
3 4
2
= x
23) 810 3 3
2
= +
+ x x
24) 344 7 7
3 2
= +
+ x x

25) 0
3
1
1
4
3
.
3
2
32 = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
x 26) ( ) ( ) 0 12 3 , 0 . 9
2
3
. 5 2 = |
.
|
\
|
+ x x x
27) |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

7
1
1
3
1
1 :
21
1
1 2 3
5
1
3
1
:
15
1
x
28)
4
3
2
8
5
3
4
8
5
3
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
x x 29)
2
5
7
2
3
1
7
5
+ = x
30) 0
14
9
4
15
.
3
2
2
1
4
3
.
5
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
x x 31)
3
2
5
3
.
2
1
8
5
4
3
. 2 = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
x x
32) 2
5
3
6 .
6
5
3
4
1
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
x x

Trang
34
NGUYN VN TIN
33)
2
1
2
5
3
2
1
1 .
3
2
2
1
4
3
.
3
1
1 = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
x x
34) ( ) |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+

2
1
2
2
1
3
2
4 .
3
4
3 2 .
2
1
1
x x 35) 832 4 . 3 4 .
4
1
2
= +
x x

36*)
2006 2004
2 3 2 3 = x x 37*) 0 2 2 1 = + + x x
Bi 3: Tm x; y; z bit:
1)
= +
=
21
21 7
y x
y x
2)
= +
=
60
3
1
2
y x
y
x

3)
=
=
54
3 2
xy
y x
4)
=
=
4
5 3
2 2
y x
y x

5)
=
=
30
3
2
1 :
y x
y x
6)
= +
=
270 5 3
35 6
y x
y x

7)
10 5 4
3
1
8
3
y x
y x
8)
= +
= =
14 2 3
5 8 3
z y x
z y x

9)
=
= =
15
4
3
3
2
2
1
y x
z
y x
10)
=
+
=
6 4 3 5
6
5
4
3
2
1
y x z
z y x

11)
= +
=
=
4 , 2 2 3
7 5
4 3
z y x
z y
y x
12)
= +
=
=
106 2 4 3
3 7
5 4
z y x
z y
y x

Bi 4:
1) S hc sinh ba khi 7,8,9 t l vi 10,9,8. Bit rng s hc sinh khi 8 t hn
s hc sinh khi 6 l 50. Tnh s hc sinh mi khi.
2) Tng kt nm hc, ba khi 6,7,8 ca mt trng c tt c 480 hc sinh gii.
S hc sinh gii ca ba khi 6,7,8 t l vi 5,4,3. Tnh s hc sinh gii mi khi.
3) Ba lp 7A
1
, 7A
2
, 7A
3
trng cy. S cy trng c ca ba lp tng ng t
l vi 3,4,5. Tnh s cy trng ca mi lp bit rng tng s cy trng c ca hai
lp 7A
1
v 7A
3
hn s cy trng c ca 7A
2
l 40 cy.


Trang
35
NGUYN VN TIN
MT S BI TP M RNG

Bi 1: Tm x, y, z bit
1) ( ) 3 1
2
= x 2) ( ) 3 2 1
2
= + + x x
3) 0 2 = x x 4)
=
= =
810
5 3 2
xyz
z y x

5)
= +
=
=
32
5 7
2 3
z y x
z y
y x
6)
= +
=
=
6 3 2
6 3
4 3
z y x
z y
y x

7)
= +
32 3 5 2
6
5
4
3
2
1
z y x
z y x
8)
= +
= =
9
68
2
6 4 3
2 2 2
z y x
z y x

9)
z y x z
y x
y
z x
x
z y
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
=
+ + 1 6 11 5

10) 0
3
1
2
2
1
50 50
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
y x
11) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 4 2 1
6 4 2
= + + + z y x

12) 0 1 4 2 1 = + + + z y x
13) 3 1 5 = + + y x vi Z y x e ,

14) ( )( ) 0 5 3 > x x vi Z x e
15) ( )( ) 0 20 2
2 2
> x x vi Z x e

Bi 2: Cho
d
c
b
a
= chng minh rng
1)
d c
d c
b a
b a
+
=
+
2)
d b
c a
d b
c a
3 2
3 2
2
2
=
+
+

3)
2 2
2 2
d c
b a
cd
ab
+
+
= 4)
2 2
2 2
d b
c a
bd
ac
+
+
=
5)
2 2
2
2 2
2
8 11
3 7
8 11
3 7
d c
cd c
b a
ab a
+
=
+
6)
d c
d c
b a
b a
4 3
17 11
4 3
17 11
+
=
+


Trang
36
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3:
1) Mt s tin gm 56 t bc loi 2.000, 5.000 v 10.000 tr gi mi loi tin
trn u bng nhau. Hi mi loi c bao nhiu t.
2) Ba quy sch c tt c 850 cun. Bit rng s sch quy th nht bng
2
3

s sch quy th hai. S sch quy th hai v quy th ba t l vi 3 v 5. Tnh
s sch mi quy.
3) Go c cha trong 3 kho theo t l
5
1
1 :
2
1
2 : 3 , 1 . Go trong kho 2 nhiu hn
trong kho 1 l 43,2 tn. Sau 1 thng tiu th ht kho th nht l 40%, kho th hai
l 30%, kho th ba l 25% s go c trong mi kho. Hi trong 1 thng tiu th
ht bao nhiu tn go

Bi 4: Tm gi tr nh nht
1) 5 2 1 . 3 = x A 2) ( ) 3 1 2
4
2
+ = x B
3) ( ) 11 2
2
1
2
+ + + = y x C 4) 2005 1 + + = x x D

Bi 5: Tm gi tr ln nht
1) 2005 2
2
+ = x A 2)
( ) 7 1 3
49
2
+
=
x
B
3)
x
C
=
6
2
vi Z x e 4)
2
7
2
2
+
+
=
x
x
D

Bi 6: So snh
1) 1,235723 v 1,2358 2)
8
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
v
5
8
1
|
.
|
\
|

3)
114
112
v
113
114
4)
20
99
1
v
10
9999
1

Bi 7: Cho ba t s bng nhau
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
+
=
+
=
+
chng minh rng a = b = c

Bi 8: Tm Z x e cc biu thc sau c gi tr nguyn
1)
3
1
+
x
x
2)
3
1
+
x
x
3)
1
5 3
+
x
x

4)
1
5 3
+
x
x
5)
1
2
2
+
x
x
6)
1
2
+
x
x


Trang
37
NGUYN VN TIN
MT S T LUYN
I
Cu 1: nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ca mt s hu t? p dng tnh
4
3
;
2
1
;
2
a ; 1
10
+ x
Cu 2: Thc hin php tnh bng cch hp l nu c th:
a)
11
2
6 . 25 , 0
11
9
13 .
4
1
= A
b)
2
2
1
.
2
1
3
6
5
2
12
7
:
8
5
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= B
Cu 3: Tm x, y bit
a)
8
5
3
2
2
1
= x
b) 2
5
3
6 .
6
5
3
4
1
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
x x
c) 0
4
1
2
1
3
1
4 2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
y x
Cu 4: S hc sinh gii lp 7A; 7B t l vi 5 v 3. Tnh s hc sinh gii mi lp,
bit s hc sinh gii lp 7A hn s hc sinh gii lp 7B l 14 em.
Cu 5: Tm a; b; c bit
3a =4b; 5b =7c v 3a +5b - 4c =246
Khng nh sau, khng nh no ng () khng nh no sai (s)
Z e 9 S 4 l mt cu bc hai ca 2
{ } 0 = I Q ( ) 3 , 0
3
1
2
= |
.
|
\
|

II
Cu 1: Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s hu t c xc nh nh th no?
p dng tnh
5
3
35 , 1 0
Cu 2: Thc hin php tnh (bng cch hp l nu c th)
a)
3
2
71
15
1
34
19
21
7
34
15
+ + +
b) |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
5
3
:
7
2
28
5
3
:
7
2
16
c) ( ) |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

6
1
1
4
1
2 : 25 , 0
4
3
. 2
3

Cu 3:
a) Tm x trong t l thc
3 , 0 : 6
4
:
3
1
4 =
x


Trang
38
NGUYN VN TIN
b) Tm x bit
( )
27
1
2 3
3
= x

2
1
7 5
4
1
4 .
3
2
= + x

4
3
2
8
5
3
4
8
5
3
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
x x
Cu 4: Hng ng phong tro k hoch nh ca i, 3 chi i 7A, 7B, 7C thu
c tng cng 120kg giy vn. Bit rng s giy vn thu c ca ba chi i ln
lt t l vi 9, 7, 8. Hy tnh s giy vn mi chi i thu c.
Cu 5*
a) So snh 3
200
v 2
300

b) Tm s nguyn dng m v n sao cho
3
m+n
+243 =3
m+3
+3
m+2

III
Cu 1: Vit cng thc nhn, chia hai lu tha cng c s.
a) 3
5
.3
4
=
A: 3
20
B: 9
20
C: 3
9

b) 2
3
.2
4
.2
5
=
A: 2
12
B: 2
2
C: 8
2

Cu 2: Thc hin php tnh (bng cch hp l nu c th)
a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
16
9
.
25
1
5
2
2
2

b)
5
1
1 :
4
3
43
5
1
1 :
4
3
25
c)
15
1
:
7
1
3
5
1
4
91
13
3
|
.
|
\
|

Cu 3: Tm y bit
a)
5
1
2
2
3
:
5
2
25 , 0 = y
b) 3 5
5
3
3
1
= y
c) 0 3 .
3
2
= |
.
|
\
|
x x
Cu 4: Tm cc s a, b, c bit
5 2 3
c b a
= = v 9 , 27 2 = + c b a
Cu 5*: Tm cc s nguyn dng x, y bit
10xy +3 =3(5x +2y)

Trang
39
NGUYN VN TIN
N TP CHNG I
A. L THUYT
1. Hc thuc 10 cu hi l thuyt (SKG, tr.102.103)
2. Mi hnh trong bng sau cho bit kin thc g

3. in vo trng ()
a) Hai gc i nh l hai gc c ...............................................................
b) Hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau l ................................................
c) ng trung trc c mt on thng l ng thng .............................
d) Hai ng thng a, b song song vi nhau c k hiu l .....................
e) Nu hai ng thng a, b ct ng thng c v c mt cp gc so le trong
bng nhau th .......................................................................................................
g) Nu mt ng thng ct hai ng thng song song th:
g1) ...................................................................................................
g2) ...................................................................................................
g3) ...................................................................................................
h) Nu ab v bc th .............................................................................
k) Nu a//c v b//c th ................................................................................


Trang
40
NGUYN VN TIN
4. Trong cc cu sau, cu no ng, cu no sai. Nu sai hy v hnh phn v d
minh ho.
a) Hai gc i nh th bng nhau. b) Hai gc bng nhau th i nh.
c) Hai ng thng ct nhau th vung gc vi nhau.
d) Hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau th ct nhau.
e) ng trung trc ca on thng l ng thng i qua trung im ca on
thng y.
f) ng trung trc ca on thng l ng thng vung gc vi on thng y.
g) ng trung trc ca on thng l ng thng i qua on trung im ca
on thng v vung gc vi on thng y.
h) Nu mt ng thng c ct hai ng thng a v b th hai gc so le trong
bng nhau.
k) Hai ng thng cng vung gc vi ng thng th ba th song song vi nhau.
i) Vi ba ng thng a, b, c. Nu a b v b c th ac.
m) Nu mt ng thng ct mt trong hai ng thng song song th ct
ng thng kia.
n) Qua mt im A ngoi ng thng a c hai ng thng b v c cng
song song vi ng thng a th b v c trng nhau.
o) Qua mt im A ngoi ng thng a c hai tia Ax v Ay cng song song
vi ng thng a th hai tia ny i nhau.
p) Qua mt im A ngoi ng thng a c hai ng thng AB v AC cng
song song vi ng thng a th ba im A, B, C thng hng.
B. BI TP
1. Lm cc bi tp t 54 n 60 SGK, tr.103.104
2. Bi tp b sung
Bi 1:
Chng minh hai tia phn gic ca hai gc i nh l hai tia i nhau.
Bi 2:
Cho hnh v sau
a) Nu tn cc cp gc so le trong cp gc
ng v
b) Tnh gc ADC, c nhn xt g v hai
ng thng AD v BC
c) Chng mnh rng AB Dy

Bi 3:
Cho hnh v sau
a) Chng minh: AC // BD
b) Chng minh: m AC
c) Chng minh: AC // c


Trang
41
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4:
Cho hnh v sau v cho bit
AB // DE
Tnh s o gc C

Bi 5:
Cho hnh v bit a // b;
0
30
= A ,
0
45
= B . Tnh s o B O A

Bi 6:
Cho hnh v.
Chng minh rng: Ax // By

Bi 7: Cho hai ng thng xx' v yy' song song vi nhau b ct bi ct tuyn
a ti hai im A v B. Cho tia Am l tia phn gic ca gc xAB.
a) Chng minh tia Am ct ng thng yy' ti C.
b) Cho xB =70
0
. Tnh gc B C A
.
Bi 8: Cho tam gic ABC, k tia phn gic Ax ca gc BAC. Ti C k ng
thng song song vi tia Ax n ct tia i ca tia AB ti D. Chng minh
C D A D C A B A x

= = .
Bi 9: Cho tam gic ABC, k tia phn gic Bx ca gc B, Bx ct AC ti M. T M k
ng thng song song vi AB n ct BC ti N. T N k tia Ny song song vi Bx.
Chng minh:
a) N M B C B x

=
b) Ny l tia phn gic ca gc MNC.
Bi 10: Cho tam gic ABC. Trn na mt phng c bo l ng thng AC khng
cha im B v tia AD song song vi BC. Trn na mt phng i vi na mt
phng trn v tia AE song song vi BC.
a) Chng minh rng ba im A, D, E thng hng.
b) Gi s cho
0 0
80
; 70
= = C B A C A B . Tnh B C A
.
c) Tnh tng cc gc ca tam gic ABC.

Trang
42
NGUYN VN TIN
N TP CHNG THNG K.
.
N TP L THUYT

1. Bng s liu thng k ban u: Trong qu trnh iu tra thu thp s liu v vn
quan tm, cc s liu trn c ghi vo mt bng, gi l bng s liu thng k ban
u.
2. Du hiu: Vn hay hin tng m ngi iu tra quan tm tm hiu gi l du
hiu (k hiu X, Y)
3. Tn s: S ln xut hin ca mt gi tr trong dy gi tr ca du hiu c gi l
tn s ca gi tr .
4. Bng tn s: C hai dng: Dng v ct. Mt dng (ct) ghi cc gi tr khc nhau
ca du hiu, mt dng (ct) ghi tn s tng ng ca cc gi tr.
5. ngha ca bng tn s: Gip ngi iu tra d c nhng nhn xt chung v s
phn phi cc gi tr ca du hiu v tin li cho vic tnh ton sau ny.
6. Tn sut: Tn sut l t s ca tn s mt gi tr vi s cc gi tr: f =
N
n
.
7. S trung bnh cng. Cng thc:
N
n x n x n x
X
k k
+ + +
=
....
2 2 1 1
.
Trong : x
1
, x
2
, ., x
k
l k gi tr khc nhau ca du hiu X.
n
1
, n
2
, .., n
k
l k tn s tng ng. N l s cc gi tr .
8. ngha ca s trung bnh cng: i din cho du hiu, c bit l khi mun so
snh cc du hiu cng loi.
9. Mt ca du hiu: Gi tr c tn s ln nht trong bng tn s, k hiu: M
0
.

BI TP.
Bi 1:
Thi gian gii mt bi ton ca 35 HS c ghi li trong bng sau (tnh theo pht)

3 10 7 8 10 9 6 4 8 7 8 10 9 5 8 8 6
6 8 8 8 7 6 10 5 8 7 8 8 4 10 5 4 7

a. Du hiu y l g. S cc gi tr l bao nhiu.
b. Lp bng Tn s v rt ra nhn xt.

Bi 2: Lng ma trung bnh hng thng trong mt nm ca mt a phng c
ghi li trong bng sau (o theo mm)

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lng ma 20 25 40 45 80 80 110 140 150 45 40 20

a. Du hiu y l g. S cc gi tr l bao nhiu.
b. Lp bng Tn s
Hy v biu on thng v nhn xt.


Trang
43
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3:

Gi thnh mt sn phm (tnh theo 1000) ca 30 c s sn xut loi sn phm
c cho nh sau:
15 25 25 30 20 25 35 30 25 30 25 20 35 30 15
25 25 20 25 25 30 35 20 30 25 20 25 15 35 25

a. Lp bng Tn s.
b. Tnh s trung bnh cng.
c. Tm mt.

Bi 4: Mt bn gieo mt con xc xc 20 ln. Kt qu c ghi li l:

1 4 3 5 6 1 2 4 6
5 2 3 4 5 2 1 6 4
6 2

a. Du hiu l g.
b. Lp bng tn s.
c. Tnh s trung bnh trong mt ln gieo.
d. V biu on thng.
e. Cho nhn xt.


Trang
44
NGUYN VN TIN
BIU THC I S - GI TR CA BIU THC I S

Bi 1: Vit biu thc i s biu din
a. Mt s t nhin chn
b. Mt s t nhin l
c. Hai s l lin tip
d. Hai s chn kin tip.
Gii:
a. 2k; b. 2x +1; c. 2y +1; 2y +3; d. 2z; 2z +2 (z e N)
Bi 2: Cho biu thc 3x
2
+2x - 1. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc ti x = 0; x = - 1; x =
3
1

Gii:
Ti x = 0 ta c 3.0 + 2.0 - 1 =- 1
Ti x = - 1 ta c 3 - 2 - 1 =0
Ti x =
3
1
ta c 3.
9
1
+
3
2
- 1 = 0 1
3
2
3
1
= +
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc
a.
6 3
5 2
+
a
a
vi a = - 1;
b.
1 2
5
2
+
y
y vi y =
4
1

c.
( )
1
1
2
2

a
b a
vi a =
4
1
1 ; b =
4
1
;
d.
( )
2 2
2
2
+
+
+
y
y
y
y
vi y =
2
3

Gii:
a. Ta c:
( )
3
1
9
3
6 3
5 2
=
=

+
; b. =- 9,5
Tng t c. 0 d .
84
379

Bi 4:
a. Vi gi tr no ca bin th gi tr ca biu thc
5
1 2 + x
bng 2; - 2; 0; 4

b. Vi gi tr no ca bin th gi tr ca biu thc sau bng 0;
7
) 5 ( 3
;
4 3
) 1 ( 2
;
5
3 3
;
7
1
+
+ + +
x
x x
x
x x x x


Trang
45
NGUYN VN TIN

Gii:
a.
5
1 2 + x
=2 2x +1 =10 x =4,5
5
1 2 + x
=- 2 x =- 5,5
5
1 2 + x
=0 x = -
2
1

5
1 2 + x
=4 x =9,5
b. 1 0 1 0
7
1
= = + =
+
x x
x
;
1 0
5
3 3
= =
+
x
x

1 ; 0 0
4 3
) 1 ( 2
= = =
+
+
x x
x
x x
;
0 0
5
) 5 ( 3
= =
x
x
x x


Trang
46
NGUYN VN TIN
N THC N THC NG DNG

L THUYT

- n thc l biu thc i s ch gm mt s, mt bin, hoc mt tch gia cc s v
cc bin
- n thc thu gn l n thc ch gm tch ca mt s vi cc bin, m mi bin
c nng ln ly tha vi s m nguyn dng.
- Bc ca n thc c h s khc 0 l tng s m ca tt c cc bin c trong n
thc
- S thc khc 0 l n thc bc 0
- S 0 gi l n thc khng c bc.
Hai n thc ng dng l hai n thc c h s khc 0 v c cng phn bin

BI TP
Bi 1: Nhng bin thc sau, bin thc vo l n thc
a. 2,5xy
3
; x +x
3

- 2y; x
4
; a +b
b. - 0,7x
3
y
2
; x
3
. x
2
; -
4
3
x
2
yx
3
; 3,6
Gii: Nhng bin thc l n thc
2,5xy
3
; x
4
; - 0,7x
3
y
2
; x
3
. x
2
; -
4
3
x
2
yx
3
; 3,6

Bi 2: Thu gn cc n thc.
a. 5x
3
yy
2
c. 5xy
2
(-3)y
b.
4
3
a
2
b
3
. 2,5a
3
d. 1,5p.q.4p
3
.q
2

Gii:
a. 5x
3
yy
2
=5(y
3
.y.y
2
) =5y
6

b.
4
3
a
2
b
3
. 2,5a
3
= |
.
|
\
|
5 , 2 .
4
3
a
2
.a
3
.b
2
=
8
15
.a
5
.b
6

c. 5xy
2
(-3)y =- 15xy
3

d. 1,5p.q.4p
3
.q
2
=1,5 .4 (P.P
3
.q.q
2
) =6p
4
.q
3

Bi 3: Thc hin cc php nhn phn thc
a. 5xy
2
. 0,7y
4
z . 40x
2
z
3
b. - 0,5ab(-1
5
1
a
2
bc). 5c
2
b
3

c. - 1,2ab.(- 10a
2
.b.c
2
). (- 1,5a
2
c); d. - 0,32a
7
b
4
.(-3
8
1
a
3
b
6
)

Trang
47
NGUYN VN TIN
Gii:
a. 5xy
2
. 0,7y
4
z . 40x
2
z
3
=5 . 0,7 . 40.x.x
2
.y
2
.y
4
.z.z
3
=196x
3
y
6
z
4

Tng t ta c:
b. 3a
3
c
3
b
5
; c. - 1,8a
3
b
2
c
3
; d. 0,04a
10
b
10

Bi 4: Phn tch cc biu thc sau thnh tch ca hai n thc trong c mt n
thc l 20x
5
y
2
.
a. - 120x
5
y
4
b. 60x
6
y
2

c. -5x
15
y
3
d. 2x
12
y
10
Gii:
a. - 120x
5
y
4
=- 6y
2
. 20x
5
y
2

b. 60x
6
y
2
=3x. 20x
5
y
2

c. - 5x
6
y
2
=-
4
1
x. 20x
2
y
2

d. 2x
12
y
10
=
10
1
x
7
y
8
. 20x
5
y
2

Bi 5: Tnh gi tr ca cc n thc sau:
a. 15x
3
y
3
z
3
ti x = 2; y = - 2; z =3
b. -
3
1
x
2
y
3
z
3
ti x = 1; y = -
2
1
; z =- 2
c.
5
2
ax
3
y
6
z ti x = - 3; y =- 1; z =2
Gii:
a. 15.2
3
. (- 2)
2
. 3
2
=15 . 8 . (- 8). 9 =- 8640
b. -
3
1
. 1
2
.
3
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
. (- 2)
3
=-
3
1

c.
5
2
a (- 3)
3
.(- 1)
6
. 2 =- a
5
108

Bi 6: in cc n thc thch hp vo du ..........
a. 3x
2
y
3
+..... =5x
2
y
3
; b.. ..... - 2x
4
=- 7x
4

c. ..... +..... +..... =x
5
y
3

Gii:
a. 3x
2
y
3
+2x
2
y
3
=5x
2
y
3

b. - 5x
4
- 2x
4
=- 7x
4

c.
3
1
x
5
y
3
+
3
1
x
2
y
3
+
3
1
x
5
y
3
=x
5
y
3


Trang
48
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 7: Hy sp xp cc n thc sau thnh nhm cc n thc ng dng.
3a
2
b; 2ab
3
; 4a
2
b
2
; 5ab
3
; 11a
2
b
2
; - 6a
2
b; -
5
1
ab
3

Gii: Ta c: 3a
2
b; - 6a
2
b
2ab
3
; 5ab
3
; -
5
1
ab
3
4a
2
b
2
; 11a
2
b
2
Bi 8: Tnh tng
a. 8a - 6a - 7a; b. 6b
2
- 4b
2
+3b
2
; c. 6ab - 3ab - 2ab
Gii:
a. 8a - 6a - 7a =- 5a; b. 6b
2
- 4b
2
+3b
2
=5b
2
; c. 6ab - 3ab - 2ab =ab

CHC CC EM HC SINH HC TP TT

THANDIEU2 DIENDANKIENTHUC.NET
THCS LIM PHONG H NAM


Trang
49
NGUYN VN TIN
A THC CNG TR A THC
L THUYT
- a thc l mt tng ca nhng n thc. Mi n thc trong tng gi l mt hng
t ca a thc .
- Bc ca a thc l bc ca hng t c bc cao nht trong dng thu gn ca a thc

BI TP
Bi 1: Thu gn cc a thc
a. 2a
2
x
3
- ax
3
- a
4
- a
2
x
3
+ax
3
+2a
4

b. 3xx
4
+4xx
3
- 5x
2
x
3
- 5x
2
x
2

c. 3a.4b
2
- 0,8b. 4b
2
- 2ab. 3b +b. 3b
2
- 1
d. 5x2y
2
- 5x.3xy - x
2
y +6xy
2

Gii:
a. 2a
2
x
3
- ax
3
- a
4
- a
2
x
3
+ax
3
+2a
4
=2a
2
x
3
- a
2
x
3
- ax
3
+ax
3
- a
4
+2a
4
=a
2
x
3
+a
4

b. 3x
5
- 5x
5
+4x
4
- 5x
4
=- 2x
5
- x
4

c. 12ab
2
- 6ab
2
- 3,2b
2
+3b
3
- 1 =6ab
2
- 0,2b
3
- 1
d. 10xy
2
+6xy - 15x
2
y - x
2
y =16xy
2
- 16x
2
y
Bi 2: Tm gi tr ca biu thc.
a. 6a
3
- a
10
+4a
3
+a
10
- 8a
3
+a vi a = - 2
b. 4x
6
y
3
- 3x
6
y
3
+2x
2
y
2
- x
6
y
3
- x
2
y
2
+y vi x = 1; y = - 1
Gii:
Ta c: 6a
3
- 8a
3
+4a
3
- a
10
+a
10
+a =2a
3
+a
a. Vi a = - 2 gi tr ca biu thc l:
2(- 2)
3
+(- 2) =- 16 - 2 =- 18
b. 4x
6
y
3
- 3x
6
y
3
+2x
2
y
2
- x
6
y
3
- x
2
y
2
+y =3x
6
y
3
+x
2
y
2
+y
Vi x = 1; y = - 1 ta c:
- 3.(1)
6
. (- 1)
3
+1
2
. (- 1)
2
- 1 =3 +1 - 1 =- 3
Bi 3: a. Ti x = 5; y = - 3 gi tr ca a thc x
3
- y
3
l:
A. - 2 B. 16; C. 34; D . 52
b. Gi tr ca a thc 3ab
2
- 3a
2
b ti a = - 2; b =3 l:
A. 306; b. 54; C. - 54; D. 52
Gii:
a. Ta c ti x = 5; y = - 3 th gi tr ca a thc l 5
2
- (- 3)
2
=25 +27 =52
Vy chn D
b. Tng t cu a. Chn D

Trang
50
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4: a. Bc ca a thc
3x
3
y +4xy
5
- 3x
6
y
7
+
2
1
x
3
y - 3xy
5
+3x
6
y
7
l
A. 4; b. 6; C. 13; D. 5
b. a thc
5,7x
2
y - 3,1xy +8y
5
- 6,9xy

+2,3x
2
y - 8y
5
c bc l:
A. 3; B. 2; C. 5; D. 4
Gii: a. Chn B; B.Chn A

Bi 5: Tnh hiu
a. (3x +y - z) - (4x - 2y +6z)
b. (x
3
+6x
2
+5y
3
) - (2x
3
- 5x +7y
3
)
c. (5,7x
2
y - 3,1xy +8y
3
) - (6,9xy - 2,3x
2
y - 8y
3
)

Gii:
a. (3x +y - z) - (4x - 2y +6z) =3x +y - z - 4x +2y - 6z =- z +3y - 7z
b. Lm ging cu a.
c. 5,7x
2
y - 3,1xy +8y
3
+2,3x
2
y - 6,9xy - 8y
3
=8x
2
y - 10xy

Bi 6: Cho a thc
A =x
2
- 3xy - y
2
+2x - 3y +1
B =- 2x
2
+xy +2y
3
- 3 - 5x +y
C =7y
2
+3x
2
- 4xy - 6x +4y +5
Tnh A +B +C; A - B +C; A - B - C ri xc nh bc ca a thc .
Gii:
A +B +C =x
2
- 3xy - y
2
+2x - 3y +1- 2x
2
+xy +2y
3
- 3 - 5x +y
=2x
2
- 6xy +8y
2
- 9x +3y +3: c bc hai
A - B +C =x
2
- 3xy - y
2
+2x - 3y +1 +2x
2
- xy - 2y
2
+5x - 2y +3 +3x
2
- 4xy
+7y
2
- 6x +4y +5 =6x
2
- 8xy +4y
2
+x - y +9: c bc hai
A - B - C =- 10y
2
+13x - 9y - 1: c bc hai

Bi 7: Cho cc a thc.
A =4x
2
- 5xy +3y
2
; B =3x +2xy +y
2

C =- x
2
+3xy +2y
2

Tnh A +B +C; B - C - A; C - A - B

Trang
51
NGUYN VN TIN
Gii:
A +B +C =(4x
2
- 5xy +3y
2
) +(3x +2xy +y
2
) +(- x
2
+3xy +2y
2
)
=4x
2
- 5xy +3y
2
+3x
2
+2xy +y
2
- x
2
+3xy +2y
2
=6x
2
+6y
2

B - C - A =(3x +2xy +y
2
) - (- x
2
+3xy +2y
2
) - (4x
2
- 5xy +3y
2
)
=3x
2
+2xy +y
2
+x
2
- 3xy - 2y
2
- 4x
2
+5xy - 3y
2
=4xy - 4y
2

C - A - B =(- x
2
+3xy +2y
2
) - (4x
2
- 5xy +3y
2
) - (3x +2xy +y
2
)
=- x
2
+3xy +2y
2
- 4x
2
+5xy - 3y
2
- 3x
2
- 2xy - y
2
=- 8x
2
+6xy - 2y
2


Trang
52
NGUYN VN TIN
A THC MT BIN CNG TR A THC MT BIN

- a thc mt bin l tng ca nhng n thc ca cng mt bin
- Bc ca a thc mt bin khc a thc khng (sau khi thu gn) l s m ln nht
ca bin trong a thc

BI TP

Bi 1: Tm bc ca a thc sau:
a. 5x
6
- 2x
5
+x
4
- 3x
3
- 5x
6
+x
2
+5
b. 15 - 2x
2
+x
3
+2x
2
- x
3
+x
c. 3x
7
+x
4
- 3x
7
+x
5
+x +4
d. - 2004
Gii:
a. - 2x
5
+x
4
- 3x
3
+x
2
+5 c bc l 5
b. 15 +x c bc l 1
c. x
5
+x
4
+x +4 c bc l 5
d. - 2004 c bc l 0
Bi 2:
a. Vit cc a thc sau theo lu tha tng ca bin v tm bc ca chng.
f(x) =5 - 6x
4
+2x
3
+x +5x
4
+x
2
+3x
3

g(x) =x
5
+x
4
- 3x +7 - 2x
4
- x
5

b. Vit cc a thc sau theo lu tha gim dn ca bin v tm h s bc cao nht, h
s t do ca chng.
h(x) =5x
2
+9x
5
- 7x
4
- x
2
- 6x
5
+x
3 +75 - x

g(x) =2x
3
+5 - 7x
4
- 6x
3
+3x
2
- x
5

Gii:
a. Ta c:
f(x) =5 +x +x
2
+5x
3
- x
4
c bc l 4
g(x) =7 - 3x - x
4
c bc l 4
b. Ta c: h(x) =3x
5
- 7x
4
+x
3
+4x
2
- x +75
H s bc cao nht ca h(x) l 3, h s t do l 75.
g(x) =- x
5
- 7x
4
- 4x
3
+3x
2
+5
H s bc cao nht ca g(x) l - 1, h s t do l 5.

Trang
53
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: n gin biu thc sau:
a. (a
2
- 0,45a +1,2) +(0,8a
2
- 1,2a) - (1,6a
2
- 2a)
b. (y
2
- 1,75y - 3,2) - (0,3y
2
+4) - (2y - 7,2)
c. 6x
2
- 2x
2
- (7x
2
+4x +1) - (x - 2x
2
- 1)
d. -(2a
3
- a
2
+a) +3a
3
- 4a - (5a
2
- a
3
)
Gii:
a. a
2
+0,8a
2
- 1,6a
2
- 0,45a - 1,2a +2a +1,2 =0,2a
2
+0,35a +1,2
b. y
2
- 0,3y
2
- 1,75y - 2y - 3,2 +7,2 =0,7y
2
- 3,75y +4
c. 4x
2
- 7x
2
+2x
2
- 4x - x - 1 +1 =- x
2
- 5x
d. - 2a
3
+3a
3
+a
3
+a
2
- 5a
2
- a - 4a =2a
3
- 4a
2
- 5a
Bi 4: a. Chng minh rng hiu hai a thc
0,7x
4
+0,2x
2
- 5 v - 0,3x
4
+
5
1
x
2
- 8
lun lun dng vi mi gi tr thc ca x.
b. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
(7a
3
- 6a
3
+5a
2
+1) +(5a
3
+7a
2
+3a) - (10a
3
+a
2
+8a) vi a = - 0,25
Gii:
a. Ta c:
(0,7x
4
+0,2x
2
- 5 ) - (0,3x
4
+
5
1
x
2
- 8)
=0,7x
4
+0,2x
2
- 5 +0,3x
4
-
5
1
x
2
+8
=x
4
+3 R x e > 3
b. 7a
3
- 6a
3
+5a
2
+1 + 5a
3
+7a
2
+3a - 10a
3
- a
2
- 8a
=- 4a
3
+11a
2
- 5a +1
Vi a = - 0,25 th gi tr ca biu thc l:
4(- 0,25)
3
+11. (- 0,25)
2
- 5.(- 0,25) +1
=4(- 0,015625) +11 (- 0,0625) - 1,25 +1
=0,0625 - 0,6875 - 0,25 =- 0,875

Bi 5: Chng minh rng gi tr ca cc biu thc sau khng ph thuc vo gi tr
ca bin.
a. |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

2 2
6 , 0
5
2
1 5 , 0 4 , 0
5
3
x x x x
b. 1,7 - 12a
2
- (2 - 5a
2
+7a) +(2,3 +7a
2
+7a)
c. 1 - b
2
- (5b - 3b
2
) +(1 +5b - 2b
2
)

Trang
54
NGUYN VN TIN
Gii:
Ta c:
a.
5
3
x
2
- 0,4x - 0,5 - 1 +
5
2
x - 0,6x
2
=- 1,5
b. 1,7 - 12a
2
- 2 +5a
2
- 7a +2,3 +7a
2
+7a
=(- 12a
2
+5a
2
+7a
2
) - 7a +7a +1,7 - 2 +2,3 =2
c. 1 - b
2
- 5b +3b
2
+1 +5b - 2b
2

=- b
2
+3b
2
- 2b
2
- 5b +5b +1 +1 =2
Bi 6: Cho cc a thc
f(x) =3 +3x - 1 +3x
4
; g(x) =- x
3
+x
2
- x +2 - x
4

Tnh f(x) +g(x); f(x) - g(x)
Gii: f(x) +g(x) =3 +3x - 1 +3x
4
+(- x
3
+x
2
- x +2 - x
4
)
=2x
4
+x
2
+2x - 1
Tng t: f(x) - g(x) =4x
4
+2x
3
- x
2
+4x - 3

Bi 7: tnh tng f(x) + g(x) v hiu f(x) - g(x) vi
a. f(x) =10x
5
- 8x
4
+6x
3
- 4x
2
+2x +1 +3x
6

g(x) =- 5x
5
+2x
4
- 4x
3
+6x
2
- 8x +10 +2x
6

b. f(x) =15x
3
+7x
2
+3x -
2
1
+3x
4

g(x) =- 15x
3
- 7x
2
- 3x +
2
1
+2x
4

Gii:
a. Ta c f(x) +g(x) =6x
6
+5x
5
- 6x
4
+2x
3
+2x
2
- 6x +11
f(x) - g(x) =x
6
+15x
5
- 10x
4
+10x
3
- 10x
2
+10x - 9
b. f(x) +g(x) =5x
4

f(x) - g(x) =x
4
+30x
3
+14x
2
+6x - 1
Bi 8: Cho cc a thc
f(x) =2x
4
- x
3
+x - 3 +5x
5

g(x) =- x
3
+5x
2
+4x +2 +3x
5

h(x) =x
2
+x +1 +x
3
+3x
4

Hy tnh: f(x) +g(x) +h(x); f(x) - g(x) - h(x)
Gii:
f(x) +g(x) +h(x) =8x
5
+5x
4
+6x
2
+6x
f(x) - g(x) - h(x) =2x
5
- x
4
- 2x
3
- 6x
2
- 4x - 6

Trang
55
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 9: n gin biu thc:
a. (0,5a - 0,6b +5,5) - (- 0,5a +0,4b) +(1,3b - 4,5)
b. (1 - x +4x
2
- 8x
3
) +(2x
3
+x
2
- 6x - 3) - (5x
3
+8x
2
)
Gii:
a. 0,5a - 0,6b +5,5 +0,5a - 0,4b +1,3b - 4,5 =a +0,3b +1
b. 1 - x +4x
2
- 8x
3
+2x
3
+x
2
- 6x - 3 - 5x
3
- 8x
2
=- 11x
3
- 3x
2
- x - 2
Bi 10: Chng minh rng: A + B - C =C - B - A
Nu A = 2x - 1; B =3x +1 v C =5x
Gii:
A +B - C =2x - 1 +3x +1 - 5x =5x - 5 - 1 +1 =0
C - B - A =5x - 3x +1 - 2x - 1 =5x - 3x - 2x +1 - 1 =0
Vy A + B - C =C - B - A

Bi 11: Chng minh rng hiu hai a thc
7
4
5
2
4
1
1
8
1
4
3
1
2 3 4
+ + x x x x v 0,75x
4
- 0,125x
3
- 2,25x
2
+0,4x -
7
3
lun nhn
gi tr dng.
Gii:
Ta c: (
7
4
5
2
4
1
1
8
1
4
3
1
2 3 4
+ + x x x x ) - (0,75x
4
- 0,125x
3
- 2,25x
2
+0,4x -
7
3
)=
=x
4
+x
2
+1 > 1 x

Bi 12: Cho cc a thc
P(x) =x
2
+5x
4
- 3x
3
+x
2
+4x
4
+3x
3
- x +5
Q(x) =x - 5x
3
- x
2
- x
4
+4x
3
- x
2
+3x - 1
a. Thu gn v sp xp cc a thc trn theo lu tha gim ca bin.
b. Tnh P(x) +Q(x); P(x) - Q(x)
Gii:
a. P(x) =5 - x +2x
2
+9x
4

Q(x) =- 1 +4x - 2x
2
- x
3
- x
4

b. P(x) +Q(x) =(9x
4
+2x
2
- x +5) +(x
4
- x
3
- 2x
2
+4x - 1) =10x
4
- x
3
+3x +4
P(x) - Q(x) =(9x
4
+2x
2
- x +5) - (x
4
- x
3
- 2x
2
+4x - 1) =
=9x
4
+2x
2
- x +5 - x
4
+x
3
+2x
2
- 4x +1 =8x
4
+x
3
+4x
2
- 5x +6


Trang
56
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 13: Cho hai a thc; chn kt qu ng.
P =3x
3
- 3x
2
+8x - 5 v Q =5x
2
- 3x +2
a. Tnh P +Q
A. 3x
3
- 2x
2
+5x - 3; C. 3x
3
- 2x
2
- 5x - 3
B. 3x
3
+2x
2
+5x - 3; D. 3x
2
+2x
2
- 5x - 3
b. Tnh P - Q
A. 3x
3
- 8x
2
- 11x - 7; C. 3x
3
- 8x
2
+11x - 7
B. 3x
3
- 8x
2
+11x +7; D. 3x
2
+8x
2
+11x - 7
Gii: a. Chn C; B.Chn B

Bi 14: Tm a thc A. chn kt qu ng.
a. 2A +(2x
2
+y
2
) =6x
2
- 5y
2
- 2x
2
y
2

A. A =2x
2
- 3y
2
+x
2
y
2
; C. A =2x
2
- 3y
2
- x
2
y
2

B. A =2x
2
- 3y
2
+5x
2
y
2
; D. 2x
2
- 3y
2
- 5 x
2
y
2
b. 2A - (xy +3x
2
- 2y
2
) =x
2
- 8y
2
+xy
A. A =x
2
- 5y
2
+2xy; C. A =2x
2
- 5y
2
+2xy
B. A =x
2
- 5y
2
+xy; D. A =2x
2
- 5y
2
+xy
Gii: a. Chn C
Ta c: 2A +(2x
2
+y
2
) =6x
2
- 5y
2
- 2x
2
y
2

2A =(6x
2
- 5y
2
- 2x
2
y
2
) - (2x
2
+y
2
) =4x
2
- 6y
2
- 2x
2
y
2

A =2x
2
- 3y
2
- x
2
y
2

Vy a thc cn tm l: A =2x
2
- 3y
2
- x
2
y
2

b. Chn D
Ta c 2A - (xy +3x
2
- 2y
2
) =x
2
- 8y
2
+xy
2A =(x
2
- 8y
2
+xy) +(xy +3x
2
- 2y
2
) =4x
2
- 10y
2
+2xy
A =2x
2
- 5y
2
+xy
Vy a thc cn tm l A =2x
2
- 5y
2
+xy
Bi 15: Cho hai a thc sau:
f(x) =a
0
x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
+a
2
x
n-2
+..... +a
n-1
x +a
n

g(x) =b
0
x
n
+b
1
x
n-1
+b
2
x
n-2
+,,,, +b
n-1
x +b
n

a. Tnh f(x) +g(x)
A. f(x) +g(x) =(a
0
+b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
+b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
+b
n-1
)x +a
n
+b
n

B. f(x) +g(x) =(a
0
+b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
+b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
+b
n-1
)x +a
n
- b
n

C. f(x) +g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
- b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
- b
n-1
)x +a
n
+b
n

D. f(x) +g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
- b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
- b
n-1
)x - a
n
+b
n


Trang
57
NGUYN VN TIN
b. Tnh f(x) - g(x)
A. f(x) - g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
+b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
+b
n-1
)x +a
n
+b
n

B. f(x) - g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
- b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
- b
n-1
)+a
n
- b
n

C. f(x) - g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
- b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
- b
n-1
)x +a
n
+b
n

D. f(x) - g(x) =(a
0
+b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
+b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
+b
n-1
)x +a
n
- b
n

Gii: a. Chn A

Ta c: f(x) =a
0
x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
+a
2
x
n-2
+..... +a
n-1
x +a
n

g(x) =b
0
x
n
+b
1
x
n-1
+b
2
x
n-2
+,,,, +b
n-1
x +b
n

f(x) +g(x) =(a
0
+b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
+b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
+b
n-1
)x +a
n
+b
n

b.Chn B

Ta c: f(x) =a
0
x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
+a
2
x
n-2
+..... +a
n-1
x +a
n

g(x) =b
0
x
n
+b
1
x
n-1
+b
2
x
n-2
+,,,, +b
n-1
x +b
n

f(x) - g(x) =(a
0
- b
0
)x
n
+(a
1
- b
1
)x
n-1
+... +(a
n-1
- b
n-1
)+a
n
- b
n

Thandieu2 Din n kin thc Hc tp sut i

812 - FOREVER


Trang
58
NGUYN VN TIN
NGHIM CA A THC
- Nu ti x = a, a thc P(x) c gi tr bng 0 th ta ni a (hoc x = a) l mt nghim
ca a thc .
- S nghim ca mt a thc (khc a thc 0) khng vt qu bc ca n.

BI TP
Bi 1: Tm nghim ca a thc: (x
2
+2) (x
2
- 3)
A. x = 1; B, x = 2 ; C. x = 3 ; D. x = 2
Gii: Chn C
Nghim ca a thc: (x
2
+2) (x
2
- 3) tho mn
(x
2
+2) (x
2
- 3) =0
= = =
= +
3 3 0 2
0 2
2 2
2
x x x
x

Bi 2: Tm nghim ca a thc x
2
- 4x +5
A. x =0; B. x =1; C. x =2; D. v nghim
b. Tm nghim ca a thc x
2
+1
A. x =- 1; B. x =0; C. x =1; D. v nghim
c. Tm nghim ca a thc x
2
+x +1
A. x =- 3; B. x =- 1; C. x =1; D. v nghim
Gii: a. Chn D
V x
2
- 4x +5 =(x - 2)
2
+1 > 0 +1 >1
Do a thc x
2
- 4x +4 khng c nghim
b. Chn D
v x
2
+1 > 0 +1 >1
Do a thc x
2
+1 khng c nghim
c. Chn D
v x
2
+x +1 =
4
3
4
3
0
4
3
2
1
2
> + > + |
.
|
\
|
+ x
Do thc x
2
+x +1 khng c nghim

Bi 3: a. Trong mt hp s { } 5 ; 5 ; 1 ; 1 s no l nghim ca a thc, s no khng l
nghim ca a thc P(x) = x
4
+2x
3
- 2x
2
- 6x +5
b. Trong tp hp s
)
`

2
1
;
2
1
; 7 ; 7 ; 3 ; 3 ; 1 ; 1 s no l nghim ca a thc, s no khng
l nghim ca a thc.

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59
NGUYN VN TIN
Gii:
a. Ta c: P(1) =1 +2 - 2 - 6 +5 =0
P(-1) =1 - 2 - 2 +6 +5 =8 = 0
P(5) =625 +250 - 50 - 30 +5 =800 = 0
P(- 5) =625 - 250 - 50 +30 +5 =360 = 0
Vy x = 1 l nghim ca a thc P(x), cn cc s 5; - 5; - 1 khng l nghim
ca a thc.
b. Lm tng t cu a
Ta c: - 3;
2
1
l nghim ca a thc Q(x)
Bi 4: Tm nghim ca a thc sau:
f(x) =x
3
- 1; g(x) =1 +x
3

k(x) =x
3
+3x
2
+3x +1
Gii:
Ta c: f(1) =1
3
- 1 =1 - 1 =0, vy x = 1 l nghim ca a thc f(x)
g(- 1) =1 +(- 1)
3
=1 - 1, vy x = - 1 l nghim ca a thc g(x)
k(- 1) =(- 1)
3
+3.(- 1)
2
+3. (- 1) +1 =- 1 +3 - 3 +1 =0
Vy x = 1 l nghim ca a thc k(x)
Bi 5:
a. Chng t rng a thc f(x) =
3
1
x
4
+3x
2
+1 khng c nghim
b. Chng minh rng a thc P(x) = - x
8
+x
5
- x
2
+x +1 khng c nghim
Gii:
a. a thc f(x) khng c nghim v ti x = a bt k f(a) =
4
1
a
4
+3a
2
+ 1 lun dng
b. Ta c: P(x) =x
5
(1 - x
3
) +x(1 - x)
Nu x > 1 th 1 - x
3
s 0; 1 - x s 0 nn P(x) <0
Nu 0 s x s 1 th P(x) =- x
8
+x
2
(x
3
- 1) +(x - 1) <0
Nu x < 0 th P(x) <0
Vy P(x) khng c nghim.


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60
NGUYN VN TIN
HAI GC I NH

I. KIN THC C BN
1. nh ngha
y O x
v '
' y O x l hai gc i nh.

2. Tnh cht
Hai gc i nh th bng nhau

II. BI TP
Bi 1: Hai ng thng ct nhau to thnh 4 gc (nh hnh v). Bit
0
68
= O .
Tnh s o cc gc cn li:
A.
0
3
68
= O v
0
4 2
112

= = O O
B.
0
3
68
= O v
0
4 2
122

= = O O
C.
0
3
112
= O v
0
4 2
68

= = O O
D.
0
3
122
= O v
0
4 2
68

= = O O

Bi 2: Cho hai ng thng xx' v yy' ct nhau ti O. Hy in vo ch trng
(..) trong cc pht biu sau:
a) Gc xOy v gc l hai gc i nh v cnh Ox l tia . ca
cnh Ox' v cnh l tia i ca ..
b) Gc v x O y
l . v cnh Oy' l tia i ca v

cnh Ox l ..
Bi 3: Xc nh cu ng, sai trong cc cu sau v v hnh minh ho:
a) Hai gc i nh th bng nhau.
b) Hai gc bng nhau th i nh.
Bi 4: Nu c n ng thng ct nhau ti mt im th chng to thnh bao
nhiu cp gc i nh?
A. n(n-1) B. n
2
C. n(n+1) D. n(n+2)
Bi 5: Cho hai ng thng xx' v yy' ct nhau ti O sao cho '
3
2
y O x y O x = . S o ca
'
y O x bng:
A. 36
0
B. 72
0
C. 108
0
D. 18
0


Trang
61
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 6: (Bi 6 SBT, tr.74)
Hai ng thng MN v PQ ct nhau ti A to thnh gc MAP c s o bng 33
0
.
a) Tnh s o gc NAQ.
b) Tnh s o gc MAQ.
c) Vit tn cc cp gc i nh.
d) Vit tn cc cp gc b nhau.

Chc cc em hc tt!
DIENDANKIENTHUC.NET
Thandieu2 Foreve 812


Trang
62
NGUYN VN TIN
HAI NG THNG VUNG GC
I. KIN THC C BN
1. nh ngha
{ }
=
=

0
90
0 ' '
' '
y O x
yy xx
yy xx

2. Tnh cht
' a Oe ; a' a; a' l duy nht

3. ng trung trc ca on thng
d l trung trc ca AB
{ }
= =
=
AB MB MA
M AB d
2
1

(Ta ni A v B i xng nhau qua d).
II. BI TP
Bi 1: in vo ch trng (.) trong cc pht biu sau:
a) ng thng xx' vung gc vi ng thng yy' khi v trong
cc gc to thnh c v c k hiu ..
b) ng thng xy i qua ca AB v gi l ng
trung trc ca on thng AB.
c) im A v im B i xng nhau qua ng thng xy' nu ng thng
. l ng . ca on thng AB.
Bi 2: Xc nh cu ng, sai trong cc cu sau. Hy v hnh minh ho cho mi
trng hp:
a) Hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau th ct nhau.
b) Hai ng thng ct nhau th vung gc vi nhau.
c) ng trung trc ca on thng th vung gc vi on thng y.
d) ng thng vung gc vi on thng l ng trung trc ca on thng .
e) ng trung trc ca on thng i qua trung im ca on thng y.

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63
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn
a) V ng thng qua B vung gc vi AC ti H.
b) V ng thng qua C vung gc vi AB ti K.
c) Gi O l giao im ca hai ng thng BH v CK. Dng thc o gc xc
nh s o ca gc to bi hai ng thng AO v BC. Kt lun g v hai ng
thng AO v BC.
Bi 4: Cho gc bt AOB, trn na mt phng b Ab v cc tia OC, OD sao cho
0 0
45
, 40
= = D O B C O A . Hy chng t OC vung gc vi OD.

Bi 5: V hai ng thng a v b vung gc vi nhau ti M. Trn ng thng a ly
cc im A, B phn bit sao cho MA =MB. Trn ng thng b ly im C, D phn
bit sao cho MC =MD. Tm cc ng trung trc trong hnh v.
B sung:
Cp gc y O x
v '
' y O x c
Ox Ox'; OyOy' => y O x
v '
' y O x l
cp gc c cnh tng ng vung gc.

Bi 6: Chng t rng hai tia phn gic ca hai gc k b vung gc vi nhau.
Gii:
Gi xOz v zOy l hai gc k b.
Om l tia phn gic ca gc yOz.
On l tia phn gic ca gc xOz.
Ta c:

2 2
yOz zOx
mOz zOn + = +
=

0
0
180
90
2 2
yOz zOx +
= =
Ta thy tia Oz nm gia hai tia Om v On nn

mOz zOn mOn + =
Do
mOn=90
0
. Vy Om On .

Bi 7: min trong gc t xOy,v cc tia Oz v Ot sao cho Oz vung gc vi Ox, Ot vung
gc vi Oy.
Chng t:
a)

xOt yOz = b)
0
180 xOy zOt + =

O
4
3
2
1
n
m
z
y x

Trang
64
NGUYN VN TIN
L
z y
x
B
A
C
M
Gii:
a)

0 0
90 90 xOt zOt xOz xOt zOt + = = = nen

0 0
90 90 yOz zOt yOt yOz zOt + = = = nen
Vy

xOt yOz =
b)

( )

xOy zOt xOz zOy zOt + = + +
=

( )

0 0
90 90 xOz zOy zOt xOz yOt + + = + = +

Bi 8:Cho hai ng thng xx v yysong song vi nhau.Trn xx v yy ln lt ly hai
im A, B sao cho AB yy.
a) Chng t rng AB xx
b) Trn By ly dim C. Trn Ax ly dim D sao cho
0
120 BCD = .
Tnh s o cc gc
ADC;
' CDx ;
' DCy .
Gii:
120
0
A
B
y'
x'
y
x
C
D

a)
'// '
'
'
xx yy
AB xx
AB yy
)

b) V xx // yy nn
ADC +
0
180 BCD = (2 gc trong cng pha)
=>
ADC=
0
180 BCD =
0 0 0
180 120 60 =
Ta c :
ADC +
0
' 180 CDx = (2 gc k b)
=>
' CDx =
0
180 ACD =
0 0 0
180 60 120 =
(hoc c th dng tnh cht ca 2 gc SLT gii)
V xx // yy nn
' DCy =
ADC =120
0
(SLT)
Bi 9:Cho gc
BAC =90
0
.Trn na mt phng b CA khng cha B v Cx AC.
a) Chng minh AB // Cx.
b) Gi Ay l tia i ca tia AB. M l im trn on BC. T M v Mz CA.
Chng minh Ay // Mz // Cx.
Gii:

a) V
BAC =90
0
=>AB AC.
Ta c: //
AB AC
AB Cx
Cx AC

)

b)V Ay l tia i ca AB, m AB // Cx nn Ay // Cx. (1)
Ta c: //
Mz AC
Mz Cx
Cx AC

)
(2)
T (1) v (2), ta c: ( )
//
// //
//
Ay Cx
Ay Mz Cx
Mz Cx
`
)

O
t
x
z
y

Trang
65
NGUYN VN TIN

CC GC TO BI MT NG THNG CT HAI NG THNG

I. Kin thc c bn
1. Hai cp gc so le trong
1
A v
3
B ;
4
A v
2
B .
2. Bn cp gc ng v.
3. Hai cp gc trong cng pha

4. Quan h gia cc cp gc
= +
=
=
=
0
1 2
1 3
2 2
1 1
180

B A
B A
B A
B A

II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Tm cc cp gc so le trong, ng v, trong cng pha trong mi hnh sau:

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Bi 2: Hy in vo cc hnh sau s o ca cc gc cn li


Trang
66
NGUYN VN TIN

Bi 3: (Bi 20 SBT, tr.77)
Trn hnh v ngi ta cho bit
b a // v
0
1 1
30

= = Q P
a) Vit tn mt cp gc ng v
khc v ni r s o mi gc.
b) Vit tn mt cp gc so le
trong v ni r s o mi gc.

c) Vit tn mt cp gc trong cng pha v ni r s o mi gc.
d) Vit tn mt cp gc ngoi cng pha v cho bit tng s o hai gc .

THANDIEU2


Trang
67
NGUYN VN TIN
HAI NG THNG SONG SONG
I. Kin thc c bn
1. nh ngha
= ' ' ' // ' yy xx yy xx

2. Du hiu nht bit
{ }
{ }
b a
N M
N M
N M
N a c
M a c
o
//
180 2
= +
=
=
=
=

II. Bi tp
Bi 1: in vo ch trng c cu tr li ng.
a) Nu hai ng thng a v b ct ng thng c vo to thnh mt cp gc so
le trong . th a//b.
b) Nu hai ng thng a, b ct ng thng m to thnh mt cp gc ng v
th a//b.
c) Nu hai ng thng d, d' ct ng thng xy v to thnh cp gc trong
cng pha th d//d.

Bi 2: Chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu sau:
a) Hai ng thng khng c im chung th song song vi nhau.
b) Hai on thng khng c im chung th song song vi nhau.
c) Hai ng thng phn bit khng ct nhau th song song vi nhau.
Bi 3: Hy chng t a // b bng nhiu cch.


Trang
68
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4: Hy chng t AB//CD bit tng 3 gc ca tam gic bng 180

Bi 5: Cho
O
y A x 40
= . Trn tia i ca tia Ax ly im B. K tia Bz sao cho tia Ay

nm trong z B x
v
O
z B x 40
= .
a) Chng minh rng: Bz//Ay.
b) K Am, An ln lt l hai tia phn gic ca gc y A x
v z B x
. Chng minh
rng: Am//Bn.
Bi 6: Hy chng t trn
hnh v AB//CD

Bi 7: Cho hnh v, hy chng t Ax//By//Cz

Hnh 1

Hnh 2
Bi 8:
Cho hnh v (h.3)
Chng minh:
xx'//By
By//Cz

D

Trang
69
NGUYN VN TIN
N TP CHNG I - PHN I S

Bi 1: Tm x bit: |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

84
25
44
63
10
45 : 31
9
1
1
3
1
2 :
4
3
4 x
Gii: S dng tnh cht ca t l thc: a : b = c : d a.d =b.c.
Ta c:
176
13
341
9
.
252
217
.
4
13
9
341
:
252
217
.
4
13
31 .
9
1
1
3
1
2 :
84
25
44
63
10
45 .
4
3
4 = = =
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= x
Bi 2: T s chiu di v chiu rng ca mt hnh ch nht bng
2
3
. Nu chiu di hnh
ch nht tng thm 3 (n v) th chiu rng ca hnh ch nht phi tng ln my n v
t s ca hai cnh khng i.

Gii: Gi chiu di v chiu rng ca hnh ch nht ln lt l a, b. Khi ta c:
b a
b
a
3 2
2
3
= =
Gi x (n v) phi thm vo chiu rng th: x b a
x b
a
3 3 6 2
2
3 3
+ = + =
+
+

m 2a =3b 3b +6 =3b +3x x =2. Vy khi thm vo chiu di 3 (n v) th phi
thm vo chiu rng 2 (n v) th t s gia chiu di v chiu rng vn l
2
3
.

Bi 3: Gi tr (lm trn n hng n v) ca biu thc M = 1,85 x 4,145 l
A. 7,6. B. 7. C. 7,66. D. 8. E. Khng c cc kt qu trn.

Bi 4: Gi tr (lm trn n ch s thp phn th nht) ca biu thc
H =20,83 : 3,11 l
A. 6,6 B. 6,69 C. 6,7 D. 6,71 E. 6,709

Bi 5: Gi tr (lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai) ca biu thc
N =
827 , 19
35
. 854 , 1 l
A. 3 B. 3,3 C. 3,27 D. 3,28 E. 3,272
Bi 6: Thc hin php tnh ri lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai.

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) 2 , 0
9
2
83
11
.
99
166
83
11
.
99
21
9
5
1
9
3
83
11
. 21 , 0 5 , 1 3 , 0
= = =
(
+ =
+ = A

Lm trn n ch s thp phn th hai th c 0,22

Bi 7: Tm x (kt qu lm trn n 1 ch s thp phn) bit: 0,6x. 0,(36) = 0,(63) (1)
Gii:
4
7
6 , 0
63
99
.
99
63
6 , 0
99
63
99
36
. 6 , 0 ) 1 ( = = = x x x
) 66 ( 91 , 2
12
35
3
5
.
4
7
10
6
:
4
7
= = = = x x x
Ly chnh xc n 1 ch s thp phn th x ~ 2,9


Trang
70
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 8. Chng t rng
a. 0,(37) +0,(62) =1.
Ta c: 0,(37) =
99
37
v 0,(62) =
99
62
. Do : 0,(37) + 0,(62) =
99
37
+
99
62
= 1
99
99
=
b. 0,(33) . 3 =1
Ta c: 0,(33) =
3
1
99
33
= . Do : 0,(33) .3 = 1 3 .
3
1
=
Bi 9. Tm cc s hu t a v b bit rng hiu a - b bng thng a : b v bng hai ln tng
a +b.
Gii: Theo bi ra ta c: a - b =2(a +b) =a : b (1)
T a - b =2a +2b a =- 3b hay a : b =- 3 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
= +
=
5 , 1
3
b a
b a
(3)
T (3) ta tm c: a = 25 , 2
2
) 5 , 1 ( ) 3 (
=
+

b =- 1,5- (- 2,25) =0,75
Vy hai s a, b cn tm lp c
a - b =a : b =2( a+b) l: a =- 2,25; b =0,75
Bi 10. C 16 t giy bc loi 2.000 ng; 5.000 ng v 10.000 ng tr gi mi loi tin
trn u bng nhau. Hi mi loi c my t?
Gii:
Gi s t giy bc loi 2.000; 5.000; 10.000 theo th t l x, y, z (x, y, z e N)
Theo bi ta c: x +y +z =16 v 2000x =5000y =10000z
Bin i: 2000x = 5000y = 10000z

1 2 5 10000
10000
10000
5000
10000
2000 z y x z y x
= = = =
Theo tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau
2
8
16
1 2 5 1 2 5
= =
+ +
+ +
= = =
z y x z y x

Suy ra x =2.5 =10; y =2.2 =4; z =2.1 =2
Vy s t giy bc loi 2.000; 5.000; 10.000 theo th t l: 10; 4; 2.
Bi 11: Tnh cc cn thc sau (khng dng my tnh)
( )
81
64 , 0
; 0001 , 0 ; 12 ;
25
16
; 8 . 6 . 3 ; 1225 ; 10 ; 49
2
6

Bi 12: Thc hin php tnh
a) ( )
9
4
. 3 44 , 1 . 5 5 49
2
+ +
b) ( )
2
2
3
2
. 5 :
16
25
. 3 69 , 1 . 7 3 . 2 64
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ +
Bi 13: Tm x bit
a)
10
13
121
81
2 . 69 , 1 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x
b) ( ) 0
10
9
64
16
. 81 , 0 > =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x x
Bi 13 (Tip)
c) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
9
2 3 0
4
x x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

d)
5
1
4
3
20
1
5
3
= x
e) 0 5 = x x
f)
7 5
2x x =


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71
NGUYN VN TIN
TAM GIC TNG 3 GC CA TAM GIC
L THUYT

a. nh l tng ba gc ca tam gic: Tng ba gc ca mt tam gic bng 180
0
.

b. nh ngha tam gic vung: Tam gic vung l tam gic c mt gc vung.

c. nh l tng hai gc nhn ca tam gic vung: Trong mt tam gic vung, hai gc
nhn ph nhau.

d. nh ngha gc ngoi ca tam gic: Gc ngoi ca mt tam gic l gc k b vi
mt gc ca tam gic y.

e. Tnh cht gc ngoi ca tam gic: Mi gc ngoi ca mt tam gic bng bng tng
hai gc trong khng k vi n.

BI TP

Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC c gc A =60
0
, gc C =50
0
. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct
AC D. Tnh gc ADB, v gc CDB.

Bi 2: Cho tam gic ABC, im M nm trong tam gic . Tia BM ct AC K.
a. So snh gc AMB v gc ABK.
b. So snh gc AMC v gc ABC.

Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC c gc A bng 100
0
, gc B - gc C =20
0
. Tnh gc B v
gc C.

Bi 4: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. K AH vung gc vi BC (H thuc BC). Tm
gc bng gc B.

Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC c gc B =70
0
, gc C =30
0
.
Tia phn gic ca gc A ct BC ti D. K AH vung gc vi BC (H thuc BC).
a. Tnh s o gc BAC.
b. Tnh s o gc ADH.
c. Tnh s o gc HAD.


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72
NGUYN VN TIN

HAI TAM GIC BNG NHAU

L THUYT

- Hai tam gic bng nhau l hai tam gic c cc cnh tng ng bng nhau, cc gc
tng ng bng nhau

BI TP

Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC =tam gic DEF. Vit cc cp cnh bng nhau, cc cp gc
bng nhau.

Bi 2: Cho AABC =ADMN.
a. Vit ng thc trn di mt vi dng khc.
b. Cho AB =3cm, AC =4cm, MN =6cm. Tnh chu vi ca mi tam gic.

Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC =tam gic DEF. Bit gc A bng 55
0
, gc E bng 75
0
.
Tnh cc gc cn li ca mi tam gic.

Bi 4: Cho hai tam gic bng nhau: tam gic ABC v mt tam gic c 3 nh D, E, F.
Hy vit k hiu s bng nhau ca hai tam gic , bit rng:
a. Gc A =gc F, gc B =gc E.
b. AB =ED, AC =FD.


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73
NGUYN VN TIN
CC TRNG HP BNG NHAU CA HAI TAM GIC
- Trng hp cnh cnh cnh (c-c-c)
- Trng hp cnh gc cnh (c-g-c)
- Trng hp gc cnh gc (g-c-g)
Tm tt l thuyt:

AABC =AABC AB =AB; AC =AC; BC =BC; '

; '

; '

C C B B A A = = =
A'
B' C ' C B
A

+Nu AABC v AMNP c : AB =MN; AC =MP; BC =NP
th AABC =AMNP (c-c-c).
A
B C P N
M

+Nu AABC v AMNP c : AB =MN; N B

= ; BC =NP
th AABC =AMNP (c-g-c).
M
N P C B
A

+Nu AABC v AMNP c : M A

= ; AB =MN ; N B

=
th AABC =AMNP (g-c-g).

M
N P C B
A


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74
NGUYN VN TIN
2/ Bi tp:
Bi 1: Cho AABC =AEFG. Vit cc cnh bng nhau v cc gc bng nhau. Hy vit
ng thc di mt vi dng khc.
Gi s

0 0
A 55 ; F 75 = = ; AB =4cm; BC =5cm; EG =7cm. Tnh cc gc cn li v
chu vi ca hai tam gic.

Bi 2: Cho bit A ABC =AMNP =ARST.
a) Nu A ABC vung ti A th cc tam gic cn li c vung khng? V sao?
b) Cho bit thm

0 0
A 90 ; S 60 = = . Tnh cc gc cn li ca ba tam gic.
c) Bit AB = 7cm; NP = 5cm; RT = 6cm. Tnh cc cnh cn li ca ba tam gic v
tnh tng chu vi ca ba tam gic.

Bi 3: Cho bit AM l ng trung trc ca BC (M e BC; A e BC). Chng t rng
AC AB C A M B A M M C A M B A = = = ;

;

.

Bi 4: Cho AABC c AC =BC. Gi I l trung im ca AB. Trn tia CI ly im D
sao cho D nm khc pha vi C so b l ng thng AB.
a) Chng minh rng AADC =ABDC.
b) Suy ra CD l ng trung trc ca AB.

Bi 5: Cho on thng AB. V ng trn tm A bn knh AB v ng trn tm B
bn knh BA. Hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti hai im M v N.
a) Chng minh rng A AMB =A ANB.
b) Chng minh rng MN l trung trc ca AB v t suy ra cch v ng trung
trc ca mt on thng cho trc.

Bi 6: Cho hnh v. Hy ch ra cc tam gic bng nhau mi hnh.
Hnh 3
M
Q
E
G
F
H
Hnh 2
Hnh 1
M
N
P
C
B
A

Bi 7: Cho gc xOy. Trn tia phn gic Ot ca gc xOy ly im I (I = O). Gi A, B
ln lt l cc im trn tia Ox v Oy sao cho OA =OB (O = A; O = B).
a) Chng minh rng A OIA =A OIB.
b) Chng minh rng tia Ot l ng trung trc ca AB.


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75
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 8: Cho hnh v (hnh 4). Chng minh rng E l trung im ca MN.
E
B
A
N
M

Bi 9. Cho on thng AB, im C v D cch u hai im A, B ( C v D khc pha
i vi AB). CD ct AB ti I. Chng minh :
a. CD l tia phn gic ca gc ACB
b. ACI BCI A = A
a. CD l ng trung trc ca AB
Kt qu trn cn ng khng nu C, D cng pha AB

Bi 10 : Cho gc xOy. Trn Ox ly im A, trn Oy ly B sao cho OA = OB. Ly M,
N u thuc min trong ca gc sao cho MA = MB, NA = NB. Chng minh :
a. OM l phn gic gc xOy
b. O, M, N thng hng
c. MN l ng trung trc ca AB

I
A B
C
D

x
y
B
A
O
N
M

Trang
76
NGUYN VN TIN
CHNG II: TAM GIC

II.TM TT L THUYT
1. nh l tng ba gc trong tam gic : AABC C

0
A B C 180 =
2. nh ngha hai tam gic bng nhau :
AABC =AABC AB =AB; AC =AC; BC =BC;

A A '; B B'; C C' = = =
A'
B' C ' C B
A

3.Cc trng hp bng nhau ca hai tam gic:
a)Nu AABC v AMNP c : AB =MN; AC =MP; BC =NP th AABC =AMNP (c-
c-c).
A
B C P N
M

b) Nu AABC v AMNP c : AB =MN;

B N = ; BC =NP th AABC =AMNP (c-g-
c).
M
N P C B
A

c) Nu AABC v AMNP c :

A M = ; AB =MN ;

B N = th AABC =AMNP (g-c-g).

M
N P C B
A


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77
NGUYN VN TIN
TRNG HP BNG NHAU TH NHT CA TAM GIC (C.C.C).
1. L thuyt:
Nu ba cnh ca tam gic ny bng ba cnh ca tam gic kia th hai tam gic
bng nhau (Trng hp bng nhau cnh - cnh - cnh: c.c.c).
2. Bi tp.
Bi 1: V tam gic ABC bit di mi cnh l 3cm. Sau o mi gc ca tam
gic.
Bi 2: Cho hai tam gic ABC v ABD c AB =BC =CA =3cm, AD =BD =2cm (C
v D nm khc pha i vi AB). Chng minh rng gc CAD =gc CBD.
Bi 3: Cho gc xOy. Trn tia Ox ly im C, trn tia Oy ly im D sao cho OD =
OC. V cc cung trn tm C v tm D c cng bn knh sao cho chng ct nhau
im E nm trong gc xOy. Chng minh rng OE l tia phn gic ca gc xOy.
Bi 4: Tm ch sai trong bi lm sau y ca mt bn HS (hnh v)
Tam gic ABC =tam gic DCB (c.c.c) suy ra gc ABC =gc CBD
(cp gc tng ng) suy ra BC l tia phn gic ca gc ABD.
Bi 5: Tam gic ABC c AB =AC, M l trung im ca BC. Chng
minh rng AM vung gc vi BC.
Bi 6: Cho on thng AB. V cung trn tm A bn knh AB v cung
trn tm B bn knh BA, chng ct nhau C v D. Chng minh rng:
a. Tam gic ABC =tam gic ABD.
b. Tam gic ACD =tam gic BCD.
Bi 7: Cho tam gic ABC. V cung trn tm A bn knh bng BC, v cung trn tm C
bn knh bng BA, chng ct nhau D (B v D nm khc pha i vi AC). Chng
minh rng AD // BC.

Hng dn gii.
Bi 1:
a. Cch v.
- V on thng BC =3cm.
- Trn cng mt na mt phng b BC v cung trn tm B bn knh 3cm
v cung trn tm C bn knh 3cm. Hai cung trn ny ct nhau ti A.
- Ni A vi B v A vi C ta c tam gic ABC cn dng.
b. Mi gc ca tam gic ABC bng 60
0
.
Bi 2:
A CAD v tam gic CBD c:
CD: cnh chung.
AC =BC (gi thit), AD =BD (gi thit). Do A CAD =CBD (c.c.c)
Suy ra gc CAD =gc CBD (cp gc tng ng).

Bi 3: Trong tam gic COE v tam gic DOE c:
OE l cnh chung, OC =OD (gi thit), CE =DE (gi thit)
Do tam gic COE =tam gic DOE (c.c.c)
Suy ra gc COE =gc DOE (cp gc tng ng).
Vy OE l tia phn gic ca gc xOy.
D
C B
A
A
3
C B
3
3
3
3
3
A
D
B
C
E
C
D
O

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78
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4: Suy lun sai: AABC =ADCB gc ABC =gc CBD
Hai gc ny khng ph l hai gc tng ng do khng suy ra c BC l tia
phn gic ca gc ABD. T AABC =ADCB suy ra gc ABC =gc BCD l ng.

Bi 5: Ta c tam gic AMB =tam gic AMC (c.c.c) suy ra A
gc AMB =gc AMC (cp gc tng ng).
Ta li c gc AMB +gc AMC =180
0
nn gc
AMB =gc AMC =90
0
. Vy AM vung gc vi BC.

B M C

Bi 6: C
a. Tam gic ABC =tam gic ABD (c.c.c).
b. Tam gic ACD =tam gic BCD (c.c.c)

A B

D
Bi 7:
Tam gic ABC =tam gic CDA (c.c.c) suy ra gc ACB =gc CAD (cp gc tng
ng). Hai ng thng AD v BC to vi AC hai gc so le trong bng nhau ACB =
CAD nn AD // BC.
A D

B C

Bi tp t gii
Bi 9 : Cho ABC, A =50
0
, B =70, tia phn gic gc C ct AB ti M.
Tnh:

; AMC BMC


Trang
79
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 10 :cho EFX MNK ^ =^ nh hnh v.
Hy tm s o cc yu t cn li ca hai tam gic

3,3
4
2,2
55
F
E
X
N
M
K

Bi 11: Cho ^DKE C DK=KE=DE=5cm v DKE BCO ^ =^ . Tnh tng chu vi hai
tam gic ?

Bi 12: C ABC m

2 ; 2 A B B C = = .
0
14 C = khng? V sao?

Bi 13 : Cho AABC v AABC bit :AB =BC =AC =3 cm ; AD =BD =2cm (C v
D nm khc pha i vi AB)
a) V AABC ; AABD
b) Chng minh : D B C D A C

=

HD:
A
B
D
C

GT
AABC ; AABD
AB =AC =BC =3
cm
AD =BD =2 cm
KL
a) V hnh
b) D B C D A C

=

b) Ni DC ta c AADC v ABDC c :
AD =BD (gt) ; CA =CB (gt) ; DC cnh chung
AADC =ABDC (c.c.c) D B C D A C

= (hai gc tng ng)


Trang
80
NGUYN VN TIN
A
B
E
C D
A
B
C
D K
TRNG HP BNG NHAU TH HAI CA TAM GIC (C.G.C)
1. L thuyt:
Nu hai cnh v gc xen gia ca tam gic ny bng hai cnh v gc xen gia
ca tam gic kia th hai tam gic bng nhau (Trng hp bng nhau cnh - gc -
cnh: c.g.c).

2. Bi tp.

Bi 1: Cho hnh v

GT:
xAy
BAx;DAy
AB =AD
EBx;CDy
BE =DC
KL: ÂBC =ÂDE;

Gii :
AD =AB(gt)
AD =AB(gt) =AC =AE
DC =BE(gt)
Xt ÂBC V ÂDE c:
AB=AD(gt) ;
A chung ; AC =AE
= ÂBC =ÂDE (c.g.c)

Bi 2: Cho ÂBC:AB=AC, v v phi ngoi cu ÂBC cc tam gic vung ABK
v tam gic vung ACD c AB=AK,AC=AD. Chng minh: ÂBK =ÂCD.

GT : ÂBC:AB= AC
ÂBK (
1 KBA V = ) ; AB =AK
ÂDC (
DAC =1V) ; AD =AC

KL: ÂKB =ÂDC.
CM:
Ta c : AK =AB(gt) v AD =AC(gt) m AB=AC(gt) suy ra :
AK =AD (t/c bc cu)
ÂKB v ÂDC c: AB =AC(gt);

KAB DAC = =90
0
(gt); AK =AD (cmt)
=ÂKB =ÂDC(c-g-c)
Bi 3: Cho on thng BC v ng trung trc d ca n, d giao vi BC ti M. Trn
d ly hai im K v E khc M. Ni EB,EC , KB,KC.
Ch ra cc tam gic bng nhau trn hnh ?


Trang
81
NGUYN VN TIN
a)Trng hp E nm gia K v M
2 1
d
B
C M
E
K

^BEM=^CEM (v

1 2
1V
M M
= = ) cnh EM chung ;BM=CM(gt)
^BKM =^CKM chng minh tng t (cgc)
^BKE =^CKE(v BE =EC;BK =CK, cnh KE chung) (trng hp c.c.c)
b/ Trng hp M nm gia Kv E
d
C
B
E
M
K

^BKM =^CKM(c.g.c) =KB =KC
^BEM=^CEM(c.g.c) =EB =EC
^BKE =^CKE(c.c.c)
Bi4: Cho tam gic AOB c OA =OB . Tia phn gic ca
O ct AB D.
Chng minh :a/ DA =DB b/ ODlAB
2
1
1
2
A
B
O

Bi 5 : Cho AABC c 3 gc nhn. V ADvung gc. AC =AB v D khc pha C
i vi AB, v AEAC: AD =AC v E khc pha i vi AC. CMR:
a) DC =BE
b) DC BE
HD:

Trang
82
NGUYN VN TIN

a) CM: DC=BE
ta c
DAC =
DAB +
BAC =90
0
+
BAC

BAE =
BAC +
CAE =
BAC +90
0

=>
DAC =
BAE
Xt ADAC v ABAE c:
AD =BA (gt) (c) ; AC =AE (gt) (c) ;
DAC =
AE (cm trn) (g)

=>ADAC=ABAE (c-g-c)
=>DC =BE (2 cnh tng ng)

b) CM: DCBE
Gi H =DC BE; I =BE AC
Ta c: AADC=AABC (cm trn)
=>
ACD=
AEB (2 gc tng ng)

m:
DHI =
HIC+
ICH (2 gc bng tng 2 gc bn trong khng k)

=>
DHI =
AIE +
AEI (
HIC v
AIE )

Bi 6: Cho tam gic ABC c gc B =gc C. Tia phn gic gc B ct AC D, tia
phn gic gc C ct AB E. So snh di BD v CE.


Trang
83
NGUYN VN TIN
2
1
4
3
1
2
1
2
1
60
A
B
C
D
E
K
TRNG HP BNG NHAU TH BA CA TAM GIC (G.C.G).
1. L thuyt:
Nu mt cnh v hai gc k ca tam gic ny bng mt cnh v hai gc k ca tam
gic kia th hai tam gic bng nhau
2. Bi tp.
Bi 1: Cho ABC c gc A =60
0
. Cc tia phn gic cc gc B; C ct nhau I v
AC; AB theo th t D; E . chng minh rng ID=IE

Gii:
K phn gic IK ca gc BIC ta c

1 2 I I
= , theo u bi ABC:
0
60
A = =

B +
C =120
0

C

1 2 B B
= (gt),

1 2 C C
= (gt)
=

0
0
1 1
120
60
2
C B
= = =
=
0
120
BI C =

1 2 I I
= =60
0
v
3 I
=60
0
,
4 I
=60
0
=

3 I
=

1 2 I I
= =
4 I

khi ta c BEI = BKI (g-c-g) =IE =IK (cnh tng ng )
Chng minh tng t IDC= IKC =IK =ID =IE =ID =IK
Bi 2: Cho
xOy khc gc bt. Ly A, B e Ox sao cho OA<OB. Ly C, D e Oy sao

cho OC =OA, OD =OB. Gi E l giao im ca AD v BC. Cmr:
a) AD =BC
b) AEAB=AECD
c) OE l tia phn gic ca
xOy .
HD:

GT
xOy <180
0

ABeOx, CDeOy
OA<OB; OC =OA, OD =
OB
E =ADBC
KL a) AD =BC
b) AEAB=AECD
c) OE l tia phn gic
xOy
a) CM: AD =BC
Xt AAOD v ACOB c:
O: gc chung (gt); OA =OC (gt) ; OD =OB (gt)

=>
AAOD=ACOB (c-g-c)
=>AD =CB (2 cnh tng ng)
b) CM: AEAB=AECD

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84
NGUYN VN TIN
Ta c:
OAD+
DAB =180
0
(2 gc k b)

OCB +
BCD=180
0
(2 gc k b)
M:
OAD=
OCB (AAOD=ACOB) =>
DAB =
BCD
*Xt AEAB v AECD c:
AB =CD (AB =OB- OA; CD =OD - OC m OA =OC; OB =OD)
ADB=
DCB (cmt)
OBC =
ODA (AAOD=ACOB)
=>ACED=AAEB (g-c-g)
c) CM: DE l tia phn gic ca
xOy
Xt AOCE v AOAE c:
OE: cnh chung ; OC =OA (gt) ; EC =EA ( Do ACED =AAEB)
=>ACED =AAEB (c-c-c)
=>
COE =
AOE (2 gc tng ng

Mt s bi tp minh ha.

Bi 1: Cho AABC c gc A bng 60
0
. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC M, tia phn
gic ca gc C ct AB N. Chng minh rng BN + CM = BC.

Bi 2: Cho AABC vung ti A, M l trung im ca AC. Trn tia i ca tia MB ly
im K sao cho MK = MB. Chng minh rng:
a) KC vung gc vi AC.
b) AK song song vi BC.

Bi 3: Cho AABC, k BD vung gc vi AC, k CE vung gc vi AB. Trn tia i
ca tia BD, ly im H sao cho BH = AC. Trn tia i ca tia CE ly im K sao cho
CK =AB. Chng minh rng AH = AK.

Bi 4: Cho AABC c AB =AC. Trn cnh AB v AC ly cc im D v E sao cho
AD =AE. Gi K l giao im ca BE v CD. Chng minh rng:
a) BE =CD b) AKBD =AKCE.
Bi 5: Cho AABC c gc A =60
0
. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC D, tia phn gic
ca gc C ct AB E. Cc tia phn gic ct nhau I. Chng minh rng ID = IE.

Bi 6: Cho on thng AB, O l trung im ca AB. Trn cng mt na mt phng
b AB, v cc tia Ax v By vung gc vi AB. Gi C l mt im thuc tia Ax.
ng vung gc vi OC ti O ct tia By ti D. Chng minh rng: CD = AC + BD.

Bi 7: Trn cnh BC ca AABC, ly cc im E v F sao cho BE =CF. Qua E v F
v cc ng thng song song vi BA, chng ct cnh AC theo th t G v H.
Chng minh rng: EG + FH = AB.


Trang
85
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 8: Cho AABC vung ti A, AB = AC. Qua A v ng thng d sao cho B v C
nm cng pha i vi ng thng d. K BH v CK vung gc vi d. Chng minh
rng:
a) AH =CK b) HK =BH +CK

Bi 9: Cho AABC. Gi M l trung im ca AC, N l trung im ca AB. Trn tia
i ca tia MB ly im E sao cho ME = MB, trn tia i ca tia NC ly im F sao
cho NF =NC. Chng minh rng:
a) AMAE =AMCB.
b) AE =AF.
c) Ba im A, E, F thng hng.

Bi 10: Cho on thng AB, D l trung im ca AB. K Dx vung gc vi AB.
Trn Dx ly hai im M v N (M nm gia D v N). Chng minh rng:
a) ANAD =ANBD.
b) AMNA =AMNB.
c) ND l phn gic ca gc ANB.
d) Gc AMB ln hn gc ANB.

Bi 11: Cho AABC =AEFG. Vit cc cnh bng nhau v cc gc bng nhau. Hy
vit ng thc di mt vi dng khc.
Gi s

0 0
A 55 ; F 75 = = ; AB =4cm; BC =5cm; EG =7cm. Tnh cc gc cn li v
chu vi ca hai tam gic.

Bi 12: Cho bit A ABC =AMNP =ARST.
a) Nu A ABC vung ti A th cc tam gic cn li c vung khng? V sao?
b) Cho bit thm

0 0
A 90 ; S 60 = = . Tnh cc gc cn li ca ba tam gic.
c) Bit AB =7cm; NP =5cm; RT =6cm. Tnh cc cnh cn li ca ba tam gic v
tnh tng chu vi ca ba tam gic.

Bi 13: Cho bit AM l ng trung trc ca BC (M e BC; A e BC). Chng t rng

ABM ACM; MAB MAC; AB AC = = = .


Trang
86
NGUYN VN TIN
O
2
1
2
1
K
H
B C
A
TAM GIC CN TAM GIC U
* L THUYT:
Du hiu nhn bit:
Tam gic cn: C 2 cnh bng nhau, hai gc bng nhau
Tam gic u: C 3 cnh bng nhau, c 3 gc bng nhau, tam gic cn c 1 gc bng
60 .
Tam gic vung cn: Tam gic vung c 2 cnh bng nhau.
Tam gic cn c gc nh bng 90 .

Bi tp

Bi tp 1:
a) V tam gic u ABC. pha ngoi tam gic ABC v tam gic ACD vung
cn ti C.
b) Tnh gc BAD cu a).
Hng dn:
- Hc sinh t v hnh
- S dung tnh cht v gc ca tam gic u v tam gic vung cn tnh gc
BAD (
0
BAD 105 = )

Bi tp 2: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. K BH vung gc
vi AC ( H thuc AC), K CK vung gc vi AB ( Kthuc
AB). CHng minh rng AH = AK.
Hng dn:
a) AH =AK ( 2 cnh tng ng) <=
AHB =
AKC
(cnh huyn gc nhon) <=AB =AC(gt); gc A chung;
Vi gt ca bi ton hy tm thm cc cu hi b
sung?Nu r cch chng minh?

Bi tp 3: ( Bi 69 SBT tr 106) Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. Ly im H thuc cnh
AC, im K thuc cnh AB sao cho AH = AK. Hi O l giao im ca BH v CK.
Chng minh rng tam gic OBC cn.
Hng dn:
AOBC cn
l
ZB
2
=ZC
2

l
C: ZB =ZC (gt); cn c/m: ZB
1
=ZC
1
(2 gc tng ng)
l
AAHB =AAKC(c.g.c)
l
AB =AC (gt)
ZA: chung
AH =AK (gt)
2
1
2
1
I
K
H
B C
A

Trang
87
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 4: ( Bi 77SBT tr 107) Cho tam gic u ABC. Ly cc im D, E, F theo
th t thuc cc cnh AB, BC, CA sao cho AD = BE = CF. Chng minh rng tam
gic DEF u.
Hng dn
F
E
D
C
B
A
A

ADEF u

l
DE =EF =DF
l
Chng minh: DE = EF DE = DF
l l
ABED =ACFE ADEB =AFDA
l l
BE =CF(gt) BE =AD (gt)
ZB =ZC(gt) ZB =ZA(gt)
DB =CE ( BE =CF;AB =BC (gt) DB =AF ( BE =AD;AB =AC (gt)

Mt s bi ton su tm:

Bi 1: Chng minh rng: Trong mt tam gic vung, ng trung tuyn thuc cnh
huyn bng mt na cnh huyn.
Bi 2: Chng minh rng: Trong mt tam gic, on thng ni trung im ca hai
cnh th song song vi cnh th ba v bng na cnh th ba.
Tnh cht ng trung bnh ca tam gic
Bi 3: Chng minh rng, nu mt tam gic vung c mt cnh gc vung bng na
cnh huyn th gc i din vi cnh gc vung y bng 30
0
?
Bi 4: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti nh A, ng cao AH, HD v HE ln lt l
ng cao ca AAHB v AAHC.
Trn tia i ca tia DH, EH theo th t ly im M; N sao cho DM = DH; EN = EH.
Chng minh rng: a) AM = AN;
b) AH l ng trung trc ca MN;
c)

MAN 2.BAC = .

Trang
88
NGUYN VN TIN

Bi 5: Hai ng cao BE v CF ca tam gic ABC ct nhau ti O, bit rng OC =
AB. Tnh s o gc ACB ?

Bi 6: Cho AABC c
B =45
0
;
A =15
0
. Trn tia i ca tia CB ly im D sao cho
CD =2CB. K DE AC.
a) Chng minh: EB = ED;
b) Tnh
ADB ?

Bi 7: Cho AABC cn ti A, trn tia i ca tia AB ly im M v trn tia AC ly
im N sao cho AM = AN. Chng minh rng:

ANM ACB + =90
0
?

Bi 8: Cho AMNP cn ti M,
N =80
0
. Trn cnh MN ly im E sao cho ME = NP.
Tnh cc gc cn li ca ANEP ?

Bi 9: Cho A ABC cn ti B,
B =80
0
. Trong tam gic ly mt im M sao cho
MAC
=10
0
;
MCA =30
0
. Trn mt na mt phng c cha im B b l ng thng AC;
dng tam gic u ADC. Chng minh rng:
a) BD AC;
b) Tnh cc gc ca A ABM?

Bi 10: Cho hnh vung ABCD, trong hnh vung ly im M sao cho

MAB MBA = =
15
0
. Chng minh rng: AMCD l tam gic u ?

Bi 11: Cho AABC c
A =80
0
. Tnh cc gc cn li ca tam gic bit rng c mt
ng thng i qua nh A ct cnh BC ti D v AABD v AADC l cc tam gic cn

Bi 12: Cho AABC u. Trn cnh AB ly im D sao cho AD =
1
3
AB. T D k
ng thng vung gc vi AB ct AC E, qua E k ng thng vung gc vi AC
ct BC F.
Chng minh:
a) DF BC;
b) Tam gic DEF l tam gic u ?

CHC CC EM HC TP TT
Thandieu2 Forever 812


Trang
89
NGUYN VN TIN
5
1
2
2
0
H
C
B
A
NH L PI TA - GO
* L THUYT:
* nh l Pitago thun: Trong mt tam gic vung, bnh phng di cnh huyn
bng tng bnh phng ca hai cnh gc vung.
A ABC vung ti A BC
2
=AC
2
+AB
2
.
AC
2
=BC
2
- AB
2
.
AB
2
=BC
2
- AC
2
.

* nh l Pitago o: Nu mt tam gic c bnh phng ca mt cnh bng tng
bnh phng ca hai cnh cn li th tam gic l tam gic vung.
Nu A ABC c BC
2
=AC
2
+AB
2
hoc AC
2
=BC
2
+AB
2

hoc AB
2
=AC
2
+BC
2
th A ABC vung

*BI TP:
Bi tp 1: Tnh di cnh huyn ca mt tam gic vung cn bit cnh gc vung
bng 2dm.
p s: 8 dm.
Bi tp 2: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti B, AB = 17cm, AC = 16cm. Gi M l trung
im ca AC. Tnh BM.

Hng dn:
- Tnh MA =MC =AC: 2 =8
- Chng minh tam gic ABM vung ti M
- p dng nh l Pi ta go cho tam gic
vung BAM tnh BM.
Kt qu: BM = 15

Bi tp 4: Cho tam gic nhn ABC. K AH vung gc vi BC. Tnh chu vi tam gic
ABC bit AC = 20cm; AH = 12 cm; BH = 5cm.

Hng dn: - Tnh HC =16 =>Tnh BC=21
- Tnh AB =13
- Tnh chu vi tam gic ABC =54

17 17
B
A M C
16

Trang
90
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 5: Bn Mai v tam gic ABC c AB = 4cm; AC = 8cm; BC = 9cm ri o
thy gc A = 90
0
v kt lun rng tam gic ABC vung. iu c ng khng?
Bi gii
Bn Mai khng nh sai
V: BC
2
=81
AB
2
+AC
2
=80
=>BC
2
= AB
2
+AC
2

Bi tp 6: Chn trong cc s 5,8,9,12,13,15 cc b ba s c th l di cc cnh
ca mt tam gic vung.
Bi gii

n 5 8 9 12 13 15
n
2
25 64 81 144 169 225

=>B ba s: (5; 12; 13); (9; 12; 15) c th l di cc cnh ca mt tam gic vung

Bi tp 7
*
(khng bt buc): Cho hnh v bn, trong BC = 6cm; AD = 8cm.
Chng minh rng AD vung gc vi BC.

Hng dn: T B k BK song song vi AD ct DC K
CK =7 +3 =10 Vy CK
2
=100
BC
2
+BK
2
=64+36 =100
CK
2
= BC
2
+BK
2
=>Tam gic BCK vung B
Hay BK BC
M BK // AD( cch v)
=>AD BC (pcm)

A
3
C
7
D
B
K

Trang
91
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 8( Dnh cho hc sinh kh gii): Cho tam gic ABC c gc A < 90
0
. V ngoi
tam gic ABC tam gic vung cn nh A l MAB, NAC.
a) Chng minh: MC = NB
b) Chng minh: MC vung gc vi NB
c) Gi s tam gic ABC u cnh 4cm
+Tnh: MB; NC
+Chng minh: MN//BC.

Hng dn:

a)
Chng minh: BN = MC
l
AAMC =AABN
l
AM =AB(gt)
ZMAC =ZBAN
(ZMAB =ZCAN; ZMAC =ZMAB +
ZBAC; ZBAN =ZCAN +ZBAC)
AN =AC (gt)
b) Gi I, K ln lt l giao im caBN, BA vi MC
Ta co: ZAMC =ZABN (phn a)
ZMKA =ZBKI ( )
ZBIK =ZMAB m ZMAB =90
0
=>ZBIK =90
0

Vy BN MC
c) Da vo tnh cht ca tam gic u v nh l Pi ta go thc hin.
j
M
N
C
B
A

Trang
92
NGUYN VN TIN
CC TRNG HP BNG NHAU CA TAM GIC VUNG

1/ Tm tt l thuyt:
* Trng hp 1: Nu hai cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung ny, ln lt
bng hai cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung kia th hai tam gic vung
bng nhau theo trng hp c-g-c.
N
M
P
C
A
B

Nu A ABC v A MNP c M A

= =90
0
; AB=MN; AC =MP
Th A ABC =A MNP (c-g-c)
* Trng hp 2: Nu mt cnh gc vung v mt gc nhn k cnh y ca
tam gic vung ny, bng mt cnh gc vung v mt gc nhn k cnh y
ca tam gic vung kia th hai tam gic vung bng nhau theo trng hp
g-c-g.
N
M
P
C
A
B


= =90
0
; AC =MP; P C

=
Th A ABC =A MNP (g-c-g)
* Trng hp 3: Nu cnh huyn v mt gc nhn ca tam gic vung ny,
bng cnh huyn v mt gc nhn ca tam gic vung kia th hai tam gic
vung bng nhau theo trng hp g-c-g.
N
M
P
C
A
B


= =90
0
; BC =NP; P C

=
Th A ABC =A MNP (g-c-g)
* Trng hp 4: Nu cnh huyn v mt cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung
ny, bng cnh huyn v mt cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung kia th hai
tam gic vung bng nhau theo trng hp c-c-c.
N
M
P
C
A
B


= =90
0
; BC =NP; AB =MN
Th A ABC =A MNP (c-c-c)


Trang
93
NGUYN VN TIN
2/ Bi tp:
Bi 1 : Gi M l trung im ca on thng BC. Trn ng thng vung gc
vi BC k t M ly im A (A M). Chng minh rng AB = AC.
Gii :
Xt tam gic vung ABM v tam gic vung ACM
C MB = MC (gt) ; AM cnh gc vung chung
Vy A ABM = A ACM (hai cnh gc vung )
=> AB =AC ( cnh tng ng )

Bi 2 : Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. K AH vung gc vi BC (H BC). Chng
minh rng HB = HC.
Gii :
Xt tam gic vung ABH v tam gic vung ACH
C AB = AC (gt) ; AH cnh gc vung chung
Vy A ABH = A ACH (CH +CGV)
=> BH =HC ( cnh tng ng )

Bi tp 3: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. Tia phn gic ca gc A ct BC ti D. T
D k DE AB (E AB) v DF AC (F AC). Chng minh rng:
a) DE = DF.
b) BDE = CDF.
c) AD l ng trung trc ca BC.
Gii :
a) Xt tam gic vung ADE v tam gic vung ADF
C
2 1

A A = (gt) ; AD cnh huyn chung
Vy A ADE = A ADF (CH +GN)
DE =DF ( cnh tng ng )
AE = AF ( cnh tng ng )
b) Ta c AB = AE +EB v AC = AF +FC m AB =AC (gt) v AE =AF
(cmt)
=> EB = FC
Xt A vung BDE v A vung CDF.
C BE =CF ( cmt ) v DE =DF ( cmt )
Vy A vung BDE = A vung CDF ( 2 CGV)
=> DB = DC ( cnh tng ng ) (1)
c) Xt A BDA v A CDA
C AB =AC (gt) ; DB = DC (cmt) AD cnh chung
Vy A BDA = A CDA (ccc) =>
2 1

D D = m
2 1

D D + =180
0
=>
2 1

D D = =
90
0

=> AD vung gc vi BC (2) . T (1) v (2) suy ra AD l trung trc ca BC


Trang
94
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 4: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. K BE AC (E AC) v CF AB (F
AB). Chng minh rng BE = CF.
Gii
Xt tam gic vung ABE v tam gic vung ACF
C AB = AC (gt) ; A
chung
Vy A ABE = A ACF (CH +GN)
BE =CF ( cnh tng ng )

Bi tp 5: Cho tam gic u ABC, K AM, BN, CP ln lt vung gc vi cc cnh
BC, AC, AB (M e BC, N e AC, P e AB). Chng minh rng:AM = BN = CP.
Gii
a) Xt tam gic vung AMB v tam gic vung CPB
C AB = BC (gt) ; B
chung
Vy A AMB = A CPB (CH +GN)
AM =CP ( cnh tng ng ) (1)

Xt tam gic vung ANB v tam gic vung APC
C AB = AC (gt) ; A
chung
Vy A ANB = A APC (CH +GN)
AN =CP ( cnh tng ng ) (2)

T (1 ) v (2) =>AM =BN =CP

Bi tp 6: Trn tia phn gic ca gc nhn xOy ly im M (M = O). T M k MA
Ox; MB Oy (A e Ox; B e Oy). Chng minh rng OA =OB.

Xt tam gic vung OAM v tam gic vung OBM
C
2 1

O O = (gt) ;
OM chung
Vy A OAM = A OBM (CH +GN)
OA =OB ( cnh tng ng )

Bi tp 7: Cho gc nhn xOy. K ng trn tm O bn knh 5cm; ng trn ny
ct Ox ti A v ct Oy ti B. K OM AB (M e AB). Chng minh rng OM l tia
phn gic ca gc xOy

Xt tam gic vung OAM v tam gic vung OBM
C OA =OB (gt) ; OM chung
Vy A OAM = A OBM (CH +CGV)

2 1

O O = ( gc tng ng )
Vy OM l tia phn gic ca gc xOy


Trang
95
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 8: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. K ( ) AH BC H BC ,M BC e e sao cho CM
=CA, N AB e sao cho AN=AH. Chng minh :
a. A M C
v N A M
ph nhau
b. AM l tia phn gic ca gc BAH
c. MN AB

a) Trong tam gic AMC c MC =AC (gt)
Nn tam gic AMC l tam gic cn ti C
=>
12 2

A M = m
3 12

A A + =90
0

Nn +
2
M
3
A =90
0
=> A M C
v N A M
ph nhau
b) xt Avung AMH v Avung AMN
C AN = AH ( gt)
AM cnh huyn chung
Vy Avung AMH =Avung AMN ( Ch +CGV)

3 2

A A = =>AM l phgn gic ca H A N

c) V Avung AMH =Avung AMN
=> H N

= m
0
90
= H =>
0
90
= N => MN AB

Bi tp 9: Tam gic ABC vung ti A. T K trn BC k KH AC . Trn tia i
ca tia HK ly I sao cho HI = HK. Chng minh :
a. AB//HK
b. Tam gic AKI cn
c. K I A K A B

=
d. AIC AKC A = A
Gii
a) Ta c AB AC (gt)
KH AC ( gt)
AB // HK ( cng vung gc vi AC)
b) Xt Avung AKH v Avung AIH
C HK =HI ( gt) v AH chung
Vy Avung AKH =Avung AIH ( cgv)
Nn AK =AI (cnh tng ng )
Do tam gic AIK cn ti A
c) V tam gic AIK cn ti A (cu a )
=> I K A K I A

= (gc dy) (1)
m K A B I K A

= (so le trong) (2)
T (1) & (2) => K A B K I A

=
d) Xt A A AIC& AKC
C AK = AI (cmt) ;
H A I H A K

= ; AC chung
Vy AIC AKC A = A (cgc)

I
H
B
A
C
K


Trang
96
NGUYN VN TIN
QUAN H GIA GC, CNH, NG XIN, HNH CHIU
TRONG TAM GIC, BT NG THC TAM GIC

1/ Tm tt l thuyt:

2/ Bi tp:
Bi 1 : Trong mt tam gic vung th cnh no l cnh ln nht? V sao? Cng cu
hi nh vy i vi tam gic c mt gc t?
HD
Trong tam gic vung cnh huyn l cnh ln nht v cnh huyn i din vi
gc vung .
Trong tam gic t cnh i din vi gc t l cnh ln nht v gc t l gc
ln nht trong tam gic

Bi 2 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB =5cm; BC =7cm; AC =10cm. So snh cc gc ca
tam gic?
HD
Trong tam gic ABC c AB =5cm; BC =7cm; AC =10cm
Nn AB <BC <AC => B A C

< < (L1)

Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, bit
B =45
0
.
a) So snh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
b) Tam gic ABC cn gi l tam gic g? V sao?
HD
a) Tam gic ABC cn ti A nn B C

= =45
0
=> = A
90
0

Vy = A
90
0
> B C

= =45
0

=> BC > AB =AC
b) Tam gic ABC vung cn ti A v = A
90
0

+Trong mt tam gic: Gc i din vi cnh ln hn l gc ln hn. Cnh i
din vi gc ln hn l cnh ln hn. Hai gc bng nhau th hai cnh i din
bng nhau v ngc li hai cnh bng nhau th hai gc i din bng nhau.
+ Trong cc ng xin, ng vung gc k t mt im nm ngoi mt
ng thng n ng thng , ng vung gc l ng ngn nht. ng
xin no c hnh chiu ln hn th ln hn, ng xin no ln hn th hnh
chiu s ln hn, nu hai ng xin bng nhau th hai hnh chiu bng nhau v
ngc li hai hnh chiu bng nhau th hai ng xin bng nhau.
+Trong mt tam gic, bt k cnh no cng ln hn hiu v nh hn tng ca
hai cnh cn li.
A ABC lun c: AB AC <BC <AB +AC
AB BC <AC <AB +BC
AC BC <AB <AC +BC


Trang
97
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4: S dng quan h gia gc v cnh i din chng minh nh l: Trong mt
tam gic cn, hai gc y bng nhau.
HD
Tam gic ABC cn ti A nn AB =AC => B C

= (L1)

Bi 5: S dng quan h gia ng xin v hnh chiu chng minh bi ton sau:
Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, k AH BC (H e BC).
Chng minh rng HB = HC.
HD
T im A nm ngai ng thng BC
C AB =AC ( gt)
M AB c hnh chiu l HB
V AC c hnh chiu l HC
Nn HB = HC

Bi 6: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn cnh AC ly im M . Chng minh rng
BM s BC.
HD
Chng minh
Nu M C =>MB BC nn MB = BC (1)
Nu M A =>MB BA nn AB < BC (L1) (2)
Nu M nm gia hai im A v C
Ta c AM l hnh chiu ca BM
AC l hnh chiu ca BC
V M nm gia hai im A v C nn AM <AC
=> BM < BC ( L2) (3)
T (1),(2)&(3) => BM s BC ( PCM)

Bi 7: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn cnh AC ly im N , trn cnh AB ly
im M (N = A,C; M = A,B). Chng minh rng:
a) BC >MC.
b) MN <BC.
HD
a) Ta c AM l hnh chiu ca CM
AB l hnh chiu ca BC
V M nm gia hai im A v B nn AM <AB
=> CM < BC ( L2) (1)

b) Ta c AN l hnh chiu ca NM
AC l hnh chiu ca MC
V N nm gia hai im A v C nn AN <AC
=> NM < MC ( L2) (2)
T (1) v (2) => MN <BC.


Trang
98
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 8: Cho im D nm trn cnh BC ca A ABC. Chng minh rng:

AB AC BC AB AC BC
AD
2 2

< <
HD
a) Trong tam gic ABD ta c AB BD <AD (1)
Trong tam gic ACD ta c AC CD <AD (2)
T (1) v (2) =>AB BD + AC CD <2AD
AB +AC (BD +DC) <2AD
AB +AC BC <2AD
=>
AB AC BC
AD
2

< (*)

b) Trong tam gic ABD ta c AB +BD >AD (1)
Trong tam gic ACD ta c AC +CD >AD (2)
T (1) v (2) =>AB +BD + AC +CD >2AD
AB +AC +(BD +DC) >2AD
AB +AC +BC >2AD
=>
AB AC BC
AD
2

(**)
T (*) v (**) =>
AB AC BC AB AC BC
AD
2 2

< <

Bi 9: Cho tam gic ABC, M l mt im ty nm bn trong tam gic ABC. Chng
minh rng MB + MC < AB + AC.
HD
Chng minh
Trong tam gic IMC c MC < MI +IC
Cng MB vo 2 v
Ta c MC + MB < MI + IC + MB
MC +MB < MI +MB + IC
MC +MB < IB + IC (1)
Trong tam gic IBA c IB < IA + AB
Cng IC vo 2 v
Ta c IB + IC < IA + AB + IC
IB +IC < IA + IC + AB
IB +IC < AC + AB (2)
T (1) & (2) => MB + MC < AB + AC.

Bi 10: Cho tam gic ABC c AC >AB. Ni A vi trung im M ca BC. Trn tia
AM ly im E sao cho M l trung im ca oanh thng AE. Ni C vi E.
a) So snh AB v CE.
b) Chng minh:
AC AB AC AB
AM
2 2

< <


Trang
99
NGUYN VN TIN
HD
Chng minh

a) So snh AB v CE.
Xt tam gic ABM v tam gic ECM
C AM =ME (gt)
C M E M A B

= ()
MB = MC (gt)
Vy tam gic ABM = tam gic ECM (cgc)
=> AB = CE
b) Chng minh:
AC AB AC AB
AM
2 2

< <
xt tam gic AEC c AE > AC - EC
M AE = 2AM (M l trung im ca AE)
V EC = AB (cmt)
Vy 2AM > AC - AB => AM >
2
AC AB
(1)
xt tam gc AEC c AE < AC +EC
M AE = 2AM (M l trung im ca AE)
V EC = AB (cmt)
Vy 2AM < AC + AB => AM <
2
AC AB +
(2)
T (1) v (2) =>
AC AB AC AB
AM
2 2

< <

FOREVER

THANDIEU2


Trang
100
NGUYN VN TIN
TNH CHT CC NG TRUNG TUYN, NG PHN GIC,
NG TRUNG TRC, NG CAO CA TAM GIC.

1/ Tm tt l thuyt:

+ng trung tuyn l ng xut pht t nh v i qua trung im cnh
i din ca tam gic.
G
N
P
A
B
C
M M
C
B
A

AM l trung tuyn ca A ABC MB =MC
+Mt tam gic c 3 ng trung tuyn. Ba ng trung tuyn ca tam gic
ng quy ti mt im. im cch nh bng 2/3 di ng trung tuyn
i qua nh .
GA GB GC 2
AM BN CP 3
= = =
+ Giao im ca ba ng trung tuyn gi l trng tm ca tam gic.
+Trong mt tam gic vung, ng trung tuyn ng vi cnh huyn bng
mt na cnh huyn.

+ ng phn gic ca tam gic l ng thng xut pht t mt nh v
chia gc c nh ra hai phn bng nhau.
C B
A
K
J
I
O
F
E
D
C
B
A
D C
B
A

+Mt tam gic c ba ng phn gic. Ba ng phn gic ca tam gic cng
i qua mt im. im cch u ba cnh ca tam gic. (giao im l
tm ca ng trn tip xc vi ba cnh ca tam gic)
+Trong mt tam gic cn, ng phn gic k t nh ng thi l ng
trung tuyn ng vi cnh y.

+ng trung trc ca on thng l ng vung gc ti trung im ca
on thng .


Trang
101
NGUYN VN TIN
G
N
P
A
B
C
M

2/ Bi tp:
Bi tp 1: Cho hnh v. Hy in vo ch trng () cho c kt qu ng:
a) GM = GA; GN = GB; GP = GC.
b) AM = GM; BN = GN; CP = GP.

a)
1
2
;
1
2
;
1
2
b) 3 ; 3 ; 3

Bi tp 2: Cho A ABC c BM, CN l hai ng trung tuyn ct nhau ti G. Ko di
BM ly on ME = MG. Ko di CN ly on NF = NG. Chng minh:
a) EF =BC.
b) ng thng AG i qua trung im ca BC.

+ng trung trc ca tam gic l ng trung trc ca cnh tam gic.
Mt tam gic c ba ng trung trc. Ba ng trung trc ca tam gic cng
i qua mt im. im cch u ba nh ca tam gic
B A
m
O
m
A
B
C
B
A

+Cc im nm trn ng trung trc ca on thng AB cch u hai u
on thng AB.
+Tp hp cc im cch u hai u on thng AB l ng trung trc ca
on thng AB.
+ an vung gc k t nh n ng thng cha cnh i din c gi l
ng cao ca tam gic.
+Mt tam gic c ba ng cao. Ba ng cao ca tam gic cng i qua mt
im. im ny gi l trc tm ca tam gic.
C B
D
A H
H
F
E
D
C
B
A
H
E
D
F
C B
A


Trang
102
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi tp 3: Ko di trung tuyn AM ca A ABC mt on MD c di bng 1/3
di AM. Gi G l trng tm ca A ABC. So snh cc cnh ca A BGD vi cc trung
tuyn ca A ABC.

Bi tp 4: Cho A ABC vung ti A. Gi M l trung im ca BC v G l trng tm
ca A ABC. Bit GM = 1,5cm. AB = 5cm. Tnh AC v chu vi ca tam gic ABC.

Bi tp 5: Cho A ABC cn ti A. Cc ng cao BH v CK ct nhau ti I. Chng
minh AI l phn gic ca gc BAC.

Bi tp 6: Cho
0
90
= y O x v tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, c B thuc Ox, C thuc

Oy, A v O thuc hai na mt phng i nhau c b l BC. Chng minh rng OA l
tia phn gic ca gc xOy.

Bi tp 7: Cc phn gic ngoi ca tam gic ABC ct nhau v to thnh A EFG.
a) Tnh cc gc ca A EFG theo cc gc ca A ABC.
b) Chng minh rng cc phn gic trong ca A ABC i qua cc inh E, F, G.

Bi tp 8: Cho gc nhn xOy. Trn tia Ox ly hai im A v B. Tm trn tia Oy im
C sao cho CA =CB.

Bi tp 9; Cho tam gic ABC c AC >AB, phn gic trong ca gc A ct BC ti D.
trn AC ly im E sao cho AB = AE. Chng minh rng AD vung gc vi BE.

BI TP T LUYN

Bi 1 : Cho A ABC cn ti A, ng cao AH. Bit AB=5cm, BC=6cm.
a) Tnh di cc on thng BH, AH?
b) Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng ba im A,G,H thng
hng?
c) Chng minh: G C A G B A

= ?
Bi 2: Cho A ABC cn ti A. Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC.
a) Chng minh : A ABM =A ACM
b) T M v MH AB v MK AC. Chng minh BH = CK
c) T B v BP AC, BP ct MH ti I. Chng minh A IBM cn.

Bi 3 : Cho A ABC vung ti A. T mt im K bt k thuc cnh BC v KH AC.
Trn tia i ca tia HK ly im I sao cho HI = HK. Chng minh :
a) AB // HK
b) A AKI cn
c) K I A K A B

=
d) A AIC =A AKC


Trang
103
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 4 : Cho A ABC cn ti A ( A
<90
0
), v BD AC v CE AB. Gi H l giao
im ca BD v CE.
a) Chng minh : A ABD =A ACE
b) Chng minh A AED cn
c) Chng minh AH l ng trung trc ca ED
a) Trn tia i ca tia DB ly im K sao cho DK =DB. Chng minh C K D B C E

=

Bi 5 : Cho A ABC cn ti A. Trn tia i ca tia BA ly im D, trn tia i ca
tia CA ly im E sao cho BD = CE. V DH v EK cng vung gc vi ng thng
BC. Chng minh :
a) HB =CK
b) C K A B H A

=
c) HK // DE
d) A AHE =A AKD
e) Gi I l giao im ca DK v EH. Chng minh AI DE.

BI TP T LUYN 2

Bi 1: Cho
A
ABC c gc A bng 60
0
. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC M, tia phn
gic ca gc C ct AB N. Chng minh rng BN + CM = BC.

Bi 2: Cho
A
ABC vung ti A, M l trung im ca AC. Trn tia i ca tia MB ly
a) KC vung gc vi AC.
b) AK song song vi BC.

Bi 3: Cho
A
ABC, k BD vung gc vi AC, k CE vung gc vi AB. Trn tia i

Bi 4: Cho
A
ABC c AB =AC. Trn cnh AB v AC ly cc im D v E sao cho
a) BE =CD b)
A
KBD =
A
KCE.

Bi 5: Cho
A
ABC c gc A =60
0
. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC D, tia phn gic
ca gc C ct AB E. Cc tia phn gic ct nhau I. Chng minh rng ID = IE.

Bi 6: Cho
A
ABC. Gi M l trung im ca AC, N l trung im ca AB. Trn tia
a)
A
MAE =
A
MCB.
b) AE =AF.


Trang
104
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 7: Cho on thng AB, D l trung im ca AB. K Dx vung gc vi AB. Trn
Dx ly hai im M v N (M nm gia D v N). Chng minh rng:
a)
A
NAD =
A
NBD.
b)
A
MNA =
A
MNB.

Bi 8: Cho AABC vung ti A, M l trung im ca AC. Trn tia i ca tia MB ly
c) KC vung gc vi AC.
d) AK song song vi BC.

Bi 9: Cho AABC, k BD vung gc vi AC, k CE vung gc vi AB. Trn tia i

Bi 10: Cho AABC c AB =AC. Trn cnh AB v AC ly cc im D v E sao cho
a) BE =CD b) AKBD =AKCE.

Bi 11: Cho AABC. Gi M l trung im ca AC, N l trung im ca AB. Trn tia
a) AMAE =AMCB.
b) AE =AF.

Bi 12: Cho on thng AB, D l trung im ca AB. K Dx vung gc vi AB.
Trn Dx ly hai im M v N (M nm gia D v N). Chng minh rng:
a) ANAD =ANBD.
b) AMNA =AMNB.

THANDIEU2 FOREVER 812


Trang
105
NGUYN VN TIN
THNG K

1/ Tm tt l thuyt

2. Bi tp
Bi 1: Tng s im 4 mn thi ca cc hc sinh trong mt phng thi c cho
trong bng di y.
32 30 22 30 30 22 31 35
35 19 28 22 30 39 32 30
30 30 31 28 35 30 22 28

a/ Du hiu y l g? S tt c cc gi tr l bao nhiu? , s GT khc nhau ca du
hiu ?
b/ Lp bng tn s , rt ra nhn xt
c/ Tnh trung bnh cng ca du hiu , v tm mt
Gii :
a) Du hiu y l Tng s im 4 mn thi ca cc hc sinh trong mt
phng thi, S cc gi tr l 24, s cc gi tr khch nhau l : 8

1. Bng thng k s liu

- Khi quan tm n mt vn , ngi ta quan st , o c, ghi chp li cc s
liu v i tng quan tm lp nn cc bng s liu thng k
2. Du hiu , n v iu tra

- Vn m ngi iu tra nghin cu , quan tm c gi l du hiu iu tra
- Mi n v c quan st o c l mt n v iu tra .
- Mi n v iu tra cho tng ng mt s liu l mt gi tr ca du hiu
- Tp hp cc n v iu tra cho tng ng mt dy gi tr ca du hiu.

3. Tn s ca mi gi tr , bng tn s

- S ln xut hin ca gi tr trong dy gi tr ca du hiu l tn s ca gi tr .
-Bng k cc gi tr khc nhau ca dy v cc tn s tng nl bng tn s
4. S trung bnh cng , mt ca du hiu

- L gi tr trung bnh ca du hiu
- Mt ca du hiu l gi tr c tn s ln nht trong bng tn s


Trang
106
NGUYN VN TIN
b) Bng tn s

im thi
(x)
Tn s (f)
(n)
Tch (x.n)

19 1 19

= X
671
24
~28
M
0
= 30
22 4 88
28 3 84
30 8 240
31 2 32
32 2 64
35 3 105
39 1 39

N =24 Tng: 671

Nhn xt
Tng s im 4 mn thi ca cc hc sinh trong mt phng thi t 19 n 39
im thp nht l 19
im cao nht l 39
S HS t 30im chim t l cao
Bi 2: Lp 7A gp tin ng h ng bo b thin tai. S tin gp ca mi bn c
thng k trong bng ( n v l nghn ng)

1 2 1 4 2 5 2 3 4 1 5 2
3 5 2 2 4 1 3 3 2 4 2 3
4 2 3 10 5 3 2 1 5 3 2 2
a/ Du hiu y l g?
b/ Lp bng tn s, tnh trung bnh cng
Gii
a/ Du hiu y l tin ng h ng bo b thin tai ca mi bn HS lp 7A
b) bng tn s
S tin (x) Tn s
(n)
Tch (x.n)

1 5 5

= X
108
36
=3

2 12 24
3 8 24
4 5 20
5 5 25
10 1 10

N =36 Tng: 108


Trang
107
NGUYN VN TIN
4 5 6 7 6 7 6 4

6 7 6 8 5 6 9 10

5 7 8 8 9 7 8 8

8 10 9 11 8 9 8 9

Bi 3: S bn thng trong mi trn u vng u bng vng chung kt World Cup
2002 c ghi trong bng

1 2 3 8 2 4 1 4 1 3 2 2
4 2 2 5 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 1
3 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 0 6 2 3
2 0 5 4 7 3 2 1 2 5 1 4
a/ Du hiu y l g? C bao nhiu trn u vng u bng.
b/ Lp bng tn s v rt ra mt vi nhn xt v vng u bng
Gii
a/ Du hiu y l S bn thng trong mi trn u vng u bng vng
chung kt World Cup 2002, c 48 trn u vng u bng
b) Bng tn s
S bn
thng
(x)
Tn s
(n)
0 2
1 9
2 16
3 7
4 8
5 3
6 1
7 1
8 1

N =48

Bi 4 : Thi gian lm bi tp ca cc hs lp 7 tnh bng pht c thng k bi bng
sau:

a- Du hiu y l g? S cc gi tr l bao nhiu?
b- Lp bng tn s? Tm mt ca du hiu?Tnh s trung bnh cng?
c- V biu on thng?

Gii
Nhn xt :
S bn thng t : 0 n 7
S bn thng t nht l 0
S bn thng nhiu nht l 2
S trn u c 2 bn thng chim t l cao
a s cc trn c t 1 n 4 bn thng

Trang
108
NGUYN VN TIN
a) Du hiu iu tra l thi gian lm bi tp ca cc hs lp 7 tnh bng pht
S gi tr ca du hiu l 32
b) Bng tn s
Thi gian
(x)
Tn s
(n)
Tch (x.n)
4 2 8

= X
234
32
~7,3
M
0
= 8
5 3 15
6 6 36
7 5 35
8 8 64
9 5 45
10 2 20
11 1 11

N =32 Tng: 234

c) HS t v
d)
Bi 5: S cn bo hng nm b vo lnh th Vit Nam trong 20 nm cui cng
ca th k XX c ghi li trong bng sau:

3 3 6 6 3 5 4 3 9 8
2 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 2 2
a/ Du hiu y l g?
b/ Lp bng tn s v tnh xem trong vng 20 nm, mi nm trung bnh c
bao nhiu cn bo b vo nc ta ? Tm mt
c/ Biu din bng biu on thng bng tn s ni trn.
Gii
a/ Du hiu y l s cn bo hng nm b vo lnh th Vit Nam trong 20
nm cui cng ca th k XX

S cn bo
(x)
Tn s (n)

Tch (x.n)
2 3 6

= X
82
20
~4,1
M
0
= 3
3 7 21
4 4 16
5 2 10
6 2 12
8 1 8
9 1 9

N =20 Tng: 82
c) HS t v

Trang
109
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi6: Tin lng thng ca nhn vin trong mt Cng ty c thng k trong bng
vi n v l nghn ng. Hy in tip vo cc ct 2, 4 v tnh s trung bnh cng

Mc lng (x)
(1)
Gi tr trung
tm (2)
Tn s
(n) (3)

Tch (2)x(3)
(4)
5
Trn 1200 - 1400 1300 6 7800
= X
153000
75

= 2040

Trn 1400 - 1600 1500 5 7500
Trn 1600 - 1800 1700 7 11900
Trn 1800 - 2000 1900 14 26600
Trn 2000 - 2200 2100 18 37800
Trn 2200 - 2400 2300 15 34500
Trn 2400 - 2600 2500 6 15000
Trn 2600 - 2800 2700 3 8100
3800 3800 1 3800
N =75 Tng:

Bi 7: Khi lng mi hc sinh lp 7C c ghi trong bng di y (n v l
kg). Tnh s trung bnh cng

Khi lng x
(1)
Gi tr trung tm
(2)
Tn s
(3)
Tch (2) x
(3)
(4)
(5)
Trn 24 - 28 26 2 52

1470
40
X =
=36,75
Trn 28 - 32 30 8 240
Trn 32 - 36 34 12 408
Trn 36 - 40 38 9 342
Trn 40 - 44 42 5 210
Trn 44 - 48 46 3 138
Trn 48 - 52 50 1 50
40 1470

Bi tp t luyn
- BNG S LIU THNG K BAN U. BNG TN S. BIU

Bi 1: Tng s im 4 mn thi ca cc hc sinh trong mt phng thi c cho trong
bng di y.
32 30 22 30 30 22 31 35
35 19 28 22 30 39 32 30
30 30 31 28 35 30 22 28
a/ Du hiu y l g? S tt c cc gi tr l bao nhiu?
b/ Lp bng tn s
c/ T bng tn s hy biu din bng biu hnh ch nht


Trang
110
NGUYN VN TIN
Bi 2: Chiu cao ca 40 hc sinh lp 7C c ghi trong bng (n v o: cm)

140 143 135 152 136 144 146 133 142 144
145 136 144 139 141 135 149 152 154 136
131 152 134 148 143 136 144 139 155 134
137 144 142 152 135 147 139 133 136 144

Ta nhn thy du hiu X ly rt nhiu gi tr khc nhau nhng cc gi tr ny li
kh gn nhau do ta nhm cc gi tr ny thnh tng lp. Hy lp bng tn s
ghp lp theo cc ct sau:
Ct 1: Chiu cao (theo cc lp sau: Trn 130cm - 135cm; trn 135cm - 140cm;
trn 140 cm - 145cm; trn 145cm - 150 cm; trn 150cm - 155cm)
Ct 2: Gi tr trung tm ca lp (l trung bnh cng ca hai gi tr xc nh lp)
Ct 3: Tn s ca lp
Ct 4: Tn sut tng ng.

Bi 3: Lp 7A gp tin ng h ng bo b thin tai. S tin gp ca mi bn c
thng k trong bng ( n v l nghn ng)

1 2 1 4 2 5 2 3 4 1 5 2
3 5 2 2 4 1 3 3 2 4 2 3
4 2 3 10 5 3 2 1 5 3 2 2
a/ Du hiu y l g?
b/ Lp bng tn s

Bi 4: S bn thng trong mi trn u vng u bng vng chung kt World Cup
2002 c ghi trong bng
1 2 3 8 2 4 1 4 1 3 2 2
4 2 2 5 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 1
3 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 0 6 2 3
2 0 5 4 7 3 2 1 2 5 1 4
a/ Du hiu y l g? C bao nhiu trn u vng u bng.
b/ lp bng tn s v rt ra mt vi nhn xt v vng u bng

Bi 5: khuyn khch dng Internet ngi ta quy nh rng hng thng, nu thi
gian truy nhp Internet cng nhiu th mc cc cng r. Bng di y cho gi cc
nh th.

Thi gian
dng
0 - 5 gi Trn 5 gi
n 15 gi
Trn 15
gi n 30
gi
Ttn 30
gi n 50
gi
Ttn 50
gi
Mc cc 150/ pht 130/ pht 100/pht 70/pht 40/ pht
Hy biu din bng trn bng biu hnh ch nht


Trang
111
NGUYN VN TIN
- S TRUNG BNH CNG - MT

Bi 1: Tin lng thng ca nhn vin trong mt Cng ty c thng k trong
bng vi n v l nghn ng. Hy in tip vo cc ct 2, 4 v tnh s trung bnh
cng
Mc lng (x)
(1)
Gi tr trung
tm
(2)
Tn s
(f)
(3)
Tch (2)x (3)
(4)
5
Trn 1200 - 1400 6
Trn 1400 - 1600 5
Trn 1600 - 1800 7
Trn 1800 - 2000 14
Trn 2000 - 2200 18
Trn 2200 - 2400 15
Trn 2400 - 2600 6
Trn 2600 - 2800 3
3800 1
N =75
= X

Bi 2: Mt xe t chy t A n B gm 4 chng:
Chng 1, xe chy vi vn tc 45km/h trong 2 gi; chng 2, xe chy vi vn tc
60km/h trong 1 gi 45 pht; chng 3, xe chy vi vn tc 50km/h trong
2
1
gi; chng
4, xe chy vi vn tc 40km/h trong 45 pht.
Tnh vn tc trung bin trn c qung ng AB

Bi 3: Khi lng mi hc sinh lp 7C c ghi trong bng di y (n v l kg).
Tnh s trung bnh cng

Khi lng x
(1)
Gi tr trung tm
(2)
Tn s
(3)
Tch (2) x
(3)
(4)
(5)
Trn 24 - 28 2
Trn 28 - 32 8
Trn 32 - 36 12
Trn 36 - 40 9
Trn 40 - 44 5
Trn 44 - 48 3
Trn 48 - 52 1

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Ton hc 7 Forever 812

' y O x l hai gc i nh.

l . v cnh Oy' l tia i ca v

= = D O B C O A . Hy chng t OC vung gc vi OD.

= . Trn tia i ca tia Ax ly im B. K tia Bz sao cho tia Ay

DAC =1V) ; AD =AC

AE (cm trn) (g)

AEB (2 gc tng ng)

ICH (2 gc bng tng 2 gc bn trong khng k)

xOy khc gc bt. Ly A, B e Ox sao cho OA<OB. Ly C, D e Oy sao

O: gc chung (gt); OA =OC (gt) ; OD =OB (gt)

OCB (AAOD=ACOB) =>

= y O x v tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, c B thuc Ox, C thuc

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