19/07/13 Entropy Revision Notes

Mrs Syed

Thermodynamics: - The first law of thermodynamics is energy cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of thermodynamics is that entropy always increases in the transformation of energy. Entropy can be thought of as the tendency for everything to move from a state of order to chaos as objects. E.g.: - Cars rust, and hot things cool down. Entropy is a measure of the order or disorder in a system. The units of entropy (S) is J mol-1 K-1 Entropy is favoured more in certain states of matter due to their atomic arrangement. For example solids are more firmly structured than liquids, as liquids can flow more. Liquids are more disordered and therefore have higher entropy, as it has a more chaos and disorder. Gas is more preferred than liquids and solids, as it has more chaos and more disorder.

This is the equation for the total entropy of a reaction. To work out the entropy of system you would use this equation

All of the parts of this equation should the units J mol-1 K-1 The equation to work out the entropy of surroundings is

Change in enthalpy must have the units of KJ mol-1, and the temperature must be in Kelvin, to get Kelvin from Celsius you must add the Celsius by 273 T is absolute temperature as zero Kelvin in absolute zero Lattice energy: -the enthalpy of forming one mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions (1atm, 298K, 25 degrees Celsius) Hydration: - the enthalpy of an ion is the amount of energy released when 1 mole if the gaseous ions dissolve in water under standard conditions to produce a solution of concentration 1.0 mol dm-3 Solution: - the enthalpy change when 1 mole if the compound dissolves in a stated amount if water under standard conditions.