Shale Perforation Optimization

Oriented perforation (Stress/Strain) + Reservoir Rock Type Identification (FZI)

B o 30 t t o25 n

Interval with more potential to reduce gas production and decrease production problems in shale reservoirs: Rock type window

20 H
o l 15 e
P r e s s u r e

Production potential

gas + clay oil/gas oil + sand

10 5 0 0 1

Reservoir Pressure
2 3 4 5

Project Objective: to propose a methodology to optimize production thought oriented rock type perforation

Proposed Rock type Analysis

Rock type vs. Rock Strength

Rock type window

Oriented rock type perforation

Rock type window ? Rock Type Bottom Hole Pressure

Rock Strength

Reservoir Pressure

Pressure Differential Project

To analyze Drilling & Completion Evolution trough time in the Tectono/stratigraphic & dynamic framework to show up potential compartments M a p v i e w c r o s s s e c t i o n
x

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

B Y x

B y

Shale

sand
Smart well candidate
B

A
B

A x

C B

Oil well Gas Water

Compartment due to production Potential pressure differential problem

Technology Development Project

Example Development Plan Technology vs. Reservoir type framework

Review of offshore Exploration & development plans Technological Risk analysis To extrapolate exploration geology risk analysis techniques to evaluate production technologies potential application Identify variables (technology & reservoir types scenarios) that will have technical/economical impact in their development plans

Sce. 3 Sce. 2 Sce. 1

Technology A Technology B

40 35 30 25 20 var. 1 15 var. 2 var. 3 10 5 0

Technology C

scena. 1

scena. 2

High Risk

scena. 3

Development Plan with New Technology

Conventional wells
1,320 1,866 New Development Plan with New Technology

Multilateral Wells

100000

MULTILATERAL DRILLING

1,866
10000

RESERVES (MMBOE) 100%:11.1 CAPEX (MM$):35.2 DCFROI (%):24 F & D COST ($/BOE):3.15

CO2 INJECTION BWPD

MTL Case Study Carbonate reservoir

BOPDB OPD

1000
MCFPD

100

Intelligent Wells. Isolated Control Zone (ICZ) Project

To show technical/economical benefits of the ICZ in the same reservoir type scenario How to justify Investment? Evaluation of current reservoir problems that may be prevent/reduce using ICZ Well design. ICZ size & placement possibilities Evaluation of risk factors (choke erosion, formation strength variability, asphaltenes, sand production, perforation design) ICZ cost/benefit & reliability analysis

Reservoir Without ICZ

< Technical Benefits

Reservoir With ICZ

> Technical Benefits

< Discounted Cash flow

Discounted Cash flow

+ $$$

Instrumented Oilfield Project

If we have a 3D cube with good resolution, may we build a transparent physical model at scale that represent the reservoir and their internal heterogeneities?
In this way: We can see the physical dimension and distribution of the objects and we may see the fluid contacts moving We may reduce uncertainty in the static model
Gas contact Oil rim Water Contact

We may instrumented the reservoir using its truly shape and heterogeneities. Operators may build their own particular static model It can be used to simulate 4D (Drilling Simulator) and dynamic process

Reservoir

Smart Assets Value Evaluation tool - Geological surprises evaluation using Monte Carlo simulation
Water breakout (SM) Surprise handling (FN) assessment
Injector
Drilling cost Simple gasfront moveme nt model SIP 2.4 Simple waterfr ont moveme nt model LWD information SIP 2.4 Completion cost

Techno-Economic Decision support tools for technology

Producer

Valves/chokes: Lifecycle reliability model, SIP 1.4 +pressure drop

Resid ual oil mode l? SIP 2.4 Random geological surprises

Decision variables

Injector Injection points Valves/chokes Zonal flow sensors Producer Drainage point Valves/chokes producer Permanent resistivity sensors

Sensitivity Chart Target Fore cast: Surprise handling

rock strength Rock types Rock wettability layers .54 .52 .49 .05 .01

Assumptions Variability
Interwell data Distance between wells Completed interval Perforation rock types rock wettability rock strenght pore pressure barriers layers Surprise handling Water Breakout

internal barriers

Uncertainty

-1

-0.5

0.5

Forecast

Measured by Rank Correlation

Authorities Vision Regional Environmental Impact Region I

UNEP (United Nations environmental Program): Oil Pollution has a moderate impact on food security, quantification and monitoring of this impact is needed to avoid human health impact To Improve accidental response impact analysis of toxic substances
NPD (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate), Ministry of Environment:

Clean Technologies will be rewarded with subsidies and tax allowances, main goal: zero discharge of solids To reduce water production to 50% with new technology Tools to measure, control and monitor environmental impact OSPAR (Oslo-Paris environmental legislation): Improvement in each cycle of Offshore technology management ( avoidance, reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, residue disposal) Waste management SFT (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority): Prioritisation or substitution of hazardous substances Better quality control of local spills, reduce contamination of estuaries and artic zones

Production Geology Approach applied to Environmental Risk Assessment Reduction of Number of Wells
Review of technological options and development plans to reduce the environmental impact of Production /injection management Water / Gas Handling Zero Discharge Policy Improvement in the technology Management Life cycle ( avoidance, reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, disposal)

Novel control, monitoring and measurement environmental Oil & Gas

Solutions

Production Technology Evaluation Methodology

North Sea ,UK (Pressure maintenance, oil rims, drainage optimization, contact movement monitoring, water/gas coning, hydrates) Improvement drainage strategies, gas development, L/V pressure distribution and transmissibility,WAG, deeper waters, water/gas coning,sand control) North and Norwegian Sea, Norway

Mutilayer with pressure differential CANADA Fractured reservoir,ITALY Deepwater Development plans, BRAZIL Heavy oil underlying by strong aquifers Oman GOM Improve productivity in Salt tectonic Hidrates, Ultradeep water development
Deepwater plans GUINEA

Alaska, USA Development plans under environmental regulations

CONGO Deep water sand reservoirs Deepwater Exploratory NIGERIA

VENEZUELA WAG, potential offshore development

Production Geology Approach Technical/Economical Ranking matrix (Technology vs. Reservoir/Geology Scenarios)

AUSTRALIA Environmental regulations

Pressure maintenance, gas development,monitoring water cuts, ANGOLA