Sistem LTI sebagai filter

Karakteristik filter ideal

Low Pass Filter (LPF)
High Pass Filter (HPF)
Band Pass Filter (BPF)
Transformasi LPF HPF
Digital resonator
Notch filter
Comb filter
All-pass filter
Digital sinusoidal filter
Karakteristik filter ideal
) ( X ) ( H ) ( Y e e = e
) ( H e Weighting function
Spectral shaping function
Filter
Sistem LTI
) ( X e
) ( H e
) ( Y e
) n ( x
) n ( h
) n ( y
) n ( x ) n ( h ) n ( y - =
Constant gain pada passband
Filter Ideal :
Zero gain pada stopband
Respon fasa linier

e
e < e < e
= e
e
lainnya 0
Ce
) ( H
2 1
n j
o
o
n j
e ) ( CX
) ( X ) ( H ) ( Y
e
e =
e e = e
) n n ( Cx ) n ( y
o
=
o
n ) ( e = e u
Prinsip dasar penempatan pole-zero pada bidang z :
Penguatan frekuensi pole di dekat lingkaran satu
Filter stabil semua pole harus di dalam lingkaran satu
Koefisien filter nyata pole kompleks harus konjugate
Pengurangan frekuensi zero di dekat lingkaran satu
[
[

=
+
=
N
1 k
1
k
M
1 k
1
k
o
k
N
1 k
k
k
M
0 k
k
) z p 1 (
) z z 1 (
b
z a 1
z b
) z ( H
1 ) ( H b
o o
= e
Low Pass Filter (LPF)
9 , 0 a
az 1
b
) z ( H
1
o
1
=

=

1 , 0 a 1 b 1 ) ( H 0
o o o
= = = e = e
a e
e
b ) ( H
a z
z
b ) z ( H
j
j
o 1 o 1

= e

=
e
e
9 , 0 e
e
1 , 0
a e
e
b ) ( H
j
j
j
j
o 1

= e
e
e
e
e
0 M N 9 , 0 p 0 z = = =
e
=
e + e
= e
e
cos 8 , 1 81 , 1
1 , 0
sin j ) 9 , 0 (cos
e 1 , 0
) ( H
j
1
) cos 8 , 1 81 , 1 log( 10 20
cos 8 , 1 81 , 1 log 20 1 , 0 log 20 ) ( H
dB
1
e =
e = e
9 , 0 cos
sin
tg ) ( H
1
1
e
e
e = e Z

9 , 0 e
e
1 , 0 ) ( H
j
j
1

= e
e
e
05 , 0
2
a 1
b 9 , 0 a
az 1
z 1
b ) z ( H
o
1
1
o 2
=

= =

+
=

a e
1 e
b ) ( H
a z
1 z
b ) z ( H
j
j
o 2 o 2

+
= e

+
=
e
e
0 M N 9 , 0 p 1 z = = =
e
e +
=
e + e
e + + e
= e
cos 8 , 1 81 , 1
cos 2 2 05 , 0
sin j ) 9 , 0 (cos
sin j ) 1 (cos 05 , 0
) ( H
2
9 , 0 cos
sin
tg
1 cos
sin
tg ) ( H
1 1
2
e
e

+ e
e
= e Z

9 , 0 e
1 e
05 , 0 ) ( H
j
j
2

+
= e
e
e

) ( H
1
e
) ( H
2
e
Contoh Soal 8.1
Tentukan respon frekuensi dari LPF dua pole :
Jawab :
2 1
o
) az 1 (
b
) z ( H

=
2 j
2 j
o
) a e (
e b
) ( H

= e
e
e
2
2
o
) a z (
z b
) z ( H

=
dengan :
( )
2
1
4 / H 1 ) 0 ( H
2
= t =
2
o
2
o
) a 1 ( b 1
) a 1 (
b
) 0 ( H = =

=
a 4 / sin j 4 / cos
) a 1 (
) ( H
) a e (
e b
) ( H
2
2 j
2 j
o
t + t

= e

= e
e
e
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
+

= e
2
1
a 2 a
2
1
) a 1 (
2 5 , 0 j ) a 2 5 , 0 (
) a 1 (
) ( H
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a 2 a 1
) a 1 (
2
1
) ( H
2
1
) ( H
+

= = e = e
46 , 0 b 32 , 0 a a 2 a 1 2 ) a 1 (
o
2 2
= = + =
2 j
2 j
) 32 , 0 e (
e 46 , 0
) ( H

= e
e
e
e e
e
e = e Z

cos 32 , 0 cos
2 sin
tg 2 2 ) ( H
1
2
2 2
) cos 64 , 0 1024 , 1 (
46 , 0
sin j ) 32 , 0 (cos
46 , 0
) ( H
e
=
e + e
= e
High Pass Filter (HPF)
9 , 0 a
az 1
z 1
2
a 1
) z ( H
1
1
3
=
+

=

9 , 0 e
1 e
05 , 0 ) ( H
j
j
3
+

= e
e
e
9 , 0 p 1 z = =
9 , 0 e
1 e
05 , 0 ) ( H
j
j
3
+

= e
e
e
e +
e
=
e + + e
e + e
= e
cos 8 , 1 81 , 1
cos 2 2 05 , 0
sin j ) 9 , 0 (cos
sin j ) 1 (cos 05 , 0
) ( H
3
9 , 0 cos
sin
tg
1 cos
sin
tg ) ( H
1 1
3
+ e
e

e
e
= e Z

9 , 0 e
1 e
05 , 0 ) ( H
j
j
3
+

= e
e
e

Band Pass Filter (BPF)
2
1
9
4
H =
|
.
|

\
|
t
Harus ada satu atau lebih pole konjugate
Terletak di dekat lingkaran satu
Didekat frekuensi tengah pass band
Contoh Soal 8.2
Rancang BPF dua pole dengan frekuensi tengah t/2,
berharga nol pada frekuensi 0 dan 2t, serta :
Jawab :

) jr z )( jr z (
) 1 z )( 1 z (
G ) z ( H
1 z , 1 z , re p
2 1
2
j
12
+
+
=
= = =
t

) r z (
) 1 z (
G ) z ( H
2 2
2
+

=
1
r 1
G 2
2
H
r 1
2
G
2
H
1 e
2 ) r e (
) 1 e (
G ) ( H
2 2
2 j
2 2 j
2 j
=

=
|
.
|

\
|
t

+

=
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
t
= e
+

= e
e
e
e
9
8
sin j
9
8
cos e
9
4
) r e (
) 1 e (
2
r 1
) r e (
) 1 e (
G ) ( H
2 j
2 2 j
2 j 2
2 2 j
2 j
t
+
t
=
t
= e
+

=
+

= e
e
e
e
e
e
2
r 1
G 1
r 1
G 2
2
2

= =

9
8
sin j ) r
9
8
(cos
9
8
sin j ) 1
9
8
(cos
2
r 1
9
4
H
2
2
t
+ +
t
t
+
t

=
|
.
|

\
|
t
9
8
sin j ) r
9
8
(cos
9
8
sin j ) 1
9
8
(cos
2
r 1
9
4
H
2
2
t
+ +
t
t
+
t

=
|
.
|

\
|
t
2
1
)
9
8
cos r 2 r 1 (
9
8
cos 2 2
4
) r 1 (
9
4
H
2 4
2 2
2
=
t
+ +
t

=
|
.
|

\
|
t
7 , 0 r r 88 , 1 r 1 ) r 1 ( 94 , 1
2 2 4 2 2
= + =
) 7 , 0 z (
) 1 z (
15 , 0
) z 7 , 0 1 (
) z 1 (
15 , 0 ) z ( H
2
2
2
2
+

=
+

) 7 , 0 e (
) 1 e (
15 , 0 ) ( H
2 j
2 j
+

= e
e
e
Transformasi LPF HPF>
) ( H ) ( H
lp hp
t e = e
) n ( h ) 1 ( ) n ( h
) n ( h ) 1 ( ) n ( h ) e ( ) n ( h
hp
n
lp
lp
n
lp
n j
hp
=
= =
t
2
t
< t e < t
Frekuensi rendah
2
0
t
< e <
Frekuensi tinggi

= =
+ =
M
0 k
k
N
1 k
k
) k n ( x b ) k n ( y a ) n ( y

=
t e
=
t e
+
= t e
N
1 k
k ) ( j
k
M
0 k
k ) ( j
k
lp
e a 1
e b
) ( H

=
e
=
e
+
= e
N
1 k
k j
k
M
0 k
k j
k
lp
e a 1
e b
) ( H

=
e
=
e
+

= e
N
1 k
k j
k
k
M
0 k
k j
k
k
hp
e a ) 1 ( 1
e b ) 1 (
) ( H

= =
+ =
M
0 k
k
k
N
1 k
k
k
) k n ( x b ) 1 ( ) k n ( y a ) 1 ( ) n ( y
Koefisien pada suku ganjil diganti tandanya
Contoh Soal 8.3
Ubah LPF yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan beda :
) n ( x 1 , 0 ) 1 n ( y 9 , 0 ) n ( y + = menjadi HPF
Jawab :
) n ( x 1 , 0 ) 1 n ( y 9 , 0 ) n ( y + =
e
+
= e
j
hp
e 9 , 0 1
1 , 0
) ( H
e

= e
j
lp
e 9 , 0 1
1 , 0
) ( H
) ( H
hp
e
) ( H
lp
e
Digital Resonator
Bentuk khusus dari BPF dua pole
Sepasang pole konjugate di dekat lingkaran satu
Magnituda besar disekitar e
o
(frekuensi resonansi)
Dapat ditambah satu atau dua zero
zero di titik asal (z = 0)
zero di z = - 1 dan z = 1
1 r 0 re p
o
j
2 , 1
< < =
e
2
o
2
2
o
2 2 1
o
o
1 j 1 j
o
1
2
1
1
o
r z cos r 2 z
z b
z r z cos r 2 1
b
) z re 1 )( z re 1 (
b
) z p 1 )( z p 1 (
b
) z ( H
o o
+ e
=
+ e
=

=

=

e e

) p z )( p z (
z b
) z ( H
2 1
2
o

=
) ( ) ( 2 ) ( H
) ( U ) ( U
b
) ( H
2 1
2 1
o
e | e | e = e Z
e e
= e
) p e )( p e (
e b
) ( H
2
j
1
j
2 j
o

= e
e e
e
o
2
o o
2 cos r 2 r 1 ) r 1 ( b 1 ) ( H e + = = e
8 , 0 r =
3 /
o
t = e
95 , 0 r =
) p z )( p z (
z b
) z ( H
2 1
2
o

=
) p z )( p z (
) 1 z ( b
) p z )( p z (
) 1 z )( 1 z ( b
) z p 1 )( z p 1 (
) z 1 )( z 1 ( b
) z ( H
2 1
2
o
2 1
o
1
2
1
1
1 1
o


=

+
=

+
=


) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( H
) ( U ) ( U
) ( V ) ( V b
) ( H
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 o
e | e | e u e u = e Z
e e
e e
= e
) p z )( p z (
) 1 z )( 1 z (
b ) z ( H
2 1
o

+
=
8 , 0 r =
95 , 0 r =
3 /
o
t = e
Notch Filter
Kebalikan dari digital resonator
Sepasang zero konjugate di lingkaran satu pada e
o
Magnituda kecil sekali (nol) disekitar e
o

Dapat ditambah dua pole konjugate
1 r 0 re p
o
j
2 , 1
< < =
e
o
j
2 , 1
e z
e
=
) z z cos 2 1 ( b
) z e 1 )( z e 1 ( b
) z z 1 )( z z 1 ( b ) z ( H
2 1
o o
1 j 1 j
o
1
2
1
1 o 1
o o

e e

+ e =
=
=
) z r z cos r 2 1 (
) z z cos 2 1 (
b
) z re 1 )( z re 1 (
) z e 1 )( z e 1 (
b
) z p 1 )( z p 1 (
) z z 1 )( z z 1 (
b ) z ( H
2 2 1
o
2 1
o
o
1 j 1 j
1 j 1 j
o
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
o 2
o o
o o


e e
e e


+ e
+ e
=


=


=
) z z 1 )( z z 1 ( b ) z ( H
1
2
1
1 o 1

=
) z ( H
1
4 /
o
t = e
) z p 1 )( z p 1 (
) z z 1 )( z z 1 (
b ) z ( H
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
o 2




=
) z ( H
2
Comb Filter
Notch filter yang lebih umum
Magnituda nol pada berbagai frekuensi secara periodik

=

+
=
M
0 k
) k n ( x
1 M
1
) n ( y
Moving Average (FIR) Filter :
1
) 1 M (
M
0 k
k
z 1
z 1
1 M
1
z
1 M
1
) z ( H

+
=

+
=
+
=

1
) 1 M (
z 1
z 1
1 M
1
) z ( H

+

+
=
e
+ e

+
= e
j
) 1 M ( j
e 1
e 1
1 M
1
) ( H
) e e ( e
) e e ( e
1 M
1
) ( H
2 / j 2 / j 2 / j
2 / ) 1 M ( j 2 / ) 1 M ( j 2 / ) 1 M ( j
e e e
+ e + e + e

+
= e
|
.
|

\
|
e
|
.
|

\
|
+
e
+
= e
e
2
sin
2
1 M
sin
1 M
e
) ( H
2 / M j
|
.
|

\
|
e
|
.
|

\
|
+
e
+
= e
e
2
sin
2
1 M
sin
1 M
e
) ( H
2 / M j
t =
+
e = e k
2
1 M
0 ) ( H
M , , 3 , 2 , 1 k ,
1 M
k 2
=
+
t
= e
1
) 1 M (
z 1
z 1
1 M
1
) z ( H

+

+
=
M = 10
Comb filter yang lebih umum :

=
M
0 k
k
z ) k ( h ) z ( H

=
M
0 k
kL
L
L
z ) k ( h ) z ( H z z
) L ( H e ) k ( h ) ( H
M
0 k
j kL
L
e = = e

=
e
5 L =
|
.
|

\
|
e
|
.
|

\
|
+
e
+
= e
e
2
L
sin
2
1 M
L sin
1 M
e
) ( H
2 / LM j
L
1
) 1 M (
z 1
z 1
1 M
1
) z ( H

+

+
=
L
) 1 M (
L
z 1
L z 1
1 M
1
) z ( H

+

+
=
L
) 1 M (
L
z 1
L z 1
1 M
1
) z ( H

+

+
=
M = 10
L = 3
All Pass Filter
k
z ) z ( H 1 ) ( H

= t s e s t = e
1 a
z a
z a
) z ( H
o
N
0 k
k
k
N
0 k
k N
k
= =

=
+
N
N
1
1
N 1 N
1
1
1 N N
z a z a 1
z z a z a a
) z ( H

+

+ + +
+ + + +
=

=
+
=
N
0 k
k
k
N
0 k
k N
k
z a
z a
) z ( H

=

=
N
0 k
k
k
z a ) z ( A
) z ( A
) z ( A z
) z ( H
1 N
=
1
) z ( A
) z ( A z
) z ( A
) z ( A z
) z ( H ) z ( H ) ( H
1
N 1 N
1
2
= = = e

All Pass Filter

o
o
z
1
p z z = =

p
z
+
+
2
z
1
z
1
p
2
p
o
e
o
o
j
1
j
1
e
r
1
z
re p
e
e
=
=
o
o
j
2
j
2
e
r
1
z
re p
e
e
=
=
a
1
z
a p
=
=
p
1
z =
1
1
1
1
1
z 6 , 0 1
) z
6 , 0
1
1 ( 6 , 0
z 6 , 0 1
z 6 , 0
) z ( H

+
+
=
+
+
=
Single pole single zero filter
Two pole two zero filter
4
9 , 0 r
) z r cos r 2 1 (
) z cos r 2 r (
) z ( H
o
2 2
o
2
o
2
2
t
= e =
+ e
+ e
=

1
1
1
z 6 , 0 1
z 6 , 0
) z ( H

+
+
=
) z r cos r 2 1 (
) z cos r 2 r (
) z ( H
2 2
o
2
o
2
2

+ e
+ e
=
) ( H ) ( H
2 1
e = e
) ( H
1
e Z
) ( H
2
e Z
Komputasi dari fungsi respon frekuensi
[
[
[
[
=
e
=
e
e
=
e
=
e

= e
N
1 k
k
j
M
1 k
k
j
) M N ( j
o
N
1 k
k j
k
M
1 k
k j
k
o
) p e (
) z e (
e b
) e p 1 (
) e z 1 (
b ) ( H
) ( j
k k
j ) ( j
k k
j
k k
e U p e e V z e
e | e e u e
= =
) ( U ) ( U ) ( U
) ( V ) ( V ) ( V
b ) ( H
N 2 1
M 2 1
o
e e e
e e e
= e

)] ( ) ( [
) ( ) ( ) M N ( b ) ( H
N 1
M 1 o
e | + e |
e u + e u + e + Z = e Z

Re (z)
Im (z)
e
e j
e
k
z
k
j
z e
e
0
t
2 / t
2 / t

k
p
k
j
p e
e
Interpretasi Geometrik
) ( j
k k
j
k
e ) ( U p e
e | e
e =
Re (z)
Im (z)
k
z
) ( j
k k
j
k
e ) ( V z e
e u e
e =

k
p
k
u
k
V k
U
k
|
e
Contoh Soal 8.4
Tentukan respon frekuensi dari
Jawab :
1
z 8 , 0 1
1
) z ( H

=
1 b 1 N 1 M 8 , 0 p 0 z
o
= = = = =
8 , 0 e
e
) ( H e z
j
j
j

= e =
e
e
e
8 , 0 z
z
) z 8 , 0 1 ( z
z
) z 8 , 0 1 (
1
) z ( H
1 1

=

8 , 0 cos
sin
tg ) ( H
1
e
e
e = e Z

e + + e e
=
e
e
= e
2 2
o
sin 64 , 0 cos 6 , 1 cos
1
) ( V
) ( U
b ) ( H
e + e
e + e
=

= e
e
e
sin j ) 8 , 0 (cos
sin j cos
8 , 0 e
e
) ( H
j
j
e
= e
cos 6 , 1 64 , 1
1
) ( H
) ( ) ( ) M N ( b ) ( H
o
e | e u + e + Z = e Z