0

ELEKTROTEHNIKI FAKULTET OSIJEK

SKRIPTA ZA USMENI
Elektronika 2










Made by: Ludi Melesio
1

= = =
b fe
ce
c
ce
izl
i h
u
i
u
R
2 1
2
2 1
2 1

R R
R U
U
R R
R R
R
CC
BB B
+
=
+
=
1. Pojaalo u spoju zajednikog emitera (ZE):











2. Emiterska degeneracija:




) (
p fe
b
b fe
b
p
I
R f h
i
i h
i
i
A = =

= =
) (
p ie
b
be
ul
R f h
i
u
R = = =
ie
p
fe
ul b
p c
be
p
V
h
R
h
R i
R i
u
u
A =

= =
2

3. Pojaalo u spoju zajednike baze (ZB):












4. Pojaalo u spoju zajednikog kolektora (ZC):













1
0
s

= =
=
cb
u
e
c
ul
izl
i
i
i
i
o
) 1 (
p ob
fb
e
c
e
p
ul
izl
I
R h
h
i
i
i
i
i
i
A
+

= = =
ul
p
I
ul e
p p
eb
p
V
R
R
A
R i
R i
u
u
A = = =
ib G
fb rb
ob
c
cb
izl
h R
h h
h
i
u
R
+

= =
1
fe
p oc
fe
p oc
fc
b
e
b
p
I
h
R h
h
R h
h
i
i
i
i
A + ~
+
+
=
+

= = 1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
p fe ie
p
oc
fc rc
ic p I rc ic
b
bc
ul
R h h
R
h
h h
h R A h h
i
u
R ) 1 (
1
+ + ~
+
= + = =
fe
ie G
ie G
fc re
oe
ic G
fc rc
oc
e
ec
izl
h
h R
h R
h h
h
h R
h h
h
i
u
R
+
+
~
+
+
+
=
+

= =
1
) 1 )( 1 (
1 1
1 ~ = = =
ul
p
I
ul b
p p
bc
p
V
R
R
A
R i
R i
u
u
A
10
1
= ~
+
= + = =
ib
p
ob
fb rb
ib p I rb ib
e
eb
ul
h
R
h
h h
h R A h h
i
u
R
3

5.Kaskadni spoj pojaala:










6. Kompaudni spoj (Darlingtonov spoj):













[
=
=
n
k
Vk V
A A
1
| |
ul
ul
p
izl
ul
izl
G
R
U
R
U
P
P
A
2
2
log 10 log 10 dB = =
1 2
1
2
2
3
1
3
V V V
A A
u
u
u
u
u
u
A = = =
| |
p
ul
ul
izl
p
ul
ul
izl
ul
izl
V
R
R
U
U
R
R
U
U
P
P
A log 10 log 20 log 10 log 10 dB
2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
1 2
1
2
2
3
1
3
I I I
A A
i
i
i
i
i
i
A = = = | | | |

=
=
n
k
Ik I
A A
1
dB dB
1 2 1 1 2
) 1 (
fe fe fe fe fe
b
c
fe
h h h h h
i
i
h ~ + + = =
1 2 fe fe fe
h h h ~
1 2
1 2
oe fe oe
oe ie re
h h h
h h h
~
~
2 1 2 1 1
) 1 (
ie fe ie fe ie ie
h h h h h h ~ + + =
1
1 2 1 1 1
1
2 1
1
2 1
) 1 (
b
b ie fe b ie
b
be be
b
e b
ie ul
i
i h h i h
i
u u
i
u
h R
+ +
=
+
= = =
4


+

= =
0 180
) 1 (
u
R h
R h
R i h u
E fe
p fe
p b fe
E p
E fe
p fe
R R
R h
R h
= =
+

1
) 1 (
7.Kaskodni spoj:







8. Obrta faze:




2 2 1 1 1 2
) 1 (
b fe b fe c e
i h i h i i + = =
1
1
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
2
2
2
0
1
2
) 1 (
2 2
fe
b
b fe
b fe
b fe
b
e
e
c
u
b
c
f
h
i
i h
i h
i h
i
i
i
i
i
i
h
b c
~

+
= = =
=
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
re re
fe
ie oe
re re
i
p
ce
re r
h h
h
h h
h h
u
u
h h
b
~
+
+
= =
=
1
1
1
ie
b
be
i
h
i
u
h = =
E fe
b E b fe
R h
u
i R i h u
) 1 (
) 1 (
0
0
+
= + =

p b fe p c
R i h R i u = =
180
5

9. Klase pojaala (A, B, AB i C):
a) klasa:



















6

b) klasa:










c) klasa:

ab) klasa:





7

H D G
U U U =
10 Komparatori:
a) detektor prolaska kroz nulu (invertirajui)

b) detektor razine signala (invertirajui)

c) detektor s oknom (engl. Window comparator)

d) komparator s histerezom ili Schmittov okidni sklop (engl. Trigger)






1 2
; 0
D Z p ul
U U u u = >
2 1
; 0
D Z p ul
U U u u + + = <
min REF
;
p p ul
U u U u = >
max REF
;
p p ul
U u U u = <
8

11. Multivibratori:
a) bistabil:

b) monostabili:

C) astabili:

T1 ~ R1C1 ln2
T2 ~ R2C2 ln2
T = T1 + T2



C R RC
1 1
= >> = t t
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
; C R C R C R C R
C B C B
>> >>
9

12. Operacijska pojaala:
Idealna operacijska pojaala:
a) sklop za zbrajanje (invertirajui):

b) sklop za zbrajanje (neinvertirajui):

c) strminsko pojaalo (pretvorba napona u struju):




za R
1
= R
2
= .R
n

=
=
n
k
k
f
p
u
R
R
u
1
1
za R
1
= R
f

=
=
n
k
k p
u u
1
za R
1
= R
1
= R
2
= .R
n

1
1
R
nu
u
n
k
k
=

=
za R
f
=(n 1)R
1

=
=
n
k
k p
u u
1
( )

=
+
=
n
k
k
f
p
u
nR
R R
u
1
1
1
R u
i
G
g
p
m
1
= =
R
u
i
g
p
=
10

d) otporno pojaalo (pretvorba struje u napon):

e) derivator:

f) integrator:

g) logaritamsko pojaalo:


R i u
g p
=
R
i
u
R
g
p
m
= =
t
t u
C t i
ul
d
) ( d
) ( =
t
t u
RC R t i t u
ul
izl
d
) ( d
) ( ) ( = =
R
t u
t i
ul
) (
) ( =
0
d ) (
1
d ) (
1
) ( U t t u
RC
t t i
C
t u
ul izl
+ = =
} }
R I
u
mU u
S
ul
T p
ln ~
11

Realno operacijsko pojaalo:

0
) (
2
1
=
+
+ =
p
u
b b b
I I I
0
) (
=
+
=
p
u
b b Off
I I I
0
) (
=
+
A
A
=
A
A
p
Off
u
b b
T
I I
T
I
|
c
b
I
I =