POST-MODERNISM:MAIN FEATURES AND CONTRASTS WITH MODERNISM Its essential saying at first t at !"nte#$"rary age !ant %e !

"nsi&ere& 'it "(t its 'i&e range "f frag#entary )arities* In fa!t t e sa#e ter#+$"st-#"&ernis#+ is n"t a real %rea, 'it t e $ast "r %etter 'it t e $re)i"(s era-M"&ernis#.rat er !"(l& %e !"nsi&ere& as a s"rt "f #")e#ent ' i! s(ggest !"ntin(ity***/(t t e #"st stri,ing &ifferen!e is t at P"st#"&ernis# as %een #"re (rgent-str"nger t an M"&ernis#*W eras M"&erni# $(t in &is!(ssi"n #any 0(esti"ns an& iss(e "f &ifferent nat(re-$"st#"&ernis# $(s t ese iss(e #"re f(rt er* If 'e analy1e t e ter#-in t e $refi2 P"st 'e n"ti!e a s"rt "f !"ntin(ity-' ile t e s(ffi2 3is# s(ggests a s"rt "f #")e#ent f"r'ar&-n"t a t"tal %rea,*/(t its a #"re anar! i!al an& irreg(lar "ne* POST-MODERNISM PHASES Fr"# is early stage 'as a $r"4e!t "f rene'al an& trasf"r#ati"n-' i! felt t e e#ergen!e "f $(s f(rt er t an #"&ernis#5 as a !"nse0(en!e "f it6* T e 0(esti"ns raise& %y P"st-#"&ernis# 'ere al'ays 0(esti"ns "f )al(es*/(t it a& t" %e !"nsi&ere& as a $r"4e!t "r as a !"n&iti"n7 S" 'e a)e t" !"nsi&er 8 &ifferent stages in t e &e)el"$#ent "f t is $r"!ess: 9stage:t e first $ ase !"rres$"n&s t" t e stage "f ACCUMU:ATION ' i! e2ten&s fr"# 9;<=s t" 9;>=s*D(ring t is $ ase 'ere f"r#(late& #any y$"t esis in "r&er t" gi)e a &efiniti"n "n ' at P"st-#"&ernist !"(l& %e* Different fr"nts:96t at "f Daniel /ell an& ?ean /a(&rillar& ' i! ga)e t eir a!!"(nts "n !"ns(#er s"!iety @6t en-t at "f ?*F*:y"tar& ' " f"r#(late& t e &e#ise "f #etanarrati)es A6t at "f C*?en,s ' " iss(e& is $"'erf(l #anifest"s "n %e alf "f ar! ite!t(ral $"st#"&ernis#* /(t t e #ain !"n!ern ' i! ! ara!teri1e& t is early $ ase 'as: "' t" &efine $"st#"&ernity7 T e se!"n& $ ase is &efine& %y a SBNTHESIS.it e2ten&s fr"# t e #i&&le "f 9;>=s "n'ar&s*T is $ ase is ! ara!teri1e& %y t e fa!t t at t e se)eral a!!"(nts ' i! 'ere $"st(late& %ef"re 'ere $(t t"g eter*tHis stage is infl(en!e& %y an i#$"rtant essay !alle& Ct e !(lt(ral l"gi! "f late !a$italis#+ %y F*?a#es"n5i#$"rtant t e"ri!6 N"'-' at !"#e seen essential 'as n"t s" #(! t e e2$lanati"n a%"(t e)ery single )ariety.%(t rat er t ese )arieties %egan t" %e seen as (nifying in $"st-#"&ernis# self* 5in fa!t $re)i"(sly t ey a)e tal,e& a%"(t #any realities "r P"st#"&ernis#s*arts-!(lt(ral-e!"n"#i!al-$"liti!al-ar! ite!t(ral fiel&s6* A!!"r&ing t" ?a#es"ns essay:$"st#"&ern 'as n"t any#"re a ter# ' i! !an %e (se& t" analy1e $arti!(lar "%4e!ts "r areas.instea& it %egan a general H"ri1"n "r Hy$"t esis ' i! !"#$re en&s in itself e)eryt ing:S" $"st #"&ernist res$"n&e& t" t at sense t at #any ! anges 'ere "!!(ring "n a great )ariety "f fiel&s*

/(t t is ! anging 'ere en an!e& %y t'" $r"!essess:DE:EDITTIMATION an& DEDIFFERANTIATION*T ese @ ter#s-#eant t at a(t "rity an& legiti#a!y 'ere s attere& an& &i&nt "!!($y t e $re)i"(s !enters:!enters an& #argins %egn t" %e s ifte& an& inter'")en:!lasses-regi"ns- ig !(lt(re %l(rring 'it l"' !(lt(re***t eres n" #"re &istin!ti"n-"nly ! a"s* T ese %l(rre& lines lea& t" a %rea,&"'n5a!!"r&ing t" 4a#es"n6"f t e &istin!ti"ns %et'een !enters an& $eri$ eries-!lasses an& !"(tries5as a gl"%ali1ati"ns effe!t6* Its !lear t at t ese s ifts affe!te& als" t e &istin!ti)e %"r&ers5t at &(ring #"&ernis# age 'ere neat an& %l(nt6%et'een art an& !(lt(re* At t e %eginning "f @=t !ent*-art an& !(lt(re 'ere neatly se$arate& an& $r"te!te& fr"# t e !(lt(re in&(stry* In t e $"st#"&ernist age-t ese &istin!ti"ns 'ere %r",en an& a!!"r&ing t" ?a#es"n:t e s$ ere "f !(lt(re (n&er'ent a $r"&igi"(s e2$ansi"n an& in &"ing s" it fl"'e& int" t e e!"n"#y s$ ere-&ri)en %y SIDN-STB:E-SPECTAC:E* 5s" 'e !an &e&(!t t at $"st#"&ernity5as a !"n&iti"n "f s"!ial an& !(lt(ral ! anges6!"n)erge& in $"st#"&ernis#5as in ter# "f $r"4e!t6* T eres a #(t(al relati"ns i:arts an& !(lt(re 'ere s"!iali1e&-' ile $"lit! an& e!"n"#y 'ere !(lt(rili1e&* At t is stage $"st #"&ernis# %e!a#e a !"n!rete fa!t-n" "ne $(t in &is!(ssi"n its e2isten!eE(n&er t is ter# -"ne !an in!l(&e all its attit(&es an& $ra!tises ' i! 'ere &e)el"$ing all s$ eres "f s"!iety an& !(lt(re*5P"st#"&ernis# n"' is (se& t" refer t" its "%4e!ts "r %etter its $"st#"&ernists6* A6stage:/y t e #i&&le "f 9;;=s-a ne' i&ea e#erge&:N"' $*# a! ie)e& a ,in& "f AUTONOMB fr"# its "%4e!ts:$"st#"&ernis# %e!a#e referring t" itself- an& as Fr"' &e!lare&-it %e!a#e t e ter# f"r t e a!ti)ity "f 'riting a%"(t $"st #"&ernis#* s" it %egan an entire !li#ate-ass"!iate& 'it $"st-!"l"nialis#-#(lti-!(lt(ralis# an& i&entity $"lit!s6* As :y"tar& !lai#e&:+P"st#"&ernis# is n"t ing #"re t an a rea!ti)ati"n "f $rin!i$les t at a& fl"(ris e& &(ring #"&ernis# age*6 86stage-t e last:Fr"# t e 9;;=s "n'ar&s 5as $"st #"&ernis# %e!a#e istit(ti"nali1e&6-t e e#ergen!e "f $*# as an i&eal-as a $r"4e!t %egan t" &issi$ate:t is last stage in fa!t is &efine& as DISSIPATION*N"' 'e !an %e $"st#i&ernist 'it "(t ,n"'ing it* T e a!!e$tan!e "f t e e2isten!e a%"(t a 'i&es$rea& $"st#"&ern !"n&iti"n in s"!iety-!(lt(re an& $"lit!s-an& a $"st#"&ern &is$"siti"n in t e arts an& !(lt(re as #eant t at as %e!"#e #"re &iffi!(lt t" see $*# as s"#et ing t" %e in)ente&* It as t" %e !"nsi&ere& an"t er i#$"rtant t e"ry ela%"rate& %y /r(n" :at"(r* In is essay C'e a)e ne)er %een #"&ern+- e arg(es t at T e M"&ern !"nstit(ti"n5as e $referre& t" !all #"&ernis#6 arises fr"# t e !""r&inati"n "f t'" a%s"l(tis#s:T e a%s"l(te se$arati"n %et'een (#an an& in (#an t ings5"%4Fs(%46-an& t e a%s"l(te se$arati"n %et*$ast an& $resent*

M"&ernity is ! ara!teri1e& %y t e fa!t t at t eres n" relati"n %et'een t ese @ ,in&s "f "%4e!ts "r %et'een t ese @ ,in& "f ,n"'le&ge*5s!ientifi! $"'er is !"n!erne& 'it "%4e!ts-' ile $"liti!al $"'er is !"n!erne& 'it s(%4*6 /(t t e $ri!i$al $"int "f is t e"ry lays in t at #"#ent in ' i! t e s" !alle&+0(asi"%4e!ts+ starte& $r"liferating:#"re an& #"re t ings !r"'& int" t e s$a!e %et'een n"n (#an an& (#an s$ eres*S" in $"st#"&ernity t is &istin!ti"n 'asnt #"re relia%le* T e first a%s"l(tis#5t e se$arati"n %et'een nat(re an& (#an6 is refle!te& "nt" t e &istin!ti"n %et*$ast an& $resent* W eras in #"&ernis# $r"!ess t eres a "#"gene"(s NOW-in $"st#"&ernis# t is !"n&iti"n "f te#$"ral (nif"r#ity is n"t a)aila%le:t e #(lti$li!ati"ns "f 0(asi-"%4e!ts $r"&(!e a te#$"ral t(r%(len!e-a #(lti$li!ati"n "f ti#e* S" P"st#"&ernis# i#$lies in itself t e #i2t(re "f "l& an& ne'.it g"es %a!, t" #"&ernis# t in,ing-in "r&er t" rene' it*Finally 'e (n&erstan& ' at :at"(r #eant t" say:t eres n" %e any $r"gress-'e are AMODERNIST*5"(r $resent !"n&iti"n6* STRIGIND DIFFERENCES %et'een M"&ernis# an& P"st#"&ernis# /"t &e$en& ($"n f"r#s "f $(%li!ity-fe' g(i&es %(t*** MOD:'as %(ilt ($"n $r"$ e!y:see f"r'ar&s.POST:'as %(ilt "(t "f retr"s$e!t5see %a!,'ar&s -/(t t eres a $ara&"2i!al as$e!t:t e fa!t t at t e affir#ati"n "f $"st-#"&ernist %rea, re0(ire& a re$rise "f #"&ernist attit(&es MOD:Eli"t tal,e& a%"(t &iss"!iati"n "f sensi%ility+'e a)e t e e2$erien!e-%(t #isse& t e #eaning+5&iss"sia!i"ti"n6.POST:'"r,s atte#$ts t" $(t t"get er #eaning an& e2$erien!e5syn! r"ny6 -M"&:sense "f (nif"r#ing $ass "f ti#e.sense "f "#"geneity.P"st:#(lti$li!ati"n "f 0(asi-"%4e!ts:te#$"ral t(r%(len!e-ne' $resentness !"n&iti"n5$resent in!l(&es in itself all ti#e6* P"st#"&ernis# an& M"&ernis# s are a ,in& "f $resentis#: /(t ' ereas #"&ernis# 5as "t er literary !(lt(ral $eri"&s a)e e#erge& 'it a rene'ing attenti"n t" "t er $eri"&s6l"",e& t" t e $ast.$"st#"&ernis# %y !"ntrast-i& !"n!erne& al#"st e2!l(si)ely 'it t e nat(re "f its "'n $resentness* T e state "f $resent is $er$et(al-is &ense 'it retr"s$e!ti"n an& f"rse!ast si#(ltane"(sly*It in!l(&es all ti#e*S" e)e t e $resent starts t" age-t" %e!"#e "l& %ef"re its ti#e*T e #"&ernis#s !"n!ern a%"(t $resent-%y !"ntrast-'as (n&efina%le-(nrelia%le %e!a(se it al'ays l"",e& t"'ar&s f(t(re* DENERA: POSTMODERNISMS FEATURES: Prin!i$al &ifferen!e: 96&ifferent "rgani1ati"n "f #aterial:

-T eres n" #"re a sense "f "#"geneity:$l"t line is %r",en-t eres n" en&.t e i&eas "f t e st"ry are n"t (nifie& %y !" erent t e#es-%(t i#$lies in itself a s"rt "f !"#$ilati"n:t eres a sense "f ran&"#ness* -A%an&"n "f !"n)enti"nal narrati)e !l"s(re-s(! as in T e Fren! "f :ie(tenants W"#an %y ?*F"'les:t eres n" a neat !"n!l(si"n-%(t t" t e rea&er is "ffere& a ! "i!e "f t ree en&ings*5instea& "f Ct" t e lig t "(se+"r C#rs &all"'ay+6 -Metafi!ti"n:'riting a%"(t 'riting %e!a(se t eres n"t ing ne' t" say* S" t e )ery rene'#ent in $"st#"&ernis# is re$resente& in t e re!y!le& #aterials t is $r"!ess %egan #"re fre0(ent f"r e2a#$le in /e!,ett-' " (se& in is $lays a l"t "f re$etiti)e $atterns:rat er t an in)ent- e rearrenge& in ne' as$e!ts ' at 'as alrea&y sai&* T is as$e!t !"(l& %e lin,e& t" t at "f: -Pasti! e:Many $"st-#"&ernists a(t "rs !"#%ine& "r $aste& ele#ents "f $re)i"(s genres an& styles "f literat(re in "r&er t" !reate a ne' narrati)e )"i!e "r t" !"##ent "n t e 'riting "f t eir !"nte#$"raries*T is is #a&e in "r&er t" !reate an (#"r"(s effe!t*Par"&y is an"t er &e)i!e t r"(g ' i! a(t "rs i#itate "t er '"r, in "r&er t" #"!, it*Writers li,e Eli"t (se& a l"t "f referen!es %e!a(se t ey %elie)e& in t e )al(e "f tra&iti"nal literat(re.P"st#"&*instea& (se& t e# in "r&er t" #"!, "riginal te2ts* 5s(! as Na%",")s l"lit ' i! is a $ar"&y "f Eli"ts $"e# As -We&nes&ay6* -En& "f !(lt(ral Hierar! y:t eres a !lear %rea, "f &istin!ti"n %et'een :"'FHig !(lt(res:$"st#"&* is ! ara!teri1e& t is #i2t(re "f $"$(lar !(lteres fr"# &ifferent !"rner "f t e '"rl&*Dl"%ali1ati"n a$$"rte& t e #ain !"ntri%(te : !"##(ni!ati"n syste# %egan t" enlarge its %"(n&aries:#any #ass !"##(ni!ati"n #eans in!rease& t eir $resen!e in e)ery&ay life*S" t e )ery #aterial $r"&(!t 'ere :!"##(ni!ati"n-fl"'s "f inf"r#ati"n ! ange& ra&i!ally* -Mi2t(re "f genres:t eres a %rea,ing "f $atterns "f literary genres5#i2t(re "f #any fi!ti"nal genres6* -Self-referentiality:W ile #"&ernis# e2$l"re& t e relati"ns i$ %et'een lang(age an& t e '"rl&-$"st#"&ernist te2ts ,ee$ &ra'ining attenti"n "n t eir "'n te2t(ality*T ey ten& t" ign"re t e reality-t e '"rl& "(tsi&e t e te2t*T e f"!(s is "n t e 'ay "f telling t e st"ry-is n"t referre& t" t e !"ntent "f '"r&s*W"r&s refer "nly t" '"r&s* -la!, "f a(t "rity:t eres n" a(t "r-%e!a(se t ere are s" #any )ari"(s as$e!ts "f reality-t at e2ist #any g"&s:if t eres n" D"& t eres n" a(t "r* -Ir"ny an& H(#"r:if te2ts !an "nly %e a%"(t "t er te2ts-t en saying anyt ing seri"(s %e!"#es a )ery &iffi!(lt t ing*S" $layf(lness is !entral in $"st#"&ernists '"r,s*P"st#"&ernist te2ts are f(ll "f 4",es a%"(t lang(age-a%"(t "t er te2ts an& a%"(t t e#esel)es* -Hist"rys !"n!e$t: ist"ry !ant gi)e (s less"ns %e!a(se 'e re$eat t e sa#e #ista,es5niet1! ean t "(g t6*t eres "nly an i&ea "f s$e!trality*t e $resen!e "f t e $ast seen as a g "st*T is $attern is !"n)eye& in literat(re:res(rre!ti"n "f g "st*

-$"st#"&ernist in)ente& ne' '"r&s5"nt "l"gi!al sense6 in "r&er t" re$resent t e ne' reality:%(t if sign is &is!"nne!te& fr"# its referent-' at ,in& "f reality is re$resente& t en7t e sign infa!t re$resents a reality t at &"esnt e2ist*S" t e tr(e '"rl& is "nly t e te2t."(tsi&e t e te2t t eres n"t ing t" ,n"'5n" Gn"'le&g#ent6* FINNENDANS WAGE: T is is !"nsi&ere& a $re $"st-#"&ernist '"r, f"r #any reas"ns:5e)en t "(g is a #"&ernist '"r,6* Its str"ngly inn")ati)e in style:?"y!e $lays 'it $"ssi%le !"#%inati"n "f #"r$ e#es-n"t "nly fr"# Englis %(t e)en fr"# "t er lang(age5s(! as fren! -ger#an6*He #a&e (se "f $"lyse#"(s an& a#%ig"(s '"r&s* T ere are l"ts "f #any 4",es5really $"st#"&ernist as$e!t6* Ele#ent "f n"stalgia:Ele#ent "f n"stalgia: (#an %eings are n"stalgi! f"r s"#et ing t at t ay a)e l"st*