Assignment on

non- parametric
test
SUBMITED TO DD SHARMA
SUBMITTED BY VIKAS DOGRA
 UPASANA
 SUJATA
NON PERAMETRIC TEST
WHEN THE RESERCHER DO NOT
HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE
DISTEIBUTION OF POPULATION
PARAMETER BEING TESTED .
 WHY TO USE
NON – PARAMETRIC TEST

These test require no or less restrict

assumptions.
More suitable when data are qualitative in
nature.
Involve very few calculations.
 SOME
NON- PARAMETRIC TESTS
RUN TEST
SIGN TEST
RUN TEST
It is used to know whether a sample is
random or not.

RUN : SUCCESSION OF IDENTICAL

SYMBOLS/LETTERS WHICH ARE
FOLLOWED AND PRECEDDED BY
DIFFERENT SYMBOL OR NO SYMBOL
AT ALL.
HOW TO USE RUN TEST
STEP 1: FORMULATE THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS & ALTERNATE
HYPOTHESIS
EG . IN CASE OF
TOSSING A COIN (WETHER THE
TOSSIN OF COIN IS FAIR OR NOT)
H0 = TOSSING OF COIN IS BIASED
H1 = TOSSING OF COIN IS FAIR
HOW TO USE RUN TEST
STEP 2: CALCULATE THE NO. OF RUNS

HH TTT H TTTT HH T H
HERE THE TOTAL NO. OF RUNS(r) =7
Step 3: consult the t –table
Step 4: if our ‘r’ value lies in the range of
m/n value of the table ’G’ we accept our
null hypothesis otherwise not
But if our sample size is more than 20 then we use the
formula

r  r r  h  2 mn / N  1
z 
r [( 2 mn ( 2 mn  N ))] /[ N ( N  1)]
2

Where h=.5 if r < 2mn/N+1 and

 h= -.5 if r > 2mn/N+1
Sign test
Direction of Difference between the two measures
rather than quantitative measure of the data.
WORKERS BEFORE VACATIONS (X UNITS) AFTER VACATION ( Y
UNITS)
1 83 89
2 85 87
3 75 70
4 91 93
5 80 85
6 75 75
7 90 80
8 65 71
9 78 80
10 85 88
11 83 82
12 75 79
13 78 75
14 80 85
WORKERS BEFORE VACATION AFTER VACATION
(X UNITS) (Y UNITS)
15 82 86
16 88 85
17 85 82
18 80 87
19 78 78
20 81 84
21 70 85
22 The above data is of80the 22 workers working
81 in a
company (before vacation and after vacation )
Find out whether a period of vacation has increased
workers productivity or not ?
Step 1: Formulate the hypothesis

H0 =VACATION HAS NO EFFECT ON THE

PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS.
H1 = VACATION HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS.
STEP 2

 FIND THE DIRECTION OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

EVERY Xi AND Yi
WORKE BEFORE VACATIONS (X AFTER VACATION ( Y Direction of
RS UNITS) UNITS) SIGN
(Y-X)

1 83 89 6 +
2 85 87 2 +
3 75 70 5 -
4 91 93 2 +
5 80 85 5 +
6 75 75 0 0
7 90 80 10 -
8 65 71 6 +
9 78 80 2 +
10 85 88 3 +
11 83 82 1 -
12 75 79 4 +
13 78 75 3 -
14 80 85 3 -
WORKERS BEFORE VACATION AFTER VACATION DIRECTIONS OF SIGN
(X UNITS) (Y UNITS) (Y-X)

15 82 86 4 -
16 88 85 3 -
17 85 82 3 -
18 80 87 7 +
19 78 78 0 0
20 81 84 3 +
21 70 85 15 +
22 80 81 1 +
 STEP 3: IF DIFERENCE IS ZERO ,
DROP IT FROM AND ‘N’ IS
REDUCED ACCODINGLY
HERE TOTAL + SIGN = 12
TOTAL –ve SIGN = 8
ZEROES = 2 (DROPED)
SO ‘N’ = 22-2 =20
STEP 4 :CALCULATE THE NO. OF
FEWER SIGN
STEP 5: CONSULT TABLE –D ( WE SEE THE VALUE
UNDER ‘N’ ACROSS THE CALCULATED FEW SIGN
We see the value of N= 20 across K = 8 from table –d
which comes to be .252 which is more than our level of
significance(0.05)
So, we accept the null hypothesis
WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST
UTILISE ONLY THE DIRECTION OF THE
DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE PAIRS.
TEST ON TWO DIFFERENT BRANDS TEST THE
HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE PERCIEVED QUALITY OF TWO
SAMPLES(α = 0.05)
PAIR BRAND A BRAND B

1 75 68

2 65 40

3 55 57

4 56 44

5 34 57

6 52 58

7 47 24

8 43 43

9 73 51
SOLLUTION
STEP 1: TAKE DIFFERENCE B/W TWO GROUPS (Yi-
Xi) AND ASSIGN RANKS TO EACH DIFFERENCES.
STEP 2 AFTER RANKING THE DIFFERENCE THE
SIGN SHOULD BE ATTACHED TO EACH RANK.
STEP 3 THE VALUE OF “ T” IS COMPAIRED FROM
TABLE VALUE.
THEN WE TAKE DECISSION VALUE “L” OR LEVEL
OF SIGNIFICANCE HAVE SET
STEP 5 WE ASSEPT OR REJECT OUR NULL
HYPOTHESIS
MEDIAN TEST
IS USED TO TEST WETHER TWO INDEPENDENT
SAMPLES HAVE TAKEN FROM THE POPULATION
HAVING THE SAME MEDIAN.
SOLLUTION
STEP1 FORMULATE NULL HYPOTHESIS
H0 = THE MEDIAN OF WAGES OF MALE WORKER
IS EQUAL TO THAT OF FEMALE WORKER
H1 = THE MEDIAN WAGES OF MALE IS MORE
THAN FEMALE WORKERS
FREQUENCY MALE FEMALE TOTAL
OF WAGES WORKERS WORKERS

ABOVE 9(a) 6(b) 15

THE
MEDIAN
BELOW 5(C) 10(d) 15
THE
MEDIAN
N1= 14 N2 =16
STEP 2
CHI SQUARE TEST
THIS TEST IS USED TO TEST THE
INDEPENDENCE OF ATTRIBUTES
Used to test the significant difference
between the observed and expected no.
IT HAS 5 STEPS TO PERFORM
Data of a movie viewer test whether liking or disliking is
independent of age group
PERSON AGE GROUPS (IN YEARS) TOTAL

UNDER 20-39 40 -59 60 AND

20 ABOVE

LIKED 320 80 110 200 710

DISLIKED 50 15 70 60 195

INDIFFERENT 30 05 20 40 95

TOTAL 400 100 200 300 1000

STEP 1
SET UP NULL HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIE
HYPOTHESIS
H0 = LIKING AND DISLIKING IS INDEPENDENT OF
AGE GROUP
H1 = NOT INDEPENDENT OF AGE GROUP
STEP2: CALCULATE THE EXPECTED FREQUENCY by
E=Ri *Ci/n

WERE RI = TOTAL ROWS

CI = COLUMN OTAL IN WHICH THE OBSERVED
FREQUENCY LIES.
N = NO OF TOTAL OBSERVATIONS
OBSERVED(O) EXPECTED(E) O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2 /E

300 284 36 1296 4.56

80 71 9 81 1.14

110 142 -32 1024 7.21

200 2.3 -13 169 0.793

50 213 -28 784 10.051

15 78 4.50 20.25 1.038

70 19.5 31 961 24.641

60 39 1.50 2.25 0.038

30 58.5 -8 64 1.684

5 38 -4.50 20.25 2.136

20 9.5 1 1 0.052

40 19 11.50 132.25 4.640

TOTAL 1000 1000 0 57.987

STEP 3
CALCULATEΧ2 –
STATESTIC BY
2

 oi Ei 
2

(O i  E i ) 2
  
Ei
2

Ei

AND DEGRE OF FREDOM= 57.987

(R-1) (C-1)

WERE R= NO. OF ROWS

C= NO. OF COLUMNS
STEP 4
FIND THE VALE
X2 tabulated at 6
OF Χ 2 for a give d.f. and 5 % level
value in the table of significance
at the level of come to be 12.59
significance for
the degree of
freedom
STEP 5
COMPARE THE VALUES
( COMPUTED AND TABULATED )
A. IF CAL. IS MORE THEN NULL
HYPOTHESIS IS REJECTED
B. IF CAL. IS LESS THEN THE NULL
HTPOTHESIS IS ACCEPTED
STEP5
SINCE X2 CALCULATED IS MUCH
MORE THAN THE TABULATED
VALUE. HENCE WE REJECT OUR
NULL HYPOTHESIS AND CONCLUDE
THAT THE MOVIES DOES NOT
APPEAL EQUALLY TO THE VIEWERS
OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUP