Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gradska Kultura 1
Gradska Kultura 1
EAJIKAHOJIOIIIKH- HHCTHTYT
nOCEBHA ll3AAI-hA
KfbHfA 20
PpaAcKa KYAyYp'a Ha DaAKaHJY - 1
rPA,UCKA KYJITYPA
HA EAJIKAHY
(XV- XIX BEK)
3EOPHHK PA,UOBA
BEorPAA 1984
rPA,I.J;CKA KYJITYPA HA BAJlKAHY
(XV - XIX BEK)
SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
THE INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES
SPECIAL EDITIONS
M 20
The Balkan Urban Culture - 1
THE BALKAN URBAN CULTURE
(l5th - 19th CENTURY)
COLLECTION OF STUDIES
Edited by
VERENA HAN
Scientific Counsellor
Edi tor-in-chief
Academician RADOVAN SAMARDzIC
Director of the Institute
for Balkan Studies
Accepted at the Second Session of the SciJentific
Council of the Institute for Balkan Studies, Dccember the 22nd 1983.
('
BEOGRAD 1984
CPI1CKA AKA.II:EMI1JA HAYKA 11 YMETHOCTI1
BAflKAHOnOlliKI1 I1HCTI1TYT
rrOCEEHA H3AAI-bA
Kf-bHfA 20
fpaAcKa KYATypa Ha EaAKaHY - 1
rPA,UCKA KYllTYPA HA EAllKAHY
(XV ~ X I X i E K
. 3!iOPHHK PAAOBA
YpeAHAa
BEPEHA XAH
HaY'.jHH canerHJ:iK
....
OAroSOpHH vpeAI-lHK
AKaAeMHK PAAOBAH CAMAPUHfi
npHMibeHO Ha APyroj CeAHHl\H HaY'lHor caBera EaAKaHOi\OlllKOr
HHCTHTyra 22. Ael\eMpa 1983. rOAHHe.
EEOfPAA 1984
npHTlpeMe OBe KIbHre oMoryhHAa je JyrocAoBeHCKa KOMHcHja 3a YHECKO.
KIbHra je UIT<L\maHa 3axBah>yjy!.H <j>HHaHcHjcKoj o ~ o PCnyOi\lNKe
3ajeAHHl\e HaVRc Cp6Hje H 3aBOA.a 3a MeOYHapoAHY HaY'JHY. npoCBeTHy,
KYArypHY H TCXHOAOUIKY capaAH>Y CP Cp6Hje.
H3A3je
DaAKaHOAOUIKH H.HCTHTYT
CpnCKe aK3AeMHje HayKa Il yMCTIJOCTII
PeueH3eHTH
K3AeMHK MUAIW H6Ufi
Ap Oilla 3upoje6u1t, HaV'lHH caBenmK
THpa)l(
1000 rrpHMepaKa
llhaMna
lllHPO "CpOHja", lieorpaA
MHje KOBa'leBHna 5
Ha OCHOBY MIflllh>Clba PellYOJ\H'lKOr ceKpeTapHjaTa 3a KYArypy CP Cp6Hje
6poj 413-834-D2, OBa KIbHra je ocAo6oIJeHa l\analba nocc6Hor peny6AJP.IKor
nope3a Ha npoMeT rrpOH3BOAa li YCAyra y npoMeTY.
06aj 3Op1lUK pa06a noc6ele/i je V MehY/iapo/iOM
KO/iZpecy 3a E6pone
(AlESEE)
This Collection of Studies is dedicated to the Vth
International Congress for South-East Europe
Reaserches (AlESEE)
CAAP)KAJ - CONTENTS
Pa06aH CaMapl:lUn
o rpaAcKoj UHBHAJOaUHjH Ha EaAKaHY XV AO XIX BeKa - - -
Radovan Samardzi
On Urban Civilization in the Balkans from the 15th to the 19th Century 9
Joy60MUp MWCCUM06U/i
KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaAcKor naTpHI.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH - - 19
Ljubomir Maksimovi
The Roots and ways of GenesLs of Urban Patriciate in the Byzantium 55
AyuwHKa SojaHuh-AYlCa't - CY3aHa EopIJe6un
Pa3BOj AOKaAHe rpaACKe ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa - 59
Dusanka Bojani-Lukac - Suzana Djordjevi
The Development of Local Town Administration in the Balkans from
the Fifteenth to Nineteemth Centuries - - - - - - - - 82
KpCTun
IIopoNH.\a H 06H'lajHonpaBHH OAHOCH y rpaAoBHMa cTape Cp6Hje - - 85
Djurica Krsti
Familary and Customary Law Relations in the Towns in Old Serbia 94
PajKo BeCeJlUH06Un
Pa3BHTaK 3a.HaTAHjcKo-TPrOBa'lKOr cAoja cpnCKor APYWTBa nOA CTpaHoM
BAawny y XVII H XVIII BeKY - - - - - - - - - - 97
Rajko Veselinovi
Development of Craftman-Merchant of Serbian Society under
Foreign Domination in the 17th and 18th Centuries - - - - - 137
BIW.uA1UP CrojaH'1e6Un
[PaAOBH, saPOWH, mlAaJ-lKe H Tp)f(HlllTa npeA npBH cpncKIl YCTaHaK 1804.
rOAHHe. KYATYPHo-HCTopHjcKa np06AeM3THKa - - - - - - - 141
Vladimir Stojancevi
Towns, Market-Towns, small Towns and Trade-Centers on the Eve of
the First Serbian 1804 Uprising. Cultural-Historical Problems - - 166
Apaw/by6 ApawjJloeuli
IlITaMnalbe H npeIllicHBalbe IllipHACKHX KlbHra y 6aAKaHCKHM rpaAOBHMa
TWX;Kor UapCTBa XV-XVII'l ReKa - - - - - - - - - 169
Dragoljub Dragojlovi
Printing and Transcribing of Cyrillic Books in Balkan Towns of the
Turkish Empire - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178
x
ilpepaz ila.lUl8ecrpa
MOTHB AOWIPaKa y HOBujOj cpncKoj KH,H)f{eBHOCTH - - - - 181
Predrag Palaves,tra
The Motive of Newcomer in the Turn of the Century Serbian Li
terature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 197
Muopaz CrojaHo8ul
epaaapHoTcKO H cpnCKO rpaOaHCKO necHHUlTBo - - - - - - 201
Miodrag Stojanovi
Phanariot and Serbian Urban Poetry - - - 218
ila81le Bacul
TIoCTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO li Cp6HjH li XVIII H XIX BeKY - 221
Pavie Vasi
Post-Byzantine Painting in Serbia in the 18th and 19th Centuries 237
AUHKO Aa8uoo8
HKOHOCTaCH opncKHX BapowKHX upKaBa cpeMCKe apXHAHjeueae Y
XVIII BeKY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 241
Dinko Davidov
1conostasis of Serbian Urban Churches of the Srem Archbishopric in
the 18th Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 253
ila81le Bacul
fpaAcKa HOWH,a Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa - - - - - 255
Pavle Vasi
Town Costume of Serbs in the 16th to 19th Centuries Period - 271
BepeHa XaH
TYPCKH not:IaCIill KaqnaH y CAIi)f{6H xpIDJJiiaHcKe AH1YPruje Ha 6aA.
~ a i (XVI-XVII BeK) - - - - - - - - - - - - 275
Verena Han
Turkish Festal Caftan in the Service of Christian Liturgy in the Bal
kans (l6th-17th Centuries) - - - - - - - - - - - 287
MapujaHa fyulUl
Point de Raguse Ay6poBat:IKa t:IHnKa - - - - - - - - 291
Marijana Gusi
Point de Raguse - A Dubrovnik Lace - - - - - - - - 307
Mapuja Eajallo8uI ..... XaJ,lu-ileulUrt
HMa3H TYpCKe KepaMHKe H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH -
Marija Bajalovi - Hadtf>.Pesi
Findings of Turkish Ceramics from Iznik in Serbia
311
328
AU8Ha Bypul-3CL.Mollo
UaJ\lHje y Y)f{oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa - - - - - - - 331
Divna Djuri-Zamolo
Mosques ln Serbia proper from the 15th to 19th Centuries - - - 356
Aoopoclla8 Cr. fla81l08uft
HeKaAaIlUha rocTHH,CKa 3Aal!>a li Cp6HjH - - - - - - - 359
181
197
201
H8
221
237
241
253
255
271
275
287
291
307
Hl
BI
156
159
XI
Dobroslav St. Pavlovi
Former Guest Buildings
Apazocllae AHToHujeeun
Kapabo3 - - - -
Dragoslav Antonijevi
Karagoz
lU Serbia 381
385
410
1 Cflo6oaH 3e
L
teeun t
I1cTOlJlbalJKH HaHOCH y HapoAHHM HrpaMa rpaAoBa Cp6Hje - - - 413
1 Slobodan Zecevi
Oriental Deposits in the Folk Town Danees in Serbia - - - - 421
PaAOBaH CAMAPUI1Fi
o fPAACKOJ UHBHi\J13ALJ;JUH HA EAi\KAHY XV-XIX BEKA
OH1\:0 je HeKoOAHKO cAojeBa 6'MKaHcKe I..\MIJ3.HAH3aI..\Hje nOCTBH-
3:mmjoKor BpeMeHa. ABa HajBHAh>UBHja :DA jecy aj
ceOCKH H Haj rpaAcKH. CeAo je, y neAHKoj MepH, 6HAO oABojeHo OL\.
rpaAa. I-herosa 6H1\a je CBojcTBeHa naTpHjapxaAHOM
,L\lPYLliT'BY. 3aTBopeHa KI aYToxTolHa, OHa ce BeK'BHM,a cnopo pasRM-
jaAaH Mel:baAa, H y nO:je'AHB'HlM oGAacTHMa ce BpanaAa C'BojHM pa-
HHjHM 06AHI..\HJ\1a H AYXY. Kao H 3aHaTAHjcl<,a cpeAHIllTa,
rpaAoBH cy OHAH H3AO)KeHH ciiOtoaUlff>HM YTHl..\ajil1Ma 'H npeMeHoM
cy, OHUM WTO ce y l:bHMa paAHAo, npilllaAa C<pePH AesaHTOKe UHiBH-
L'.H3auHje.
BopHcas CT3JHK'BHn, TIaHaHT I1cTpam H I1no AHAPHn cy, \j
IIH3Y Apymx, y rrOCAeAl:be,\1 'lIacy OIIltCaAH AeBaiHTCKH CBeT 6aAKaH-
CK'HX rpaAOBa. OHH cy Taj CBeT 3aTeKAH y <pa3H l:beroBor paCnaAal:ba,
rra cy MorAH Aa y toYAHMa, H MeDY lbHMa, yO'le H OHO WTO je 6HAO
HajOK!p!1'SeHl-l:je. bHO je TO OBeT KOjH je l1'MaO 0noje MHUItoel:be H
rreBal:be, noce6aH Ha'lHH CBaKHAaIlll-ber )KHBOTa, cBoje BpAHHe li no..
pOKe, 6AHOKOCT y rrOHamaH>y H nopeA cBoje npHirra,AJHCTH
pa3HHM BepaMa HeT'HI-f'lI!K&L\1 rpyna'Ma. Ol'KplHBUIH ce jl!BHOCTIH, no-
cpeACTBOM nepa npHHOBeAa'la, IKa.A je Ben 6'H'0 Ha 3apaHoKY, l'aj cseT
je 3a:naMneH Kao AeK'aAeHTaJH, 06Y3eT TpYAetbeM, C Ay60IKHM lHaCAa-
rao"la HaCAeneHHX oc06H'Ha, C He'liH'M MpallJ:<HliM H y KapaKTepy IH y
cYA6lfHOKOM onpeAekeH>Y. y H>eMy oHlHje HanelHa upTa 3A!P'aiB.or
CTBapaAalllTBa, a OKO fhera je 3aTe'lel-Ia MaTepHjaAHa I..\HBHAJBalUija
Roja je HtMaAa cBoje npeAHOCTH, caoje HeYll'opeAHBe 06AH'Ke H 'YKYC,
3A.H. Koja ce OCHnaAa OA TpOWHOCTH, npeAOApeneHa Aa 6p30 HW4e3He
IIpeA n,tliMOM OH'ora UITO je, ca,MoYBepeHo, AOAa3HAO ca 3anaAa.
AeBalHT H H>erOBa KYATypa :Q.A 3aoopa,Ba, aAH je AO OB-
CTH 6alllT'HH'HKa Cl'HrAa C&\10 H>JfXOBa n03Ha CA!HKa. TIpeocTaAo je
HaY4HHWL\ Aa !HOnHl'ajy HcropHjy 6aA!KaJH'CKHX rpaAoBa OA rpe-
HYTKa KaA cy OHM, AOAaCKoM TypaKa, YUIAH y c<pepy AeBaHTCKe
Il.HBHMf3aUHje JI n04eAH ce pa3BHjaTH CAH1.JHO rpaAO'8IHMa BAHCKOr
HCTOKa. OTKaKO cy lIa HaY'lIHHM oCHOBaMa YTeMetoeHa aHTponoreo-
2
P. Ca.\iapI)Hh
rpa<pdKa H eT1HOAOlliKa nporyLI alBa'lDa, y Benm-I'I1 6aAI<.a'HKHX 3euvl'aloa
npeM{OCT ce AalBaAa ceAY Kao 'HajBa)K'H'lIjeM 06MI'KY APYlllTBeHor H
npHBpeAHor )IBOTa HapOAa. CeAO ce, C pa3AorOM, CMaTpaAO OCHO-
ROM 6e3 'Koje ce He 6H MorAa OC'T'BapnTH H3l\HO'HaA'Ha 06'HOBa. OHO
je 6HAO He ClJMO H3BOp 0Hare 3a 60:p6y npO'T'H'B Tylsl-IHa Hem '11 Haj-
rrOY3AaHlIja npemOCTa'BtKa A0MOIKpaTOKHX YCTalHOOa H Ayxa y con-
cTBeIroj ,.1iP)l(liffiI. CynpTHO TOMe, rpaA je OMaTpaJ'H 3a Tyt>HIHC!KO
yrropHlllTe: y I-beMy cy 6ffi\a ceA'HIliTa HOCI1Aal\a ynpa'BHe, CYACI(C
li BojlHe BAaCTH CTpaIHOr rocnOAapa; CTaH''BHHlllTBJO_V1Y je 6HAO P83-
HOBpCHO, aAH je y l:beMY 061flIHO 6HAO HajMaJ-he l'oYAH AOManer
nopeKAa; HapOA, npBeHCTBeHiO celoa'LIIK!H, ,HaA83H je y rpaAY CliMU
C'ooj'e rYAl1'KO)Ke, ITOAMHTlbH'Be cYAAfje, He3aja)KIoHBe C'naxHje H Ha
OSa:KY npeBapy CnpeM<He TpTOBl\e, H 1'0 0Be caMe AOWi'olJKe. OBa
CAHlKa, C8OBKt\[ IIQIBpUma, je,.1iHa je 0A O'Hil{X Koje ce cTBope Heno-
Y3AaJHHM npeAa'1-heM, aAn 'Koje npeBAaAaJjy y TI'OT'ffiOj 3C1JjeAHHLIKoj
cBecrH. IkTopHjC'Ka H3IY'laBa1ha, CBe qemna y nOCAeA'lDHIM Ael\eHH-
jaJMa, rrOK'a3aAa 'Cry Aa je l'pa;WKa l\HJB!lfAH3a'l\Hja Ha Eai\J{aJHY 'I1IMaA8
oje KPY'rme '1vleHe H ClBoj '3aiH.HlMIo:H'B pa'3BojlHH nYT. Y rpaAOlBlI1lMa je,
OA rrOLIe11Ka TypoKe 'BAaAa:BI1'He, OK'1PO 'Y'BeK 6H:I\O S'Hwe CTaJHO'BHH'K8
AOManer nopeKAa Hero lllTO je TO 3anaMneHO noopeACTBOM TpaAHl\H-
ja. (CeAenH ce y IloA'Y'HaJBloe, I10CAe nOTHOK;HBa'lDa TypaKa H3 THX
KpajeBa, 6aAKaJHOK!H rpI'OBI..WI il 3aHaTAlIje C1'BOpHA!l-I cry TaJM', OA
Kpaija XVII BeKa, rrpBH CAOj rpalsaIHCTBa.) fpaAKa l\HiBHAH3al\lI1ja
Ha EaA'KalHY, HaK'O A0BClJff11OKOr uma, Hil'je HA8 rrpOAa.3'H'a nojaBa,
rrpoy3pQKOBa:Ha -rypCKOM BAlJAaSHHJ()IM, Bero jeAiHO AYro pa3A061'oi':
y Marepnja.Ml'oM H ,MOpaA:l-lOM pa3B'HT'KY TauVlOUIH>HX HapOAa. OSO
TiiiM rrpe lllTO 'l-l'3LVlelsy rpaAa H ceAa, 3a CEe TO Bpe:'le, 'HiH'je 6no j83
11OAHlKO Ay60K Aa 'Ce llfje 'MorAa YOTJiOCTa
I
BI1T'il 6ap H3BOCH0 pa3MeJ-W
YTHIJ,aija. TIpOYLIa:sailBY rpCIJAKe l\IilBHi\'H3al\H:je Tpe6a,Ao 6111 npHCTY-
nH11HC TPYAoloy61I1B'ol.lLiy 11 mrCTeMOM IKOjH 611 6ap IT:ACeTHWH Ha
oHaj 3liMax C KjHJM je 'OC1'BapeHO IHOnlI'T'IH'BaH>e ceOlClKHX Haee108.
AA'11, 6e3 06::mpa Ha rrpeAMeT 3aJI-IlI1IMa'llia, jep OH MO)Ke npI1ITaAaTH
pa3HH'M 'HaJyqRIfM '06AaCTI-IltVl a, OA <pHAOAuje ,.1i0 eT>HOAornje, AaHaliI-
ffiH ITplIlcTryrr TOj I..(lFBl-IAH3al\HjlH iMopa 6HTI1 rrpere)KjHo JH;CropMjOKH
- y OHOj MepH, y CTBap:H, 'KiOA'll1KO cy ffilItIe3AH )KHBH TpaTorBH Ae-
D8'HTKOr oseTa IHa BaAKaHY (BHA. HHKOAau 110AOpOS, Ea/llCa11Cl;(UR-f
zpao. XV-XIX eeK, 00<pRlI 1972).
f.paAcKa l\+LBHAH3aqnja 'Ha EaA'K'aJHY CaqIIfH:>a:BaAa je y TYPOKV1
UapcTBY l\ei\,llHY C MaTepHjaAHoM H AYXOBHOM KYATypOM rpaAOBa Ha
EA!HCKOM HCTcmy. Y J1'CI1Ot1lHOM IKOjl-I je 38xBaTao H
AeAOBa EaAKaHCKor nOAyoCTpBa, CTBopeBa je jOIli y xeAeHHCTHLIKO
BpeMe jeAHa CHHKpeTHCTHLJKa l\HBHAH3aIJ,Hja KOjOM je norAaBHT
6HO 06eAe)KeH rpaACI )KHBOT. 3axBaloyjynH noce6HOCTHM8 KYATY-
pe Koja ce, OC06HTO y rpaAOBHMa, pa3Bl-lAa Ha cpnCKOM Ap)KaBHOM
riPOOTOPY, rpaHHl\a Koja je oABajaAa 3anaAiJiiV H BI13a'H'I'l-IjcKY 11HBH-
AH3al\Hjy Aa je y CpeA'lheM BeKY 3Ha'T'Ho nOMepeHa npeMa lfCTO'K\'
H jyry OaA!KaJHOKor nOAYOCTpBa. 06pa30Sa'H:>eM TypOKor L/,apcTB8
o rpaACKoj J.+\fBHAll3al.UijH Ha EaAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa 3
jyrolICTqHa EBpona I1JOCTaAa je jeAIIJHCl'BeHO rroAPyqje, 6ap 'K'aA je
rpaAcKlH )KHBOT y filITal}{,y, 'Ca 3eM.iba'Ma DA!HC!KOr HCTOKa. Ha iHeJKliM
MaTeplIjaAHe 11 AyxoBHe KYAType, CTBopeHIIM Ha TOM nOA-
pyqjy, CHrypHO cy ce orAeAaAH H YTHl.\ajM 3aTelJeHlIX JI
npaCTapor O1vNfCNa TaMOlUHiIIX ;Hap'OAa 3a KYNrypHH CH'HlKpeUlI3aM.
OOHO'Be lOBe ITOBe3aJHOCTH 6lIAe CV, 'MTIaJK, y Atp>KaBlHa"l 3aJKiOHY
CTBa OOMaJHOBnna II Hajrymnoj fl10'J1I Tora 3aK'O'Ha Koja je 6HAa If
lfCAaMCKOM npaBY. C Kpaja Ha lK'paj TYPOKe rpaA'BH cy ITOAiOO3JUl
y MOHYMHTaNHHx 3Aa}ha 3aAY>KOOHOK:Or nopeKAa. HecKpOM-
H'IIX pa3Mepa, ,HanpaBA:>eHe 'OA lJ8'pCTOr 'MaTejYlfjaAa 11 'YMemU'[lIiKTI
06AHK'OB3IHe MorAe cy 6HTH caMO rpanem.]lHe 'K'oje cy I.HIMa.Ae rro6mK-
ny CBPXY, K()Ije ,CV 'OOHHB'a'He 3a AYWY H iKoje cy 6HAe Ha omUTe Ao6po
JI KOplICT (1,l3lMuje, Hu"lapeTII, IMeApece, jaJBHIH lIMaMlI,MOCTOBII, 'lJecMe,
xaHOBlI, Ka:p3lBaJHCapajlI IH AP,). OCTaAH 06jel@H, AynaHM, 1,yne 3a
CT al-I10BaJ!--be, t.J<aK 11 capajH yri\eAH'H'Ka, 6MA'H 'cV A TpoIllHe rpane,
6ap npeM'a c'O'KaIKY dK'pMIHlII, fl10,6JH'rHYl'lI y 3Ha'KY npoAa3Hocrn OBera
lUTO HerrocpeAHO HHje CTaJBA:>eHO fl10A OO)Kje OKpHA:>e. (BpBMeJHOM,
CBe ,ce '1'0 y ,:'liHorMe Mefua,\O 'll3MlI'lIyl!H ''BM 3aKOHY, TaKO Aa cy
Haj3CA 11 Kyne 60ranlx XpHWD.aJHOKe Bepe ITOCTaAe no-
llerAe BeAi!1'Ke, 11'31K H crrOiUa HanaAiHo Y:Kpa!UleHe, l1aiKO Haj"leWh'e 11
j\aiUe OA cAa60rMaTeplIjaAa.) V H3Il\iHaAY 3a 1'0, OHe IllTO je 6MAO,
rro KYhalvla, OKAIOH>eH OA OKa npOAa3HflfKa, 611AO je H pa3HOBp:ciHO
H, KOAHIKiO ce wl'OrAO, Haj6oranrje. Typ'C'Ka je IIMaAa 3l1Ha'fOKY npo-
H3BOAfuY,MaIlITOBH1'O pa3BJfjH'I[ OA BYAlfMa AO DarAaAa, Koja je
CBa'KiIIAaWfuH )1(:HBOT lIJfHIIAa 3alICTa AennM, a TprOBUl1I ev, pa::moce
nH 'p06y IKapaBaHHMa, y BeAlfKoj MeplI rrOCl'H3aAH '1'0 Aa H:m'Op ap-
TH'KaAa Ha TP)J<HillTY 6ap M3rAeAOM, CBYAa, 6YAe yjBAH311e1H. VITO-
pe.:O c THiM, 60,'oa p06a, HajBlIwe TeKCTIlA, YB03HAa ce 113 OBHX ormi.
3eMaiUa 'H3Meny E'Hl'AeoKe Il HHAl1je C KojH1M'a je TypCiKa Ap>KaBaAa
TproBa'-l!Ke 'Be3e, H IbY je M'orao HanH y C'BaKOiM 3'HaTIHHjeM
rpaAI[ WHpOM I.1apCTBa. OBY 3ajeAHW'l'J<1[ ."laTepwjaA'H'Y OCHOBY >KHB-
Ta npHXBaTHAH cy, BpejVleHOM, CBH CYATaHOBH flO rpaAo-
13Il,\1a ynpKoc eTHHlIKHM 11 BepOKIWM pa3AWKaJ\la. TIoCT.oj:aA'H cy npo-
ITHOH, H 1'0 CTporH, Aa ce OHH, y 3a:BHCHOCl'H OA C'BorarroAO>Kaja li
Bepe, Mopajy pa3i\lfK'OB31'H rro OBOM H3rAeAY. T,H npoI1H'OH cy ce
OAH'OCllAH Ha 60jy H KBaAfHTeT OAehe, Ha TIpano HOIUefua op'Y)Kja li
'iIToTpe6e K'OJ-ha, 'Ha Haqll.]lH OnXODefua C Ty,pUHMa, aAiH je OBe '1'0
OIlAO Aa CBH OHE Haj33!A :He 6H npHnaAII HCToj
Koja je 6lIAa OBojC'I1BeHa rpaAOBlIiMa. AOW3IBIllII
C pa3iHliX crpaJHa Aa 6H, y l'HM l'pa'.:OBHMa, CTBOpl1AI1 OBO'je lHaceo-
6HHe, floje,6iH'He rpyne TprOBal{a H Ao/l'O III kiy60lM0'pno cy
YYBaAe cBoje CBaKIIAaWl-Le HaBHKe If onpeMalhY CTaHa, HaLJI1HY OAe-
Bafua, I1CXpaHlH, nplInpeMaJ-hY 'KYAl1HHX jeAa H nOAernaBafuY CBora
l13rAeAa. TH o6W1ajlI cy '113 BH3a'HTl1je, H3 CTaporCAOBBH-
OKor IHaCAena, OA rrpa'BHX TYPaJKa, H3 Jep."leHIWje 'YI TIepje, ca cpe
;\:03eM'HHX 06aAa, 113 IIInail'lilIje 11 TIopTyraAa, H ()IHlH cy ce 0MfCTa
lJYBaAH If 3aTBOpeH11fM CpeAlIHa'Ma AD CYTOHa ABa.aHTCKe J.td1!BHA!H'3a-
4
P. CaMapI)l1n
U;Hje Ha OaAKaIHY. il n'peA lxwa, TH 06WJajH cy TOAHKO npeHl1eHH
OA jeAHiHx ApYl'HMa Aa ce 'H0KH'Ma 'l!3ry6HAO n0'PeKAO, a MH'rH cy
TI!OCTaAli OOHO'Ba HlO'B'Or ClI-lil-l.lKlpeTH3Ma y MaTepujaAlHoj U;IIffiHA!H3aQ1Hju
EaAK3IHa H OAH'OK'r IH'CTOKa.
I1peMa OCMa:HOKOM 3aKOHY, CTaHOBIHffilITBO 6aAIKaHCIIX rpaAO-
Ba H'MaAO je y COOM HajB11WeM CAOjy TypOKe ynpa'Be 3B3IHW1'HoHilce,
BOjOKY H YAeMY 3aY3eTY nOCAOBHMa CYAC'Nla, 06pa3O'BaJ-ba H Bepe;
npa3'OOepHH oy, Y)Kl-i'BajynH EHwe cH1'ypiHocTH !Hem CTBaplH'HX no-
BAaCTHQa, 06aBibaAH BeAHlKlH Aeo Tp1'OBa"YiKor I1pOMeTa, a H 3aiHaTHl"ld
cy ce iHajqelllneOH'H 6aBHNH. Haceo6HHe cTpaiHau;a HiMaAe cY OHe
npHBHAerrrje 'Koje 6H ycneAa Aa HlM npH6aB!H, npHlMajvnH HX Ka0
,
H3pa3 acooHTe cYATaHOBe MIHAOCTH, l-bHXO>B3 ,V1aTHqiHa BAaAa. CTa-
HO.B'H1IU;H TypcKe, HarIOCAeTKY, KOjH HRCY 6HAH MYOAiHM3JHH Hero
CAeA6eHHQH jeAHor 'OA OHlHX rrp.OpfKa iKoje je TIpH3Ha;Bao HCAa'M, Tj.
xopHllIna'H!H H JeBpejH, ::H'MaAH cy CTaTYC CYATa'HOBe paje, Ta'KO Aa cV,
TH'Me 3allIl'HneHlH, MorNH CA060AHO Aa rpryjy H Aa npoH3B'OAe 3a-
HaTCKY po6y '1H'M 6H, y '06AHKY Aa)K6HHa, ll3MiHlpHAR cBoje 06a'Be:3e
rrpeMa Ap)KaBH. DBa ITOAeAa, Roja 6H ce YCAOB'HO MorAa Ha3BaTH
CTaAelllKOM, H, 3ajeAHo C l'UM, eTHH"YKa II BepeKa pa3HOAMIKOC r
rp3'AOKOI' CTaH'OBHHllll'Ba 06W1H0 cy 6HAH p33Aor WTO je TypCKa
BAaCT HajpaAHje nOCMaTpaAa 1'0 CTaHOBHmIITBO no rpynaMa H OAP-
)Ka'Ba\a -e J-bUM Be3e rrpeKO l-berOBHX npeACTa'BHH!K3. C Apyre CTp3JHe,
3alllTHTa rrOOA'OBH!HX 'WHTepeca, 6pHra OKO 601'00;\ Y/KeI-ba H Il1'KOAOBU-
l-ba rrOAiMAa1'Ka, rroTpe6a CTapal-ba OKO 'H3HeMorrAHX H OCHpoTeAHX,
Te)Kl-ba Aa ce OqYBa 6ap HeKU CBOj HAeHTHTeT H, BHllIe OA CBera,
CTaAHa 'HaTe3aJ-ba C TypOKIfM BAaC1'}f1Ma Ap)KaMf cy OiBe rpyne XpHW-
naJHa H JeBpeja Ha OKyrry CA'H'1HO KacHujll'M upKBeHH'M OnWTHHaMa.
oaAKaHCKH rpaAOBH OCTaAH cy, no CTaHOBHHUJTBY, KOCMono-
J\.lfl'CK11 pa3HiO'BpCiHH, aAH cy ce, rro KOAeKTHBHOMMemaAHTeTY,
pa3BHMI y cpeM1ilITa no6He AeB3>HTOKe K'YATYpe Koja je, 'MaAa rra
rropeKAY CMHlKpe11H'CTII'1IKa, a no H3rAeAY TaKOne KOC,v' onoAHTCKa, y
MHOro qeMY 6HA:a jeAHHC1'BeHa.
CBaiKa el'H'Hl.JKa, MfOCHO ,aepOKa rpyna rOB'OpHAa je, y AeBaHT-
OKHIM rpa,AOB'HlMa, CBOjHlM je31J1(;OM, AOKpaja ra qYBajynn rro KynaMa
li y MeDyo06H'OM onXonel-bY. HHrAe ce, Y1J10peAO C TIlM, lJ-lHje 3HaAO
Il '1YAO TOAHKO pa3HHX je3HKa Kao Ha DaAKaHY li OAHCKOM HCTOKY.
TproBI..\Jf, 331HaTAIfje, KHpRU'Hje H Ka.\ynepH rOBopHAIH oy TYPCKH.
Be3 o63H1pa oAaJKAe cy AOlllA1H, T1'OCAOBHiH 1'oYMI no rpaAO'BHMa MU-
paAH cy 3HaTH je3HK HapoAa y qHjOj 3eMibH cy ce 3aAp/KaBaAH.
He caMO BeAHKH TprOBU;H KOjH cy paAHAH ca cn01'oaWI-bHM
Bero -li CBa OHa rO.MHAa MeWeT3'pa, ceH3aAa, ",peK\mau;a p06e, Mel-ba4a
HOBQa, BOna 'KapanalHa, qaK H HOCaqa rro AYIKaM3 3HaAa je rrOHelliTO
OA je3HKa OHHX, CTp3Hau;a C KojHMa ce J-IajBHwe rrOCAOBaAO, Ha ce-
Bepy lHa jyry ilT3J\Mj3JHa H Ha 'HCTO'KY cI>p3ll-lQY3a. il nopeA
rrpeBAaC1'H TypcKoI' je3H1Ka, 100 qapllllHjaJMa ce qyo raBOp CBHX KOj H
cy )KHBeAH HAH AY)Ke 60p3'B'HM1 y ITojeAHIHOJM rpM'V, li C'BH cy, MaKap
JI nocrrpAH'O, 3HaAH rrHellI1'O OA je3HKa CiBOjMx cyceAa. V jeA3H je-
o rpaAcKoj WIBHAH3al.\Hju Ha baAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa 5
JHLII UCKa3 Y'KAanaAe cy ce peYH, IDpa3H HAH, naK, YHTa'Be pel.Je-
[-]Hue rrpeY3eTe H3 Apyror je3H'Ka C !-IaMeplM Aa ce Tal.JiHHje OApeAH
Tep"'!/H;H, Aa ce iHeuno iHarAaoH, Aa ce HpOEH"-nro 'HAIH ITOCAOBHl.IiHO H3-
pa3H, aAH H 6e3 HapOYHTe cBpxe, cnOHTaHO, YCAeA HaBHKe H npHpoAe
uen cTBopeHHx 'OAHoca. "llecJ1o ce y oe6H ronopHAo jeAH'H'M, a fAaCHO
113paiKaBaAO ApyrnM je3HKOM, Y3 TpaiI<:elhe OCA{llHUa y CBeMY lllTO
ce, y pa3l-DHM fOBOpH'J'vIa, 3HaA:'O H3Bl'H Tora. Ta/KO ce MHOrHiM peYHMa
H 1I3pa3HMa 3arypuAo lliHXOOO rropeKAO. AK' jeAarI-I je3HlK. HHje CaMO
y IheMYCBOjCJ1neHH'M peLIHMa 'Hero rH y HaYIHHY MHlllA>elha, 3IHayelhY
HCKa3aHor H OApeOHBaI-hY OAHOca a CrrOA>aWlhMM CBeT'M, rpaAoKa
UHBHAH3aUHja Ha BaAKaHY y BpeMe TypCKe BAaCTH OCTaAa je rrOA
neyaroM H3Y3eTH'Or je3Hl.JKOr KOCMOn:OAHJ1H3Ma KOjH je 'HTIlIK llMaO
cooj 3ajeAHHl.J'KH AYX H CBOj MeHTaA'lITeT IH3pa)KaOaI-ha.
CTaHOBHHl.\H 6aA!Ka'HCKHX rpaAOBa 6PH)K'HO cy Y'YBaAIH oBoje
HapOA'HOHMe, Bepy, 06W-Iaje H Il'OCe6aH MopaA Aa ce 'He 6H H3I'y6uAH
\' BenHHH ApyrHx H Aa 6'H OAlp>KaNH IToce6HOiCT aBOI' rrpaB'HOr CTaTYca
]f cBoje TTOCNOBe, 036HA>Huje Mem3llhe C llpli'llaAHHl.\ill\1a Ap!yI'HX
rpyna nOBAaYHAO je CO60,'vi HOKA>YYClhe H3 3ajeA'H'Hl.\e 'H oorrOpaBalhe
rrOpOAH4'HlHX npaBa, aI< tHe H npOKAeTCTHO. AKO ce MO)Ke roBOpiHTH
(j naTpHjapXaA'HHlM ApYIllTBeHHM OA'HOCHIMa H MopaAY y rpaAoKoj
cpeAHHH, oHAa ce OHH CHrypHO MOry HanH Ha BaAKaHY, rAe oy, y
TypoKO Ao6a, CTBopeHH 'Ha OOH'OnaMa BOOMa CTPOfHX HOpMH, nOro-
Tony no 60raTHjHM l.-fapurnj3:l\1a, TIpeMa OHOMe lllTO ce AewasaAO
no KynaMa 11 y YHTa'Boj onlllTHlHH APyrnx rpyna ''AiH'(XlliAO ce CHe-
nOBepelheM, 'A6ojH', yeCTO y 3Ha
/
KY HeTpneA>HBOCTlf 'Il npe3Hpa.
TYPOK' BpeMe 6HAO je Ben Ha H3MlIKY, a IH AaA>e ce, 'Il 'J1O CBe lI3'pa-
3HTHje, 3HaAO 11 0AMax pa3a3HaBaAO KO je H3 Koje eTHHl.JKe HAH,
naK, nepcKe rpyne. V rpaAoBHMa cy, a ne caMO y'CeOOKOM APYlllTBY,
CTBapaHe OCHOBe HaUHOHaAHor npe06pa)Kaja H oCA06oAHAal.-fKe
Gop6e xpHwnaHoKHx HapoAa. (CapajeooKa l.Iaplllwja, A06pH:M AeAO'M
!.ypYHjoKa, AaAa je HeKe OA npBHX Alfl.IH'OCTHcBeVKYIIH'Or opllClKor
nOKpeTa y jyraHCTOYHoj EnpOITH 'KpajeM XVII 'Il Y npBH'M Ael.\emrja-
:\'la XVIII BeKa.) li rropeA TOra, OBe 'BHWe je, BpeMeH'()IM, 6I-fJ\O 3a-
jeAHI-I"{KHX L(pJ1a Koje oy OeAe->Ka'BaAe KapaKTep CTaHOBIHIH11JTBa
baAKarHOIX rpaAoaa. HopeKAO Te IIoJaiBe Tpa>KeHO je 'Meoy Typl.\H-
fpL\!H'Ma, UH1HuapHtMa li JepMeH'WMa, y OHOM Ae:Ba'HTClKO'M
.\16HTaAHTeTY KOj'H je HajiH3pa3llT'Hje 6no cBojcTBeiH rpaAoBHMa
bAHcKor HCTOKa. BaAKaH je, OAHCTa, y j\oro yeMY nOCTao nOApyqje
jeAiHe l.\IH'BHAH3al.\Hje 3ajeAHoca 3eMA>a'Ma HCTOl.J-HOr MeA'HTepaHa.
3ana..WHx VTHl.\aja HeCYMlhH'BO je 6HAO, noce6Ho YCAeA YHornelha
nojeAHlHlHx M'arepH1ja'AHe IKYAType, aAH H 360T ITOAlITHY'Ke
H BepCKeBe3l1HOCTH rEOijeA'J1ll-IHX 'HapOAa TypoKe 3a Taj Aeo CBeTa.
A.AH, cBe 1'0 El-fje MorAO ocrropHTH y cylllT'HJHH AeBlIHTOlKH KapaKTep
rpaAOKe UH'BHA'H3al.\H:je Ha BaNKa/HY. HHCAO)KeHHjH npOAOp THX
YJ1Huaja y XIX BeKY, 'K3IA cy ca CTp3lHe 'YtHOlUe.He IIOAHUIYiKe 'HAeje
If KlhHre jeA'Ha'KO Kao 'HaMeUITaj H oAena, HHje HapyuIHO AeBaHTClKY
aTMoc<pepy rro KynaMa H y rrOpOA:W-I'HiH/M cpeAIfHaMa BaAKa'Ha. (To
6
P. CaMapllHn
ce A'OrOAHAo rroc.\e 'YKHAa'lba TypC'Ke BAaCTH, IKao nocAeAHqa CTBa-
pal-ba 'Haq1HOHaAI-r.HX Ap)IBa H '1i'BOnel-ba APY'KlJHjer CHCTeMa nplr-
npemi'BaH>a. )
Ap)KehH ce y MenYCOOHOM HenOBepeJ-bY H oAOOj'HOCTH, jeAJ-TH
npeMa Apyrw.\1a orrpe3HH 'H NYK'llB'H, YBel<. cnpe"11J-1H Ha IKaK'BY onaCHY
Hrpy, 'CTaHOBiJ-IHLLH OaA'KaI-l'CKHX rpaAOBa n.oCTajaAH cy, WCTOBpeMeHO,
jeAHiJf ApyrnMa OMICKH H jeAHH Ha Apyre HaAHK. HCI<a3HBaAH cy '10
y OHHM TpeHYlIHMa KaA OH HaHUlAa HeBOA.>a, HAll KaA HHI<aKBe
/I,e H npImYAe HHje 011:\0, na orr jeAHH Apyre CHHC'XOAA->HBO OCA03-
ibaBaAH, O'DBapa;\lH cBoje pIHHHl.\e MYAPOCTH H npenYWTaAH ce CAar-
Kope1.J1HBOC'l'H. To Hl-l'je OHO C3':\lO H3pa3 pa:BiHOTeJK:e HHTepeca, iKOj H
cy IlJ)M, 6ap AOHeKAe, ImalK OHAH 3ajA'HiH'-JKH, 'Hero 'H KOJ-TiaLfHo np"-
3'HaH>e, AO 'Kora je ncme:I<aA IHnaK MopaAO AonH, ,4ia ynpKoc CBeMY
MlnalK npl1iIIaAaj'Y H<::1'O,\1 CBeTY H l-berOBWH rAaBJ-IHI:\1 AYXOBHHIM OCOOC-
HO'CTJ1lMa. fpaACI<JH )KUBOT, '-JHje cy l'paAHl.\IHje nocTajaAe OBe Ayoibe.
'HfHHO je cBoje: ibYAU cy 6HAH CRe CAO)KeHHjli, cnoc06HI1 3a )KII-
B01lHY npoJ-lll1qiblfBOCT, nOCA.aBHO npeAV3H'J\libH,BH, Il1TeAibH'I3U1 H He'H3-
M'E'Tib'UBO 6oranr, OAalHII1, IHa naTpHjapxaAaiH iHa'-JHJH, SpAll1IHalMa 11 Haj-
60l"eM peAY, npHBp)KeHH OBOMe pOA'Y H lHapOAY, Kao ,HeKaAaWI-be
IIAeM'CTBO '1"BeK HliKNOl-beHH TOI.\le Aa, Ha onllITY nOA3y 'H 3a CBOjC
cnalhe, IIOOTajy KI1I1TOpH H npHAa)KY ooroMoibaM'a 11 1l1'I<OAaoM<t.
:>KH'BnJl1 y 3aTBopeHOM K!pyry, OJ-lH cy ce j'ow BHwe 3aTsapaAH, jep
av HajHMynHJH'jH H31f1H'l-baAH apHCTOKpaJ1113MY H 00pa30B3'll>Y 'Cl:lora
CA'Oja. To HX je oABajaAo 'DA ''Hor ,I-Ia'l'HiHa )KHBOTa
K!OjlI je OHO COOjCl'BeH W1I'pH'M cAojeBJ1IMa H, y TOM rrrpM6i\I1-
)K>llBaA01Haj'B'H'llIHo"! K:pyroBwMa Ap.yf1HX AeBtHiTHJ-Ial.\a. A T'O ce, 3aTW\1,
npeHOI1i\O Ha OCTaAe. 06pacq'H rpaAKe l.\iIfBHAH3aJ\Hje Ha
HlCT.OKY 11 Ha EaJ\lK"'i'Y AOi\a3lIi\J11 cy 'Y-BeK BpxoBa 'H OAaTAe ce
palcnpocrnpaAH CBe HH)Ke. Te 'Oopaclle je rrpHxBanfAo ooe WTO je
61\0 H3HaA rpaAOKe <PYKape. V 1'Oj 3aTBOpeHOCTIf, MenyrH':\I, upe-
o\1eHCiM ce CTBapaAa 'il TaAO)KHAa 3rvoHyra, npeTellI'Ka, nOiHeKa'A H
He'-JJ1ICTa 'KpB. fuYA!H cv pa3AHpaH'H ITOT'.\1'YAH'M H nOpOlJ'P.\o1 4e>lUbl-
Ma, olfaj'-Jewl.e 30BOM CAOOOAiI-IHX Aa-'bHlf-la 11 'OH'HX TyniJ.1X C'DeTOBa I1Ae
ce MOII<e lf3ryOHTH' 'l 3aAOBOA,CTBV, HaKO ce npeA CBoiaM H y Yap-
nnrjlI OOWI1HO 3aA'PiKanaAO AHlle C(3!.\leI-beHO cTporowl.y H
peA'OM.
KVA1'YPHa HCTopHja 6aAKIIHCK!lIX rpaAoBa yrAaBH'M je HC1'O-
p'lfja TalMOllJllber 1JOiBeK3, lberoBe nojaBe, pa3BHT'Ka H CT'HllaHlHX oco-
6lfHa. Ha l'YMalJeI-he '-JOReKa jeAHHM AeAOM Tpeoa CBeCTI1 11 HC1'pa-
mUBal-be rpllA'C'Ke -nplrBpeAe, Hap0'-JHTO 1l'renYHapoAHe 1'prolBaY'Ke pa3-
MeHe. I-beroBa CAO/KeHOCT 113HcKyje HajcBecTpaHHjy aHaAH3Y. Tai
qO'Bex je, li'aJK ce MJHOrn'Ma YlJWffirO AeBaJJ-ITOlm 'OTYneHII1M, ynopeAo
ca cel"a,qK:I1\M IJ1W<JO'M ITOIHOO H H3lHeo opeMe Haq,HoH3AHe 6op6e JI
npeo6pa)Kaja. MOAepHa rpYJ<I HCTop1wja 0,0.\ na/\a Uapw'rpaAa (J 453)
AO cTsapal-ba He3aBHCHe Ap)l,aUe (1830) CflOjl1J\l HajBa)J<HHjH\1 AeAOi\l
J1'OII1Aa:BjIHO je lIcTopnja '06Ha:BA,aJ-ba H ycnilf-l'a OH'HX TpPoBacIlKHx Il
nOiMOpCJl(>I1X cAodeBa 'I<OjH cY C'BOM Hapo/\V ,L\3AH MarepHjaAHo 00-
a rpaAcKoj Ha DaAKaHY XV-XIX BeKa 7
r3rCTBO, HajBenH 6pO'j LUKO;\OB3JHHX iOYAH, y np3JBOCAaBHlOM CBeTIj
cBeMon'HY l.(PIC'BY, ca'1YBaiHY HcropHjaKY cHeCT, npBe H Haj3Ha'Y:aj-
lI11je 'J-1al.(f1
I
H3AHe nporpa:Me, Haj3aA H APYWl'BeHe TeMeiOe !-l'OBe AP-
j[(aBe. l3e3 pacBeTi03'BaJ-ha nojaBe 11 IHarAor 6oraneH:>a, rrOTAaOOIfO y
lI'CAOHHlM3 ca I.(apHrpaAOM, IHa'jJ3lHmer cA'O'ja 6yrapcK'or rpa53JOCl'B'3
je npoTYMaLIHTH OCHOBe 11 ycnex 6yrapcKor npenopOAa.
He Tpe6a 331He.\1apHTH IHlH 1'33BHTaK ap6aHaWK'HX rp3AoBa 6e3 063'l1pa
!Ha TU KOAHoKO ce l'bHXOBa n'pH'BpeAa 'HaNa3HA'3 y PYKm,la T1>rOBaLIZl
rp4KO-l.(HJHl\apOKOr flO1'eKAa. YAora rpaAOBa 'Y cpnCKOiM npeJo6pa)Ka-
jy6HAa je H3;Y3enfO Hc06HLIlHa. OA Kpaja XVII BeKa, nOCAOBHM 'h'YAil
l' rpaAoBHMa jY)KHO OA CaBe H AYHaBa HHCY ce BHl.ue MorAH OAp)Ka-
"]'[-1 y cBOjOj 'CTapoj HOCTOj6}j1HIH. Pa3HmAH 'Dy ce, jeAHliiM AeAOM, rro
onYCTeAoM I1'O'AYHaBiOY K'oje je oCBojlH'Aa AycTpH'}a, a AeAOM cy Ha-
CTa'8l-L\IH 'DOCAO'Be y AHjacrropu I:f3Me5y TpcTa, l3e'ia, l3YAHIMa, rpa:A,O-
Ba IHa ywny AYHaBa, OAeoe, I.(.a;p::arpaAa IH CI\1lfpHe. ce
H3 Ty,poKc, OHH cy MorAH C060M nOHeTH rrOHeWTOOA H'MOOH-
He; BH'll.Ie OA Tora, OHH cy o060rM .OIHeAH Il'OCAOBHa HCKYCTBa ;He caMO
oBoja 'Hern .11 HH3a OBOjHX npeA3IKa. y HOBH\iVl: IKpajeBHMa cy 3aTeKA11
OHe opncKe TprOBl\e .11 3aHaTAHje KOjH cy ce l'y OA p3Hlije HaAa3HAH,
na cV, 3ajeAHO 'CI'bHMa, 6p30 06pa30BaAIM ,],fonaI-! CTaAe)K lHa'llpeAIHllX
rpa03lHa. T,y je HcroAooHo Q)KHBeo il paA cpfloKe l.(p.K:Be; HAelMCT'BO
HBoj,J-l1H'l\H y 3'H3"J1HOj 'MCpHcy AonpUHeAH Aa Aei\JCmaI'be Op6a y
Xa6c6YPwKoj MOiHapxHjH AiOOHje noce631H 3'Ha4aj. Jep, 3aII1'aB y.
TOj CpeA'1fHH, T()IKOM XVIII 'BeKa, .11 1'0 'Ha cVlOAepHH'l'vl 'OCl-lOla.'\1a eB-
p'0nOKe npOCBeneHiOCllH, :OOf.BapeH je iKYATVPHM lM Hal\H'CJlHaAIH'H npe-
06pa)Kaj cpnoKor 'H'apoAa. CeBepHa Cp6l1'ja, IHaj'B'Hwe on;ycTeAa y
T1j1pOKHM pal1olBHMa, 3a TC -BpeMe je 'OOH3JBiOaAa OBOj )KIJBaiO. Y jY)K-
HH'M KpajeBHMa, y CT3'pOj Cp6.l1'jlH TI MaKeAO'H'HjlM, f1''3AIClKa nplH'BpeAa
AeIla'Hl'CKOI' niina j-a'Y:'aAa je Be3yjyliH: ce 3a rp'Y:Ke IH ap631HaWKe
AY'Ke, aAIH 'H 3<:l oHaj nYT HlH3 MopaBY iJ<.ojH je OiABO',MfO C
jyra AO TP)KiHWTa y AycrplfjlH. MrHorH cy TV, ;H3'ceiOaIBaj'YnH ce, .11
oCTaj3AH, OAp)l(3BajynH T'H,Vl:e y I10IAYJH3IBiOY y Cl'aIHlOOC, 6Hl.J3'je, Ha-
paBH H IHal.JHH nOCAOBaI'ba IKOjH av HeKMa IIpCiHeceHIH 1H36aAIKa'HCIKHX
l'paABa. Y OB'Me OKAtO'Tly pa3BHO ce l.f1 yJ:-rOlCHIH nocao H3B033 DTOKe
H3 ceBepHe Cp6Hje 'Y AYCTpH'jy .11 i\j AaMVl:allHiHOKe rpaABe. HAeje
peBOA'I[UHoje, pa3BH'ja'He y l'panaU'C'KO'M aJMOOjelHry, a'A'H Ha rIoce6a.H
Ha'Y:YlH 61\HOK'e III BO,L-\JHAe av lI36wja,I'bY YCl'alHKa
1804. rOA'HlHe. A 1'0 rpa5aIHcTB 6.111\0 je, 'Ma'XO'M, 6aAIKaIHoKor rropeKAa,
qeCTO H 'BeOMa DKOipaJJJ;I'ber, HAH je jow YBeK )KH'BeAO .11 paAHAO rro
TVPOKWM T'paIA0'BHMa.
y VHIYTpaWl-bH caCTaH, HiHMaAO o6u'Y:aH, 'GHOT 'Y:O-
BeKa KOjH je 6HO HOCHAal\ rp3AOKe UBHAH3aL\Hje Ha l3aA'KaIHY
niOca:o je OA YHjUX pe3YAT3Ta 33BHCH HCHIIHOKO pa31j1MeBaI'be crm;ra
LUTO je Taj 'lOBeK 3aiBeWT3'O, lHa'jnpe y ITCJlKpeTHJWa 3aHal\HOHa1\lHlf
npeo6pa)Kaj, a 3aTHM H y A!PYrH'M OOi\aCPH'Ma AYXOBHe HMareprHIj-aA-
Ife IKYATY'pe. Pa3Iwlja'j,ynH, BpeMeHOM, y ce6H lleTaH'Y'aIH V'K'YC 'OBOj-
LTBeH AeB3HTCiKOM KOc\1nOAiHTH3MY, DH je npH'XBaTao OBe YTHLtaje,
8
OC06H1'O HCTOYl-bal.JKe, a.\1:0 aKO CY 3aHOCHAH l-beroB Aryx H Apa)KH-
AH MY YYAa. HHIlITa, no CHOM nopeKAY, HHje M'OpaAO 6HTH HCKO'I-lCKO
H OpHTHlHaAHO. I1oKoHoKa cy 6HAa I-herOBaOCen3J-ba Koj'l1Ma je
ynpllBiba'O C CBe A()!K y I-bHlMa He 6H 'OAjeK'HYO
lIajTaH3'HHjH HepB. HHje ce OH, Kao l-berOBH cyaapoAHHQH no ceAH'
Ma, HaAHBaO MAeKOM H3 l.Ja6pa: Y3H1ll-lao je jeAa H mdla TCliKO npH-
npeMibeHa Aa cy ra, H (ma, MopaAa Aonecrn AO O.\lCL\1:ibH'B'al-ba. HOCH
je, C WTO 6.oiba OAeAa He 360r OBora nOAoiKaja iHer
H paAH Tora Aa 6H MY KOlKa oceTHAa MeKOTY TKaJ-ba. A06pH 'KO!-b(l,
l'H3A3BO onpe:-1ibeHH, 6HAH cy 3HaK APYllITBeHOr npeCTIDI<a, aAH H
y.iKI-fB3I-ba Y jeAHoj noce6Hoj AenOTH H Y jeAHoM, I-I'IlMaAO CYBHWHO.\l,
npajaTeibCl'BY. 3Hace Aa cy l'OBOpHAH T3'KO Aa 6H caMH ce6e cBOjH.\f
rAaCOM 3a'HeAH, H 1'0 YBeK, H KaA H ITOABHIKII-IBaAH Ha cAyre H I<aA OH
rrpOCUnah'H CBOjy cpeneHY MYAPOCT npeA HeKHM 'Kora cy 3a 1'0 o.\la
TpaA.H AOCTOjHUM_ l-bnxoBe neOMe, HHlK,aA oYEHme Ayre, MopaAe cy
AUpal'H AYWY H Ha Kpajy Y3He,\\<l-IpllTH AYXOBHTO npHnpeMibeHIHl
H3HeHanel-beM. MY3llKY cy paAHje 'cAywaNH IHero 111110 6H je Ca:.\
H3BOAiHAH, jep cy ocenaAH ITOTpe6y Aa joj ce Hajnpe AOMaAa'KCaAO-
CTH npeAajy, na Aa TeK f10TOM, H3 TaiKBOrCTal-ba, f1peny y OHa pac-
nOAOiKel-ba 3a Koja cy ce YHanpeA npHnpeMHAH. TIocTeneHOM AO-
CTH33l-bY orrnjeHoc11H BOAHAe cy H I-bHXOne Hrpe.
OnH i\eB3HTHHQH cy, ynopeAo C THM, 6HAH naTpHj3pxaAIIO
cTporH, 6e3MepHo npHBp)i<eHH CBOjOj ITOpOAH1..UI H OBOMe lllHpeM
POAY, pa3YM'H0 no60iKHH, HCliKO Aoope flO rrpanHAY YYB3ipHII.
KOA nOHeKor OA I-bHX jow cy ce pa3a3Ha'BaAH Tparr-OllH CeibaYKOr
fI1opeKAa, a He.I<H cy 'OAHcTa MOTAH 6Jn'H npacTapa focrroAa. HeKH cy
ITpeACTaBibaAH 3AP3BY A'03Y y paCTY, na cY EMwe 'H3rHl-baAH ynpow-
nel-Fll"\1: 'l3pAHlHaJMa; APYrH CV, AeK3AeH'T1HH, 03H3ya'BaAH 'Kpaj cBoje
Kyne, H IK'OA I-bHX je C'MHcao 3a YlKlm3l-ba, Koja je i\ellaHT Hajo6HAa-
Ttl'je HYAHO, nOTHKH'BaO HaCAeneHlY 06aBe3Y A3 ce CDB3'pn, 6ap
npHlKpHBaJ-beM nopoKa, ApiKe y OKB'l1pHM3 H ya,pwHj-
C1<r peAa.
OBaj AHl<, AaT cYBHwe THUCKIH, A!HWeH OBera AOK3AHor, CBeAeJ-I
lia HAeaA3'H 'H Y CBeMY C<tBpilleH 06p33aQ AeBaJHTOK;or 'lOBeK3 Ha
baAIKaIHY, H nopeA Tora MO)Ke Aa 'BeA'llH OB-HCOKOM CT'erreH,! IJ,1f-
BHAH3aQuje KOj'Oj je npHnaA30. H3AHyjeMeA3lne Ilwje V,BeK O'J1Kp'l-l'Ba
6eAY OCTaAO je npHKpHBeHlO. To H3AHYje 6H, y GI'B3!pH, AOHeKAC
OClipOMalllHAO OBY CAHKY, aAH He 6H oonopHNO I-beHe OOHOBHe Q'P
Te
.
qOBeK, OB3!KO npeACTaBlneH, 3a!HCTa je M'01'30 6HTH llBopaQ QHBHMI-
3aL(JHje Y KOjOj H'MaKYATypHor H:H'KpeTH3Ma, aAH 'Koja, OBOjOM Qe-
!IHH'OM, 'J-lflaK 3BYl.JH OpHrHlH3AtI-I'O. OHO WTO je CaY'YB3IHO A 'KYATypC
HeKaAaWI-bHX 6aAK3oHCK'HX rpaAoB3 ynp3tBO 0 To.Me 0BeAOl.JlH.
Radovan SAMARDzJ
ON URBAN CIVlLIZATION IN THE BALKANS FROM THE 15th
TO THE 19th CENTURY
There were sevelm] post-Byza'11Jtine layers of Bal,kan CilV,ili-
7lJtion. The ,two evJident ones ,among them we. ,the vl:Hage
layer on ,the one hand, ClJnd Ithat of the tOW<l1IS on ,the other. The
'lilr!tage wa:s grealJly divided from ,the 'toWin. l,tls oilVlitl!ilZJation was
tOOt of 13. pClJtJr'aJrchal .sooiety. C!osed amd lafU!tochttonaus, it developed
aIIld chaJnged ,slowly 1n rthe counse of cel1JtJuliilesamd 'OCcaJSJionaHy
reJ],ClJpsed .i,nto ',t's eadier forms and 'Spillliit ,j,n cel1tai,n Towll1s,
0n -the othr halnd, beilHg centTes o.f ,tirade a:nd Were
exposed to extema>l i'11Huences amd, owiIng Ito the IkJind of Lilfe and
WOI1ki:n them, booaJffie, wilth Ithe time, pal1t of Ithe oiv,i-
1ililltJiIQI1.
Borisa'v StaJI1kovoi, PlInClJt IISJtraJtlaJnd lvo Amdr, aJmong
others, descI'lihed the LeVllDJtilile w0r11d of dtiesat the last
pos<siMe moment. They fUIld that world illl ,the Istage of decay
'ClJnd were ,able to 'I1otJioe even ,those thimgs which were mO$lt hidden
n the peorphe amd Jn Ithei1r mutual tre],atiO'O'S. That WlIS a wo['ld
which had JJts mllnlllef of ,thin;Hng 'aJnd of 'sJngilng, 'tiS paI10icular
way of ,everyday Lilfe, '10S vJntues amd vices, 81I1'd ,a .straJnge doseneso$
li,n ,re1l1oi'OTls between people, ,their 'adherence 'ta Vlar'ous
.reveaLed ta ,the geneml puJb1ic thllJr1Ik!s Ito rthe of ,the
story-teUimg Ja1uthons 'ait Ithe me of 'rbs 'decI.itne, hClJS been ,remem-
bered ais decadeIlJt, deoaYliJng, fmught wilth deep '!ayeir!s 'of inherit,ed
fealtJUires, wi,th 'SiOme1'ilIlg daJI1k ;m iltls chamcter aJnd [ltS
faJtJeful commitment. No heaMhy creati,ve fe:lItiIJre Vl:lIS 'ta be found
in ,th8lt WOJ1l
l
d,ail
i
though it W'a'S $Itli'1 li'VitngiJn Ja mateni'lI! OiiVIil1irzatioll1
whJ'Ch ha!d iots adva'Oitages, iVs ,incoluparable Ito<llste 'lind forons, but
was cnumbbiIng, foreordained to disappea'f impid:ly before Ithe high
of aLl that which WaJS Ithe WeSlt, DuLl of self-con-
fidence. The LevlInt a'nd its ou]ilUire have boon s'l:ved from obl,1vion
in the wonlc:s of those 81Uthors, but ,illl ,the consaienoe of liltS deslIl-
dants oll1'ly ,the piC'1Jure of tilts 181te haJs bee:n preserved. h tilS
up ta hi,stOlli'l:ns ta :ilJwestigClJte ,the PaJStt of Ba.Jtkam cities and tOWil1S
10
P. CaMapl,lHn
Drom -the lffiOffioot of their el1ltrance ,imto the Siphere of Levamtitne
'a:f,ter ,the T'Uink'vsh conquest, when they began rto de-
vdop much in the way als other t'\V1IlJS of Ithe Nealr EaiSlt.
Siimoe -the me when '3Jl1Jthropo,geogmpruiJoaJ lll1'd
research beollmc fOUinded o.n a soJentific baJsi's, ,lMe ,in rvj1lil'aJges was
consiooree. <1l1 the :rI1aIjomty of Ballk'aJll oOUlI1ltrii es alS ,the [lliO!Sit irn-
'
p0J1t
1
aJllt fo:mn of sociaJl .aJI1.'d ecanomic -biife 'Of ,the poople. The vi,),1age
naJS jllJlsly boon ItaJken for the IbaJsJs wi'thcmt whiich naJtionaJ! renewaJ
w():U!td nOltbe passliible. lit W'alS IliOt only a ,souroe of 5itrengJth foll.'"
stlI1Uiggle agtlIllst the foreignens, b:uJt aits.o ,a rnOS't reilm.hle pre,slUip-
posiJtion of democmtic .iJn!SilJilt'Ulticms !3Il1d ls:pliJnit lim one\s O\\IlJ.1 state.
The tOW\ll, on .the COI1lDJ:1arry, wais belierved to be the foothold of
a:licn forces: !t was ,the cenUre of admli.lllistflaJhrve, alllid mli-
loibalry power of the foreiigin offiaJSiterr-; it;s population W0JS heteroge-
'1 OOUS, \Vi th the l1!alt'veSalS the ,s'ffiaHest groups im ,them; ,the people,
peaJS!alnus lloSitly, comimg ta ,tow;n fOl1lJJJd OIlily 1UJ$:UJ[enSaJll'd blood.-
::iuc:kens, cormupted jrudges, IUJllI$'aJtJiJaJble 1aJndowm.ers a.n<d merchaull t:,;,
newcomer'sas a rule, reaJdy to cheM ,thern in every po'Sisible way.
ThiJs v:ery iSUIpenfioiJaJl lirill<aJge .s one of ,thase orealted bYUJnrel,iJable
tradiotiJon,5U'ch 11mages beoame lalter p-rev.a,l!I1Jt ,jrn ,the coHec.o1ve con-
sa'enoe. HiiSlt:OflioaJl ;research, IllJIldentaikem wirth frequem.cy
in the l'alslt dec.ades, shows ,tnalt the ci'vilizaJtlionilfl Balk'a:n tOWD'S
was Ulll!dergone lilmpo'rtant changes aJnd hais hald interestilng deve-
lop:menos. Ftrom the begilI1ln1ng of the TlUlrtkJilsh J'lU!le, the lIlumber
of na:tive rpeople ]j.vri:ng lim ,toWU1lS WaiS nealDly allway:s bigger than
WalS rernernoored im 'lJnooitttiJOln. (Af,ter emigmtimg Ito the lam:ds
arOUInd ,the D3llllUibe, call1led Podunavlje, whem .the T'Ulr:k<s had been
dniVeill OUIt ,thase paIPts, Baibkaon mercha'lllus 13J11'd ar,a,nts.men fOlm1ed
the fiirnStt -layer of UlI1bam. populaitrion towaiDdis ,the end of ,the 17,th cen-
tury). Urb3lll di'VIiJhzaJtion rin ,the Ba!ltk3lll, :aliithough Lev,aJnti:ne in cha-
motel', W3JS rrro tp3Ill!sitory phennenon oaJUlsed by ,the TlUIliklilsh
Inule; on ,the GODIIJDalry, i,t '$Ipread over a Jang peniod of the develop-
ment of bath [llalteI1i
1
aJl 'aJnd marol giwWlth of ,the peo.p.les Iliving in
those pants. Th1s W3lS pOSiSliJbJe ,allso 1l3Jl1lkJS to the faot ,that the
gap betwoon tthe 'UOW\ll amd rthe v'iU,ge was [lot doop enough to
prevent a:lll excn3lllge mmUJwaJ dlruences. The Istl1'dy of Ulrban
oirvioliz'31tJiron ,shoulrd be I3Jppr.oached sYI$ltemaJti.c:aJl<ly aJlld wllith diUgen-
ce ait lealst equail mo ,the enthUlsti'aIsm wilth which ;v.iMlaJge ,settt,lemeJDJts
haJve bren 1nve"Sitig31ted. Howe'Ver, even ,regau-lesls of ,the objoot o(
our ilnterest, for ilt might bel'ong ,to valfioLlJssoiretnrtli'Di.c f,ekLs, flronl
philology,to et hnalogy, ,l'he p.reseont apprOlah ,to tna,t ci\niJiz:atio'Il. mus',(
be maim1ly hliMorioaJl - i,n f,act, to the eXJtent .n :the .bi;vriing
:ms of the wonLd ,iin Ithe BaJ1kaJns ha've diJsappearred
(see: HUKoAai1 TOA'OpOB, zpaJ. XV-xIX 6eK, C0<p!HH
1972).
Ciy;iil.i'Z3It,jon 'in Ballk,a,n ,tOWlf1S \Vinth;ln the Empir
WaJS a paJrt ofaJn CluUiJty encompaIs,smg the maJtwiaJl aJnd &piril1:n..l!al
o rpaAcKoj l\I1BHAI13al\HjH Ha EaAKaHY XV-XIX BeKa Il
ou1tJur:e of alJJl rtOWIDiS of ,the Neaw E'3ist. lin the eaJSltem MedlJterranealIl
whioh oompI'ilSed pambs 'of the Ballrkam ipenilillS/u,lla, a ,symoreSltie ei-
virlliZa'bio'11 h;:ud lit ,the lJirmeof Helrleruilsm, gi Ylilng i,ts SitamJP
to urbam Thamlkls Ito :speciall feabuires of oultluJre develupling Q[}
Ithe 'terri,tary of ithe Serbia:n IS'DlJte, rthe ooI1der di;viidfung Ithe Weslte:m
amrd the civih,zations WaJS oiln ,the MiddJle Ages SiltUi(llte:c1
funthereaJ5it aJnd ISOUth of the BallkJam peJJiilJJiSl1.lla ,thaJn aJt a lMerr
'biaTI'e when :t WaiS lset up by ,the Tumwlish II1UIle. Wiuth IJhe eSltl(llbilishme[l:t
of .the Tunkilsh Empure, south-e-a's,tem Europe beeamea UinMomm
area wilth rthe COUJIlJtrjes of rthe NeaJr EaJst,aJt lealSlt ,as f'aJr 'aiS urbam
life is concenned. Cer.taliln forill's of mliteriali and isp'-ri,1'U,all oUillDuire,
oI1Jgim
'
aJtJimg lin thaJt Ialrea, Jl1JU!st have ;n:jflected Ithe inf11lUenceiS of trra-
d:'oTiis fOUlI1d on the Siilte alnd theaJneieI1Jt sense 'f oUll,tuml syn-
creiJsm of ,the p.eop}es 11iVlll1Jg 'im these paJnDs. However, the basirs of
'1h!Js Jnter1mking WaJS rthe 'Sit'aJte code of ,the ObtOlmaJn Empure i[l
whioh the WIOOf WaJS the lISiI!aJIIlJ'C l,aw. one en'd of
Trunikey Ito ,the ollher, ,tO\.I,I1rus were buHt ,im Ithe 'soode of monlllIT11el1rtal
edi,6ices ereotcd 'ais fal1llldations. Onlv bui,lidings with 'a ;re1iJgi'OUS
pUlIipose - for thereSit of ,SQilleoody'iS 'Soul, 'amrd senn.l11ig Ithe geme-
l'al .need alnd us:e (mO'sques,iJmrebs - puhllic OlIlliteenlS,
colileges, haJths, fOUint'alim:s, hostels. OaJaJI'aiV'amiSeraJs etc.) coUild be of
imIDodesrt: rpropont'ions, maJele of ,jiilrm maJtenJail, aJnd 'aI.I1tJslnrc in
shaJipe. AJ11 other objecns -shops, dwellilrug-hoUJses, even reSii,dences
of drigllItaJrliles - were ll1'de ofoooir maJte6lJl, moidest ait lealSlt i:n
the pamt Imnned ,to ,vhe !street OIr ,J.ame, rbUiJ,t irn the rSUlgn of Ithe1lran-
lSillJol1iness 'OfeverYJthing which diS [lot diJreobly 'I.l!I1'der dlVlJIle prlte-
otion. (Wii1th itihe PaJSisJirng of ltime, aU 'thrM chaJl1Jged ccmslilcieralbly,
gebting OIUt firom IlllI1der 'thraJt l.aw, so Ithalt lm rthe end even hOllliSes
of 'rieh ChrirstJJam merehaJl1JtJs beeome biJg iln S'ome places, wii/th con-
sp.iouOlUsly decomted Fa ardes , ,aMhough 'SttiM mOSibly of 'DOar mlaJte-
6311.) To malke uo for Jt, evorythiJng which W'as 'i'll'si,de, hid:doo
'from the eyes of the 'PSlsers by, WaiS 'VlaJniregaJrted atndas rich ais
possibJ.e. Tm'kev hard ,i
r
maginlltiove3iJ:1UiI
Sialn>s wholse 'produobs, from
Buida Ito BaghrdaJd, enhlaJIlcOO. ,the beaJUlty of liiV.mg, whereaJS mer-
eharrlits, tlDaJnSipoI1tlng Itheilr gaods lim c\JraV\aJn:s,SlUcceeded lin maik.img
rthe chdiJce of 'wticl:eson ,the rnanket ,loOlk, by ,thelilr rupP'eau-,amce ,(lit
,leaJSlt, rneait.ly ithe same ID ,the whoJe Empilee. Along wilth IthrilS, qlUa-
ILity goods, mostily rteXitiJes, were .impooted from Ithose counilJries
hetween E1,g'1aJl11d aJnd Il}}dia wiJth whrich TlU:nkey maJiJnta:iJned COIffi-
aneroiJaJl Irel,aJtrioftlIS, ,and OUisrtomel1S CCYl!,};d fimd them oirty of
Ithe reaJm. This cammon matell1i.alroUindaJrtion of l,iofe W'lIS, wiilth
Itime, acoopted am;d ardopted by aIl the9l1bjeobs of rthe SuJ<tan, Ire-
gllI'dle9s of ,thei!r ethnie and IreIrilgi'OU!s diJfiferonces. T'here were
rt.1lles, v.ery iSinriot im.!deed, ordeI11ng t-hat ,these r:mbjeotJs, dpending
on theiJr aJnd religion, mUJSJt dirffer aJmoo,g themselves by
a'ppearalnce. The liu.]es ptsCiriibed ,the co,lour amd the q'l1'3
1
11i1tv
of dathes f.or eaeh par,trioLlil\Jr group, >the ,11ilgh!t of C'aJrry.irng wearpolns
12
P. CaMapI.IHn
amd ri-dmg honses, I1:he way of behaVlng with the Turks, yet aU
thaJt wa,s lfiot sooioie1Jt ta preverut them Drom fiJnatly belongilI1g to
the same of Levamltine aJbies. HavJi:ng
come Erom vaJ1()l]S paros of ,the wodd aJUd -sebt1ed in ItoWlns, cenb<lJin
groUipsof merchantsaJlld arslam,s hawe, for a long me, jealousJy
-kept theiJr -(lJfid wayiS jln decorating theilr homes, i:n dresiSing,
m food atnd ritn coolkJitng their O"VlIl cuLt di:shes, as weB as tin theiir
appeamnce. ThQse OlllSi1!oms haid ortigilDJaJtoo in Byzalllum, or were
a part of old Sl'lIVic heniJtage; sorne of them came fram gel1JUJne
Turks, others from A1rmerJJJa and Pel'Sia, from the Mediiltenranean
coasts, Spaitn and POI1lJugaJ,arr1d ,they were 'bI1Uly ,kept <lJ1ive IJn 010-
sed groups and Isooi'ebies 'Uil1Jt'il ,the decline of LeViarutine oUI1!Jll1re in
the Bailk'a1is. In spilte of thaJt, sorne of ,the old OllIs!toms were >50
06too tDansfenred tr'om one group ItoaJnother 'ihat 'braces of theiir
true or,igriJn were losit; m-amy of them, however, become ,the fO'UJI1-
dation of a new synorebiism in ,the matemial OllIJ,(:uJre of ,the Balk>ans
lInd of the Near East.
AccoI1dJlng to Obtoman law, the p0pWation of tOW1Il6
bad<lJS itls upper layer TUIibsh acitrnirnj'Sotrative dtigJ1it'aI1ies, the <lJrmy
and the (ulema, engaged in a:ffaJJlli of jusulCe an:d law, education and
reLigion; the Maslems, enjoy,ing So<lJfety ,rather 'thaln 'aotual
leges, were rrespolllSiiJbJe for a great de<lJl of 'tra-de, hlllt Ithere were
a1so mllny omfibsmoo a:mong them. SettlementsilnhabiJted by fo-
reiglners enjoyed the privileges ,the g'veI1nments of thej,r home-
lands had a:cqtl1',redas a speo'aJl 'Sij,gtrl of the Suh'aJn'.s fa1V'UJr. Fi-
nally ithe of TUJrkey who were 'fiot Mos!lem but
\Vere fol1owers of one of the prophebs recogJ1li:zed by hl'aJffi,
th<lJt is, ,and hrud Ithe ISitaibus of the Surlitan's
non-I-slamlic suhj,eots, and were, ,thus proteoted, able 'totrade
aJnd to maI1JUDaoture <lJfltilfaot'S; a ceJ1tailn pant of Itheir goods aIIld
producbs were givoo ,to the &tate ,a:s ,t'axes. Thils dilViusion of ,the po-
puleJtion which cou1d, perh3ip's, be calded daJSiS djfferootiaition, and
the 0lhic aond ,religilou,s vlII1iety of townspeople were the ,relison
why the TUJr1kish aJUlthr1tires cOll5lidered them as IseparaJte groups
and deaJ1t W1ilth ,them Ithrough ,theJTIr 'representatilves. On ,the other
hliUd, ,the proteotion of busiitneSrs interesos , the carre fOir
'wrvices ,atnd the educatlion of ,the young, ,the CaJre for ithe old :and
/mpoveniJshed of the group, -rund, aJhoV'e aM, oons,t'atn't
Wil'llnglitng w,1th <lJUthoritieskept rthese ChI'ilsoil(lJfi and Je-
W11sh grOLlip5 together very much ,iln the 's'ame way they wekept
together in Jtheitr par'lShes or reJ.iglioU's commurrbies.
ThatI1klS ItO Ithe1r popUJ1<lJt:on, BalJ.Jl1 ci-ties and towns remailned
cO'smopol,i'baJ1, but, ow,itng ItO rthek ooUeotirve menballliJty, they deve-
loped m!to ceI1ltJres of a Sipeoiral LevantlJne oulltme which, -aiLthough
by origirn oaJnd oosiffiopoli;tJan by appeamnce, was never
theless lllJIl!ifonn Inn many res'Peolis.
Every etooic, or, rather, rebi!gio1.lJs gr<:xUip in Levanrtline cities
,spoke therur OWiIl lllI1<gUJaige, keepilIlg !Jt alli'Ve tiU the end i:n their
homes arnd dm betwee:n the membetJ:,s of ,the same oommu-
nlty. Nowhere else were 'Som3!ny dMferertt 'langu3Jges kno'wn 3Jnd
spokem iGllS ,they were illn the arr1d the Noor E3JSiL MercJ.m..ruts,
ora6tsmen, 03Jntems 3JIlJd mcml<Js spoke TlUl1kJish. No ffi3JUrer where
il:hey h3Jd come firorn, bUisill1esSlIIlen .iJn tOWiIl!s had to ilmow 1he lm-
guage of the peop:le iI11 whose COUlIlltlry they dWeiLt. MOireOiVeo:-, n01
only hig merchailits 'tlradilOg w!ilth fOTeigm COLlJillbries, buta1so a,liI. the
huge crowd of brokers, agel1Jt's, middJlernen, b3JnkeJ:1s, money-chan-
gens, C3JI1aVaID leadel1s,3JI1Cl even longshoremen kll1ew somethiiIlg of
the la;ngn..uages of foreJilgTwJ1s w'ilth whom the ,w3Jde W3JS mos,t ill1Jten6e
- Genrl1'm in .the NoJ:l1:h, HaI]liren i'n the South, alD'd Erench;in ,the Bo3Jst.
DespiJte the predominance of the Tur:k'i\Sh, the hlll1,g1Uages of aU
,those li'V'ilIlg iJn a 'town, or 'Sltaying therefor longer pemi'dis of 'time
were hea:rd ln ill3Jr.ket-s 'aJnd meTchamttJs' Sibreet's, all1Jd everybody .k:nevi
at JeaSit some derusliJve ex:preSiSIions brom the.ir lI1etllghibotws'
ges. A verrhal deHvery oDten ccmt'3Jined woms, eXipreS'SliOI1Js, 0Ir even
whole sentences 'baken aver kom atnother kllngu
l
3Jge j,n order to
fiJIlJd the m-OlSlt accumte term, 010 emphasi,ze ,s:omethill1g, or J1!O col,our
one's speech wj,th irony or proverbial wi'Sdom, but thi,s afuoo hap-
pened even \VlythOLlJt 3Jny defiiJnilte ptlIl1pose, 'spol1JtJaneoUlsly, owilJ1g
to haoot or to ,the l1l3JtTUJre of 1re13JtliJons which haJd been eiSlbalbllilShed
belore thalt. One often spdke Ita oneself 'Mn one language, but 'to
others, alloud, 'iJn atniOlther, 'ryti!I1g to BitnJd 60I11'ethiJIlJg tD rely on in
aU that huge3JffiOUll1it d<lnOWin ilIl VllfiOUIS Itongues out'sLde one'ls own.
The ol1igm of 11l1I1Y words 3lIld expressiol1is WiGllS tlms looJt 'lx> pos-
'
terity. If a language consists not only ofits vocabulary but a1so of its
W1ay of of ithe mooning a.f Il.1JDtemnCEl5, and ()Jf the definJI1g
of iTel3Jtlions \\illth !the eXJte11I'lJaJ1 wadd, iJt ils jUSiui,fied to ,say th3Jt tthe
I\..Il1bam ai'Vfilbi!Z3Jt,iOJl im ,the BailikalI1s durillng the T'l.1!Dk.iJsh '!lLe bore ,the
&t,armp of liJnguiiSlli!C oosrruop0bltaJni.'SllTI which, neventhelesos, in aH
the cOUil1JtmiSm that p3Jl1t of the WOJllcl, h3Jd rim. common Jthe sp.iJPit
aJIld the menJtall,.Jty of expression.
The Jn.n3JbJtaJl1Jtls of BaJkarn aiJtiestook. care ,to preSleI'Ve
thei,r Il1:aiOII1aJ. name, :religion, O\.l1stomsalOO o1rheJr p3Jl1tioUllar bmnd
of [nar3Jls ilIl order ,to iStJay UJt of ,the .ffiaSlS of oth01\5 3Jl1Jd ,to maJn-
taiJn the lspecifiic ClillBibity of the1r lega;l 6lt3Jus Md of ,their wSllness.
The rnlixiling, Ito a greater eMerrl!t, with membens of other groups
le3Jd ta eXCOIl11al1i1..11tU:on amrd ItO 'the deU:1oall of ri.gntJs deni..viJng f!I"om
the law concemiJng domeSltJic rel'arbicms; l.Jt samet.imes even bro/UlghJt:
damnartliOl1 on the l'r3JnsgreSlsor. If one C3JIl speak of patria:rchal
rel
l
3Jonl
s in ,society 3Jnd of monaliS prev.3Ji,l;]ng :U1 cilty envi!ronments,
Ilt tJs cerbalm il:h3Jt ,they aJre ,to be faUJIld IJn ,the BaJlik.3JIls where ,they
were eSltalblii,shed dn.ur1itng the Turrik.i:sh I11Uileon very Sltniot :norms,
eSipeCiaUy in weaJ1thy merohanrt: quartens. Everyth!ng haJPpenim.g in
homes or commumlities of other group.s wa:s looked 3Jt with ,suspi-
14
P. CaMapl.mn
o1on, reillUObaJn, ofit:em wilth 'alnd contemrplt. The time
:of the W0iS iIlearly OVrer, yet the adJherence '\:;0 thi:s or
thalt pa:nbiotilalr ethnie OIr group WaiS ISItilll rrecogniZ<alble tWld
the was m'3lrked even more Ith3ITI beifare. It ,ilS i:1
Itowns, InJot onIly ,the VJUage ,soai:ety, rthalt ithe were
laid for the natonal tI1<l1l1rsforma.tion '3II1Jd ,LiJbeJ1lltion movements.
(The Sllrajevo bUlsliJnes:s people, 3Jmang whom there were mamy
furniens, glaiVe 6arne of I1:he mo.st timpontllTIlt men far Ithe el1ltlJre
Serbialll 'ffiovemenlt 1ns.Iith-eal5itelnn EuropeaJt Itheend of the l7th
aJnd iJn Ithe rfihnSit deoades of the 18th cerutunes.) Nwenthe:less, fea-
tLlires m3JIikii'ng the character of 'aiH Balkllll llLr'ban populaJtions mUlI
with :the The oni!giJn o.f Ithat phoollmen:OIn WalS Ilooiked
for amcmg the TlUl1kJS, 0iillang rthe GreekJs, TeJ1nItZ'llI'S, and Arunetn1ialll6,
that is, liJn Ichalt LeV'llI1JtiJne mentJat1Hy wlhich Wlas most cha-
rrooter.iJSluic of the Nea'l" EaJSit r1JOW[)jS. The Bal:kJalns nad lindeed beco-'
me, in m3ITIY waYis, '3. pamt of a diviJi.zaJtio:n COII1IJXI1ilslilnJg the ooun-
tI'ies of ithe eaJSitefnn MedJtenraJl1eaJl1. No doubt, ,there were WeJSitern
llinB1uences, especialHy rthose broughrt: a/bout by lthe impOlI'rotil1 of
oontalm of maitertiJaiI auilltJure, bUit rthey wtere due to the close
poIrliti:oa.l 'ail1Id ,re1IJg)ilUls of pamtiOUll'3Jr peop1es ID T:urkey with
,that paint of Ithe wor'M. Yet a!lil rthat cUlld iIlOit COJlJtest ,the e5i6.ea1-
t1aJHy Lervail1ltUm:e chllreooor of wba.n :JI1 it>he Ha1koos. EIVeiIl
the mare oomplex p;emetJraDiran Off rt:OOse ImJfliUefllces in the 19.th n-
t'll!ry, when ,iideaJs '3U1id books were iJmponted 1il ,fur-
II1JJtJure arnd o1'Othes, dJi,d nQt diJsI1:UJI1b I1:he LeV'aJl1lt,JI1e 3ltmosiphere in
homes lainid lriJfe liJn the Balik!aII1Js. (ThiJs ilid happem '3.Jfiter I1:he
aJboltiishffiefI1Jt of !the TllllIiklSh mtlJle,aJs ,the treSiUl1t of ,the e5111aJb1iJshment
of na11ilOl1'ail lSitlaJt:eS 'aJU'C!. of mhe 'JTIItJrodlUothm of a diJffereJ1Jt ec:lOmic
6)'1Stem.)
Liv,Jng ritn iffiJUItJu<l11 diJSl1lru'Sltarnd ISlUiSIPicion, oaiUltioUJsand aLl1l1-
niJng, '3.1W1aYls ready for Isorne daa1JgeT'O!Lus gaiIlle, the rJniha!biJtJalnrt'S of
Ba1kJam dirtlies were lait Ithe ISaiIlle time becomilng aloser one rto the
other ahId I1:he rresembJmlce ootweem. ithern JI1CiI"elaJSed w:iJth [he mime.
ThiJs WaJS evi,denJt dm Ibime5 of miJsfuntumeam:d ItIrouJble, or even when
'there was IIlQ lOOaJl lIleed or onpUll'SIDn for ,iJt; ilJhey wauld excllimge
cOIIJoos.cenJd!iJng ddisplaying rt:he weailrth of their wiisdom
a:ndin'dIUlgilng :JI1 hone)'iillOUlt!hed 'speooh.es. ThaJt W1llS due 1!1.0t ooly
!to a kind of rbaJ1alIl of !t00iJr ,JnJtere5i1Js whiich, ait leaiSlt /Up Ito a cer-
,oam degree, Ithey haid wn cammOll1; 'Jt WraiS :aotUJaJlly ,the tiiJnal '3.cmow-
,ledgillliIDt, wltt:h had ,to be rea:ched firom Itime il:O ,ime, ()If the faot
rtnaJt they bel<mged IDO Ithe lS0iffie w{)IJ:lld 3ITId '10 :Jtls matiJn spJriJl:lUa'l
chafla:oref15itias. Urban hfe, wilth IsliJnkJmg deeper a.nd de-
epe.r a1li rnhe lJme, nad ibseffeos: people were beoniIng ever more
cornpIex, 'aJble ito fia life Wiilth 'SJaig,ao.irt:y, im bUisineSi.s,
thrd:1ty lUll1.o'btll1u:sively I1ch,devoted illn '3. p<l1ri
l
airchail way, rto
'V!Jl1tJues :the be9t of ordens, loy.al '\Jnd alotached rbo ,therirr furrnJi,ly
wd n'aJ1ion, ram:d, very mlUch 1iJke fOTI1ler iIlohiJiJty, alw'3.)'iS rincJJimed
o rpaAcKoj W1BHAJ13al\HjH Ha EaAKaHV XV-XIX ReKa 15
ta beSitow dOOOlbiol1ls upOin :temples 'and ISChOOillS, -0:1' >to hecome
fOUlIldems of cnUlIUhes1ll1Jd mcmllSiter1ies OU'der rt'o 'SeUl,re !the .sal-
vartlon of 1thOO iSOu1s Md 100 do somethriJng for ,the genenaJ beneHt.
LIV,mg m dosed aliroves, ithey dosed ithemseltves even more, bec'llUise
;the wea!bhJiJe:st among them ,tem:ded 'lo ,ami'Sltooracy amd to tthe e:s-
,t'aibhs1uneIlJt of a ip'lltrioJm l'ayer of :society. Th'llt &epClJPaJted II:hem
from the way of ilife of ,the gerr:telI'aJ popu1tclJtioo arnd brought ,them
'
lOOOlfer 11'0 the hiiighest cirr"cles of Olther LevarrlltThnelS. T'1Ls spread
'3Jroood J<alter '3JIDong the others. The model.s olf rumharn oi'VHJieaJbioUl
,the N.r EllSit t<llOld Jn Ithe Ba.l!kaJl1:s i31lwa)'ls came from the uppeT
'SibPaIta of 's'ooiety amd spread cLownwamds. These moideLs were accep-
ted by aM and SIlIlI1chry except by Ithe cilty 'rah.ble. However, :that
Lilfe in olOlse:d oiJ:roles procud, wilth ithe time, .thidk,' heavy, some-
t!JIDeiS even impuire h:lood. People were 'frllUght WJth perfircLiO'Us aJl1d
vioioUiS lOiOghngls OOt moSit often ,they were 'tormerutoo by the caH
of diJs.taJDJt, kee ISipacelS aIt1Jd ,those aJ],ien woclds whkh one C'Uld
get 10Slt 1n:dUJ1giJng 'n plealffillre, aillthoUigh Ithe Dace 'showtl1 to one's
o'WIn f'auTI.i,ly a!l1!d !the peopleOif the 'tOWIn WllS rtJuJnned ,to ;s!tone by
<lU'ster,i1ty 'llnd If.espectatbi,lity.
The oul.bU'nal hri'Sitory of Balk,aon Ciuties ,and tOWI11'S 'ilS 'I11aJn,]y
the rustory of lthe mam iJnhaJbriJtilng them, of in Ithait
eI1'v:iJrOJlmell1lt, of hiiS develo;p1Il1erJJt aJn:d acqlUlilsilltJoln of ceT1tJaJim. q:uia1l:i-
The llrWelSltThgaJtion of dty eOOiIlomy, espeoi,aJJy .<Yf ll11ternatnonaJl
:tirade, haiS Ito he ipai11tIly lredJud 100 the 'l.lllJJderntJalI1J<iirnJg and mter-
preroatiilOIl of ,thalt !l'I1a[1. Hus carnpieXJiJty u"eqlUJJrelS the IIl1st versa,nille
al1llllys1Js. appatren:tly Metnlllted liJn ;the Levanftllne way, tha<t
mram had oawied Ithe bumden of n'MiOitail \SItJ:ll1Jggle J<llI1ld rt\reD.1JsfOirma-
tion al:cmg !the 'VI.i11age POpu1ClltlilOIl, <aJnd brought 00 a 6!UCCetS-
S'fiutl end. Modem Greeik ootory, f1rom !the DaiN of C()[lsltall1JtIilIlOlple
(1453) IUJl1Il:!i!l Ithe fOlllI1!drutJion of rthe wnJdependenJt !SIDaite (1830) .iJn
tiltS mOSit firnpol1tJarntt pamt, marilnly Ithe histary of the renewClJl am.d
l'i,se of rthos:e cOIIIllffierai<aJl aJI1d ls,.famTIng 1ayens of Isociety which
hrud endowed Ithek Jl!a:1Jilan wilth maJtertilaJ wOOll:th, WIirt:h ithe grelttesrt:
nrumber of educlltoo people, W1hh :the mO,Sit powerful ooorch !the
Q.I1thodox warlid, W1iJth :the preserved hJilSltOr.icall ool1lSoience, wi'th the
f,1I1Sit amid rrnOlS't riJmpo:ntarnt nathilOrrlall talnd, fll1lalUy, wlth
the sociall fO'UlOootiOIl's of <the new iSItaite. WilthoUit e1Ju:dildJaltimg II:he
appea'rance arntci ,the mpiild enmichmen:t, eS'peciallJly fin the rtPade with
COIl1ISltarnttin'QPle, of the higheSit loayer of BulgllI1ian IUiI1bam. IpQP'Lr1rutiIOJl,
mt litS wpo.Slsible ,to expiIaiim the fQUIl1IdJlltiOlOsamJd rthe iSlucceSS of Ithe
BulgaTi!arn lrelIl!aIs's'amoe. One ought [l'ot ,to negl1eat the devdopmOOit
of Albmj,am ItOWIDiS, regrund1les:s of ,the def')ree ItO which Itheir eC'OlOomy
W1aJS Ithe hJamclJs of mechltl1Jt,s of Gr,aeco-TZlll1JtZlClJr r.i;g:i!n. The role
o.f ItOWll1lSim. rthe SeI1bj'arn II1ClJtiooaJl renewall was very IlllIliU!Slual. FJrom
the elllJd of ,the l7tth cenbllJry, hll's'inetSiSIIDen lin ,tOW1I1<S iSOiUJth of the
Sava and ,the Darr1lUIbe couJid no longer n:marilI1 ,in thelr oIld home-
I.and. They dJlS:pe:I1sed, 'and 'sorne of Ithem moved 11:0 ithe desel1ted
hmdJs of P'O'dn..tm!av1je (aIrolIDd ithe Darnube) cOlOqlllered by AtuSltrr,ja,
16
P. CaM:apI.JJ.l!\
wMle o.thers carmied on their oos-iJnes's ,the diaspDil1a beLween
Tni:eSlte, Vierma, Buda, rt:he tOWfI1!S at the eSlUua,ry of Ithe Danube,
in Odessa, and Smyma. Mov1ng away 6rom the
Tunks, they could talke wilth ,them sorne of Itheur goods 'and ch.attels
but, what \"'aJS more !limportant, they took allong busilIless expeifience
'a:cquiJred, [l'Ot only by Ithem, hUit ,a,l\w by a h:mg ,lWne of Itheir ooces-
ItooS. They fOUloo ID ,those lIlew paillts Serbian merohaJfilvs and or-afit-
'smen who had oome before rt:hem 'and, otogether, rthey soon formed
-a 'P6werfiul order of iplfogreSlsilVe oiItiozens. The wo1ik of the Serobi'an
Church was ,a1so revlilved, thear.'Sltool'acy and a:rmy did :rnuch to-
wards ,the ,acknowledgment of ,the ,speai1aJ! impor.tan of Ithe SeI1bs'
worik ;the AUJSlliro-Hllll1Jgarian BmpiJre. For, iot was j'UlSit there that
the ou:lilJUJral and lI1'ational ruse of ,the SeJ1b'an people, ,baised on mo-
dem f01mdlaJtJilOl1Js of BUJI1D:pean en1ightmerut, was achieved in <the
c'urSe of ,the 18th celliturv. Nonthern Serbiila whi'ch had 'suffered
the hea'V'iest dev3Jstal11ions 1n the TlUinkli'sh wams, WaLS at rthat time
renewiJng ius papuilaJtlitm, IIIl ithesOUithemn parts, 01d Serblia and
Maoodoni1a, 1he cilty eoonomy of the Lev3ll1Jtine type growtiJng
&tJ:1Olnger, 'WlJng 10 ,theiJr alose oO1lIleotous wlith Greek 'and Ailbaman
J?Olts; <the lTo.ad a']iQIIlg rthe MOT'aJVLa 'Valey \WlIS eqlllaJ:ly J'.f1lsPOrtwn:t
for southemn mercharuts who itook Itheillr goods rto A'll!Sitr'ilan iIUalflkets.
Mamy of Ithern lselltled rthere, 3JfiId, by rremalilillng lin those 'P'lII'ts, kep1
,the iJIlIsbillJuJl'S, OUIs.toms, ways of H",mg a1'd of oarryJng bu-
5'liIleSS, l1Jaiken Gym ,rrom B31Lkan ci'tlies. The eXlIJOIltaltlIO!n of caJttle
firom nonthenn Serbia ,to AU$lor:ia and Dailmal1:ii!an ItOWlfilS thus be-
came !a profiilbalble r!lr,a!de. Revol'llitionary developed 'in .the
I\.1'rihan enlV'iJranrment, yet in a panticuJar way o1'OSeaJ1so to Seran
peasal1tJr)', ,l,ed ,to ithe up>iiJng -of 1804. A,nd ,the ai1bi,zetr1S were ffiOSitly
of Ba:kam. igiln, ofitoo recentJyamnilVed ItO ,theiJr new emr,ironment,
or -SibiU and w1kJ,[lg in TurHsh itOWlI1'S.
To penetraIte ,the ]I1JIlBr ClIS'tlwtJiOIn, not ordrirnary byany
means, of Ithalt man who was the represen!JaJtilVe of Ulnban
Iton in the Bailik'lll1Js, 1s a Itillsk on ,the :Of which depends :the
rtru:e undemstJaJn'<llI1g of -aIIl thart whlltch ,toot mam. beql\.1'althed to POIS-
teniJty, fi1r15it of 'lIll iJn movemffi1lt!s far []artlIoI11al lOOIlew.aJl, alIlid,a!so, lin
o.ther alrea's of k51p'iJJ:1.Jtua:1 aIll!d TlaJtemial1 OUl1JtluJre. Devel1op.ing wlilthin
hJmsel,f, gmduaHy, a !refined ItaJste charaoterJ'Sit/!C of LeVW1:ti!lle cos-
mopolit'3lni,Stffi, he accepted 'aJ1Jl ri1ueIlIces, ,the ea:5itenn ones in panti-
cular, provi:ded ithey dedighJted miJnd 'and exctilted hi:s 'senJses. lt
wa's not lIleSlsary60r anything 1Jo bepmiJmevatl or omiigIDaJl. Primev,ail
were hi,s fediJngs whJich he ItenJsely COfiltrol!led 'll!l1!tll Ms mOISIt dem-
cate nel1Ve reS:OUIl1Iood. He did flot drr'mk mi,lk O'UJt of paillis, like his
compaJtriot,s in hllis food 'and 'C1JI'iJnlk,s were prepared .s\Uch
a way 1hat ithey, ItOO, had ,to la1JtoXJoote bim. He ,dreSiSed WlJth caire,
wearmg '<liS good clothes as poSlSibJe not onJyonaccount of his
pution but al,5O heca'Uise he WliJshed ,to feel ithe 'Sf.t,ness -of ,the
fa:bric on hils IStkin, FlIle honses, splemlilldly amrayed, were -a sign of
17 o rpaAcKoj l\HBliAH3al\HjlI Ha EaAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa
Isocial prestlilge, bUlt ait Ithe s'ame ,bime, the'r OWiners roul1Jd joy lin
ItheJr beanJlty 'aJl1ldiJn thei frieJ:1ldJship, by IllO mearns SiUpenfillll!()IUJs. lit
lils :kmoWln ,thalt they '5!Pdke iJn a way whiilOh garve them plealsiure -
Itheylilked 'to healr Itheir OWln vOIices; IthJS was the oa!seaJ1ways:
whoo they 'shOUIted 'ait SE'JI1V
1
am:ts or whoo th.ey theliJ'
Wlilsciorn in f'I1OIlJt of LSOmeoI1e they deemed worthy of TheJ'f sOil1gs,
Illm'er 11JO'O ,long, hiaJd to move am,d end by excititng itheti['
wtilth oa preparr-ed sUl1pf'i:se. As for ffilUJtt, tlrey pif'efer-
Ired Ito 'ilt lnalther rthiaJn playing Jlt, fOif they feilt the need Ito
themsel'VelS to \Jt u!OItM they became exhalUislted; oll1Jly then, after
,reaching 'thaJtSl1oalte, they moved on '1'0 ,those moods ithey had been
prepalred ,for before. Their dalnces 'al1so gJI1aJtJ.'a
'
ly lied Ito ,Jnt'OX!i.
CaitliJon.
These LevaJl1Jt,iJnes were, nevertheleSJs, 'severe lin a paJtriGlrchaJl
Wlay, eXitlremely 'altJtJached to their famitLies 'amd Ireals'O:o:aJbly
piluos, aind,aJ1thaugh peo:ple, thniJfity a's 'allUile. llIl :sorne
of 'them, 'braces of thek peialS<lIDJt were 'Siti'LI disce['[lible, whe-
'rlas 'Othel1s wuld Irealy be descendall1Jbs of very O'ld f.amihes. Sorne
of thlrn repnestmted othe heaiLthy liJneaige 'ait ,the IStage of gJrowting
and, OOI1JseqllleIlltly, ,they weremther in fa'VO\.lIr of vir-
I!lOOS, whereaJs othe'ps, dedeIllt, malriked ,the eOidof hOOJSes;
thmr semJse of,alI1!d iJnoollglnce in, rp:lealS'UJres wJhich the Leva1rut W'a'S
o6fermg !Il1lOS1t 1arVJitshily, 'replllised ,the IinheI1itted d'Uity to Ikoop 3lJ>'pea-
l'aillees w&thim the f.mme of f.aJmily 1Vfe alnd of acceplJeld custolms, by
ait iloost hiidilng itheilr \'lices.
This presented too mlllch like a tYlpe 'aII1!d depri:ved.
'Of 'aH l003Jl ohairoateniJSitliJos, recLud 'tOaill litdeal aJOId PE'JI1feot mDel
of :the LeV'alIlItJJne main lilIl ,the BalLk'aJlltS, testJiJfues nevertheileSls ,to ,the
level of !the oivibizaJtion '10 which he belanged. The of
the coin, 'allwa)'ls IreveaJlilr1g mi..sery, ,maliJned hJiddoo. Thalt baak
'Siilde wOUILd ma:ke Itrns image ,look somewhalt poorer, but dit would
not deny IitS balSIilC IWadtts. Man, preselI1!ted ln thits way" was ofOOUy
,able to OroaJDe oa oiV'iJl,j,zalti'Ol1col'O'UIfed by cul,t!UJro'l lS,YJIlClI'etIitSlIIl, but,
'aIS 'a whole, thait ci'Vi,lirmtian WlalS, nonetheless,' oniJgJimal. The P'fe-
sE'JI1'Ved oremOlalnbs of the OUiLtUire eXoilSlt'img ,iJn fonmer Bailllm
and towms ron6kms it !Ully.
T:rams'laJteci by:
Nalda OUrOija-ProdalIloV1i
iby601l.mp MAKCHMOBHfi
KOPEHH H TIVTEBH HACTAHKA fPAACKOf TIATPHIJ,HJATA
y BH3AHTHJH
"''f'.' ...:.....:-t_
ITapaAoKOOM K3JKBHX je HCTopHja rrY:Ha, pecraJY'paQll1'ja Bfi3la!H-
l'Hje 1261. rOAIIlme RHje 03Ha'lnAa flIO'lenllK HOB0r yorroHa, 'Hem no-
'Iel'aJK enoxe arraAaJ-ba Koje je BO,iHi\O rrporracl'H. HCl'HlHa, 3a MHxa-
'Hi\'a VIII 1282) jow Ce 3aAp)KaBaO rrplWHlA OH3Jre, M;H je OH
[mwe nO'-lUIBaO Ha H3Y3eTHoj BeWTHrHll BH13<UHl'.H'jdKe AHrrA'OMa'I'Hje,
lIero Ha Cl'BapHHM M'OrynHocl'UiMa IJ,apCfBa. O,iMa,X 00 OMprn lB'ei\U-
Kor fiMOOi\Ora nOCl'aAO je jaoHo ,ia 'CY IHa:CTynHAa l'eillKa BpeMe'Ha.
HajIY0'lh>HBJ1lje rrpen-be AOi\!a3HAe cy orrOiba, aAIH ce cyrnrnlHa BH-
3<UHl'ujcKe l'pareAHje KpHAa y 'lHlbeHHI..JM Aa je nO:\H'TH'lKa H rrrpUB-
peAHa cAa60cl' 3eMibe OHei\lOrynaBaAa cyrrpOl'Cl'aBA:>'aI-be l'HM rrpenw-
Ma. OrraAa'lhe ce y XIV BeKY rrpeTBOpUi\O y Ayro.TpajH'Y e.KOIHOM-
CKY H <pHlH<liHCHjOKY KP1BY Roja je rrOBpeM'eHO AOOHjai\a AJpaCnf41He
06AHKe.
1
He0Y'MlhHBO, DpaA je KpH30M 6H'O HapO'lHTO noroneH Ben
li 300r 1'Ora llITiO cy HeA;OCTaTaJK HOBIJ;a, ona,6:arI-be 33JHaTOKe rrpon3-
nOAlhe n, 'H'3HA CBera, HeMHAOCpA:Ha 'KOHlK)'IpelHIJ;IHja Aal'HlHa !Koja
je BH33JHTIH'jy OBe ja'le CTe3aAa rrY'Ha ABa CTOAen'a, JlIPOY3p1KOBaAH
HeranrBHe 'ITOCAeAHIJ;e rrp'BHCl'Belro y cepepH 'OHe eK:OIHOMOKe <LKI1IiIB-
HJC111I IKoja je CBojcTBeHa rpaAY. OHYlHO ce OMal1pa Aa y rrO'Me-
'HYTHIM OKIQi\JHlOCTIrM;a Tpe6a l'pamOO.lf y3pOiKe OnaAaiJha Bei\WKe Be-
ru-me BH3aHTHjOlx rpaAOBa n03Hor A06a.
2
AAH KOi\lHJK'O rOA cy
Te 6HAe OHaJICHO :H3pa)KeHe 'Kao I.H'HHIJ;H'jaAiHH 'l.lfHIHOIJ;IH, OHe
,
. "
1 0 eKoHoMcKoj H HOBlJanoj KpH3H yonllITe BH,A. D. Zakythinos, Crise
monlaire et crise conomique Byzance du X Ille au XVe sicle,' Athnes
1948 (Aatoe: Crise), Ha mIme MeCTa; noce5Ho 3a np06AeM HOBqa BHA. (HHCY Ha-
BeAeHe CTYAHje npe 3aKHTHHocoBe) D. Zakythinos, Le despotat grec de Mo-
re II, (Aalbe: Despotat), Athnes 1953, 266 Il Aalbe; M. r. EapaHOBa, llo3He-
Oa.JaH"fuv..CKue 3aOa'IHUI(U KaK UCTOpU'teCl(uv.. Uc-COltHUI(, AHTH'lH. ApeBH. H
cpeA. BeKa, 9 (1973), 122; A. T. XYMaHHAHC, otxo'>'0IJ.ll; 'TClTopl<1. 'E)",&So, ,
l, AnlHa 1973, 164.
2 Vnop. Li. Maksimovi. Charakter der sozial-wirtsc1w{llichen SIruktur
der spatbyzantinischen Stadt 13. -15. Jh., (Aalbe: Charakter), Akten des
XVI, intern. Byzantinistenkongreses, 1, JOB 31/1 (1981) 151, 151 H. 13 (nperAeA
20
1'0. MaKCHJ\WBHfl
cy IHCl'OBpeMeHO oH nOCAe>,AjHQe oApdieHOr YJHYTpamI-ber pa3BHTIKa.
CTOra ce ApYllITBeHO-eKOHOMCKIH npo<pHA n03HBH3aHTHjcKor rpaAa
He MlO)Ke nOOMaTpaTH KpOO Il!pH3MY Bei\H'Ke KpH3e XIV
BeKa.
ApyrnTBeHa H eKiOiHOMOKa CTpYJKT'lj'pa BJI33JHI1Hje I1aAeoAor,
YODIlITe Y3eBllIH, H3I1paneHa je Ha OOHlon<lO\1:a Koje cy eTBOpeHe y X [
<Ji AaA.e pa3BllJ3IHe y XII KoA'HIK:o A3JHaC lli,6JHIMO, 1'0 je 6HO
llpOQeC KOjlH je He calMO 3Ha'llHO YHoneH>e nojeAJHJHHX <PeYAaAHHx
lIECTHTYQHja Hero H npeo6pa)Kaj YHTanOr APYlIITBa y jeAaH <peYAa-
AH30BaH opraHH3aM.
4
[paA, y KOMe cy AOTaA 6HAH oKYIlloeHH CBl1
UeHTpH Mollli, H'alllaO ce y CpeAHlllTY OBor npoQeoa. C jeAHe cTpaHc
cy rryQaAe AOTaAanrJhe crere Koje je ,6J{l)KaJBa BeKOBHMa nOCTaIB-
MaAa l'paAOKOj npJI,BipeAH; C Apyre cTpaJJre, npeA <pe-
YAaAJHlOM a'PHCTO'Kpa'I1HjoM TeK ce Ol'BapaAa MorynJH'OCT 3a ycnocTaB-
lba,I-be oonC1BeH'Or nocnOAC!lBa HaA eKOHOI.\1:H\KOM PpaAoBa. TiaJKO je
y yp6aiHH30saHoj BH3aHTHjH XI BeK, MO)KA,a, Morao 03Ha'-lHTH llipe-
Kpenmuw y Pa3BWI1Ky rpa,A,OBa - CTnap3JfbeM YCAoBa 3a J-blHXO'BO
IIp,HIBpeAJHO 'OOalMOCT3ubIHIBWhe H nowj3JJheM TeMeiba cneIJ;JH<pH'-IHoj
IpaAOKOj IIpH!BpeAJH. AaAeK'OCe)KJHJa npoMeHa, MeDYTIlM, HiHje HacTY-
IlHiAa 3aT lllTO HiH'jeAa'H OA OBHX npeAycAO'Ba HHje mw oCTBapeH.
ilpeMJa TOMe, Jorn MIHOro npe BeMIJKe KipH3e y XIV Beroy, BH3aHTHj-
CWf J1pa,A, je 'H3J'YIro MOryOH'OCT Aa ce H3pa3H Kao eHTIHTeT IOHeH-
l'MI <PeVAaA<I-BOBalHOM a'l'papHIOM .A:PY1II1'BY y '-IHjHIM ce OIKBHpHiMa H-
AaJ3HO.
6
cTapHje AHTepaType); llIIaK, CAHKa nponaCTH HeMa CaMO I..\pHe TOHOBe, 0 qeM\,
BHA. 10. MaKCHMoBHl1, HaB. t.IAaHaK, 152 H Aatoe, a y OIflillTeM OnaAaH>Y Ap)KaBe,
yAora HeKHX npOBHHl..\HjCKHX rp<lAOBa 3aA06Hja H3p<l)KeHHju pei\aTHBaH 3Ha-
qaj: G. 1. Bratianu, Privilges et franchises municipales dans l'Empire by-
zantin, Paris--Bucarest 1936, 103, 106; D. Zakythinos, La ville byzal1line, Dis-
kussionsbeitr. zum. XI intern. Byzantinistenkongress, Mnchen 1958, 90 (=
Byzance. Etat-Socit-Economie, London 1973, VII). .
3 OBO rAeAHillTe 3aCHOBaMi cy E. Stein, Untersuchungen zur spiitbyzanti-
nis<:hen Verfassungs- und Wirtschaffo.sgeschichte, Mitt. zur Osm. Gesch. 2
(1923--25, repr. A. M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1962) 2 li Aatoe; G. Ostrogorsky,
Die Perioden der byzantinischen Geschichte, Hist. Zeitschr., 163 (1941), 252
(= Ca6palia eAa, III, 27); HCTU, Le grand domaine dans l'Empire byzantin,
Rec. de la Soc. J. Bodin, 4 (1949), 35 H Aatoe (= Ca6paHa eJla, 'II, 175 CA.).
HajKpaliH OCBpT Ha rAaBHe acneKTe BH3aHrnjcKor <PeYAaAH3Ma (ca yny.
TaMa Ha OCHOBY .MiL): 1'0. MaKCHMOBHl, Charakter, 154 sq.; Tpe6a nOABynH Aa
cy KapaKTep AP)KaBe H npaBHor CHCTeMa yeAOBHAH enop pa3BHTaK epeYAL\HHX
HHCTHTYI..\Hja; ynop. K. B. X BOC'foaa, Oco6eHocTu azpapHo-npa808'blX OT/IOUle
HU 8 n03He BU3aHmu (XIV-XV 88.), MocKBa 1968, 254--262. _
Yrrop. TopoO u epe8HR 8 BU3awcuu 8 IX-XII 88., XIIe Congr. Int'.
des t. byz" Ochride 1961, Rapports l, Belgrade 1963, 35 CA.; 10. MaKCHMoBHl,
RU3al-tTujcKa npo8uHI,JujcKa ynpa8a y 06a llG.JleoJloza, EeorpaA 1972 (Aatoe:
Ynpa8a), 151-161; HeTH, Charakter, Ha BHille MeeTa; Kao H H3BaHpeAHo pa3-
MatpaH>e 3. BepHep, BU3aHTuCKUU zopo 8 ::moxy cjJeoaJlU3Ma: TUnOJlOlL/Jl,
u cne/.lucPUlca, BH3. BpeM., 37 (1976), 9 CA. OKOAHOCT Aa ey rpaAOBH, HapOt.IHTO
BeARKH, 6liAH 3Ha
L
lajHH rprOBal.JKH lIeHTpH rrpe Il rrOCAe IV KpcTaillKor paTa
Hlije CaMHM THM cBeAotIaHcTBo 0 npollBaTV BH3a:HTHjcKe TproBHHe AO 1204,
KaKO cMaTpa M. F. Hendy, Byzal'ltium, 1081-1204: An Economic Reappraisal,
Trans, of the Royat Hist. Soc., 5/20 (1970), 31-52.
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCT<lHKa rpaA. naTpHUHjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 21
TIIIDoAomj,a rpaAQBa iKaoHOHH3aHTHjcKe erroxe npllAlIlmo ja-
CHO nOKa3yje OBY OKOAlHOCT. Jep ynpK!C GIrfbeHHUH Aa ux MO\AepHa
HaY'Kia pacmpcrm31a npeMa BUille HAH Malbe CAO)J{OOffi'v1 iKpwrep!H1jy-
MliiMa,G rpaAIlli ce Menyc06Ho pa3AHiKyjy npseHcC'"I'BelllO []() cTerreHY
YKloyqooOCTH y nOMoIl'pH.BpeA,'H'Y npoH3BoAlh'Y. HlIKJo A,alHOC wrje
MJOrynHio Aa ce nOY3AiliHO ryTBiPA;H, y CBaJKOM nojeAHIHOM CAYlIajy,
OAHOC H3Meny arpalme H HearpapHe, T3B. l'paA:CKe npOH3BOA;fbe, 1H3-
BecHO je Aa jenpHlBpeAa OrpOMlHe BehH'He rpaAoBa H'MaAa y llOTrry-
HOCl1.H rHAH npere)J{IHIH'M AeA10M arpapHo o6eAefl<je.
7
Osa "pypa.AH-
3aUH'ja" 'H'lije 'M<H'M<MllIAa IHIH Ha}Bel1e rpaAOBe, cHIM60Ae BM'3aJHrmtj-
CKe yp6aJHe URBHAH3aUfHje, Kao illTO cy OOA;H UapHT'paA H OOAY'H.
8
LIa:K H MemeMIBacnj<a Ha IIeAlon1()He3Y, 'Ko}a ce o6:H"'-DHo oMm'pa npo-
TOTH:I1OfM, ,aJAH H rOTono YCllMA>eHHM npHiMepoM BmaHiTltjOKoT T'pro-
BaGKOr rpaAa n03HiQlr A06a,9 OTeKAa je cAaBY GBOjlIfM BHjHlipOA,'HtH,M
6 Ynop. P. Tivcev, Sur les cits byzantines aux X/e-XII/e sicle!>, By-
zantinobulg, l, Sofia 1962, 149 sq.; V. Hrochova, Byzantskd nsta ve 13.-15.
stoleli, Praha 1967 (aJbe: Mesta), Il, 88; 'Icr-rop(C( -rou 'EI-).'l'wwiJ "EBvou
(Aa,be: IEE), IX, ATlrna 1979, 238, 240 H Aaibe; y H3BOpHMa ce jaBibajy pa3-
AHLrHTH TepMHHH ( x.xcr-rpov, rr6),L pene ,xaw, -r6rro ), aAH ce OHH Mory HaH3Me-
lIHlIHO TlpHAaBaTii jeAHoM liCTOM rpaAY 3aBHCHO OA KapaKTepa TeKCTa; ynop.
l'o. MaKCHMOBHn., Ynpa6a 30 CA., 152 CA.
7-1'< MHorH paAOBH ce 6aBe OBHM nHTalheM (rro"lIeB OA AaBHallllhe CHHTe3e
N. Turchi. La civill bizanllna, Torino 1915, 74), npH tIeMY Meny Haj3'Ha'IajHH-
.ie /.\OAa3e G. 1. Bratianu, Etudes byzantines d'histoire conomique e't sociale,
Paris 1938, 156; P. Charanis, Town and Country in the Byz. PosSessions of the
Balkan Peninsula During the Later Period of the Empire, in Aspects of the
Balkans, The Hague 1961 (= Collect. Studies, London 1973, V), 136 sq.: D.
Zakythinos, Despotat II, 78, 167, 245.; E. Kirsten, Die byzantinische Stadt
(Aa,be: Stadt), Berichte zum XI. Intern. Byz.-Kongreisls, Mnchen 1958, V/3, 39,
sq. 46; V. Hrochova, Mesta 70; ynop. Ii HOBHja Hcrpa)KHBalha HAl-! CHHTeTHtIKe
OCBpre: M. A. TIOMIKOBCKaR, MOHaCT'bLpClCUe 13/weHUit 6 epecca/WHUlce u e npu-
WPOHOM pauolie 6 XIV-XV 66., AHT. ApeBH. 11 opeA- BeKa, 3 (1965), 19 CA.;
/EE VIII. 338, 342; IX, 239 I5q.; l'o. MaKcHlvloBl-!n, Charakter 157, 178 sq. Ar-
papHo 06eAoKje BH33!HTHjCIx rpaAOBa je Aeo Ayror HCTOpHicKor pa3BI:ITKa
KOjH IIHie MHMOHwao HH 3anaAHY EBporrv; ynop R S. Lopez, The Crossroads,
within the Wall. The Hislorian and the City, New York 1963, 33; L.
Gracl u lstoriji. Zagreb 1968, 292; 6aAK3JHCKH rpaAoBH BH3aHTHjcKor KYATYP-
Hor Kpyra, TaKone cv MaXOM ca H3pa:lKeHOM arpapHOM rrp0I13BOAlhOM; C. AH-
weB, 5'bIl.zapCURT cpeH06elC06eH zpa (paibe: CpeH06elC06eH zpa), C<PHR
1970. 91, C. fil1pKOBHn., Illnm y XIV 13eKY, 7. (pYKonHc KOjH MH je aVTop ibY-
6a3Ho ycrym1o, 360r liera .113pa:lKaBaM cBoiv 3aXBaAHOCT).
9 0 3Ha'Iajy MOHeMBacHje BHA. E. Kirsten, Stadt 40; D. Zakythinos,
Despotat II, 255 sq.; 3a MI1UJibelha 0 KapaKrepv lheHHX TlpHBH,\enrja ynop. V.
Hrochova, Mesta, 66 sq.; ID. MaKcHMoBHn., Ynpa6a, 13; HcrH, Charakter, 177
sq.; JEE, IX, 238; 3a onMalhe MOHeMBacHjcKe <pAoTe BHA. D. Zakythinos,
De\5potat, 155, CaBpeMeHa TlffioAomja BH3aHTHjcKHx rpaAoBa HepeTKo one-
pHllle TepMHHoM lu.rr6p10V KOjHM ce 03HallaBa rpaA Ca YAorOM mroBa1.JKOr
'lBOpHlllTa: M. JI. CJ03l001l10B, POIl'b Wpo06-!:hlmopue6 6 UCTOPUU BU3aHTuu,
BH3. BpeM. 8 (1956) B. T. fOpr/HOB. ll03He6U3aHTUuclCu c/JeoaJlu-
3a,H, MocKBa 1962, 240-302: V. Hrochova Mesta, 88; IfE, l,X, 240 sq.; Meny-
THM, BeAHKO je mnaH>e KoiHM 6H ce rpaAOBHMa rr03He enoxe Morao TlpHAaTH
oBai enl1TeT, OCHM MO:lKAa IJ,apHrpaAY H COAYHV, H ca KOAHKO OCHOBa; y CBa-
1\OM CAV'la iv. aKO ce HJMe\)v AaTHX H HeKlL\1 APV-
1'I1M rpaAOBHMa MO)!<e 3ana311TH H3Benra (BHA- l'o. MaKcHMoBli,
22
!no MaKCHMOBHh
nOAlPyt1jeM ('Mfu\!Ba311ja), a lheJHH TprO'8l..\.H rrpOMeTo.'v1 rrpOH3BOA13. Kao
lll'I'O oy )KllTO, ytoe, ycOtoeHO Meco, KO)Ke, CTQ.K\3..
10
Y T.1iHIM OKOA-
IH:OOllHMa je 3lJH13.TCKa rrpOl13BOAfba HMaAa He CaL\10 Apyropa3peAa'H
3Ha'l{aj II-IeOO je 'H fllpeTprreAa OApeneHO Ha3aAOIB.Hbe y OAHOCY Ha
HpeMe IlIpe XI \1HT3Be, HeK3'A qYBJHe rrpOtr3BAIHe ppaHe lilll-
"t.fJ3A:e cy rOTOBO nOTrryHJO,lI OA eeJHa<jxJKm< opraJHH'3a1Ufjoa, HeKaA Ta-
'IW npeI..\H'3HO YCTpojeHlHx, OCTaAH oy OaJMO 'He3HaTH!H TparoBH,12
OTpallf<a, npBeHCTBeHlo 3aiIl'aAiHa po6a nperr.AaJBH'Aa je 3eMtoy,13 a He-
KaAaI.llif,a TeX'HH"t.fKa 11 H'aY'-f'Ha oynepH:opI-DOCT BOOaJHTHje 'HaA 3aJna-
A:OM HCTOITI1Aa ce 6ecrrOBpaTHo.
11
Pa3Y'Me ce, M3HycPaKTY'pHa npOH3'
Yllpaaa, 158); Olla ce He o6jaCl-HITH IIacTojal-beM BAa,\c OA lHX rpa-
AOBa HaYliHIi )KHBa TprOBaYKa KaKO cMaTpajy N. Oikonomids,
Hommes d'affaires grecs et latuns Con/pie (XIIIe-XVe sIcles), Paris-
-Montral 1979 (AaA:>e: Hommes d'affaires), 88; P. Schreiner,
Iltt -rt TCPOVOIH(X TIPO:;{Tlxt B' tdj'Io TIEI,'lTCO"'rI)Ot(XxW'I
1, ATHHa 1981-82, 165, BH3aHTHja IIaAeoAor Imje CDaKaKO HMaAa
MorynHocTH Aa BOAH CMHWA:>CHY rrOAHTHKY Ha TaKBH,\\ OCHOBaMa.
10 A. Laou-Thomadakis, The Byzantine Economy in the Mediterraneall
l'rade System (13th-15th Centuries), (Aatoe: Byzantine Economy) Dumb. Oaks
Pap., 34 (1980) 207; pa3YMe ce Aa cy TKaHlIHe Kao Y06li'IajCHH TprOBa'lKll ap
THKAH enoxe, TaKone I1pHCYTHe, aAH je H3BeCHO Aa HHCY rrpoH3BoneHe il caMoj
MOHeMBacHjH.
11 KOl\mjYTepcKa aHaAH3a yyeCTaAOCTH T3B. rpanaHcKHX 3aHHMalba (e3
'lHHOBHli'lKHX, ITAeMHnKHX H CBeWTeHH'lKllX AOCTojaHcTaBa), aKO ce H3Y3M.Y
HHTeAeKTvaAHa 3aHHMaFba (npo<pecopH, flHCUH, aCTpOHOMH, ,,'lTeUH" H APyrH),
nOCBeAO'lHAa je 3aHeMaptoHB 6poj 3aHaTCKllX cTpyKa: Abkrzungsverzeichnis
und Register zum Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, Wicn
1977,3. Berufe, S. 1-13; 0 OnaAalbY 3aHaTCKe npoH3BOAlbe BilA. H A. Laou-Tho-
madakis, Haa. ellO, 178; !no MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 159 sq.
0 OBOM yeCTO npeTpeaHoM mITaI1>Y !no MaKcIIMoBlfn, Charakter,
161 sq.; K. - P. Matschke, Die Schlucht hei Ankara und das Schicksal VOl1
Byzanz Schlacht), Weimar 1981, 144 sq. 156 sq., 236 (KOjH HacTojH Aa
pexa6HAHTyje Kopnopal..lHje n03HoBH3aHTHjcKor A06a). 0 rr03HBY HOTapa y
OBOM KOHTel<CTY BHA- H M. Angold, A Byzantine Govern111ent in Exile, Oxfo,.d
1974, 274; Tpea HanO,\leHYTH Aa ce HeKH TepMHHH KOjli ce OHYHO Be3yjy 3a
KoprropauHje 1l0jaBtoVijy li ca 3HayelbIHla Koja cY BeOMa 0,\ 3aHaTCKe
npoH3BOAlhe; VllOp. Canlacuzenus, IV 18: 'fIl. 119. 3 (ef3apx); P. Lemerle, Un
praktikon indit des archives de Karakula (janv. 1342) et la sitllation en
Macdoine orientale au moment de l'usllrpation de Cantacuzne, X(Xpto..
d 'A. K. 'Op),<XVOO", l, ATHHa 1965, 287 (OHWO:) BilA. Ii HanOMeHe C.
AHweBa, CpeHoaelCoaeH zpa 96.
13 Ynop. F. Thiret, Rges telS des dlibrations dll Snat de Venise co,,/-
cernant la Romanie (Aatoe: Rgestes), l, Paris 1958, No 222; F. Doiger, Reges-
ten der Kaiserurklmden des Ostromischen Reiches von 565-1453 (Aatoe:
Reges,ten), Mnchen 1965, V, No 3181b; noce6Ho BHA. E. Francs, Constanti-
nople byzantine aux XIV" et XVe sicles. Population - commerce - mti-
ers, Rv. des t. sud-ost ellrop., 7/2 (1969), 411; E. Ashtor, L'apoge dll com-
merce vnitien ail Levant (AaA:>c: Apoge), Firenze 1977, 319 sq.: !no MaKcH-
MOBH/., Charakter 169; Il Han, 44 OBor
14 BHA. noce6Ho petIHTe H3BopHe nOAaTKe: Cn. AaM6poc,
xo:l l1,OTCO'W'I)Ot(xxc( IV, ATH'Ha 1930, 44. 5-12; 124. 5-125. 2 (TaKone H liew.,
l'lI, 263. 2-264. 12); T. Thiriet, Rgestes 1, Nos. 222, 237; G. I. Bralianu, Actes
des notaires gnois de Pra et de Caffa de la fin du XIIIe s" Bucarest 1927,
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTPHlU1jaTa y BH3aHTHjH 23
BOAlha 'HlHje ce MorAa nO}a!BHrn rnpH TaJK!BOM: CTaJlhY C11BaJpH.15 IIlTa-
BHUle, H3BeCTaJH Aeo, CBaJK,aJKiO IHe 6e3Ha'llaja:H, CHll1llifX
)KHBeO je H paAIH' Ha ceAY, KOHKypIDilynH PPaJA01WM 3alH'aTCTHy.16
YIKpan\lOpetIeHo, n03HOr Ao6a UdKia3yj'Y ce rrpBeHCTBe-
HO K!ao [JOMfTH"lIKIH, IBOjH'H 11 1K'YATypHH, AeAHMiI1"lI!HiO IH 'Kao l1proBa'4'Kilf
'lIHja OOHOBHa rIpOH3BOAH,Ia ,A;06apa Ae)I(M y OOA'aCTH IlJOA:>O-
npunpeAe.J7 HaYKa je OAl!BHO y'llHAa Aa CBe lKA:>yqHe Jll()3H'QIje y
"l'HlM l'pa,A;OBHlMa AP)J(IJ1 3eMh>'HillHa aJpHCl'OKipanija ( UVIXTO(, ocplaTOI,
:::uy:::vEt, 7tPOX.O'IT:::C;, aU'(l<'YJTIXO(). KiaJKO je 3a6eAe)KHJ() OHOBpeJM:e-
BH mrcau, pOAOHa'lleAHHK AHHaCTHje MHXaHAO VIII je HacTojao ,A;a
oja'll'a aJpHcToKpaTCKe nopoAHL\e AapiHB'alheM nAOAHe 3eMh>e, y l'pa-
,A;06HMa 'HAIH OKO lhHX, noroMre 3a 06paJAy.
18
To IHRje 6HiAa !HOM no-
jaBa, aAH lheH BPXYHaU H pa3HOAHKOCT 06AHKa Be3yjy ce ynpaBO 3a
OBO Bpe.\1e. fOC'ITOAC1'BO apHe1'OKparrHje !HM rpaAo,\1 HdK:a3yje ce !Ha
BH'llle Ha'41H1Ha, 1llT'0 je 6UAO O'MoryneHo J:WHiWM cPw3W'lJ:1KH'M npH'Cy-
C11BOM 'Y l'p3JAy. HalHlMe, npHJIIa,&JHlH'UiH apHCToKpaTo!<'HIX 'I1pOAl'lQa )J(H-
Be YHYTapr:P'aAOl\lHX 3HAmm H TaKO ,06pa:3yjy rp.aAOK'Y ,A;pYJ1YI1I3eHV
ei\,HTy.19 To je c jeMre cTpaIHe 6Ho proYATaT AYTO!1p:ajHol' pa3BHrrKa
lJ)HiBIIAlH3aWl'je 'lIHje OY OOHlOBiHe npeAiH'OO11H, 6e3 o6:mpa lHIa dMebH-
Ballie pa:3AlfYHTHX 06A1HlKa APY'illTBeHor ypeOOH>a, YBeK OCTaJjaAe Be-
3aHe 3a PpaJA. C Apyl'e CTpaJHe, <PeYAaAHa apIiCTOKpaTRjla en:oxe na-
AeOAor nonYlha:Ba ynpa'BHlII a:napaT ,A;p)J(aJBe II, QaJM,HIM "J1H1M, Y rpa-
AOBHlMa JKaJO BO'j:H:O-rrOAHTIlfqKiHiM He CaJM() Ml 6apaBH !Hero
ce H TIoj'aJBh>yje y 'YA'03H eAHre 'BAaCI1H.
20
IIcT'OBpeMeHo ce ID TOiI'
l.\ipYJll'I'BeHDr 'CAoja pel'pYTyje !lI KYATypHa eAIHTa.
21
OBa APYlllTBeHa
No 30; CantacuzenUJs, III, 80: II, 494. 5-,23; ynop. lb. MaKCHMOBlin, Charak
ter 160, Han. 53; C. AHUleB, CpeH06eK06eH zpa 70, 76; 3aHaToKa np<Yli3BOAlba
Hllje MorAa HanpeAoBaTH HH y nOBOh>HHM YCAOBHMa, jep HHje HAa npaneHa
AOBO!"HHM YAarafbeM KamITaAa, A. T. XYMaHliAHC, Ha6. eAo, 155.
15 Avry AHcKYCHjy, npBeHCTBeHO y cOBjeTcKoj BH3aHTOAornjH, 0 ITHTalbY
KOHa'lHO je 3aKh>yqHO H. II. MeABeAeB, np06Ae.Ma MaHyl/JaJcrY-
Pb! 6 Tpyax lCJlaCCUlC06 AUlpII:CU3Ma-AeHUHU3Ma U 60npoc 0 rail: Ha3b!6ae.M0i!
3U3aHTUUCKoU MaHyl/JalCType, B. H. AeHUH U np06AeMbl UCTOPUU, AemmrpaA
1970, 391--408, HapO'lHTO 391, 394 CA., 408, KOjH je onoBprao fbHXOBO nocTOjaH>e;
AO MCTHX pe3YATaTa 3a Tpane3VHT AOUlao je . II. K<aprroB, Oc06eHHoCTu pa36U-
TU$!, n03He6U3aHTUUcICOZO zopoa'3MnOpUSl, (Tpane3YH 8 Xlll-XV 68.), BH3.
'lepKH, MocKBa 1977, 106.
16 lb. MaKcHMoBlin, Charakter, 171 sq.
17 3a rrOA'HTIf'lKY <PYHKIUljy rpaAa Kao fbCroBO rAaBHO OeAe)Kje BHA, E.
Kirsten, Stadt 41.
f8 Pachymeres, II. 33: I. 164. 1-5; III, 9: 187. 6-16.
19 Vnop. D. Zakythinos. Crise 57; lb. MaKcHMoBHn. Ynpa6a, 160 CA.;
HCTH, Charakter 173 sq.
20 lb. MaKOHMOBHn, Ynpa6a 7 CA.: M. Angold, l-la6. eJlo, 267, 283; JEE
IX, 238. . ,
21 Vnop. 1. Sevcenko. Society and Intelectual Lite in the 14th Century,
X TVc COl1gr. intern. des t Bucarest 1971, Rapports,,'<l; 7-30; G. Ostro-
osky, Observations on the Aristocracy il1 Byzantiun (Aah>e: Aristocracy),
Dumb. Oaks Pap. 25 (1971) 29 Isq.; A. Laou. The Byzantine Aristocracy in the
Palaeologan Period: A Story of Arrested Development (Aah>e: Aristocracy),
Viator,4 (1973) 150,
24
!'o. MaKCHMOBHn
li rrOA'H'TJ1'l1Ka AOMHlHauuja He OH OIIAa rrOTITYHa Aa BH3afHT\lijcKa
apOC11OKpaTHja HHje YII1'P3JBO y rpa,A!OBHlMa paonOA'araAa li 3H'al.l'aJj-
HHlM el(l()(HOMOK.H'M MorynHOCTlI'Ma.
OcHlOBHua eKOHIoMOKe Motm apnCToK;paTOKor cAoja Ae)KH He-
CYlM'HillBO Y noceAOBaI-hY H YCAOBHOM, <peYAaAiHOM Ap)KaH:iY (npOlm-
jl(l) 3eMtoe !H3BaJH ppaABa. y rrHTa'I-hy cy KaKO BeAHKJH 'KOMIIA0KOH
IKlOjlH 'oy IMorA'H Aa 6YAY peAaTlIIH'I-lO YAatoeHlH, TaJKO JI iHlMaI-ha Y3 caMe
rpaAOKe 3J1!AIIlHe II y I-hHXOBOj HenOCpeA:Hoj 1KOAiH'HH, Koja cy ce
rrpaKTlNH' HaAa3HAa y rrpH'BpeAHOM oKAorry G1IM,or ppaAa.
22
Meoy-
THM, nocOOHO je Ba)KJHa OKOA'I-lOCT, H3Yl.I'llBaiHia TeK y HOBHje BpeMe,
Aa je apHCToKpaTHja n y OIGmpy rpaAOKHX 3HAHHa paCnOAaraAa
3Hal.lajlH'\1 'H'M()IBll1HlOM; lliHJBe, 6aurre, BOnI-haUH, K'Yne 3a H3AaBa'H.>e,
paAll1OHlJIue, rrpO'AaJBHHue, MAll1H'OBH, BAanfTe Pe3.1I'AeHl.\!Hje ca"'I'Hl-ba-
Bai\JH cy 60raTCTBO 4Hjy BeAW-flI1HY HH'je MoryltHo Ta4iHO OApeA'HTH,
aAH Koje je CBaJKaKO rrpeACTaBl'baAO BeAH'KIi Aeo YK'YtIl'HHX MaTepH-
jaAHlIX A:06<l!pa y rpaAy.2:1 Kac II Ha 3eMibmIIHiHJM rroceAlfMa apHCTO-
'K'PaTuje, ilIO'BAe ce 3atrra)Ka npHCYCTBO 33JBHCHHX !l7Y.6JII, mCpHJKa, KO-
ju 'Ce jl'Btoaj'Y l.l'aK H y peAO'BHIMa 3aJHaTAIlfja.
2t
Ha )K'aA'OCT, He-
IlOOpeAilfllI H3BDpHli rrOAaUH 0 OBaK'BH'M apHTO'K,paTCKiHIM noceA'H,Ma,
22 BpojHH rroAaUH V nOBe/baMa, rroce6Ho V rrpHBHAerHjaMa Koje cy AaTe
1I0jeAHHHM rpaAoBHMa H MHOrlL\1 MaHaCHlplL\1a, rroMHfbY lL\1afba HellOCpeAHo
Y3 rpaAcKe 3HAlIHe, TaRO Aa OBO CTafbC Y3HMaMO Kao omure n03HaTO (mI,i.l.. H
AHTepaTYPY y CAeAenoj HanOMeHH).
23 OCHM HeKHX cTapHjHx paAOBa y KojHMa je OBO nHTafbe Bl1llle HaCAY-
hCHO Hero HarAarneHO, BHA. HOBHja HCTpmKHBafba: M. A. ITOAflKOBCKaR, K BO-
npocy 0 xapaICTepe ZOPOClCoU u npuwpoClCoU co6T6eHHOCTU 6 n03Heu Bu-
3aHTUU, AHTH4. ApeBH. H cpeA. BeKa, 4 (1966), 77; HeTa, fopoC1we 6JweHWt
np06uHI1UaJlbHbLX MOHacTbLpeu 6 n03Heu BU3aHTuu, BH3. BpeM., 24 (1964), 207;
B. <t>epjaH"lHI, iloceu 6u3aHTujClcux np06uHI1ujcICux ,waHacTupa y zpaoau.w.a,
36. pM. Bll3. HHCT. 19 (1980), 232 CA.; !'o. MaKcHMoBHl, Clwrakter, 178 sq.;
rrpeMa K. - P. Matschke, lmd Reaktion in Byzam. i111 14. 111.
Kon/pel in der Brgerkriegsperiode von 1341 bis 1354 (Aatoe: FuR). Berlin
1971, 58, 74 H Aatoe, q,eYAai\UH cy BOAHAH (rrOtoo)npHBpeAY MHOrHX rpaAOBa.
24 Ynop. F. Doiger, Neues vom Berge Athos, St. biz. e neoell., 9 (1957),
84-88 (= rr",p"'O"n-op'""Ettal 1960,345-348); C. P. Kyrris, Gouverns et gouver-
nants Byzance pendant la rvolution des Zlotes, Gouverns et Gouver-
nants Ii, Bruxelles 1968, 306-308; K. P. Matschke, Ha6. ello, 39 CA., 76 CA.; 0
MaHaCTHpCKHM 3aHaTi\Hja,\1a-rrapHuaMa no )-paAOBHMa BI1A. r. OcrporopcKH,
A6e 6ellewICe 0 AywaHo6uM XPUC06VJba.lta caeTOZOpCICOM M.aHaCTUVV 116UPOHY,
360pHHK MaTHue CpncKe, 13/14 (1956). 79 (= Ca6paHa ella, IV, 223) 11 CepcICa
061laCT nocile AywaHo6e CMpTU, BeorpaA 1965, 57 (= Ca6paHa ella, IV, 502).
13poj napHKa Morao je HTH BeAHKH: Actes de Lavra 1
2
, No 33, 196-198;
Actes de Chilandar, No BI, 7-8; BHA. H V1. HU3HOB, 5"blllapClCU CTapUHU U3
MaICeOHUSt, Coq,llJ! 1970, 606; <t>paH"lec, I1c'te3Ho6aHue lCOpnOpal1Uu 6 Bu-
3aHTUU, BH3. BpeM., 30 (1969), 41; TO HnaK He '1[1a"lH Aa cy ce OAP)J(aAl1 6POjHlI
epracTepHjH y BAaCHHlliTBY 60raTHx npHBaTHHKa KaKBH cy nocTojaAH 6ap AO
xr BeKa; ynop. M. H. CI03K1MOB, ilpOU360CT6eHHbLe OTHoweHUSt 6 6u3aHTu-
CICO..!f zopoe-:;.It110pUU 6 nepuo lefle311Cal!JeO(/llllJAW, CBepAI\OIlCK 1953, 13;
3a napHKe y 6yrapcKHM rpa/\OBH,\la UllA, C. 1\lIweu, Cpe/-L06elcoueH zpa, 169.
25 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpHI.-lHjaTa y BH3aHTHjH
MaAa pe<H1'TH, He06H>q,HlO cy OCKYAHH.
25
Crora ce AaJHaUllba orunTa
CAHlKa 0 lhRMia yrAaJBHoM rpaAH Ha nocpeAHOM, H3BeAeHlOM 3aJKIoY-
4H1Ba1lbY 'Kloje IHIIaJK H'Ma 3aAOBOloaJBaj!ynH creneJH nOY3A;aJHOCTiH.
OrpOMIHa BenHiHa AocTynHHx IIQiAa'TaKa rOBopH, Hla.H'JVle, 10 Ma-
HaCTlrpoKl()j cHJMiOBHlHlH no rpa,6iOBl1iMa , llITO Ha rrpBH norAe HCTJItIe
'MaJHacrHlpe, npBeHCTiBeH'O OBeToropOKe, Kao Hajl!<:PVI1!HIH'je <peYAiaA:He
noceAlH%Ke Y'HYTap l'paACKHX 3HAHlHa.
26
To je, pa3}llMe ce, OHaj Aeo
BpxVillKe <peYAaAHe cTPVKl1ype BH3aoHTHje KjH 3a !Hamy TeMY <HeMa
OC06H1'Y iBaJKJHOCT, MIH tIHja OCBeAOtIeHa eKOHOIMOKa IMan y rpaAY
Yl'BpIJyje 6aJp ABe 4HH>eHHue Koje jecy B<l;>KHe. Ilpso, oa4YBaHH AO-
KYMeHTH n03HoBH3aHT'HjcKor Ao6a oAHOce ce npBCHCTBeHO Ha MaHil-
CTHpCKa A06pa, 6YAynH Aa cY Ma-filaCTHpCKH lIPXHBH jeAH'H1H Menl'
CAIHltIHHlM YCTaJHOBaiMa npe>KHlBeAH nponacT IJ,apcTBa. Ta AaJHallilba
Ca.3Hafba 4HHiH jeAiHOCTpalHlHlM H AeAIHlMlll'IHHM, aAH 11 oMan/n'aRa
npeTrrOOTaBKY A:a .f1'OAaUH 0 AaHtIlKM <peyAaAlHOM OAO-
jy rrpeACTaBloajy CaJMO 'CJ.i1nYlliaH OA:pa3 fberOBor C'I1B'aJPHOf 'lllAO-
)Kaja. Apyro, MaHaCTnpH CI', y BpeMe KOjHM ce 6aBHMO, CTHuaAH
Ao6pa, Hap04HTo OHa y rpaA;B:J11Ma, yrAalBHQM nprrtMajynH 3aJBellITil-
fba 'H naKAQHe, H TO ynpaJB'O 0A Aa'lflIKlWX <peYAaAHH'X 4HjC
cy eKOHMOKe 'MorynlHlOCTH HaAMaJlliHiB,Me MorynHOCTlH 'OCHlpOMallIe-
He AlP>K:aJBe.
27
M'OrAo 6H ce, A:aJKAe, rOBOpHl'H 0 CTaAHOM
rrpeA'H'BafbY HlM!OBHHe OA CBeTOBiHe apucToKlpaTHje %a MaJHaCTHpHlMa ,
a npe1'TJlOCTaJBH'l1H, nomTOEY 360r OOBePi0tIeOOT 60raTcTBa aJpHCTO-
2,; Ynop. Miklosich-Ml1er, Acta ei diplomata graeca (AaJhe: MM), V,
135-138, 138-145 (XI BeK); E. Frances. I-W6. e,1o 41 (XII BeK); MM, IV. 285-
-287 (1294); Actes de Kutlumus, No 8, 12-13 (1313); No 18, 86 (1323. HAH
1338); r. TeoxapHAHc, ,\lto:. to:.6+jxYj xc<i IJ.Lc< LX'f) (3uo:.VTLvf;, COAYH 1962, No l(p.
12), 27-37 (1324); No 2 (p. 22), 89-98 (1325); RegeJ. Vatop., St. - Petersburg
1898, No 4. 17, 18 (1329); Goudas, Vatop. EEBI 3 (l9261, No 15, 239 (1356);
Actes de Chilandar, No 84, Ha BHUle MecTa (1322); CoAoBjeB-MollIIlli, fp'1Ke
1l0ae,be, 6p. 18, 144 (1348), 6p. 24, 5---6 (1352) (= A. GuiIlou, Prodrome, No 44,
3--4); MM, III, 127 (1361) (= COAoBjeB-MollIH.H, 6p. 32, 25); Dem. Cydon.
Occis. Thessa10nicae monodia, PG 109, 645. D; BepoBaTHo TV crraAa H COAOB-
jeB-MOJ.llHH, 6p. 18, 142; BHA. H HenITO OCKYAHHje nOAaTKe HapaTHBHHx H3BO-
pa: Cantacuzenus, l,59: l, 305. 25-306. 2; III, 42: 'fI, 256. 11-24; III, 79:
II, 491. 17--492. 8; Gregoras, VIII, 12:[, 363. 20-364. 2; IX, 6: 1, 425. 11--426.
10: 3a KOMel-lTapHCal-be OBHX BeCT.H, peAeBaTHY HAH AOAaTHY AHTepaTypy ynop.
JIn. MaKCHMoBHI, Chara7<ter 178.
26 Ynop. JIn. MaKcHMoBHn, Chara7<ter, 178 .sq., r;.\e je HaBeAeHa H nOT-
pe6Ha AHTepaT','pa.
27 M. A. fIOIIRKOBCKaR, fOpocKue 6/weHtI5l. 207; K 6onpocy, 76-78;
/iCTa, MOl-wcTblpcKue 6/weHUR 6 cfJeCCaJlOHUKe U e npuWpOHOM. pail.oHe 6
XIV-XV 66., AHTHYH. ApeB. H cpeA. BeJ<a, 3 (1965). 22; E. <f>epjaHYHn, Ha6.
Oe/w, 219, 220, 224, 231, 231 Han. 138,233,236; BHA- H r. TeoxapHAHc, Ha6. OellO,
Nos 1, 2, 4, 5, Ha pa3HHM MeCTHMa: Actes de Chilandar, No 84. Ha Me-
cTHMa; Actes de Lavra, III; No 146, No 163; H apRcToKpaTHja je 6HAa noro-
beHa y BpeMe omUTer CMal-bHBalha eKOfIOMCKor nOTeHI.J.HjaAa, aAH je H AaJhe
pacnOAaraAa peAaTHBHO Ha jBelHM eKOHOMCKHM MorvlHocTHMa: E. Francs.
La fodalit hyzanfil1c et la conqute turque, Studia ct Acta Orientalia, 4
(1962), 84; A. Laou, Aristocracy,142.
------------------------- -
26
!'o. MaKCHMOBHn
KpaTOKor CTaAe)Ka 6a:p y XIV BeKY, Aa Taj npouec HHje A:OHeo 6HT-
Hl1jy rrpepaonoAeAy eKHOMCJ MJOhl1 y KOPI1CT UpK'Be. YO'CTaAoM,
HHje Herr03H1aTO KpeTaI-he y 06paTHoM oMepy - AOOOMHO je nOMe-
HYTH cneKTaJKYAaJpH'Y K'OH<pHcKaurH'j'y MaHacnLpcIX AooaJpa y KO-
pHCT Ap)l(aAaua rrpoHHja, Koja je crrpoBeAeHa WI1IpOKHM 3ar.mXOM
y BpeM'eHY 6peMeHH:I'OM onaOH'OCI1HIMa nOCAe cprroKoT rropa3a Ha
MapHUIH 1371. l'MlHe.
28
Ha O'OHO>SY 113AO)KeHOr MO)Ke ce 3aKA>YllHTH Aa BI13aH11HjC.Ka
apHCTO'KpaTHja enoxe ITaAeo-Aor, HaKO y OOHOBH rrpeAcTaJBA>a 3e-
MA>OrrOCeAiHiH'4'/ H 6HpOlKpaTc.I BAaAajyl.H CAOj y APYWTBY, 'Be-
AHJKH Aeo c'Soje ApyIllT'BeHe H eK)HOMOKe MonH 3aOHHBa 'Ha IJloceAO-
naI-hY 3HallajJHe HMOBIJ-I'He y rp<1,l.W. y cKAaAV ca BH'Ilie-MaI-he H3pa)Ke-
I-IH1'v1 arpa'PH.H:M o6eAe/lq,jeM rpaA<3, A06ap Aeo Te HIMBtHlHe ll'H'H1H 3eM-
A,a nOA pa3A'I-illHTHM nOA>OiI]pUBpeAHI1M KYATypaJMa. C Apyre cTpaHe,
OBe OHO WT.o apHCTaKpa'THja rrocAyje y HearpapHj 06Aa'CTH rpaA-
CKOT )IUllBOTa lf.HHH TI-ooe6HO 3aJHHMA>HBHlM lbeH O ~ H O C rrpeMa 3a1HaT-
cK'Oj rrpOJl3BOAI-bH, TprOl3lart.lI\(HlM H HOBllacpOKHIM rrOCA'OBHlMa, 'Kao H
npeMa OiHHM AP'YIlJT'BeHlH'M cAojeBHi\la 3a Koje 6H ce ,oryeKHIII.aA' Aa
cy rrpBeHcTBeHo a'Hlfa)l(OBacH'H y TOj eKOHOMe'Koj cepep'lI. Ba;K,HOCT
OBor oAiHoca CBaKaJKO je HarAallJe'aa YHI-heHlHUOM Aa cy npHBH'Ae-
mje Koje cy nojeAHHH rpaAOBIH Ao6HjaAH OA uapa AOAeA>HBaHe np-
neI-fCrneHO y HlHrepeoy3JpHcroKpa:n-rje.
29
Kp03 pa3HOpOAHe H3B'O'pe nOKaT.KaA ce npoBAaclle TIOAaUH KOjH
npHAHllHO jaciHo cBeAoqe, Beh_ OA Kpaja XII B6I<a, Aa av <l>eYAaAHa
HMV'HHTeTf-Ia np3JBa AOAeA>l-fBaJHa CT3JHOBHIHl-\HlMa rrojeAH'HHX rpaAo-
Ba.:I(I <PopMaAJHO, TaJKIBe ITOBAaJcTHue OA'HOCe ce Ha qHTaJB rpaA, litTO
ce 'H'apOY'HTO AeHO BHAH y llY.OOHHlM H nOTnyH'D callYB3JHIl1'M XpHCo.BY-
Io3JMa Kioj'Yn1\1a cy Ja'lliHHa, Kpoja, <Pa'HapiHOH y TecaAIHjn ,H MOHeM-
L;acHja Ao6JlAH WHpOKe eKOHOMCKe, na H nOAHTHYKe rrpHBHAenlje.:;1
CTnapao rr3JK, CB'H cAojeBH Cra'HOBI-rHWTBa II-nrcy MOTAH paBHonpan-
lIO Aa Y)KHBajy KOpHCTH OA Ta'K'BHX npHB'HAerHja Kao llJ-r;o cV: a) y
JalliH'HH (1319) - 06pa3iOBaH>e cYAcKor K'Aernja Ha yeAy ca Ke<l>a-
/\HjOM (rpaAC'KlfM y rrpaiBHilK'OM), :12 KOjH Y H ~ H e T3B. ch8pmOl XCZ),Ol,33
~ r. OCTporopCKH, l1C7opuja BU3wrruje, EeorpaA 1983'3, 502; 3a WHpy
611oAHorpaq)J-jjy 0 OBOM IUlT3l-bY BHA. J. W. Barker, Manuel li Palaelogus, N.
Brunswick-N. Jersey 1969, 17 Han. 41. 'fonwTe, V H3Y3CTHO TCWKHM '1aCOBHMa,
l.lapCKa BAaAa HHje npe3aAa Aa ocnopH HeKe epeYAaAHe npHBHAenrje; ynop.
K. P. Matschkc, Schlacht, 208 sq., 218 sq.
29 Ynop. !'o. MaKCliMoBHn, Yl1pa6a, 151-161; M. Angold, Ha6. Je/lo, 286
sq.
:JO l'o. MaJ<cHMOBl1n, Charakter, 175 sq., 3a CYUJTHI-IY OBI1X npaBa vnop. H
E. T. rOpHaHoB, q>eoamu,\t 253; !'o. MaKcIHloBHh, YI1pa6Cl 160; ynop. H E.
Kirsten, Stadt 37, 43.
31 KaKO OBe XPHcoBYJbe nOKpHBajy WHpOK BpcMellcKlf pacnOIi H Pa.3AH-
LlHTe BI-13a.HTRjcKe 06AacTH, TO jeHa OCHOBY lbRX MorynH.O H3BOAHTH 3aKA>Y'lKe
oowTHje BpeAHOCTli, WTO nOTBpnyje MRWJbel-be Koje je, H3peKao E. Kirsten,
Stadt 37, 41, A3 cy y 1-bJ.-l,\,a CaAP/K3Ha yo6HyajeH3 np3Ba BH3aHTHjcKIlx
rpaAOBa.
32 0 OBOj epYHKl\HjH onumpHO !'o. MaKC\L\10BM, Ynpa6a, 71-100.
J3 Ha napaAel\Y ca boni homincs H3 aDHCTOJ<DaTCKHX nopo/-\I-1l.\a BCHeL\H-
27 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. ITaTpHUHjaTa y BHJaHTHjH
6ecu,apRHaKa TPrO'BliiHa "AO KOIfcTaH.l'H1HOnO:i\oa", ocAoO:Obefbe 'A Ka-
Ta'cTapoKe peBH.3Hje 'H rrope3a 3a iH\Mafba y O'KOA'H1HlH, Kao H JhHXOiBO
J:-:eOMeTmlO rroceAOBafbe (YKYITHO 24 ceMl YI BenHX noceAa) ;3l 6) y
(1333) - iHeO.\o!eTalH' nOAOB3fbe H1M3IJ-ba ca cetoaL\lHlMa, nope-
OI\JH HM'If'HlfTeT H OOM)60befbe A u3pHIf-Ia y oyceAH'lf'M ITlAP'YYjulMa;'r;
B) y <PaHapHoHY (1342) - 'cAo60befbc O'A nOpe3a, aAlH 'He H O'A l.\apl-1-
Ha, npH yeMY cy AYXOBHH H CBeT'BHH "apXOHTH" H'3ipH'YHTO nOMHYTH
KalO rAaBH'H KOpHCHHUH nOBAaCl'Hua;36 r) y MHeMB'aclHjH (1H31MCb'l,'
1284. H 1442) - o'CA06ooeIbe OA nopt:3a li pa3HHx uapHlHa.
37
Il'PH-
MeneHO je sen Aa H3IBeAeHe rrpHBHATlHje 'HHloy Y'ITopeAto'HBe ca
"npaAOKJHiM cAo6oAa'Ma", y EBpOITH, O/.l;HOOHO Aa OHe He
Ae<pHlH'Hury 'HH rpaAOKY Ca'M'OyrrpaBY HH l'P'llA 'K3IO TJJP3BH'H
To 3H1a'm Aa fbRXOBH KOpHOHIfUH 'He 'IHRe HHtKaK3IB nace6alH rpa-
baJHOKH CAJoj, OAiJ:-lOOH'O Aa 'HlHCY HH TprOBl..\1H ,HM 3<lHaTAHje, 'Hero Aa
je rrpHlBllAeroBalH npBeHlCT,BCH'O BOAenH CAOj rrOCTOjener APY'lllTBe-
'Hor OH'CTeMa. AJKO je OEa OKONHOCT i0BO,\,HO jaoHa K'OA nopeC:KHX
npHlBHAenuja H npUBHAerHja y rroceAoBafby 3eMtoe, OHAa oe rrOCTaB-
Ma TIHT3Ifbe 'KO je 'KOPlfCHH,K uapHlHCKHX nOBAaCTHl.\a YH'jace rAaBHa
BpeAlHOCT HlOK;3l3yje y l'prOBa"l'KH'M IfOCAOBHlMa. To HapOYHTO y CAY-
qajy MOHeMBacHje, rAe je oCAo6aoaJ-be OA uapHHa npeACTaB,\,aAO
331M3lli3lH Aeo OBHX rrO:BAacTWU3.
39
Ha 00fl10lBY OBera lllTO je 'Y OBOM paAY AocaA H3AO)IWHO, MorAO
GH ce rrpeTrroCTaBHTYI Aa je AOKaAHa apHCToKpaTHja, Kao rocnOAa-
penH CAOj, 6HAa y rrpH'BHAerOBaHHM TpaAOBHM3 3aH'HTepeCOB13Ha VI
3a uapHlOOKe JlI()BAaC11HUe. OBa fIIpel'nOCT3IBKa 6H ce MOIfAa rrpOlllH-
pH'l'H yaK H Ha MOHeMoB3CH'.'v C 063HpOM Ha roorrOACTBO TaMOlllJ-bRX
je yKaJaO je jOllI G. 1. Bratianu, Privilges et franchises municipales dans
l'Empire byzantin, Paris-Bucarest 1936, 110.
34 MM V 81-83
35 6p. 41, 71-92; AaTYM rrpeMa F. Do1ger, RegelSten,
IV, No 2803 (ynopeAH H HCTa, III, No 2058); 0 APYllITBeHoM cTaTYcy npHBH-
,\emCaHHX BHA_ !'o. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 176, Han. 148.
36 MM, V, 260--61; Kao H y OCTaAHM HaBeAeHliM cAY'lajeBHMa, rrpHBHAC-
mje HHCY OrpaJ-IIH'leHe HCKJoyqHBO Ha apHCTOKpaTCKH CAOj, llITO ce A06po BH-
AH rro paJAHKOBalhV H1>lalha Kao H u1to,n-xcrs e.
37 MM, V, 155, 165-168 [P. Schreiner, Ein Prostagma Andronikos' lII.
fiir dIe Monembasioten in Pegai (1328) und das gefiilschte Chysobu/l Andro
nikos' II. fr die Monemb. im byz. Reich, Jahrb. der osterr. Byz., 27 (1978).
203-228, YTBPAHo je Aa je OBa rrOBeJoa <paACHqmKaT, aAH BPeAHOCT u,eHHX oc-
HOBHHX rrOAareKa HHje THMe HllIyeJAa: JEE, IX, 241; N. Oikonomids, Hommes
d'affaires. 88, Harr. 152], 170--173.
38 G. J. Bratianu, Hae. Ge/w, 103; !'o. MaKCHMoBHn, Charakter, 177 (rAe
cy H ynyTe Ha OCTaAV AHTepaT\'PV); J-\PYKYHja MHllIJoelh-a cy jow 6pojHHja. aAH
lIaBOAHM caMO OHO Koje ce YHHH HajrrOApoHHje aprYMeHTOBaHHM: E. Fran-
cs, La fodalit el les villes byzantines au XIlIe et au XIVe sicles (AaJoe:
Pod. et villes), BSI, 16( 1 (1955), 83, 89, 91.
39 OH'.JHO ce CMaTpa Aa cv TprOBaYKe npHBHi\emje MOHeMBacBje 1I3Y-
JeTaK (HcTopuft B1I3aHTuu, III, MocKBa 1967, 114) H cynpOTl-le <j)eYAaAHoM rro-
peTKV: P. Charanbs, Town and Country, 135; E. francs, HaB. Ge/lo, 91: V. Hro-
choya, Mstn, 60. (CAWlIIO 1\ 0 JalMlIHI - ]1. 40), YHeKO,\HKO Il D. Zakythinos,
Despotat, JI, 179; P. Schrciner, 165.
28
10. MaKCH.MOBHn
'r.pHjy :M3maTCJKHX HaA rpaAO'M, Kao H C 063Hp'JV1 Ha ollla-
Aa1lhe MOHeMBaorjoKe Tpf10BaQKe MonH y XV BeIKY, WTO 6H 611'11/)
TeillKO cnoj,HlBo ca eBeHTyaA'HH'M YCJ1'OlHOM rpanalHoKoT cr3Ae;K'3.
40
TIPI1iMaJMibHBOOT H3pe'YeHe npe'J1nOCTalBKe YITynyje 'Ha Aaiba Tpara'lha
3a eAeMeHT,l1iMa J-beHe l.J'Bplllne 3aOHOBlIHOC11lI .
>1< >1<
Berl je HCTaKHYTO Aa je 3aHaTCTBO, Kao npOH3BOAHa nOAAora
nB. rpaACKe npHBpeAe y A06a TIaAeoAora, nOKa3HB<aAO MIfOre 3HaKe
perpeoHje; CAHlfHO je 6HI\;0 H ca TprOBiHHOM. ApYKYHje CTaI-be C1'Ba-
pH TelllKO 6H 611AO OYe'KH'BaTH y 'BpeMeHlHlMa eK'HOMCKe II <pHH3'H-
cHjcKe KpH3e IKoja je fl1011pecaAa BH3aHTHjy y XIV BeKY. I1naK, HeKa
nHT3lha oCTajy C'ffiOpHa 3a HaJy'KiY: 1'0 cy npe OBera ilHTllH>e Y3poKa
H nHTllI-be '06H1M3 nporraAaffia TJlOMeHYTHx rrpHBpeA'HIHX J1pllHa.
OAaBHo ce YiBpe)K'HAO CXBaTaI-be Aa je KOHIKypeHil\H!ja 3anaAHIHX
OKOHJOMCKHX OHA'a, y npnoM peA:Y nOMopcKHX perry6-
AHKa Ml\eTaKa H neHBe, C I-bHXOBHM npHBHAerOBoaHHM nOAo;KajeM
Ha BH3aIHTI1IjOKOj TepHTOpHjH, npeACTlIB.'baAa OCH'BHH Y3POK 3a !Ha-
3aAOBoal-be 3l1HaTCTBa H TprOBHiH'e y BH'3a1HTI1j H H CTeneH Tor Ha3a-
A:OB3H:>a je pa3A'HYHTO ITp0IJ;eJ-bH>B<llH, Hajy:ewne CMa'J1pllH KaT3CT'pO-
lpaAHHM no pa3MepaMa, HapOYHTO npHAHKOM 3aKibYl.JHBalba 0 a!Hra-
JKOBaHOCTH H MorynJ-lOCTHMa BH3aHTHjCKHX TprOBau:a. I-bHXOBO npH-
CYCTBO y CnOibJ-loj TprOBHHH 3eMibe Ol\eJ-hHBaHO je Kao HHlllTaBHO, <1.
lbHxona aWDHiBHOCT CBOneHa Ha YCKe OKIBHpe AOKaAIH'Or ol106pa1.aja,
HAM Ha npenpoA:ajy CTpaHe p06e CTaHOBHHWTBY BeAHKHX yp6aHHx
CKOpaWJ-:bH nOKywajH pexa6HAHTaU:Hje BH3aHTHjCI
40 D. Zakythinos, HaB. Jello, 174; E. Francs, Ha6. Je,1Q, 90; E. Kirsten,
Stadl. 39; ID. MaKCHMOBI1fi, YnpaBa, 13; fieTH, Charakter, 166 H yrrop. 82, 178.
.JI KOMepKHoH, OCHOBHa IJ;apHHCKa TaKca, y XIV BeKY je 3a BIi3aHTHjcKe
TprOBue H3HOCHO 10 nOCTO OA BpeAHocTH p06e, a 3a cTpaHIJ;e 1-4 noCTo, HAM
HHje Hl-! rrocTOjao: H. Antoniadis-Bibicou, Recherches sur les Douanes By-
zance, Paris 1963, 97 sq.; J. Chrysostomides. 11 enetian Comme,-cial Priviliges
under the Palaeologi, St. Venez., 12 (1970), 267-356; M. Balard, La Romanie
gnoise (XIIe - debut du XVc sicle), 1 (Aa,l:>e: Romanie), Genova-Roma
1978,44 sq.; N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires. 43 sq. 0 3arraAf-ba'-lKoj eKcnAQ-
aTaIJ;HjH BH3aH1'Hje Kao Ba)J(HOM Y3POKY IbeHor Ha3aAOBaf-ba Vrrop. HapO'-lHTO D.
Zakythinos, Cri'Se, 146; Heropwl, BU3aHTLlu, III, MocKBa 1967, 109, 113; M. Ba-
Jard, llaB. eJlO, l, 54 sq.; n, 894; Matschke, Schlacl1t, 220; Ben KJpajeM XIII
BeKa y BI'13aH'mjH je, rrpeTrrOCTaBA>a ce, )KHBeAO 20.000 MAeLIaHa, a y caMoj
BeHeUHjJ-l. 64.000: D. J. Geanakoplos. Creek Schola/'s in Venice, Cambridge/
/Mass 1962, 14.
42 E. Francs, Constantinople, 409 sq.; M. M. IIlJuHKoB, KOHCTaHTUHOnollb
U 60Lel1Ual-iCKaJt TOpZOBIlJt B nep60u nOIlOBUHe XV B. no oaHH'bUt l'HUZU ct.teTOB
il,JlcaICOMO Eaooepa (Aaibe: KOHCTaHTUHonOIl'b), speM., 30 (1969), 48-62;
IICTH, Bel-Lel1UaHCKoe KyneLLeCTBO B nepBoU nOIlOBUHe XV 6. B ezo TOpZOBbL<
CHOUleHUJtX C BU3aHTueu (Aalne: BeHel1. lCynet.teCTBO) , Y'-I. 3an. MOCK. TOC. neA.
HHCT. HM. B. H. AeHl-Ilia, 237 (1965), 85-137; V. Hrochova, Ddlkovy obchod a je-
110 zprostredkovatel v pozdni Bizanci 13. - 15. stoletf. CAalne: Ddl1wvy ob-
KopeHli li nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjli 29
TprOBH'He IHHcy 6Hl1Hilije yrp03HAH B<l!K13a rAe!HUlTa, aAIH cy AO-
npHlH0AoH Aa y rrpBH 'OAaJH 6eyAe HCTall<:HYTo nHTal-he couujaAHO'f llO-
j\!O)Kaja 1-h0HHX IH'OCHAau;a,4J 0 'Y:eMY ne -Ieurro KaORHje 6HTH BHIllIe
pe'Y:lI.
1.J,H1HH ce !a ITOKp6HYTa TeMa 3aXTeBa CAO)IWHiHjill npJiCTyn. CAa-
60CT B'H3a.H'I'lfjcKe eKOIroMHiKe H3Ba'H arpapHe c<l?epe MopaAa je AO-
6pH1M AeAoM 6HTH rrpoY3poKoBaHa YHyl1paml-h\1 pa3A03'HIMa. Te-
)f('HlllTe yCTBapal-hy APYllIl1Beuor npoH3BoAa 6UAO je 1-1 npe H 1'0-
,KOM enoxe IIaAJeOi\.Or CJ-Ia>J<\HO CTatBloaIHO Y'npaoo 'Ha rroloornpHBpe-
AY. Yrr<aA!oI1JB() je Aa ce OBa oco6fma BH3a1HT!H:jCJ<.e 0\(101f1'OMThKe, HLKO
y OOHOBH liMa TpWj'HO 06eAe)f(je, H'3pa3HTIfje ocena 0A BpeMeifia KaJA
je <l?eYAaAJHa ,apHlCToKpaTHja 3aAo6MAa BOAetie MeCTtQ y .AlPyI1ITB6HO-
eKlOlHOIMoKoj CTpYiKrypn .3eMA>e, lllTO je IToj\JBa IKloja y errDXH IIaAeoAo-
l' lHeCY'MI-hll'OO A:0oe)f(e 'BpXYlHaQ pa3BHllK:a. To je BpeMe KI.A ce iKpo3
H3BOpe, HlCTHIHa )f(aAOOH'O peTKe, jeABa ocena nYACillpWbe npo'H3BOA-
lhe T3B. I1paAOKlOr l1lliIa. TaAa je apHCTOK:paTnja CBoj.l'JIM AyrnlM rD-
crrOACTBOM HiaA HajBenHM AeAOM BH3aHrnjcKe eKoHOMliKe, Ben YC-
neAa Aa AOITpHlHece nOTHCKlHlBalhY Te rrpon3.BAl-he, pa3rpaiH<a
I
BUlH cao-
jy BAaCT 'RaA 3aBHOHlIiM 331H<lTCTBOM 'H y llpa!y H Ha ceAY. Ynpaao
Ha T3JKBOj OOHO'BH noj\JB}flO ce :HIHT0pec 3a crrpery ca A.a1\H'H
1
HlMa.
CTpyu<TYJPa onOtoHe llprOBHiHe y enOJ IlaAeoAor - 06eAe)f(e-
Hia H3B030M xpaHe, Hapo'IIHl'O )f(llfTa, MeAa H 11 yo:rrlilTe ID:
tB030M CH'po131l!Ha, a YOO30M, nopeA BHJHa II Yloa, yrAau:mOlM rrpOH3-
BOA'a 'M3IHY<P\JKl'ype III 3aIHaTCTaa ca 3arraAa
44
- MOTAa je OAfoaapa-
chod), Sbornik historicky, 15 (1967), 159 sq.; K. - P. Matschke Zum Charakter
des byz. Schwarzmeerhandels im 13. bis, 15. Jahrhundert Zum Charak-
ter), Wi'3S. Zeitschr. d. Karl-Marx-Uni. Leipzig. Gesell. - und sprach. R., 19/3
(1970), 447---458; JEE, IX, 238; Meny EaAOepOBI1M KAHjeHTHMa 6HAO je 27 no-
CTO fpKa KOjH cy MY rrpoAaBaAH CBera 9,5 nocTO po6e (M. M. llIHTRK013,
KOHccaHTwiOl1oll, 53, Ta6. 1), a Y 13 cA['lajeBa H>eroBor YAaCKa Y KOMIlaHHje,
ca.\10 ABa nYTa ce nojaBibyjy fplUi Kao KOMrraH>OHH (Hcrn, BeHev,. lC)me't
ecT6
C:,
97, Tao. 4). KaKO je OAaBHO HCTalYo A. AHOMHAHC, T,x O(lnO( 'r'ije; obw\lOfLLX"r,e;
n. O(XiJ-'ijc; TOO Bua'l'rto\l, (QJbe: Alna) EmBEWp1)crLe; -r'ij KOLvwvlx'lje; xal 6Y)fLocrlae;
Olxo\lOfL' 6 (1937), 142 sq., 151, BH3aHTHHL\H cy TeIJ1KO MOr,\H f{qHM KOHKYPH-
caTH HTaAHjaHHMa ceM 3eMibRillHfiM 6oraTcTBoM.
43A. Luou - Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 179, 182; Hcra, The Greek Mer-
chant of the Palaeologan Period: a Collective Portait (Aa!De: Greek Merchant)
IIpO(xTLx,x 'r'ije; 'xaWtae; 'ABrj\lw\I, 57 (1982), 113, 120, 150, paHe1.H C pa3AoroM
rrocTojatbe BIBaHTnjcKe TproBHHe y errOXH ITaAeoAor, HCTaKAa je tbeHY KOM-
llAeMeHTapHOCT Y OAHOCY Ha 3anaAHY TproBIIHY, na TlL\1e n lheH APyrOpa3pc-
A;aH 3HaqaJ; BHA- caAa K. P. Matschke, Ha6. ello, 448.
44 Yrrop. G. Luzzatto, Storia ecol1omica di Venezia del/' Xl al XVI seco-
10, Venezia, 1961, 175 sq.; V. Hrochova, Dlkovy obchod, 142-147, 149-151,155;
3. B. YAaAbL\OBU, BU3aHTU5l, u 3anaHa5l, 36pona (Tunollozu'teClCue /-w6/l'1oe-
Hl-/5l,), B'H3. OqepKH, MocKsa'1977, 33 CA.; M. Balard, Romanie, IL 755; A.l;a
ou
-
-Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 179, 184 sq.; E. Zachariadou, Prix el marches des
crales en Romanie (1343-1405), Nuova Riv. Storica, 61 (1977). 291 sq.; /'o.
MaKcHMoBHn, Charakler, 168 sq.; P. Schiper, Die Produkteder byz. L.andwlrt-
schaft nach den Quellen des 13. -15. lh. (Aaibe: Produkte), Bulg. RIst. Rev.,
10 (1982), 91; roTOBO je HAeHTJNHO CTalhe y cyceAHoj EyrapCI{.oj: C. AHweB,
CpeHo6elCoaeH zpa, 100, 122. Ha )IAOCT, 3a ynoTrrYlhaBarbe fAeAlHllT3 He--
AocTajy H3BOpHH rrOAaL\H; yrrop. K. - P. Matschke, Hile. ello, 447; P.
Schreiner, fW6. ello, 90.
1'0. MaKCHMOBHn
30
TH jeAUH'O 3eMA>HlI.IiHoj apHCTOKJpaT.HjH. TIOA>OnpHiBpeAHH rrpOH3BD-
AH, rr01'pa)KIbY mrje MOI'aIO Aa 3aAOBOA>H YB03 H3 Up>HO'M:Op-
CKHX 06AaCTH, rrOrOTOBY 360r MHOrrOACKe YAOre DeHOBe y TaMO-
I.lHbHM HiM<l.t\H cy 'Haj60A>Y npoIJy Ha 3alIlaA'Y. KoA Aa-
THHa je A06ujaHa BIDila lIeHa, H TO y BpeAHHjeM HOBUY (buona mo-
neta d'om HTaNHjaiHoKHx rpaAoBa).45 HH'je y3aAYA rrO'Ie"PKOM XIV
BeKa 3a6eAe)KeHO 't''l (sc. TC),Ol'l't'OV) [1-:'I y:p :x YE(TCOV[O: 't'v 1)'
crU'/'Eyov.
46
HH3aHTHjcKe BAaCTH CV rroBpeMeH OMeTaAe Jl3B03 )KHTa
H
jep je OH yrAaBH\,Vl npeBa.3HA'a3HMlOrynHOC1'H 3a H3A:Bajalbe BH-
lI.IiKOBa H THoMe 6JlO jeAta:H OA Y3pOYHH'K:a nojaJBe rA3JAH, Koja je HlHa-
ye y 'H3'.BeOHiHIM TpeHYUHuVla rrpepaCTaAa y ropynH npOOAeM Beoox
rp<l,L\:oBa.
48
na 'HirraK, H3B'03 je J-teKOAJlIKO AelleHiHja TeK,ao Bllille.,Ma-
Ibt:: iKOHl'HiHyup,aHo, npH yeMY DY 3alIlaA)HIH rrapllHepH, urro je noce6Ho
3a'HHlMMMlB, rDpHNR'4IHIO yeCTO cT'fIlaAH y Herroope,AJHe KOHTaJKTe ca
3eMA>Hlll'HHJM MalPHallHlMa.
49
ORoH oy Y BJ13afITHjc.KOM Apyrnl'By OBa-
'K'a'KO YHIHIUAH Haj,Ba.)KHHjH H Haj3aHHTepecoBa<HI1'jtH CAOj Kynaua Ma-
HY<P3JKTypHe, oc06HTo AYKcY3He po6e ca 3anaAa, H 1'0 H3 HaJjMalhC
ARa pa3A'ora. C jeAHeCl'plJHe, Ta p06a je 6HAa 6oJoer KiBaMITeTa OA
DH3aHIMjOK.'HX rrpO.H3BOAa, a y HeK.M1M cAyyajeBHMa, 3601' cAa60crrH
B'Hl3aJHJ1HjcKior 3aJHaTCTBa, H jeAulHa Koj.ace y ooojoj BpCTH 'MorAa
A06H'T'H.
50
Ha 110j OOHOBH je A'Aa3HAO AO CT,BlJpalba no BH3aHTII'jy
no.ry6HHx 1"I:lJKa3a ueHa, jep je 3aUlAHa po6a 6uAa 3HaJ1HO oKryrrA>a
a pa3HHM BHAOBHMa npOAopa HTaAHjaHcKor HOBL(a BHA. D. Zakythinos,
Crise, 10-20; Th. Berte, L'iperpero bizantino dal 1261 al 1453, Riv. Ha-
liana di Numism., (N. S.), 1957, 3, 8; HCTH, Moneta veneziana e mOl1eta bizan-
1ina, Venezia e il Levanle fino al secolo XV, III, FiiI"enze 1973, 59 sq.; M. M.
IlIH1'HKOB, BeHel1. "yne
L
leC1-eO, 109; V. Hrochov, Mesta, 40; K. - P. Matschke,
Geldgeschiiffle, Handel und Gewerbe in spiilbyzanlinischen Rechenbchern
und in der spiitbyz. WirklichkeiI (AaA>e: Geldgeschiifte), Jb. fr Geschichte u.
Feudalismus,3 (1979), 181; M. Balard,Romanie, II, 656; ynop. HG. G. Plethonis
Oralio, l, PG 160, col. 837. AB.
40 Pachymeres, 1 23: l, 68. 16--17 (yrrop. H 68. 14-15).
47 MM, lII, 81; G. L. Tafel - G. M. Thomas, Urkundenzur iilleren Han-
dels- u. Slaatsgeschichie der Republik Venedig Hl, Wien 1858, 74, 179-180;
yrAaBHoM nOAa.3ehH OA OBHX TeKCTOBa, HaYKa je AOCKopa CHaJKHO HHCHCTH-
paAa Ha TelliKOnaMa Koje je H3a3HBaAa BH3aHTHjcKa cTpaHa; MeOYTHM, A.
Laou-Thomadakis. Byz. Economy, 218 sq. je nOKa3aAa Aa cy npeKHAH y TproBH-
BH KOjH cy HacTajaAH YCAeA OBllX TelliKona 6HAH MalbH Hero lllTO ce 06WIHo
cMaTpa. a YBHAY BH3aHTHjcKe BAaAe y Meoyc06He OAHoce haTHHa BHA, M. Ba-
lard, Gnes et l'Outre-mer, J. Les actes de Caffa du notaire Lamberto di Sam-
bucato (1289-1290), Paris-La Haye 1973, No 55.
48 a rAaAH je nHcaHO MHOro, a HajBenH Aeo oAroBapajyfie AHTepaType
li H3Bopa HaBeo je C. P. Kyrris, COI1tinuity and Differentiation Z the Rgime
established by AndronicUiS Hl after his Victory of 23124. 5. 1328, EEBL., 43
(1977-78), 326--328.
49 B. Kreki, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant (1280-1460), J961,
90, H onlllHpHHje Ay6poeHul<: u AeeaHT (1280-1460), EeorpaA 1'156, no-
Ka3<lO je Aa cy Ay5poBa4KH TproBtm y XIV BeKY H3BAaqJL\H no.'t>onpHnpeAHe
npoH3BoAe HerrOCpeAHo ca BeAHKHX HMalba H3 pa3HHx aAKaHCKliX 3eMaA>a.
50 BHA. HanOMeHY 14.
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHllujaTa y BH3aHTHjH 31
OA cH'PIffilHa.51 C fIIpyre crpafe, ca AOCTa H3SecHOCTH
N1')Ke ce nrpeTJlIOC'faJsHTiH Aa je aJpHcToJ<,panlja ,J<,0p.!1CTuAa i\,anllH-
OKY K!OHKY'peHrurjy 3a eK!OHOMCKO Il'01'H0KJHBaI-be OpeAJ-bHX rp3JACK'RX
cAojoo'a, OBor npaJBor nOAiHTHYIK!Or pHiBaAa y
TaJKO je OIIi\erf Y!H'Yl
1
paI'I-bHX H cnOMH\HX T1'pOY3PlKO-
BOO :H3palTO 3aocT.aJjaI-be 3aHaTOKe npOH'3BO,A,I-be H llprOBHlHe, lIITO
je y (JpajiJbeM IHM1MO KaTacrpo<>ai\!He rro BH3aJH-
THjy. q,H:J-belHHl.\a Aa IJ,apc11BO HHje CTY>IlIHAO 'Ha rryT 0aIB'peMeHJI1jer
npnBpeAiHOr rpaBl3iHTKa AOBie>Aa je y XIV 'seKY 'He CalMO AO npoAy6i\:>H-
IlaI-ba eKoaOMCKe KpH3e Hero H AO
CTpYKType, Y:HMe je rroce6Ho 6HO noroneH CpeAI-bH rpanaHCKH c\.oj
'S'I1'3aJH111lfjOKHX TeJKC1'OSa) .53 OH tHHje yoneo Aa p3!3BIHje oco-
GeH'Y <pH3HOHOMHjy, HIH:TI1 Aa ce HCK'a)Ke Kao rroce6Ha Maca. lbe-
ras AOO Y!HH'H'AH cy H 60rallnje
KOA KOjHX ce IMO)Ke 3a:na3HTH ilf3BeC'Ha cnoc6HocT 3a lfHBeCTlipaI-be.
55
AAJIi KaKO HHje 6HAO rrpaBe OOHOBe 3a p3BHja'I-be eKOHOMOKe 'K''H-
KypeHl'HCTH H opraJHJI'30Sa'HOr ApylIITse.Hor H nO'AHJ.1UYlKiOr p'HJS<lA-
CT<aa y npeM'a aJpHeTOiKJpaTHjli, TO je osaj Ci\'oj CEe Sll'llle
n011lfOKHiSaJH 'Ha 'MapI'li'HY )f'SOTa. Ben rOKOM Ilipse rrOi\!OBHlHe XIV
BeKa, y H:3Borp'JllMa ce, y OKAony yOYi\:>RSe nOA3Jp.!13aqH:je ApYlliTiBa,
113pa3 ose pene Il'ojaBlbyj-e, Aa 6H y AJpyroj nOAOB'H'HH CTO-
Aena CaOl3illM Ji1lII'Ye3ao.
56
HrrraK, ,,'CpeAI-bHX" HHje npo-
illAO 6e3 oTiITopa.
Kao lIITO je A06po n03H'aTO, rpanHoJ<,H pal' H3 qeTipAeCeTHx
rOAHHa XIV BeKa, rro BH3aHTl1jy YMHoroM <pa11aAaH, HMao je 11
oApeneH, MaA'a He YJBeK AaJKO aCneKT.
ii
.....:0.-- ...:...-
61 R. Romano, Le prix au Moyen Age dans le Proche Orient et dans
l'Occident chrtien, Annales ESC, 7-8 (1963), 699-702.
02 3. B. YAaAbI..\OBa, flpeaTeJ1bCKaSl. nOJ1UTtlKa cjJeoaJ1'bHoU :manl BU3aH-
mu 6 nepuo rypel4/wzo 3a60e6aHUSl., BH3. BpeM" 7 (1953), 98 CA.; 6. T. fop-
RHOB, BU3QHTUUCKUU zopo XIII-XV 66. BH3. BpeM" 13 (1958), 171 CA.; H. n.
COKOAOB, BeHeI4U51, U BU3a1iTUSl. npu nep8bt,t flaJ1eoJ1ozax (1263--1328), BH3.
BpeM., 12 (1957), 75; C. P. Kyrris, Gouvern.,s et Gouvemants, 312.
53 0 H3pa3Y lJ.crOL ynop. 6. T. fOpRHOB, epeoaJ1U3M, 349; 3a rrOAO)f(aj
OBor cAoja, cTapH(jy AJofTepary-py H H3BOpe BHA. l'o. MaKClL\10nHh, Charakter,
183. sq.
54 N, Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 116; 0 AaHAHocTH TprOBaqKOr
cAoja nHA- H C. i\nweB, CpeHo6eKo8eH zpa, 170;
55 Cantacuzenus, IV, 11: IiI, 71, 14-16, 19-20.
56 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. e/w, 119, a 3a 'lIHaB OBaj rrpoI..\ec l'o. MaKClf-
MOBHn, Charakter, 184; 3a APYK'IHjH rrpHCT\'n ynop. R, FO'Slsier, Le Moyen
Age. III, Paris 1983, 209 sq.
57 Aa.Hac ce BeoMa MHoro rrHwe 0 COI..\HjaAHOM BHAY OBor rpal5aHcKor
paTa, aAH 1'0 HHje oApeneHa H qBPCTO Ae<pHHHCaH<l KaTeropHja, jep ce AHHH-
je rrOAIlTH'IKHX H COIVIjaAHHX pa3rpaHHqeaa HHCY 06aBe3HO rrOKAanaAe; ynop.
C. P. Kyrris, Ha6. iJeJ1o, 305; 1. Sevcenko. Society and Intelectual Life, 85,
flan, 56; l'o. MaKCHMOBHn, ArleKcuje AnOKa8K u pYUlT8eHa KpeTalba y !4apu-
zpay, 36. paA, BH3. HHCT., 18 (1978), 165-188; M. A. nOARKOBCKaH, 06w,eeT8eH-
flO-nOJ1UTU'1eCKaSl. MbLCJ1b BU3al-tTuu(40-60-e n. XIV 8, (A3A:>e: MbtcJ1'b),
CBepAAoBcK 1981, 14.
10. MaKCHMOBHfl
32
AKO aKU0HaT onor COO;'lijaA'HOr cYK06a He l'pe6a CTaJBi\>aTll 6e3Y-
CAOBlIro Ha peAauwjy apH'croKparnja - "CpeAlhl1", a jOlll MaJ-he ra
ryMaJY:mlI IKao CVAap <peYAai\'HlIX li pa'H!OK<anlITaAHCPI:f4IX eAeMe-
HaTa A;PYWl'Ba;'8 wnaK je H'3BeCHO Aa je cynapHJI1Illl'BO apn:CTOKpaT-
CKe c-rpaJHlKe H HKI1X TprOBaYKO-'IlpeAY3ellHHl.I1lX Kpypona y OApe-
OOHl1!M <pa3aMa YBeAllK' AaJBaAO l'OH paT\'. Y 'OArOBaJpaj<yne OKBHpe
'Mory ce CBpCTal'H, Ha jeAHoj CT'PaJRlH, npereHAem H 3aTfflM o;ap Jo-
BaH KaHTaKY3HiH H MHOillmo yrAeAH'HX toYAil1 K'OIjn ay Kao lherOBe
rrpHCTaAHo;e CTpaAaAI1 y no6YlheHHM rpaAOBHMI3., a Ha Apyroj H 3H-
AOTCKa CTpaHI<.a y COAYHY H homo novus AAeKcHje AnoKaBK, nJPlJ3H
MHHHcTap o;'apHrpaACKor pereHCTBa, KOjH je y roAHHlaMa IlipeA pal',
MO)KAa, 6HO H HajyneyaTtoHBl1jH npHMep Y3AH3a.J-ha Kipo3 HOByapCKC
nOCAOBe 11 110KOpHlIlnaaa
i
lhe cAY)K6eHOr IroAO)Kaja.
59
HajpeY!l1T
1
ujiH
HAeONOillKH n nOAIIDHYKH Ht3pa3 ooor OA;Mepl3JBalha OHara npeAcTaB-
toa AAe!KORje MaJKpeMBOAI1T OBOjtHJM OIIHCOM AUja.nOl 60larux u cu-
pOMauLHux, oBojeBpOHHlM 06paY'yJHoM C BOAellHL'vl AeA,oM cpeA'lher
ApYIlll'BeHOr cAoja KOjU ce noyeo Y3AH3aTl1 '113HaA OBoje opeAHJHe.
60
fpanaHCKiH paT je 3aBlpllieH nOtIeTK'OM 1347. flloOOAOM KaHTaK>y3U-
HOBe CTpalHiKe. TUMe je OKOHtIaJ-I 11 nOKywaj 3Ha11J-1!Dr 6poja RH3aH-
THjOKHX rplAOBa Aa ce ocAo6oAe IlIp0BAacTI1 apl1OToKipaTJije. AMr
TprOBl\iH 11 HOByapH, TH Haj3HayajHiH'jll1 rrpMIlaA'HlHIJ;lH "opeAlbHX", 'RH-
58 0 APyropa3peAHoj YA03H "CpeAH>HX" Y rpa5aHCKOM paTY BM. 10.
MaKCHMOBHn, "SozaTamu" AIJelCcuja MaKpeM601lUTa, 36op. paA BID. HHCT., 20
(1981), 103; MHOro je rrncaHO 0 "CpeAH>ID.1a" Kao 0 paHOKanHTfu\HCTHqKOM eAe-
MCHTY APYlllTBa, Hapo'lHTO y conjeTcKoj HCTopHoraq>HjH, fulli cy CBaKaKO 6AH-
jKH HCTHHH OHH aYTopH KoJH rrpeAY3el'HHKe, MeH>a'le H TprOBlle H3 XIV BeKa
cMaTpajy HaCTaBibaqHMa CTapHX, OBellITaAHX BIDaHTHjcKHx TpaAHllHja, a He
neCHI111I1Ma HOBHX KaIIl1TfulliCTH'lKHX OAHoca. ITOpeA MHornx cTapHjl1x paA0Ba
.M. CjY3jYMOBa H HeKHX APymx aYTopa, y HOBl1je BpeMe ce OBHM nHTaH>CM 6a-
BHAa M. A. ITOAbflKOBCKaH, C6oeo6pa:3Ue pa36UTUJt zopocll:ozo COCJl08UJt 6
BU3al-iTUU, BorrpoCbI HCTOpHH, MaTepHaAbI H8Y'1HOtt KOHq,epeIUUUi, nOCBflll.\-
HOM 150--Aenuo co ARR p0)KAeHHR K. MapKca, Yq,a 1969, 239; HCTa, M'bLCJl'b,
JI, 13. OAaBHo je jOIli AHOMHAHC, Arno<, 150, CKpeHYO na)l(H>Y Ha CTapHHCKH
Ha'lHH nOCAOBal-ba BIDaHTHjCKHX MeH>a'la.
59 0 AnOKaBKoaoj Kapl1jepH ynop. R. Guilland tudes de civlisation et
de littrature byzantines 1: Alexios Apocauco;s, Rev. du Lyonnais, 1921,
523-541; G. Weiss, Johannes KantakuzellOs - Aristokrat, Staatsmann, Kai-
ser und Monch - in der GeJ.sellsclwf/sen/wicklung von Byzanz im 14. Jl1.,
Wiesbaden 1969. 25, 27. sq. 55; K. - P. Matschke, FuR. 134-143; 3a CAH'IHe no-
jaBe nl1A. K. - P. Matsche, Fur, 114 sq.; npoAop nojeAH'Halla Y 3aTBOpeHe KPY'
rOBe apHCToKpaTHje 6HO je peAaK H OCTBapHB8H je yrAaBHoM 3aCAyra.\1a y;
CAY)K6H; yrrop. G. Ostrogorsky, Aris,tocracy, 30; A. Laou, Aristocracy 139.
60 3a HCropHjCKH I<OHTeKCT MaKpeMBOAHTo.Bor cnHca H OlleHY nOAO)f(aja
J-berOBHX "ooraTallla" BHA. 10. MaKCHMOBHl:, ,,E02aramu" AAell:cuja MalcpeM-
60JlUra, Ha BHllle MecTa; CAH'IHO K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, lM. MaKpeM-
1l0AHT je H TBopall jeAHe Kpaoe rreCMe nOTHB Melba'la (&.pyp6xorroL) : ed. E.
m ~ r Manuelis Philae Carmina. l, Paris 1855, 457-458; OHH' CnaKaKO IIpH-
rraAajy ,,6oraTaIllHMa", a He HeKaKBOM CAOjy rrpaBHX 6aHKapa (KaKBH y TO
BpeMe HHCY nOCBeAO'lCHH). KaKO CMaTpa A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Mer-
chant, 111; 0 q,HH8HcHjcKHM MoryoHocTHMa BH3aHTHjcKHx MeJ-ba'la BHA. H 10.
MaKclulOBHfl, Charakter, 167, Han, 89.
33 KopeHH Il nYTeBil HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTplll-lHjaTa Il BlI3aHTHjH
Cy 6H:AH caCBHlM nCYTHcHYTH ca Cl.\eHe. llcTe r0A!1JHe KaA je paT npe-
CTao, KaJHTTa'K:Y3WH je Ha jeAJHoj orrllIToj oKyrrllITHlHiH 000 crrpe400
Aa YBeAe Blore rrope3e, npH 4eMY je OAAyqyjyne 6HAO rrpOT.Ifl3to0lhe
-;(7)v sv !-,-TIOPSUO!-,-bl'.lV 61 fO;AJHiHY AaHta Ka-
cHlIje, HaCl'O'jenn Aa npeKO lhHX O)f(Hd3H M13M1DujOKY TprO'B'WHY,
KaHTaK'Y3H'H je iH3a3'HaO paT C DOOOBOM. PaT ce 1352. 3aBpwllo no-
pa304V1, a BOjl1JM TOKOM H pe3YATa
r
roM 3Ha4iHO je rrrp.llBY KaTacTpo-
epy 3aCBe rrOCNOIBHe toyAe, KOjlH cY yqecl1BOHaA'H y aBM rroK'Ywajy
pereH0pai-lHje.6t To je y crnapH 6HO TrpeHyHuK 'KaA cy "cpeAlbH"
'H31'y6H'AH CBaKH 3Ha4aj. llcToBpeM0Ho, y MapTY 1354, Typl.\1H CTBa-
pajy rrpBH MOC'J106pa'H Ha eBp0l10KOM TAY, wm je ytHeAO HOB 3Ha-
4aJja'H eAeMeHaT Y AJpYWTBeHo-eKOHOMKe npHAHKe BiHBaJHTuje. I-hH-
XOBHlM HarrpeABalheM OTll0400 je npo'l.\ec nOCTerreHor, aAH CTaNHor
c,vlaI-bH'Ballha 3e'MtoHIlIHHX ll'OCeAa apHCTOiKrpa'THje. 63
IIOlliTO je 06e36eAHAa rpaAKe flpHBHAemje no OBOjOj MepH H
ocmapHAa K:OHTpoAy 'HaA 3Hal1HHiM AeAOM 3aHaTOKe npOH3BoAlbe,
BH33JHHi}OKa apHCl'OKpaTlt}a je 6H:Aa jeAJmIIH ApymTooHH CAioj IK:OjH
je 'Morao Aa lH!Ma KOpHC1'H: 'DA ITpOnaCllH l1pr.oBa4'K!Or IH IHOB4arpcKor
rrOAJy3ellHHllll1Da. MeoYToHIM, OA CpeAHiHe XIV BeKa, Taj CAOj ce MaI-be
i-Iero YrKa,AMO)Ke OMa1'paTH jeAHlHCTooHI1'M. P'a3AiHiKe y 6ora1'C'J1By H
yrAeAY, Koje oy Y lWMY VBeK rrocTOjaAe, IHarAaIIIeHe cy oKoAH{)Illlny
Aa oy MI-Iore apHC1'OKparoKe rropoAHl.\e TemKO cl1paAaAe Y rpaoaH-
OK!OM paTY, a Aa cy HeKe Ha TaAacy rr06eAH.J1'4KOr l1pHjY1Mepa KpajeM
paTa JOUI BHllle IIpH'Mep COAYHa, Y KaMe je rpaOaJHOKH
paT 'I1'MaO 'MO)KAa Hajowl1pHje 06AJHKe, noce6HO je yne4aTto.lfl3. IIo-
4eTKOM YCT3JHKa 1342, li3 rpaAa je 6HAO H3I1H3JHO OKO XH-
toaA'Y A'H:HaTa, OA KOj'HX ce 'MHOIlli HHCY HHJKaA Bpal1llAIH, a Y BeAHiKoj
ce4H: 1. IX 1345. HCTpe6toeHe cy 6pojHe apHcToKpaTcKe rropoAJHl.\e.
ti
;;
fla unaK, Y APyroj rrOAOBHHH cToAeha 6HAO je H TaKO 60raTHx co-
AYHOKHX iJ<:oj'l1 cy M'OrAH Aa H3Ap)Ka:Bajy t-lHTaBY HOj-
61 Cantacusenus, IV, 5: III. 34. 5-20; IV, 6: III, 40. 16--17; 40. 21-41.
10; 0 OBO:l.\ Aoraoajy H J-beroBHM npoTarOHHcTHMa BHA, noce6HO D. Zakythi-
nos, Crise, 84, 93 sq.; N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires" 64, 119; A. Laou-
-Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 192; ID. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 167 Han. 89, 183;
HCTI!, "DOlaraUlu", 107; TO cV x<XTcM:XT<Xl Koje K. -P. Matschke, Geldgeschafte,
185, c npaBoM nocMaTpa oABojeHo OA KpeAliTOpa ll3 apHcTOKpaTCJX KpyroDa.
62 Ynop. C. P. Kyrris, John Cal1tacuzenus, the Genoese, the Vel1etial1s
lJlld the Catalans (1348-1354), Byzantina, 4 (1972), 342; M. Balard, Romanie l,
78 sq.; H, Oikonomids, Ha(/. de/w, 119; A. Laou-Thomadakbs, Ha8. eJlo,
192-195.
6:1 BHA. HanOMeHV 84.
64 HeMa CYMJ-be Aa cy KOH<j:JHcKaI.\Hje HMOBHHe H <j:JH31I4Ke AHKBHAa1.Vije
!1aHeAe YAap <j:JeYAaAHoj K4\aCH, aAH je npeTepaHO penH Aa ce OHa HHje BlHlle
onopaBHAa OA Tora VAapa, KaKO cMaTpa A. n. Ka)/(AaH. AZpapHbLe orliOUieHUR
() BU3aHTUU XlIi-XiV 86., (AaA>e: Azpap OrHOUIeHUst), MocKBa 1952, 197; ono-
paBaK CBaKaKO IiHje HO AaK, jep je KaHTaKY3lIH HO npHHvoeH Aa V Ma.jy
1347. OApeAH Aa ce OA HMOBHHe H3rV/ueHe y paTY npeOaWJ-bIfM BAaCHHl.\lIMa
Bpanajy aMO HeKpeTHHHe (Cantacuzenus, IV, 1: III, 1-1. 5-10), WTO je 3Ha4H-
AO nOliaBh>albe CTaJ-ba Koje ce jaBHAo no 3aBplllCHOM paTV 1328, rOAIIHe (Canta-
cuzenus, II, 1: l, 312.
65 Cantacuzenus, III, 38: II, 234. 1-235, 10; III, 94: II, 581. 16-18,
34
/O. MaKCHMOBHn
CKy.66 OBaI<:Ba CaqY'BaiHa, lfi\J1 MO)KAa lf YBenaHa 60raTcTBa AOrrpH-
'H'eAa Cy Aa 0YAY 3aOKpY)KeHrH OOHlO:BHlf rrpeA'YCAB'H 3a KOHaqHO
rrpe11Bapa'J-be 3eiMMfIlll)He a]JlHCTOKpaTllje y rpaACKiH na1'pHllHjaT.
MHore 'OA AooaA OIl!HC.lfiBaHHX rroja'8a 03Ha,yaBaJjy rrOCTerreHO Ha-
cTaja'lhe rpaAOKor rraTplll(HjaTa, aAH je H3BeOHO Aa je CBe AO Apyre
TIOAOBlfHe XIV BeKa TellIKrO Aeq>l1'HHaTiH ffif3aJHTH:jOKlY apHcToKpa-
'Nfj'Y OBH'M na}MoM, a j'0111 Te)l<:e je Blf3aHTlijOKe rpa;APBe, oe3 063lf-
pa IHa lBHXOBe rrpWBlfAemje, OMaTpa1'H rr3TplfLCHjoKnM "perrYOAlIKa-
Ma" .67 KOAllKO rOA Aa je rrplfcycTBO apHCToKpaTHje CHa)KHO yTH-
l(aAO Ha <PH3H'OHOMlfjy rpaAOBa, I-heHiH OOH'OB!HiH eKOHOMOKH lfHTe-
peClf OlfAlf ay Be3aHlf 3a rroceAOB3I-he 3eMibeK:aja je rrpeACTaBibaAa
iHeyrropeAHBO BeliJH ;H3BOp OOTarJ1CTBa OA CBera IlITO je ocwpOMallIeiHlH
rpaJA, H caM YBeAH'KO aiI'papHa arAOMepaUlfja, Marao CTBOpH1:1H H3-
'BaH OKilllipa nOibOrrpH>BpeAHe npOH3BOAJ-be.
68
Crora je H TprOBIHiHa y
KOjOj cy yqeCTBOBaAlf cPeYAaAHH rrOCeAHHl(H OlfAa rrpBeHCTBeHO, Kao
IlITO je 'Ben 'HarrOMeHyT'O, TprOBHHa IllOiborrpllBpeA'HHJM npOH3BOAHIMa,
06HlJjHlO )J('HTOM. 3a 6aBibeI-he I-hOMe AOAei\:;H'Ba'He cy HAH KAeKTH!BHe
rrpHlBlfAernje rpaJAOIDfoMa y OOMliKY OCAOOanaI-ha A l(.apHIHIa, lfAM rro-
jeAHlHa'I'He rrpHIlliAernje, Hajqewhe y OOAlfKY npaJB'a !Ha HeO:MeTaH
rrpeB03 oorrC11BeHlfIM OpOAOBUM<l.69 Ho CBOjOj CYllIlliHrH, 'BarKBe no-
BAaCTHl(e rrpeAcTaBibajy AOIl'yJHCKlf Aeo cPeYAaNHiHx olffM'YHHTeTa KaK-
BHX je 6MAO AOCT,a y BH3aHTHjlH.
70
OA ,Ajpyre nONOBHHe XIV BeKa, MenYTHlM, Ca.3peAH cy YCAOBH
3a 'OA'BajaH>e 3ipHcT<XK!paTlfje OA HenOCpe,AiHOr aJHra)KOBaI-ha y rrOibO-
rrp.HJBpe,AiHoj npOH3BOAlBH, a CaMJI)M 1:1HiM li 3a J-beHO :H3pa3HTHje aH-
ti6 D. Cydonis Occis. Thessalonicae Monodia, PG 109, col. 645. D.
67 CXBaTaJba 0 OBOM IUlTalhY HHCY jeAHHCTBeHa; E. Francs, Fodalit et
villes, 86, HHje CMa'Tpao Aa rrocTojH HeKa pa3AHKa H3MeDY 3eNllblillIHe apHCT0-
KpaTHje H rp\ACKOr ITa'TpHI.\HjaTa, 'mje rrocTojaJbe eHep'rH'IHO 0APH'-!Y r. A.
Kyp6aT0B - B. H. PYTeH6ypr, 3U!lOTbL U 'lOMnU, BH3. BpeM., 30 (1969), 9, Il,
Han. 43, 19; orrpeaHHjH C. P. Kyrris, The political Organization of the Byz. Ur-
baH Classes between 1204 and 1341, Liber Memor. A. Era, Et. presentes la
Comm. Int. pour l'Hist. des Assembl., 26, Bruxelles 1963, 24, roBOpHO TOMe
Aa nobility rrOCTeneHO npepaCTa y town patriciate; BHA. H3rroMeHY 184.
88 Cantacuzenus, 1, 28: 1, 137. 2-3; II, 25: 1, 453. 22-24; III, 24: II, 148.
13-14; III, 30: II, 185. 3-9.
69 3a ;xoucrcrdlX 1\'l-o(W\l BllA. /O. MaKcHMoBHI,. Charakter, 173, Kao H ca
HernTo APyraqHjHM HaBODelheM H3Bopa V. Hrochov, Ddlkovy obchod, 133;
Yrrop.H Actes de Lavra, II, No 89, 192-98; Aeo epeYAaAHe Mace OAH'IeHY Ma-
HaCTHpHMa CTeRao je qaK rrpaBO Aa AP)J(H cajMoBe, V. Hrochov, Hae. C/lU,
132.
70 HajBa)f{HHje "I10CeHe pacnpane 0 BH3aHT.Hjcl<OM HMYI-IHTeTY: Il. A.
flKOBeHKO, K:l'UCTOPUU UMMYHUTeTa 8 BU3aHTUU, IOpbeB, 1908; K. H. YcneHcKHH,
31(lCYCCUSl.-UMMYHUUT 8 BU3aHTUC1W UMnepuu, BH3. BpeM., 23 (1917-22. ed.
1923), 74-117 (ynop. Hcrn, O'tepleu no UCTOpUU BU3aHTUu, 1, MocKBa 1917,
183-197); A. n. KCUKA3H, epOpMup08aHue rjJeoallbHow nO.weCTbSl. 8 BU3aHTUU
X 8eKa, BH3. BpeM., Il (1956), 98-122; Hcrn, 3lCloCYCCUSl. U 3KclCyccaTbL 8
TUU X-XlI 88., BH3. OLfepKH, MocKBa 1961, 186-216; E. T. rOpRHOB, n03l-te8u-
3aHTUUCloCU UMMYHUTeT, BH3. BpeM., 11 (1956), 177-199, 12 (1957), 97-116; r.
OcrporOpCKHl'1, K UCTOPUU 8 BU3aHTuu, Bm. BpeM., 13 (1958),
55-106 (= Ca6pWta oClla, l, 405-479); r. r. AlnaBpHH, EoiizapuSl. U BU3aHTUR 8
Xl-XlI 88., MocKBa 1960, 231 CA. .
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpill.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 35
raJKBaihe y IHlOiBqaJPOKHIM H OBaK,BH ITO-
CAOBH IHHoy OllAH CTpalHIH nojeMIIHHM npHna,6iHHIJ;lHIMa aJpHcToKcpaT-
OKor CTaA'e)f(a -il paHH'je, KpajeM XIII H XIV BeK:a, 331-
xBaloyj'ffi'H !HJMOIB'HII-IH KOjy cy noceA'B'1'AH y rpalAY. KAaCHq3IH je
Ben HOC-l'aO npl1lMep U;aJpCKOT A'BlpaHHHa rYAeAlHca TillpThHa Koj-il je
nOTK>paj XIII BeKa H3HajMIoHBao CBoje iHeKpeTi-IHHe y HllIIMcPejy H
CMHpHlH.
l
y CA'H't{]HHIM cwryaU;ilIjaMa, II<.aO He Ma'H>e n03HaU:l npH-
MepiH, MOry ce cpeCTH C nOqeT'I<.a XIV BeKa KocTa IIaJH1KaA H Teo-
Aopa y Cepy,'2 TeoAop Cap3lHAHiH y BepHjH,n l-herOB
pOnaJK AAeKOlI'je A;YKa Ca;paJHAHH y GOAYHy,74 BeAI1K'H cTpaToneAapx
AHoeo y HOAeHy.'5 y HaBeAeHI1JM cAyqajeBI1JMa j'e peq 0
331 Koje je BOOe.lhe nOOA'OBa y rpaAY OBarKaJKO
H'M<M'O ceK'JIHA:apa>H 3Haq:arj .76 AiMoHlBaAeH11HaCT OA:Hoca lffiIX:OBe re-
HepaIJ;Hje npeMa TprOBRHH MO)f(Aa je HajAenwe H3pa)f(eHa reCTaM
OHor "AHHaTa" iKOjH je OCAOOOAHO OBor pooa (1281), 3a:AOBO.!o3IH
I1aqHHlOM Ha KOjH je Taj p06 BOAHO 3al-hera TprlBaqrj(e ITOCAOBe.
77
TeK nOAa C-rOAena KacHIHlje, HAH H BlIwe, OOPHY ce peAocAeA
arpH'c11oKipaTOI<HX BIHTepeca H aHra)f(OBal-ha. npB TOM UHCY 'HWqe3AH
ex:enaj 331 3eMIoY H Te)Klha 331 l-heHIHM noceAoBal-heM. D,ap MaHojAo
II je jaoHo nOKa3HBao Aa je nOloonpHIBpeAa, a 'He 3aJHal'CTBO iHAlf
TpnOBHlHa, oonOBHa npeOiKynaW1ja l-heJ10Be 0KOHMOKe nOA:H11lfKe,
aA'H ce 331110 jeAaJH OA l-heroBHx HenOCpeAHHX npeTXO,dJH1HlKa, JOBaI!
V HAB JBaJH VII, Ha illBpOKOj ooaOBH Oa>BH H3B030M )f(HTa.'8 Oqe-
IlHAHO je Aa cy Ben OAaBHO OHAa 3aoopaBIoeHa OHa BpeMeHa apHCTO-
KpaTOKe 3'H'HIM03HOC1ili npeMa CT'Bapa.IhY HlMe11Ka TprOBHlHOM, KaA
je u;ap Teo<I>JIAO HapeAH Aa OPOA .lherOBe )KeHe 6YAe onaloeH, KaKO
ce He OB nOMHCAllAO Aa OH, u;ap, BO,diH nOCABe Kao OpOAOBAa'CHilliK,79
OBAe je 'Ben AOlHeKAe'JIKa3aHO Ha pa3Aore KOjlH cy YCAB-ilNH
OKpeTal-he nOCAOBHlMa Ha paq'JIH BOOel-ha 3eMIoH-
lUHHX noceAa. MOrynHOCTH 331 OHAe cy Y'oofiaiHe
nOTHlCI<HJBaI-h0M npoepecHHaAHIBX TproBaI..(a H iHOB"tlapa KojH CV !1p1i-
naAaAH OpeAI-hHlM ApYWTBeHHM cAojeBHMa, ai\:H cy rAaBHH nOACTH-
71 MM, IV, 285-87 (1294).
72 Actes de Kutlumus, No 8, 12-13 (1313); No 18, 86 (1323. l:lAH 1338).
73 r. TeoxapHAflc, HaB. e/lo, No 1 (p. U), 27-37 (1324); No 2 (p. 22),
89-98 (1325); ynop. H Regel, Vatop, No 4, 18 (1329); Goud3ls, Vatop, No 15, 239
(1356).
Actes de Chilandar, No 84, Ha BHUle MeCTa (1322).
H Regel, Vatop., No 4, 17 (1329).
76 3a KOMeHTape DHA. (HaBeAeHe 0Y caMO H0BHje CJ'YAwje) r. OCTpOi'OpCKH,
CepCKa o6/laCl' nOC/le AYUWHOBe CMPTU, EeorpaA 1965,56,(= Ca6paHa e/la, IV,
502); M. A. TIoMlKoBcKaH, Topo. B/lQeHUSi, 207; E. <f>epjaH'-lHn, HaB. e/lo, 232
fu. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 178.
77 Ch. Verlinden, Trait des esclaves et traitant,s italiens Constanti-
nople (Xllc-XVcs.), Le Moyen Age, 69 (1963), 793.
78 Vrrap. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 219; K. - P. Matscvke,
Sclzlacht, 224.
79 Ynop. A. Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenneto,s and his World, Lon-
don 1973, 39 sq.; A. Kazhdan - A. Cutler Continuity and Discontinuity in
Byz. History, Byz" 52 (1982), 443.
36
1'0. MaKCHlIiOBIln
QajH 'HrratK AOlliAH crroloa. rIpe Cllera, 1'prOBHHa )f('HTOM K'ja je, 'Kao
llITO je rrOK333iHO, lfMaAa H3Ba'RpeA3!H 3H'a'I3Jj 3a apIflcroK:paTHjy
KaJKO ''1 fbelHOM OBOjCTBY rrOCeAiHnK<3 3eMA>e TaJKO H y C!1BO'JCTBY Y'Ie-
CHlHJKa y 1H3003Y )f(HTapHQa, IfIIHje ce OABlfj3iAa Ha iHatJlHlH KOjH je rro-
rOA'Ba'O ja,qawy eKOH'aMCKOr nOAO)f(aja OB'r CTaAe)f(a.
Hanp011liiB, TeillKone cy BpeMeHO:M rrocTajaAe Bene OiA 'KOpHCTH, H
TO '\jlITpaIBO 3a BeAerroceAIHWJKHCi\oj. K!B3Ipel-be H'OBQa, 'Koje je y 00-
H'OBA>eHOj BH3a'HTHjH rrOCAe 1261. A!OCerA' AO TaA3 IWBI-dSeI-Ie pa3-
'Mepe,BO YCi\OBHAO je HarNO rrooKynloel-be )KHTa. TalKo 0'1 BH3alH1'Hj-
CKH BA'aA3JpH Ben y APyroj rrOAOBHHH XIII BeKa 6HAH rrpHHyneHH Aa
rroBpeMeHo 3a6pal-byjy l-berOB H3B03 y HacTojal-bY A3 3aycTa13e HiHr
ycrrope CKOK QeH'a rrORenal-beM lCAH'-IHHe )f(HTa Ha AOManeM 11p)f(U-
liITy.BI OB3JKlBe Mepe rrranaAe cy H ::HT3JAH'jarrroKe TproBQe .If BH33JH-
THjoKe 3eMi\ill'illHe MarHaTe, rra ce HMCY MorAe AY1'o 'Apmanr, Bepo-
Ba'l1Ho 360r CHa)f(iHHX '01'rropa. AAH l-bnxOB' YKHAalhe BHille m1je, y
XIV Be<Jy, AOHCHAO TpajHHjy KOpHCT rroceA'fIIHQ'HIMa 3eMloe Ha BH-
3a'H1'Hjorooj C1'p3JHIH...
Ben A'HA!pOHiHKa II (1282-1328), BeAIHlKH npo-
u3B'na'll1 H H3B03HHQ'H )f(IUa rrpBH rrYT ce cyopeny C KOfllKypelHL{H-
jOM )f(HTa Koje HTa'A'H'jaHil1 rro'YHl-bY AOB03HTH rrpeKo CBOjHx QPHO-
MOPOJ<lHX KOA'OHIlfja, He rrpecTajYllH Aa ce HHTepecyjy 3a BH3a'HTHj-
CK:Y npoH31B'AI-bY Qepe3iAHja. AYro je AHAPOHMlK()IBa BAaAa 3a6pa-
l-b'H'B3iAa YS03 QPIHOMopOKor )f(HTa CHIM '13 rroce6He A3BOAe H TaK-
ce, aA'H je 1324. KOHa"l'HO rronycTHAa y OBHIM HacTojaHMMa Aa 3a-
11111HTH A'Many 'Il'pOlf3BOAIby.
B2
HacTyrraAa cy BpeMeHa KaAa 'HIH caMa
BH3aHTH'ja HiH'je BH'ille MorAa 6C3 CTpa'HOr )f(HTa. KOHa'Ia'H ry6HTaK
3arraAHe MaAe A3Hje y AeQeHHjaMa XIV BeKa, 3HaT'H0 je
cY3HO BH3aJHTHjoKe npoH3B'lHe Mo1'yniHocTH. AAH CTaIbe ce y6p30
rroropllIaA' H y TllpoocTaAoM, eBporrKoM AeAY IJ;apCTBa. rpanaHoKH
paTOBH ABaAeceTHX H qeTpAeCeTHX rOAHHa, a TIpe IbHX H KaTaAaH-
CKO AiIflBA>aIbe OA Tpa'KiHje A/O TecaAHje, cprroKa ooBajaIba H3 Bpe-
MeHa Cre<}>arHa AYilla'Ra, TypcKa H A3iI1HHKa IyCapeIba no rrpH06aA-
HHM rroAPY4jHM3, Koja HHlcaA HlICY rrpecTaAa, a 3aTHM, y APyroj
rrOAOBIfiHH cT'Aena, 1'Y'pKa rrycTOilleJha lliHlpoKor 331Maxa, cY'KQe-
CMlBH IlIpaneHa oOBajalWM TpaKHje H MarKeAOHH'je, rrOCTerreHO cy
AO HecAyneHHX pa3Mepa pa3BHAH BH3a'HT'HjOKY 3arBHOHOCT O'A YB03a
80 Vnop.. A. Andrads, De la monnaie et de la puissance d'achat des
mtaux prcieux dans l'Empire byzantin, Byz., 1 (1924), 75-115; D. Zaky-
thinos, Crise, 5 sq.; 18, 23 sq., 92; BHA. HarroMeHV 45.
81 BHAH HanoMeHY 47.
82 G. M. Thomas Il R. Predelli, Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum l,
Venetiis, 1880, 125, 129, 141, 164, 200 sq. BeHeI.\Hja ce oKpeHVAa l1,pHOM MOPV
rrOCAe neHoBe, aMi je Il OHa TaMO BpAO npIlCYTHa Ben OA Kpaja XIII BeKa.
M. Nystazopoulou-Pelekidi, Venise et la Mer Noire du XIe au XV, s., 0lJClcwpt-
Cl(J.CXTCX, 7 (1970, repr, 'Venezia e il Levante fino al secolo XV, 1/2, Firenze
1973, 541-582), 22 sq.
37 KOpeHl-I H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpl1J4HjaTa V BH3aHTHjH
CTpaH'r )K'HTa, a HenpeKHAa:H nopacT l-herOBe lJ,eHe yY:H!HH je OlBy
3aBHCHOCT 6peMeHoM H3'Y3el'He Te;KfHlHe.
83
OrIHcaJHe npHA!HIKeHecYMlbIH'BO 03Ha4aB3jy naA npO!H3BOA'l-he )lG{-
ra Koja ce HaAa3HAa rrOA IKOHTpOJ\:OM BeAH1K3lll a, jepcy I-blIXOiBli
noceAlI 4'H'HHA'H BeAWKH Aeo YKrym-IHX ncmplllHiHa :li Ae-
,\HAH CYAOI1'HY O'Be u,eAUHe. CTora onYCl'OllleHOCT H OMal-hHBal-he aJpH-
noceAa y APyroj nOAOBHHiH XIV BeKa, no OBOj nplI-
AHlJ,H, npeACTaBi\:>ajy 00H08HH p.3AOr 300r 'Kara je apllCTOKpaTIija
CEe MaI-be 6HAa y Mo,rynHocTH Aa CBOjy eKOHOMOKY MOn 3aCHII!Ba
npBeHCl'BeH 'Ha Ap;K3ffiy 3eMi\:>HillHHX noceAa
84
. 3aOCTaAa nOibOITpH-
BpeAHa TeXIHoAorHja HCTapHHCK:a opraHlI3alJ,Hja paAa caMO cy rro-
ropmalBaAe CT3Jfbe CTBapH.
85
<PlIA030<p feoprHlje feMHcT-IIAIliTOH HH-
je 6e3 pa3Aora oMarpao Aa je aplfCTOKpaTCKJH BeAenoceA 'KOtI'!IHu,a
3a eq>HIKaOHY 06paAY 3eMi\:>e.
86
AAH y l-heroBO BpeMe, y npBoj rrOA-
I3HHH XV BeKa, OOHM AOHeKAe Ha fIeAonOHe3Y r'Ae je OH cauVl: AeAo-
Bao, BHme 'I-mje 'HM 6HAO np3JB!HX 3eMibHlliHHX MaI1HaTa - npeoKpeT
y eKOHOIMOKoj opHjeHTau,Hj!H apHCToKpaTHje Ben je 6HO OCTBapeH.
81
'"
* *
KaA je pe4 0 nOCAOBl1'MaKojH cy MorA,H 6HTH BOOeH'H y nOCAeA-
fbHX CTO rOAlma )KHBOTa BH33JHTHje, HOOnXOAlHO je nOHOSO o6pa-
83 3a3HCHOCT BH3<lHTHje OA )/Ta Koje AOB03e I-haAHjaHH rrOCTerreHO
pane, a npBH rrYT ce jacHo MaHHepecTyje Ben 1343. rOAHHe (Gregoras, XIII,
12: II, 686, 17---687. 3); ynop. Ch. A. Maltezou, '0 6eclfJ.o 't'oi) 'J KW'J/1t6)."eL Be'Je-
T'Ji) B:X[AO\i 1268-1453), ATHHa 1970,229-231; E. Zachariadou, 'laB. e/w, 294 sq.
o pa3A03HMa AaA:oer nOCTq]aHor paCTa ueHe )ITa Ha 'lHTaBOM AeBaHTV (V
BH3aHTHjH noja'laHOr H 06e3BpeDHBaJbeM HOBua) BHA. E. Zachariadou, HaB.
e,w, 291, 294, 298, 306; rrOCAeAHue ce ocehady 'laK AO jaApaHcKHx AVKa: E.
Xpa6aK, H3a03 :IICUTapUl1a U3 ZP'1/CUX 061laCTU y XIII, XIV U XV cTollell.y.
liCT. qaCOnHC, 18 (1971), 220.
84 N. Oikonomids, Hae. e.flo, 122sq. H K. P. Matschke, Schlacht, 143,
113BaHpeAHO cy HarAaCHAH Te)KHHY YAapau;a Koje cV TypUH HaHOCHAH BH3aH-
THjCKOj apHcToKpaTHjH, cY)f(aBajvoH 06HM I-beHHX rroceAa; MebYTHM, KapaKTe-
pilCH1'lHO je Aa TepHTopHjaAHH ry5HUH V OBO Ao6a HHCY caMO pe3YATaT He-
IIpnjaTetbCKHX ocBajaI-ba; l'flOp. 10. MaKcHMoBHn, YnpaBa, 3, Harr. 12.
8a BH3aHTHjcKa rroJ'oorrpHBpeAHa TexHoAorHja je TparHqHO cTarHHpaAa
(3aocrao Ha'lHH vrrpe3aI-ba, Herr03HaBaI-be TelIIKor nAvra, H CA.): Lefebvre des
Noelles, L'attelage et le cheval de selle travers les ges, Paris 1931, 89 sq.;
A. G. Hal1ldricourt - B. Delamarre, L'homme et la charrue traven le Monde,
Paris 1955, 276--284; yrrop. 3a HCTY CHTyaUHjv y rpaAcKoj rrpOH3BOAI-bH C. AH-
illCB, zpa, 69; jeAl-lHY 3Ha'lajHHjy HOBHHY rrpeACTaBA:oa yrroTpe-
6a BOAeHHue, J. L. Teall, The Byz. Agricultural Tradition, Dumb. Oaks Pap.,
25 (1971),51 'sq. CTamauHja ce npeTBapa V \maAA:oHBO onaAaI-be npOH3BOAI-beQaK
11 V HajBa)f(HHjoj nOA:oOnpHBpe,lHoj rpaHH - BHHorpaAapCTBY; ynop. N. K.
Kondov, Produktionsorganisatorische Verschiebungen bei dem Weinbau in
der ersten Hlilfte des 14. Jh. im Gebiet des unteren Strymons, Et. Balk., 1973,
67-76; P. Schreiner, Produkte, 92.
86 Crr. AaM6poc, III'Ll.IXLoI.r\YEw )(C<L IIe).,,01t0'JII'ljClLIXXcl, III, 260. 1-261. 7; 3a
allaAH3y IlAHToHoBHx CXBaTaI-ba Koja CaAp)Ke 3aXTeB 3a COQHjaAHHM rrpOMeHa-
Ma ynop. F. Masai. Plthon et le platonisme de Mis/ra Paris 1959, 92 sq.
87 Yrrop. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 205; K. - P. Matschke.
Sclilacht, 238,
38
10. MaKCH.MOBlln
11l1TH na)f(J-hY Ha Y1UbeH01UY Aa cY H>lIXOB OOlIM II KaJpaKTep yse-
j\llIKO alIAlI OApe5eHH eK''HOMCKOM npeBAalliny 33JnaAlHlIX CHAa 'Ha
BH3aoHTHjOKOM TAY, Y npBOM peAY HTaAHjaoHoKIfX perryoAH'Ka. llpe-
BAaJCT lhaAafjaHa, 113pa)f(jeHa H upe errOXe llaAOOAor 'Kip03 n03HaTe
uapHJHOKe UpH<BH'AeJ:1H'je, 3aAo6H'ja TaJKBe A'H1MeH3H'je Aa je OHAO KaK-
Ba 'KiOHTpOAa uaopHI'paAOKe BAaAe HaA H>HXOBH1M nOCNOBafWM nocra-
Aa epaKTl1"llKH 'HeMOI'yna. MlIxaHAo VIII llaAeOAor je 011'0 rrOOAeAfbH
uaop 'KO'jH je 'Y0rreBalo Aa OAp>KH H3BecHY paBiH'CYI'e)l('Y Y IIOA'HTHYK:OIM
Me5Y1J1rpocT.oP'Y, oTBopeHoM YCAeA cynapHHllil'Ba BeHeunje JI neHo-
Be.
88
A,AH Ben je 'OH, a 3aTHiM 'Y j'Olli nehoj 'MepH H>erOB HacAeAHHK
AHA:pOHiHK II, npeAao 3anaAlI-!'WM l'prOBUHIMa npaBOHa AiOB03 l'OAH'KO
Ba)f\jaOr l\IPHOMOpOKor >K:HTa 013 oyrapcKHX A'YKa y UapHrpaA.
89
Ta-
KO cy HTaA<lI'jalH'lI, 'KOjH cy jOlli OApa'H'Hje H\YlaAH l'Ol'OgO 3JrrCoAyraJH
MOHOITOA Y BH3a
I
HTHjcK!oj TprOBH.lHH ca 3anaAHOIM EBpOIllOM, CTel1<AI1
CBe ycAOBe 3a BeOMa H3pa>KeHY eKOHOMoK'Y K:aHTPOAY BH3aHrnjoKor
npOC'J10pa.
9
YrrpalBO KaA je 'B1I33JHTHjcKa apl1CToKparnja 'Il0yeAa 'IT()-
Ka.3.lf1Ba'I1H Bene 'H'HTepeCOBaH>e 3a BOneH>e rrOCAOBa, MO'rynlHocTH 3a
OCToB3JpHBaH>e OB3JKBe KOH.TpOAe Y"'BpllineHe cy yonOCTaiBibaH>e}.1
H>J:1aARjalH'CKe el<JOHOMOKe rrpeBAaCTH 'Ha YHT'aJROIM AeB3JHTY. O'Ha j
i13rpanH'BaIHa ynopeA'o ca onaAaH>eM rrpOH3BOAlH>e H Tpl'OlBH;He HC-
AiMOKHX 3eti'vlaiba Y rrOCAeAI-I>HlM AeueHoH'jalMa XIV H rrOyeTKOM XV
BeKa.
gl
PasYlMe ce Aa je noceoHo CHa)l(a'H rroAo>l<aj Y EjoKoM 'MOPY
HMaAa 3aX:Baibyjyl1H OBOM I<lOAOHlH'jaAlHoM U3JPC11BY, '113-
l'pa5eHoM jOlli nOCAe IV KpCTalliKor paTa, a rrorrryH'O aKTWEoHpaHOM
Y 'BpeMe 0 KOMe foaOpHlMO.
92
88 VIlOp. M. Balard, Romanie, 1, 14 sq.
89 A. Laou, The Provisioning of Con/pie during the Winter of 1306-
-/307, Byz., 37 (1967, ed. 1968), 92 sq.; C. J\J1WeB, CpelloaeIC06ell zpa, 133.
90 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz.. ECOI10I11Y, 188 sq.; 198; 360r npeMonll lira
AHjaHa, nOHeKaA ce rOBOpH 0 KOAoHHjaAHoM rroAo)/(aiV BH3aHTHje; 33 TaKBa
MlllIIkelba BHA. 10. MaKCHMOBHn, Charakter, 171, Han. 112. 0 cTpaHoj eKOHOM-
cKOj KOHTpOAH MHOro je pacrrpaBk3HO (y OBOM paAy TaKone), rra yrrynyjeM
caMO Ha HOBe paAOBe olllIITlljer KapaKTepa: N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'af-
faires 44, /111. 38---42; IEE IX, 65, 229-237; 10. MaKCHMoBllll, Charakter, 170,
Han. 108.
91 0 rrOCTeneHOM H3rpanllBalbY MAeTaYKe YI lseHoBloaHcKe rrpeBAaCTll Ha
J\eBaHTY, Koja ce Hllje Hll HarAO Hll npaBoAHHHjCKll pa3BujaAa, BllA. HapOY11To:
G. Luzzatto, Ha6. ello, 135 sq.: E. Ashtor. The Venetian Supremacy in Levanti-
ne Trade: Monopoly ol Pre-Colonialism? Journ. of Europ. Econom, HLSt., 3
(1974), 7, 11, 23, 29 (= Studies on the Lev. in the Middle Ages. London
Variorum 1978, VI); Hcm, Apoge 308, 321; M. Balard, Romanie, 'fI 675-700.
TIoce6Ho 0 rrpeBa3ll TproBllHe y MAeTaYKoj IlplIBpeAH H 0 MaHy<paKTypnoj
I1pOH3BOAlbH y BeHeUHjH: G. Luzzatto, HaB. oello, 65-80; ynop. Il (noBe3aHo
C Bll3aHTHjoM) M. M. IIIIITHKOB, Bellel1. lCyne"leCT60, 91.
92 3a BeHelllijaHcKe KOAoHHje V Erejy BHA. V. Hrochova, Le commerce
vnitien et les changements dans l'importance des centres de commerce ell
Grce du l3e au ISe s. (Aaloe: Le commerce vnitien), St. Venez., 9 (1967),
3--34; eKOHOMCKa e<pHKacHocT BeHoBloaHa llnaK HlIje HAa Malba, llaKO HllCIi
CTBOpllAIl KOJ\OHHjaAHO 1I8pCT130 nonYT OCllcLllljC1llcKor; yrrop. M. Balard, Ro
manie, II, 889 sq.
39 KopeHH li nyTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH
y rrolMeHryTHIM 'OKOAHOCTH'.Ma, 'BH3aHTHjoKa apHCTOKpaTllja 'MO-
l'Aa je CaJM'O Aa y6H'pe ropK:e TIAOAOse CBor HeKaAa1l..lH>er O,MI'OCa rrpe-
Ma HOOH'()L(iH1Ma 1'prOJ3!llIHe ry COITCTBeHoj 3eMIoH. Ha oKyqeHHM eKO-
HOO1CKHM OCH013aMa, oAlpeOeHIi'M cAa:6H'M pa30petFOr
3aHaTCTBa H YMaJ-beHOM rroloorrpHBpeAHoM rrpOH3BON-bOM, Kao H Ha
IiHepTHOCTH 3aCTapeAe ApYIl1TBeHe CTpVKTYpe, HHje ce Morao 0'le-
KoHlBaTH npOA'Op y Booel-bY nOCNOBa ca 3ana,JHOM, a :HajiJ.\1aJle
je cPeYAaAiHa apHCTOKpaTll'ja 6HAa iIl'3B3'Ha Aa Y'liH:HH TaKaJB IlIpO-
AOp. ll,eAHHY lheHHX MorynHoc1'H Aerro HAYC1'pyje HeocrropHa 'lH-
Aa je caM ll,31pHrpaA H3ry6H'O yrAeA cBeroKe
neHOBloaHOKa faAa1'a y CYOOAC1'BY rrpeY3eAa je Ao6plfu\1 AeAOM TY
YA'ory, rrpJ1IBAa"IenHBen
l
H:Hy C1'p'aIHlHX DMO je 1'0 AeMl-
MH14iH'O H pe3YATa1' CRaJKHOr H cnYTaBajyner npHCY'C1'Ba MAe'laJHa y
llJ-l3aHrnjcKoj KOjH r:y OA fpKa npeY3HM'3AH 'laK H 1'3KO
CH1'He rrOCA.oBe Kao Il11'O je B'ooeJ-be 3aHaTOKIHX pa'AHIH HA:H Kp'4:.MiH, M
rrpHTOM Y)f(,UBaAH ITOpeCKe 'Koje cy 6HAe He3a'MHCAHiBe
3a BH3aIHTHIjoKe rrOA31HH'Ke Ha 'MAeTa'l'KHM AeBa'HTOKllilM 'fIOceAlHMa.
94
C1'al-be je 6HA'0 TaJK'BO ,il:a je jeMlIH MAeTa1.J'K'H 'HOIM 'OpeAl-bHX MOIYh-
HOCTH, KaKiaB je 6HO 'lYBeHH naKOMO EaAoep, Morao Aa HiC1'yrra y
UapHrpaAY Kao rrpoAajynH MaHy<paKTYPHY po6y
II3 CBor pOAHor rpaAa - 3aHaTAHjaMa H CIITHHM npenpo-
'aAH He H 3HaTI-!'HjHM - 'H KiyrryjynH OllipOBIrne
113 BH3aH1'HjcKHX 3eMaloa H ca HCTOKa.
95
OH je TaKooe Morao AH Heo-
GH1.JiHOM 6P3UJ-!.'OM 3a TaAaIlJIl-be ITpIiA'H'Ke o6pne YAO)KeHlH Ka'I1lHTaA:
rOTOBO 8,5 rryTa 3a OKO 3,5 rOAHHe.
96
He 3HaMO Aa AH je EaAoepOB
npHMep 1'HITH1.JaH, rrOIl1TO HeMa OAroBapajynHx H3Bopa, aMI je 'BeOMt
peY:HT; IIlT3BHIl1e, y ITOHe'leiM CAH1.J-liH:X noja'B'a 'HMa H 'BaR ll,apHTpaJAa.
U3 Ao5po je n03HaT rroAaTaK BHn. rpHrope, '-I3>K H3 HelllTO pa.HHjer Bpe-
MeHa, Aa cy ll,apHHCKH rrpHxoAH y faAaTH H3HOCHAH OKO 200.000 rreprrepa ra-
L\l1 Wllie, a y UapHrpaAY caMO OKO 30.000 rreprrepa (Gregoras, XVII, 1: II 842.
2-4). Y BpeMe Koje Hac HHTepecyje AOAa3H H AO CKpeTaba Tparre3YHTCKe Tp-
roBHHe OA UaplirpaAa Ka faAaTH; ynop. C. Il. KaprrOB, Tpane3)lHc/we zeyne-
'leCTfJO 8 'tep1WMopCKO TOpZ081le KOHl1a XlII-nepBo noIlOBUH'bL XV BB.,
ByzantinobuIg., 7 (1981) 242; cTapH rryT CBHAe H 3a'-lHHoa cKpeHYo je KpajeM XIV
BeKa rrpeMa EpycH: H. Inalcik, Bursa and the Commerce on the Levant, Journ.
of the Soc. and Econom. Rist. of the Orient, 3 (1960), 131-147.
94 Yrrop. G. Luzzatto, HaB. ello, 179; YOI1lllTe 0 MAeTa'-lKllM paAHOHHlJ,aMa
H Ha BH3aHTHjcKOM Ti\V BHA. H G. M. Thomas - R. Pre:deIIi, Dipl.
1/eneto-Leva'1t., l, 125, 129, 153, 167; 3a HejeAHaKY rropecKY rrOAlITHKY ABejy
CTpaHa vrrop. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 205 sq.; 226 sq.
95 a HaBeAeHHM rrHTabHMa EaAoepoBor rrOCAOBaH>a, rr03HaTor Ha OCHO-
UY H>eI'OBe KbHre pa<IYHa (Il libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer, edd. U. DoJ.'lj
- Th. Bertel, Roma 1956),HHa'-le ieAHRCTBeHe V CBOjOj BPCTH, BHA. M. M.
JlIHTHKoB, BeHel1. Kyne'teCT80, 88, 93, 115, nI,; 127; HCTH, KOHcTaHTUHanOIl'b,
53 (H Ta5. 1); rroce5Ho je 3aHHMtoHBO 1'0 Aa EaAoep, BOAenH rrOCAOBe OCHTypa-
Iba 3a TprOBue KOjH ce oKyntoa.iv y UaPHrpaAY, HeMa CBOjHM KAHjeH-
THMa HHje/-\HOr BI13aHTHHua; ynop. M. M. lIIHTHKoB, KOALHep'teclcoe CTpaxO-
flaHue fi KOH/nolle U npuAtOoclCUX zopoax JfTallUu fi XV 6., AHTH'-IH. ApeBH.
If cpc/\. BeKa, 6 (1969). 91-103.
96 M, M. lIIHTHKoB, BeHel1. lCyne'teCTfiO. 106.
!'o. MaKClIMOBlIn
40
TprOnaYKe Be3e HeKHX 3HaQajHHx BH3aHTHjcKHX rpaAOBa C pa3AH-
'JH11llM QeHTpHIMa rro CpeA'3e
'
MloY OA,p/KaIBajy CTpa:HH TprOBQoH,97 a V
PVK3'Ma 'CTp3lHaQa, npBeHeT'BeHO H T'VPPKHX nOAaIHHKa,
lHaAa3e ce rOTOBO CBH 'H3BOpH HajaTp3lKTHBHHjux CH'pOBH'Ha - Ma-
Cn1'Ke, CTHnce Il ope6paYS KaA ce OBe 'OBO H'.\la y 'BHAY H'Hje "t.JyAHO-
BaT HH rrOAaT3iK Aa cy COAYI-ba'HH V CBOjCTBY TprOBalP. jow A;O nJ-
yeTKa XIV BeKa YHajMiDH'BaA'H MAeT3iY'Ke opoA'Be ca HerponoHTa
(Eyoeja), a Aa y ce Kaclmje Ha 3anOWA->aBaM1 HKA->y"t.JHBO
K3IO 'MOpHapH.
99
TIpaBor OArOBopa Ha 'H3a3DB 3an3Aa 'HHje AaKAe OH1\O. OAaBH
je Ben yo,qeao Aa MAepHoj HTaAHj3lHoKoj 1'prOBH'H'H, C lWHHM Anoj-
HUM 'K'fbH'rOBO,1JC11BOM, 'MeHHQaMa H KpeA;H'TIHH<M nOCAOBHMa, BH3aH-
UfHQiH HHCY OHAH y MorynHoc11H Aa ,KOI-I'KypHWY OBojom1 3aCTape-
A'H:M eKOIHOMCKlfM CXBaTaI-b'HiMa , T3l(0 Aa ce I-bHXOBa 3BlJHHqlHa pe-
aKQHja yrAa1BiH'M cacTojaAa y TIOnpeMeiliJ1M npOBaAalA1a oeca.
IOO
TIo-
jeAllHa"t.JHe pe3lKQlH'je A'OITH'PY AO 'Hac OOWl!H'O Kao naj,KaI-be 300r rro-
M!opaKe (H eKOH'MOKe) npeJMnH 3aJnaA'!-lJHX OHAa.
101
T'peoa HCTanH
Aa 'Ce O'BaKoBe /KaAolJlojxe oycpehY Beh KOA ayropa KOjH onHcyjy
'Kopaj XIII H rrpBY nOAOBH'HY XIV BeKa - TIaXI1Mepa, K3IHTa'KY3HHa,
fpHrope
loz
- 3aTHIM KOA na'fPiHja1pxa ATaHacHja I,J03 Aa OH C'AYH-
CKH MlH1'panOA'HT CH'MeOH y XV BeKY CYMOPHO 3lJKiDyqH 3a cBoje
canAeMeHlH'Ke:
.104 I<!oHT'HiHynpa'HOCT M3IK'\1BaI-ba C'onCTBeHe CYAOHHe
Y3aKyje 'Ha 1'0 Aa ce cTynaI-beM apHCToKpaTHje Ha 'CQeHY TprOnaY-
Kor H HOBqaHOr TIOCABaI-ba 'HHje OHT'H H3MeHHAa Y1\ora BH3aHTH-
HaQa y 11I11M nOCABHlMa. OBa OKOAHOCT, IMebYTlfM, MO/Ke YHeKOAI1'K
6H1'H 3a
'
MarA->0Ha nOAaQHfMa 0 a'KTUBHOCTH fp'Ka 'KOjH iHHCY OHAH
nOA3IHHQH IJ;apc1'Ba.
105
97 3a fAapeHUY li narpac BHA. B. Xpa6aK, I-WB. ello, 246; E. Sarandi-
-Mendelovici, 'H n,apvTa, i'>irnu/(a, 2 (1980-81), 61-71; aCTa, A
propos de lu. ville de Patras aux 13e-15e sicles, Rev. des Et. byz., 38 (1980),
219-232; 0 BJ-I3aHTl1jcKHM TprOBL\HMa y HCToBeTHoj YA03H rOBopH K. - P.
Matschke, Zwn Charakter, 447 sq., aAH npHMepll Koje HaBOAH He J-1cKa3vjy ce V
H3BopHMa Ha Ha'-lHH Ha KOjJ-l lIX OH CXBaTa,
98 Ynop. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 202,
99 R, Prede!Ji, 1 libri commemoriali della Republica di 11enez.ia, Re
gesli, Ill, Venezia 1883, No 253, p. 290.
100 Ynop AHOMHNIe, A'TW 147 sq.: P. Schreiner, Buchhaltung (B.
B)'z., Reich), Lexikon des Millelalte11S, II, 1982, 833 sq.
101 Bp/\o CV peTKI1 peuenTH 3a npeBAaA3BaI-be OBaKBor CTal-ba. B. l'ope,
Han. 14.
Pachymeres, l, 419. 18-420, 3; Cantacuzenus, IV II: HI, 69, 2--4;
Gregoras, XXVIII, 29: III, 194. 16-19.
103 The Correspondence of Athanasius l, PatTiarch of Con/pIe, ed. A. M.
Maffry Talbot, Dumb. Oaks, 1975, No 93, 19-20.
104 D. Balfour, Politico-historical Works of Symeon, Arclzbislzop of
Thessalonica (1416/17-1429), Wien 1979, 85. 1-2,
105 IIoce5aH je ci\yYaj Tpane3VHTa Kao rp'-lKe AP)I(ane Koja DUAII
magnum commercium Ha U;pHOM MOPV li Bocq,opy, ycneLUHo cc OAyTIlIPvnl-l
HTaAHjaHcKoi KOHKYPCHUHjH; ynop C. TI, KapnoB, ,wa. eflo, 240-242, 245,
41 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpHl.lHjaTa y BIi3aHTHj11
HaKO 0YMlhe Aa je rrpH'cYCl'BO HTaAHjaHa noae-
3HaaAO ErejoKo H QpHO Mope C rrpHopoKHHM 3eMJ'oaiMa 'Y jeAHH-
CTaeH rrpuapeAHH rrpocTop, YHlheHH1.(a je Aa cy pa3HH AeAoaH Tor
npOCTopa, y OBOjOj ynyneHocTH je,1:HH Ha Apyre, HlMai\lH H Pa3AH-
YHTe YAore. fp"Y'KH rpaAoBH n'OAMAeTal.J1K'OM BAawny oBHCY OHAH
npOBH'H1.(Hja QapHrpaAa, Hero rrpOBlllH1.(Hja PenYOAHKe CB. MapKa
ca CBH'M rrpaBHHM, na H 1.(pKBeHOnpaB'HlfM 11'OCAe,1JH1.(aJMa Koje 'lIpo-
HCTHYY '113 oBor cTaTyca.
IOG
CTora 6H OBaIK'o npoy-yaBalhe ApywTBe-
HHX H eKOHOMCKJHX rrpHAHKa y BH3aHTHjH TpeoaAO Aa caMO rrocpeA-
HU IWPH'Cl'H H3BopHe rrOAaToKe '0 fp1.(HlMa ca HeBIBaH11HjoKHX 'noApy"Y-
ja, KOjH cy OHA11 nOAalHH1.(H HTaAHjalHKHX oHAa, Aa 6H ce o6jacHHAo
IIOCAOBalhe fpKa-HIBaHUl1Ha'1.(a.
IO
MHoro je cJ\'yyajeBa y KojHMa
rpY'KH TprOB1.(H Ha AeBaHTY He OAp)KaBa}y KOHTaKTe ca BH3aHTHj-
CKHM nOCeAH'Ma,loa KaJO WTO M'Ma 'H CAvyajeBa 'Y KojHMa HX 'Ap)fCa-
na'jy, aA'H IIoTnyoHo YCBOjCTBY CTpa'Ha1.(a.
I09
TaKone H I-bHXOB APY-
WTBeHH CTal'YC C no"Yel1Ka XV BeKa, pe1.(HMO y AaTHHoKoj fAa'peH1.(,H,
Kao Aa HeMa 'M'HOrO 3ajeA!HlU'l.J1KOr 'C BH3aiHl1HjcKHIM rrpHAHlKaJMa.
110
V
TOM APYlllTBY rrO'CTojH H TElHAeH1.(uja oABajalha DA J1PI.fKHX KDpeHa
jep ce Ae1.(a H3 'MelllOBHTHX, rrpHAHYHO 6POjHHX opaKaa ooaBe3HO
cMaTpajy AaTH'HIHMa.
lll
C Apyre CTpa-Ie , 'MenYI'HlM, rroKa3yjv ce H 3Ha1.(H ynaAJ'oHBe
CAH4'HOCTH y )KHIJ30TY fpKa ca HTaAHjaJHOICHX rroceAa H fpKa H3 BH-
3aJHToHje. CnojOlM ycrrellllHOM KOHK'YpeH1.(lfj'OM, HTaA'HljaJHH cy li jeA-
lOti Yrrop. V. Hrochov, Le commel'ee vnitien, 32; OA 1439. raj
CBeT je Aocneo nOA nancKY jYPHCAliKUHjy: M. H. THXOMUPOB, TlYTU U3 POCCUU
a BU3a1iHl'lO a XIV-XV 138., BH3. OqepKH, MocKBa 1961, 17.
107 0 HY)KHHM: pa3AHKaMa y OBOM norAeAY BIM.. V. Hrochov, Dei/kol'"
ub!l1Od, 136; A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 188, Han. 50a, 205, Han, 113;
. 113BODeThe rrOTnYHHx 3aKA>yqaKa OTe)l(aBa li OKOAHOCT Aa HajBenH Aeo peAe-
BaHTHor H3BopHor rrpBeHCTBeHO HOTapCKIIX J-\OKVMeHaTa H3 ap-
xlma BeHeUHje H DeHOBe, HHje jOlli VBeK H3AaT; Vrrop. A. Laou-Thomadakis,
Greek Merchant, 115.
108 M. Balard, Gnes et l'Oui re-mer J, Actes de Caffa du notaire Lam-
ber/o di Sa111buceto (1289-1290), Paris 1973, Nos 109, 239, 409, 853, Kao H Ta-
GeAY KOA E. KpeKHn, Dubrovnik (Raguse), 135-144; ynop. H E. Kpelmn, il
Note 011 /he Eco11omic Activilies of Some Greeks i/1 the Latin Levant tolV-
ards the End of the 14th Cel1tury, St. VeIllez., 9 (1967), 189 H AaA.,e (sel' Johan-
nes Crimodissi de Corono).
109 M. M. IIIHTHKOB, BeHel1. rcyne'tecT80- 130; E. Xpa6aK, HaB. eJlo, 224;
K. - P. Matschke, Zum Charakter, 449 sq.
110 XPOliliI<a TOK rOBopH 0 BeAHKHM, 60raTHM H '-IaCliHM TprOBUHMa
CBaKaKO npBeHcTBeHo AaTHHCKHM, aAH 11 rpqKHM, Kao 0
CAOjy Kojn ce pa3AHKvje OA apHcToKpaTHje llITO je 3a BH3aHTHjy
CBaKaKO Ben Hey06HqajeHa CA.HKa, Cronaca dei Tocco di Cefalonia di Anonimo,
ed. G. Schir, Roma 1975, VV. 648-650; ynop. H couHjaAHY TepMHHOA.Omjy 1I3
GaCHe 0 "IeTBopOHOWUHMa Koja BHwe YKa3yje Ha AaTHHCKY fpqKY Hero Ha
caMV BlaHTlfiv: H3A. B. C. IIIaHApOBCKaH, BUJaHTUii.GIcaR 6acHR "PaclCa3 0
'teT80voHOZllX", BIB. npeM., 9 (1956), 226, 251-252; 231, 491-492, 494-502; 239,
878-879.
1/1 Vnop. M. Balard, R0111anie. I, 320 sq.
42
ID. MaKCHMOBl1n
HHlMa H ApyrHMa OCTaBibaAH yrAaBHoo1 MorynHocT 3a 6aBibel-he CI1T-
HHM, AOIAHHM TprOBaYKHM nOCAOBHMa, 3a Ap)J<al-he 33HaTCKHX paA-
}bH u npO'AaBHlJ1u,a, 3a 6aJBibel-he MOpH3JpCKHlM fl'03H"BOM, A03BOiba'Ba-
jynl1 YJreKOAII1KO, OA Apyre nOA'iBI1'He XIV BeKa, 11 IlopacT OBI1X no-
CAOBa.! 12 TIpHMep neHOB/oaHrOKor X'l1'oca nOKaBYje Aa je fpUI1Ma
nOA AaTl1'HOKOM BAauIti:y 611A'O WHp'OKO np'erryUlTeHO 6aJBibel-be no-
iborrpHBpeAoM, npl1 YeM'Y HiI1'je Al1paJHO y npaBa AyxOBHe 11 CBeTOBHe
apHCToKpaTlije, TaJKO Aa APyw"PBeHa Cl'pYI<Typa
WTBa ca OC1pBa YBeAHKO nOAcena HIa BI13aHTlijcKy.l.13 HeKe OA Ta-
"IOWI-hHX aplicToKpaTcKHx nOpOAliLJ;:a, Kao CKHAl1ue 11 KopeoH, ca'IY-
BaAe cy cBOj cTaTYc AO y XVI BeK.
1lJ
fAaIH-IlfHa 'I13'B03a H3 rp1.fKHX
3eMaiba rrOA AaTH'HHiMa - OHpOBH-He 11 nOibonpiHBpeAH:H npoH3BoAH
- TaJKone oAroBapa CIipY'KTyrp:li BU3a'Hl'ujoKor H3B03a.
11
:; Haj3aA,
AaTHlH0KO rOCIITOACTBO H'Hje 1I10rAO Aa CnpeLJ.H OnaAlIJ-be HeKliX rpa-
AOBa, Ha npu;wep KOpI1HTa, Kao WTO HH uapHrpaAOKa BAaAa, caMO
y WHpHM pa3MepaL\1a, HHje ycneBaAa Aa 3a'YCl'aJBli CMorY,He npouece.116
MorAO 611 ce AaKAe penH Aa cy BH3aHTHHUl1 11 fPUH nOA AaTHH-
CKOM BAawny HMaAH y 113BecHoj Mepli C:\HYHY cYA6HHY, a nCToBpe
MeHO li I1JpHrraAaAH pa3AHYlHTHM cBeToBHMa, HapOYHTO y nOAHTHY-
KOM norAeAY. TIpBa OKOAHOCT npHnOMa)Ke pa3YMeBal-hY nOAo)J<aja
IWjH y Bli3aHl'HjH nOTKpaj I-beHe HCTopHje HMajy BOAdil1 Apywme-
HH cAojeBli, a OBaKaKO 111 pa3YMeBal-hY rrOAO/Kaja KOjli y oomHCKOM
cBeTY 3aY3HMajy rrOCAOBHH J'0YAU rpYKOr nopeKAa. Ap'yrn OKOAHOCT
YK'a3yje Ha n01'pe6y ,l\a npOMeHe y /KHBOTY BH3aHTHjcKe apHCTOKpa-
THje 6YAY HnaK TpeTl1paHe Kao nojaBe sui generis. I1MajynH 06a MO-
MeHTa y BIl'AY, HeH36e/K!HO AOAa3H'MO AO 3aK/bYY'Ka Aa je nHTal-he
Tpa'Hc<po'P'Mauwje ViHYTap apHC'I'OKpaTOI<or AiPywTooHor cAoja 3aJMp-
We'HHje !Hem WTO ce 06HYIH0 oMappa.
Ha 'OCHOBY H3AO)KeHOr, H3BeOHO je Aa cy YCAOBH 3a OiKpeTal-be
apHcToKpanrje rrOCAOBH!,\1a 6HAH BHwe H'enBOiliHH Hero nOBOibHH.
AAH H3BeCHO je T3'KOne Aa 'y"npaJBo oBaj ApywTBeHI1 CAOj KpajeM
XIV BeKa 11 y XV B0KY BOAM rOTOBO ueA'OKynHo rr03HaTO BI13a
I
HTHj-
CKO rrocA:OBal-he.
117
Hool1oUI1 Behl1x Tpro,na YKHX 11 HOBYlIpCKHX no-
CAaBa 6HAI1 cy 110 npaBHAY 03Ha"-leH'H H3pa30M otXgi:o::; HAri 6ap
xup (w::;) WTO je jaoHo CBeAOtIa'I-iCTBO 0 l-hiI1XOBOM CTa-
112 Ynop. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz., Econol11Y, 196 sq,; lICTa, Creek
Merchanl 115-120; M. Balard. ROl11anie, l, 269, 335-338.
113 M. Balard, Romanie, l, 330, 334, 345; II, 703; 0 /IBory fpKa Ha XH-
ocy BliA- 11 M, Balard, Les Grecs de Cl1io SOU',5 la domination gnoise au XIVe
o:icle, Byz. Forschungen, 5 (1977), 5-15.
114 Ynop. M. Balard, ,Ro/11(lI1ie, 1,.,274 sq.
115 E. Sarandi-Mendelovici, fI.IX?EV,a, 64.
lIlj 3a cAyqaj KopHHTa BHA. V. Hrochova, Le commerce vnitien, 26.
117 HHTepeCOBaH>e apHCToKpaTHje 3a Geschiifte Kao jeAHY KOHCTaHTY
BHA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 89; p3.3VMe ce Aa cv V IIHTal-bV Be3e ca 3anaAoM,
jep je TaKBa CTpYKTYpa paCnOAO/l<HBHX H3Bopa; ynop. A. Laou-Thomadakis,
Greek Mere/wllt, 99.
KopeHll H rryTeBH HaCnUiKa rpaA. naTpllllHjaTa y BH3aHTlljll 43
Tyey.118 AMI jom cy peY:HTHja I-bHXOBa npe3HMeHa Koja, KaKO je 1'0
y Haryl..(H 'Ben Y0'IeHO, Dpxm'aJAGlIjy \Haj3Ha'IajHIHj'HIM BeiUlJKaillKHM no-
pOAHU'aMa: KaHTaJKY3HIHH, TIaA'eOJ\'03H, AaOKapHC'H, BaT3'L\H, CHiHa-
AHlHH, Apm:porryAH, HOTape, AprnpH, AcalHu, P,aAeoI H ArPym.
119
C
06:mpoM IHa 1'0 Aa oy '113 ume H IHHlMa 6NIroKHX nOpOAiHua perpYTO-
naH'H HCTaKHYTH Ap'>KaBHH cPYHKUiHOHepH, 06j'amI-bHBO je HerOAOBa-
I-be yronHCTH'IKI(Yf pe<>opMaropa feopmja feMuCTa-TIAHToHa npo-
TH'B BH'CO'KHX 'l'HHOBiHiHIKa K'jn ce 6aBe J1prOBH'HoM.l
20
fOTOBO Ha CHe
TaJ<lBe BeNH'K'a'me 'M'rAe 6H ce O,A:HOOH'TH pel.lH 'HCTOpH'Iapa KpHTO-
BYAa 0 HOTaJpa: yVEL 'n: xcd xiXL &pn?i OLo:tppELV
TWV (f.)... wv, OAHOOHO 0 lbeHO'M Ha'jfllo3HaT.H1jeM Y:Aa'HY AYKH: ,xvoPC!.
'T:WV OUViX'T:W'1 n: xiXL mtpiXvwv &YiXV TE, XiXL noun:J xiXL (:J.P/},
xiXL pE'T:?i x!Z.L nO/\L'T:\X-ri OUVO:fLEL.
121
AAH H H3BaH Tor HajY)lr Kpyra MohHIIKa nOCTojao je
BeAHKH 6poj rrojeAHHaua 0 'IHjHM je nOCAOBHHM nOTe3Hl\1a
OCT3!O l'paT y H3BopHhVIa, a Kojn HOCY'MJI-bHB'O npH.rraAa'jy aJpHCTOKpaT-
CKiI11M peA:OBH'Ma.
122
TaKO ce cPeYAaAHa fllOpOA'Hua Ua
l
M6AaJKOH Ben
Il'OllKipaj Il'pBe nOA'BH'He XIV BeKia nojaJBi\:>yje iJ(ao Jf3B0'3HiHlK .lK;HTa
y A'Y6pOBHHIK,123 a IKliOHHje je jeA3JH I-b0H Y:AaH, BeAHlI C'rpaTone-
,Aapx AHMHTpHje UaM6AaKoH, 6HO rAaBl-1lH ytIeCH'HK y HeKHM 6aH-
KapcKwM rrocAOBHlMa.
121
CAH'IHO Ua'M6AaKoHuMa, H 'IryBeHa nopo-
A:H'l..(a (AYKa) PaAlfH H3 COAYJHa 6aBH ce TprOBH:HOM '>KHBOTHHM Ha-
MUpHlHI..(aJMa 60-HX roA'HiHa XIV BeKa, a lHeKOi\l-tKO AeueHlHja 'KacHHje
YAa3H y iI10CA
'
OBHe Be3e ca BaJAoepOM.
JZ5
Y MeceMJBpujH ce OKO 1360.
lIB 3a TepMHH O(X<:LO KOjHM ce 06eAcIKaBajy llapcKH 4HHOBHl-IllH, rrpH-
naAHHllH <PeYAaAHor APywTBel-\Or cAoja, BHA. lb. MaKCHMOBHn, Ynpaea, 14 CA.,
CA" rAe CV AaTe H vrryTe Ha cnelluiaAH30BaHe CTYAuje; 0 BHCOKoj cOllHjaAHoj
BpeAHocTH H3pa3a x':'p(W,) ynop. N. Oikonomids, Hae. e/lo, 123, Han. 289.
119 Ynop. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 83-88; HCTH, Zlim Charakter, Ha BH-
we MeCTa; TEE, IX, 238; N. Oikonomids, Hae. C/lo, 120-122; A. Aaou-Tho-
madakis, Byz. Economv, 205, 219, (HOBoHcTDalKeHH AOKYMeHTH neHoBcKor
apxHBa); HCTHHa K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 85, 91, CMaTpa Aa Y3 OBe BeAlfKawe
nocTojH H rpyna von und Geldkapitalisten, ai\H npe3HM0Ha
t.H4HOC11H Koje CTaBlba V TY !'Pvny nOKa3vjy Aa je pe4 0 npHnaAHHWfMa apH-
CTOKpaTCKor CTaAe)f(a (HCTO, 86 sq.).
120 PG 160, col. 894. C, 861. B.
12\ Critobuli 1mbriolae de rebu" Der alJl10S /451-1467 a Mechemclie Il
geslis, ed. V. Grecu, 1963, 159. 6-7, 7-9; 0 cOllujaAHoM nopeKAY li
CTaTYCY BeAHKaWKe nopoAHlle HOTapa Koja rrpeACTaBlba T1-1nI1'4HY eMiTY BH-
:laHTHje y XV BeKY, BHA. K. - P. Matschke, Sc1ac11t, 177, 194, 237 (napaAeAa
ca maAHiaHCKHM ni\eMCTBOM).
122 Hnje H3BeCHO Aa Mf ce OBOj rpynH MOlKe npllKlbyqHTH H3BeCHll CH-
,\epHOTHC (MM I, 279), KaiKO TO CMaTpa A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. EC0l1Omy,
192.
l2:l IEE, IX, 238: BHA. H index, s. v. KOAB. Kreki, Dubrovnik (Raguse)
et le Levant, Paris 1961.
G. 1. Theocharidis, Eine VermachtnisllrkW1de des
clarc11el1 Demetrios Tzamblakon, Polychroniol1, Festschrift F. DOlger, Heidel-
berg 1966, 489.
125 Dmtrius Cydones Correspol1dence, II, ed. R.- J. Loenertz, Roma
1960, Nos 169, 170, DD. 41. 50; TI libro dei conti... (SH;\. HaflOMeHY 95), pp.
6, 97, 323, 372, 500, 555, 646.
44
lb. MaKCl1MOBlin
jaBiba y TprOBaYKHIM O'llepal\HjaIMa B.H3aI-lTl.JjcKH npe6er npOTOBe-
cTHjap MaHojAO,126 8. y G03'OnOtdy &pto"TOl TW'J 7tO/\lT0}V (rrOpeA IIaAe-
oAor H KmvlHH1H) - nopoA'Hqe HCnnaTa H KpHUH'qeoTa.
127
Ha
npeA8.3Y ABa cToAena H y npB'HM AeqeHH'jaJMa XV BeKa, y AOKYMeH-
THMa ce nojaBibyje.Blulle apIfCl'OKpaTa aHraX<OBaJHHX y TprOB3YKHM
HAH nOBepHAaY'KH'M 1l0CABHlMa: A<HApHja AprnponYA, apxoHT H ua-
peB aJpXOHT 1KH'P TOMa KaAOKnp,I29 AiHa AaoKapHIHa Tara-
pl-ma,I:JO apxoHTH CeBacT Mnpencoc H CeBacTnja'H (GOL"Yl-baJHHH KO-
jH H1Ma jeAHor 6aHK'BHor KopeOl1oHAffiITa V TecaMljlH) ,131 nopOAHua
TIaKcHMaAHC Koja HMa nOCAOHl-Ie Be3e y I-IeKOAHKO rpaAOBa.
132
HeI<.e Meny OBaI<BHM a'P'HCTOKpaTCKHM nopOAHuaMa HMaAe CV
AOHCTa HiCTaKHYTY YAory y APYWTBY, H 1'0 Y BHwe reHepaqHja, WTa
HX je caCBHM npH6AHX<HAO I-IeKOAHUHHH Hajn03HaTHjHx BeAHKaWKHx
nopOAHua.133 TaKBH cy 6HAH CoqmjaI-IH nopeKAOM H3 MOI-feMBacHje,
rAe je I-bHXOB pOA 61-1'0 jeAHa OA J'pH rOcnOI\a'pene nopOAHue, OpO-
5eHiH c HOTapaMa KOjH cy AaAH BHIue 6aJHKapa, BeAeTprOBaua H no-
f\lHTHyapa.
134
JeA'aiI-I Goqmjal!-I je 6HO alM6acaAOp IHa aparOI-ICK'M ABO-
py,J3;j a jeAaH je, H3rAeAa Kao TproBau H uapeB noBepeH'lIK, nAOBHO
AO Kpwra H AAeKcaJHiApHje.
136
CAHYaiH je CTaTYc nopoAHqe r'!AeAHC,
YHj'H ce YAUl-IOBiH 6a:Be KpeAHTHpal-beM, wneKYAaUHjoM 3\VoH'Wl1H-
Ma, TproBH'HOM, YKibyyyj'Vl:1JH If OOH'HBaH:>e nOp0,L\HY'HHX APywTa-
12U G. M. Thomas - R. Predelli,Dipl. Veneto-Lcl/ant., Tl, No 49, p. 84;
3a B3KBe npe6ere li3 peAOBa BH3aHTKjcKe apHcToKpanije ynop. B, rlO3eAeR,
O'1epK 6'bpXY UCTOpUftTa Ha lpa Hece6'bp 6 l1epuoa 1352-1453 Z'I rOAHlllHHK
H3 co<jJ. YHHB., <PliA. - I1CT. <jJalc. 64/3 (J 970), 58.
127 COl\YljaAHH CTaTyc: Cantacuzenus, 'IV, 29: Ill, 216, KOHCT. AHclmaT
je 6pOAOB;\aCHHK: F. Bollati di Saint-Pierre, della spediziol1e il1
Oriente di Amadeo VI, Toril1o 1900, 125; YflOp. YI F. Doiger, Regestc/1, V Nrs
3093, 3094, 3096 (cYMfba y aYTeHTH4I-IocT OBHX rrOBeiba He rrorana rrOAaTKe osaK-
Be BPCTe); Cantacuzenus. IV, 29: III, 215. 9-10; 06e rrOpOAHl\e CMaTpa Mar-
H3TCKHM K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 52.
128 MM, Il, 374 sq.; 472.
120 MM, II, 380 sq.
I:JO MM, Il, 424.
131 S. Kugas, Notizbuch eilles Beamtel1 der Metropolis in TllCssalo-
nike (IliS dem Anfang des XV. lh., BZ, 23 (1914), Nrs 53-57, pp. 148-149.
132 K. - P. Matschke, Sc111acht, 155.
1:1:1 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Mercl1al1t, 112 sq.
13-1 0 Co<jJHjaHHMa, nopoAH'CIHoj rpaHI-! 6AHCKoj l\apy, BIfA. K. - P. Ma-
tsckc, Zum Charakter, 453 sq. a 0 AeAaTHOCTH V MOllo'IBcaHjn ynop.
10. Mal(cHMoBYll" Vl1pa6a, 13: 33 CPO"-'CTB ca i\YKOM HOTapa - Illibro dei con-
ti ... (SHA- HarroMeHY 95). 784. 0 rrOCAOBHHM rroAyxsaTliMa pa3HliX '4AaH013a
nOpOAI1l\e: Mazaris' Hadesfahrt, ed. A. Ellissen, AnaIekten d. mitteineugr.
Lit. IV, Leipzig 1860, 220 (HenpYICTyna'4HO MH je HOBO YI3A. y Arethusa Mono-
2:raphs. 5\: T. Thiriet, Rgestes. Il, No 1697, p. 165; No 2174, p. 269; MM, II,
378, 385, 421, 560.
13r, C. Marincscu. C0l1tributio/1 l'historie des rlations co/iomiaues
('litre l'Empire byzantin, la Sicile et le royaume de Naples de 1419 1453,
Atti deI V Congr. intern. di st. biz., l, Roma 1939, 210.
130 Sophonios Athcncas, homo... imperatoris: A. L:loli-Thom a c1a](j s,
Byz. Econol11Y, 206.
KopeHH H rrVTeBH I-IaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl(HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 45
Ba.I:l7 ITopoAHQa Ce rrpHAH4HO PlflO 'H'CTaJKAa y jaBHoM MHBOl'Y -
jeAaH fYAeMic je ouo rreXapHH.K AHe 4el'pAeceTHx l'OAHlHa
XIV BeKa, a 3aTHM ,HaMeOHH'K IIoAMcTHAoHaP8 BpxY'HaQ nOAHTiH4-
Kor YTIIQaja SepOBal'HO je AOC'I'HJ1HYT C QapClC!liiM ponaJKai\1 AHlMH-
Tp,H!jeM IIaAeoA.oroM fYAeA11JCOM KOjiH je 3aY3HMao rroAoMaj Moca-
30Ha, de facto rrp,Bor MH!HMC1'pa.
t39
HeKa 0YAe Y3rpeA cnOMeHYT'O,
OBa orrpera BAaCTH H TprOBa4K'Or rrOCAOiBatba jaBiba ce M y 6aAKaH-
CKJ1IM l'paAOBH!Ma H3BaH BH3aH'llMje.l
40
lh nOCAOBaI-ba K'01e ce OA OaBA>efba rrOiborrpHBpeA'M
HHOY H30CTaAH HH u\13JHaCllHpH, C pa3AOI'OM y 'HaYQM Tl!OMaTpaHM
K3JO 3eMibMillHM MaJ1HaTM K01M y AYXOiBHOj C<pePM 4HJle rr3JHA3JH CBe-
roBHOj ap!HCT'OKpaTiHljH. MaAa je qp,KBa OMal'paAa TpraBHlHY lM, rro-
rOTO'BY, 3eAeHaillTBO iHeMopaAHIJ1iM, rroce6Ho 3aOpaI-byjynM OBOjUM
npHlIIaAHMQIJ1'Ma Y4eCTBOBa'!-be y Ta'KBlflM rrOCAoBHlMa,Hl OBa je npH-
A'H.'Ka Aa cY IMaJHaCl'MpOKe 06'HTeA>H rrOlKYillaBaAe Aa CA'eAe rrpHMep
KOjH oy AaJH4lKe apHCTOKpa'fOKe nopoAuQe. JOill lIIpe IV
KpCTalllKOr paTa rr03Harn oY npHMepHHeKHx M3JHaCTH!pa IK'ojH'Ma je
BAaAap AapoBao rrpaBO Ha oecqapHHcKH rrpeB03 conCTBeHHX rrpoH3-
BOAa (tXOI)(J(J<:t!x rr),0[(')'1).1
42
KacHuje ce KopHillnefbeM OBaKBHX
HMYHHTenu:rx npaBa rrpMCT'yrruAO npMAM4HO 3Ha4ajHHM rrOCAO-
BMMa. Hel<:H MaHaCTHPI:! - JOBaiHa TeoAora y XIII BeKY, a BaTo-
rreA M 30rpa<p cpeAHlHoM XIV BeKa - pa3BHAIH cy conCTBeHH'M 6po-
AOBHMa l'PW,BHlHIy ca YAaibeHlfM rroAPY4jUMa, 'YIKMytIyjynH H c3IMY
npeCToHHQy.
143
Ha 3rpa>Kafbe aCKeTCKHX KpyroBa OKO COAYHCKor
MH1'pOrrOA'UTa fpHI1pMja IIaA3IMe,Ma:HaJ0TMpH cy 4aK Cl'yrraAII y
rrOCAOBHa APYillTBa.
144
Y TaJKBOj aTMOC<PePH je 'HeAocTajao caMO
KOpaJK AO 3aAa>KeI-ha y HOB43JHe J1l0CABe, a KaA je U OH ytIHfbeH,
li3Meny AYXQ'BHHX 'H OBeTOBHHX MaJ1HaTa rOTOBO Aa Jmje OHAO KBa-
131 0 aKTHBHoeTH nOpOAHl(e yorrIllTe BHA. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Ha8. e
/l0, 199 s.; K. - P. Matsehke, Scl1iacht, 189; 3a nojeuHe 110C/l08e 8U. MM, II,
400,499,511,546,549,550.
1;;8 Cantaeuzenus, 111, 46: II, 277, 19-21; III, 64: 11, 394, 22-24.
139 l. Verpeaux, Contribution l'tude de l'administration byzantine:
ofJ-ear;CJ)'1, Byzantinoslav., 16 (1955), 286.
140 3a.HHMA:>HB je IIpHMep EorAaHa KHpH3MHlia, Haj60raTHjer npH3peH-
eKor TproBua H BVKaIllHI-IOBOr IIpoToBeeTHjapa, 0 KojeM BHA. lfaopuja cpn
CKOl I-lapoa, II, EeorpaA 1982, 31.
J41 H. - G. Beek, Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischell
Reich, Mnehen 1959, 81 sq.; D. Savramus, Zur Soziologie des byzatinischen
MOl1chtums, Leiden-Koln 1962, 41 sq.
142 A. 11. Ka)f(AaH, 3JCKYCClm u 8 BU3aH.CUU X-XII 88.,
BH3. O'-lepKH, MocKBa 1961, 191-194; IIoce6HO BHA. Actes de Chilandar, No 5,
48--64 (1199); MM, VI, 119-121 (1186), 137-39 (1197).
143 MM, VI, 166 (1214: F. DOlger, Regesten, III, Nr 1687), 183 (s.a.) 219
(s. a.), A. Vatopedinos, rprfLiJ(>:TIX B'lz. -neugr. lb., 13 (1937), 308 s' -308 ,&
(1349: F. Do1ger, Regesten, V, Nr 2956); Regel Vatop, No 7, p. 25-26 (1356);
Actes de Zographou, No 32, 27 (1342); paAH OBaKBOr nOeAOBaH>a, MaHaeTHpH
cv Hi\iai\H no BHIlle MaraUHHa V eorreTBeHHM A'lKaMa (MM, V. Il - Nea Moni).
144 3a APYIllTBa BHA. N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires. 75, 123, Han.
288; 0 peaKUHjl1 naAaMHTa: O. Tafrali, Thessalonique au XIVe sicle, Paris
1913, 27,-Han. 1.
46
1'0. MaKcHMoBJ.
AIHTan-I:BHe pa3AHlKe y BOOeI-bY 3eAeHalllKHX oH ApyrHx HOB4aHIlX
OnepaIJ,IIja.
145
Pa3YMe ce, YKOAHKO cy yomuTe H npncryrraAH TaK-
'BHlM nocA'tBHlMa, jep je H3B0eTaH Aeo apIICToKpaTHje 0BaKa'K0 OCTao
JllO Cl'paiHH OA l-hHX, He ycneBajynH Aa ce npHAaro,MI HOBHM npH-
AHlKaMa. OOKiYAiHH H3BOpH, MeDyrHM, He 0\10'rynaIBajy 011KpH'BalJ-he
npaBe CY'AUHe OiHHX ilpanaA'HJHlKa BAaAajyner cAoja KOjH cy ce Ha-
WAH Ha MaprHl-IaMa 36HBafba.
146
"
* *
113 OBera lllT-O je AocaAa pe4e'H0, npHAH4HO je DHANHBO Aa
epeYAaAHH noceAHmJ;H YAa3e y npse 3Ha43Jj'HlHje nOOAOBe TpryjynH
nOJD{)lfIpIHBpeAiHHlM npOH'3BiAHMa ca CBOjHX HlMafba, TIp'BeHCT'BeHO )10-1-
TapIIIJ,aMa. I-bHXQlBO Yl.Ielllne y TprOB!HIHiH BpeMe.H'OM ce peA:aTUBiHO
pa3rpaiJbaBa 11 npOUllupyje, ynopeA' ca YJAaA->aBall-heM OA 6a'BA->eI-ha
nOA->OnpHBpeA'Oh\f. Ha 1'0 je noce6Ho Y'Ka.3ao jeAa:H 'BpeA\lH lfIoKYlllaj
npH'-'\teHe CTarrHC'11H4'KOr Mell'Aa, MaAa npIIpoAa 'H rKOi\lW4'HHa H3B'Opa
K'Oj'HMa pa'OUOAa)KeM' He oMorynalBajy 'HH CAOOOIA;HY ynorpe6y Tor
MeTOAa, iJ-IHTH A06wjeHe pe3yATaTe 41J-1He AOBOA->HHiMa 3a ITpe8a3HAa-
/Kefbe rpaHHI.J;a on'03Haja OI1llll'HX TeHAeHIJ,Hja. If-onH'DHB\ll-heM nOAa-
TaKa -0 239 nOH!MeHH4'HO n03Ha1'HX rpKa II3 BrH3aH1'IIje H Tpane3VHTa
KOjH oy 'Y A.o6a HaAooAor -6HAH bHra)f('OB'a:HH y l'prOBHIHlH, !JmaJK ce
1lI0Ka3aA'O Aa 6poj ,OHHX K'Oj'H CIfI'ypHO ITplHnaAajy apH'CTOKpaTClKoM
CAOjy rrOCTeneHJO pacTe, rOTOB'O CAeAenH n'OpaCT 6poja OHIIX 'KOjH
cy H3 QapHrpaAa: Y nepHoAY 1261-1310. 6HAO je 31 nocro QapH-
rpaoaHa, AOK npOI.J;eHT apHcToKpaTa Hl1je n03HaT; u3Meoy 1311. H
1352. Ben 51 nacTo "TprOBaI.J;a" A;OAa3H 113 QapurpaAa, a 18 nocTO
CHrypHJO upHnaAa apHcToKpaTHjH; 'H3Meoy 1353. II 1402. cyopene
ce 70 ITOC1'O .uapHrpaoaHa, a 20 nOCTO apHC1'OKpaTa; OOA 1403. AO
1453, npoI.J;eHT nOCABHHX loYAH H3 QapIIrpaAa 'HHje CIfrypaH aAH
je 'BeOMa BHCOK, A;OK 34 rroCTO npHnaAa HecYlMl-h'HBO apIIC'Oitpa-
THjH.
147
Moryn'Ho je, 4aK H BepOBallHO, Aa cy iHlIBeAeHlH npOI.J;eHTH
6HAH Cl'BapHO H senH, nOlllTO CBaJK.H TfOAaTaK Hwje yrrrorpe6A>H'B 3a
l-hHXOBO oApeoHBafbe, aMi oy H O'BaKO AOBOA>HO pe41IfT1H. OHH cy yro-
AHlK'O 3Ha4'aj'Hl-ijH lllTO nOKa3yjy A;a rrapacr yY-emna apHCTOIKpaufje
y TproBHHH, OBe BHlue K-oHI.J;eHl'pHca
l
Haj y HlHaye oCH'PoMameHoj rrpe-
CTOHHI.J;H, HHje AOHeo H nopacT IKarnfTaA-a, TaKO Aa no-
145 MM, IV, 8, 114, 127, 256; VI, 157-164; Actes de Chi1andar, No 112.
31-34; Actes de Vazelon, No 97-98, p. 56; PG 150, col. 741. D; Actes de Lavra.
III, No 123, 105-106; yrrop. H A. n. Ka)J(AaH, Azpap. OHIOUleHWl., 179 CA.
146 0 nOAeAH TIAeMCTBa Ha "eKOHOMCKe TPaAH1UlOHaAHCTe" H OHe Kojn
HMajy aM6HUHo3He KOMepUHjaAHe HHTepece, Te H>HXOBOM Meoyc06HoM cy-
Ko6/oaBalbY BHA. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 173, 'lHjH cy 3aKA>Y'lUH cYBHUJe
J\aAeKoce)J(HH C 063npOM Ha pel.leHY OCKYAHOCT H3BOpa.
147 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Merchant, 100--112.
KOpeI-lH H ITyTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpm-1HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 47
CAOBaI-be 'l-Jili:je A06Hi\!o iHeke HaJpOqHTe pMMepe.
H8
Kao lllTO je OBAe
Ben HC11aJK1HYJ10, MaAO je nOCAOBHiHX loYAH, nonYT AHIM:'WrpHja Ho-
Tapa ca I-berOB.I1'M cBYAa pa3I'paHaTHM Be33JMa, 6.uAO HaAHlK MAeTa'lJ-
KHM BeA!ll'KUM TprOBI..VI;\1a.
149
CT.BapHH AOMel'H BH3aH'DH'jOKe TprOBM-
He OBor BpeMma ce Haj60loe Mory BliAeTH ID
Aa je llOA 3aCTaJBOM 6HAO H3Y3e'l1HO 'MMO 6pOAiOBa, TaK
Aa cy ce 'l1CatMH !ffOqeB OA Ma'HjAa II, qocro IK:<:JPHCTI1'Ali
CTpaHRM npeB030M :He caMO 3a UYTOBaI-ba H3BaH 3eMIoe Rero H H3-
Meny rrojeAiHIHllX BH3aiHTHjOl<IHX K,pajeBa,J50 If lX) Y A06a KaA je jeAaJl-I
EaAoep o6aBIoao 6poAOIBH1Ma iH"'ljaenH Aeo CBojHX rrrOCA'OBa no B!H-
3aiHTHju.
J5l
T3JlKone, y IHaBeAeHM OMOCAY CBeAOqH tH KapaiKTep BH-
l'pI'oa'YIK:.Hx APyllTaJBa (cru'rrporpLex., XOWWVLex., crU'IOOLex.)
MaAHX, J]pHBpeMeH'l1X, yrAaJBHoM ca CK!pOMlHHlM KamITaA!OM.
152
llOCAOBfl1OCT BH3aJHTHjOKe ap.lICTOK!panl'je He ce y
TprOBHHH. HanpoT.HB. no OB0MiY OYAe1.H, Te)f(lH'lllTe lheHOr AeA01Ba-
lba oABaja oe OA TprOBalloIX \KojHMa je yrA'aJBHOM YllIAa
y nOCABe If OKpene 6aHIKapCTBY HA'l1, TaqJHHje pe-
qefl10, 3eAeHamelhy.153 Pa3A03H cy npHA'l1'lJHO jaoHH. nrpeBAacT HTa-
AHjaHa y TprOBHlHIH, nOArHTH'Y!Ka HeoH'rYJpHOCT, KlBapeI-be cYA-
60HOCHe IJ1lHIBa3uje CITOMHHX HtmpHjaTeloa - OBe cy ro 6IfAH Y3-
!H3pa)j<eHor Te3aypHpaH>ta. To je CTaJ-be Koje He norOAJyje
YAaraI-by y TpraBHlH:y 'I1'J\'H y Pa3BOj 3aHaTOKe npOH3BOAfue, na 'RH
YAlIralhY y npaoo 6aJ}i'J(.apCTBO, aA!H nOAOT,!1'qe 3eAeH"'l'l..lleI-be C BHCO-
KH1\1 KlIMa1'H11lM CTOTIaJMa.
J54
M'OI'ynHo je Aa oy nojeAHJHH npHnaA-
J4R HCTa, HaB. MeCTO; ynop. H IEE, IX, K. - P. Matschke, Geldge-
schlitte, 194, C pa3AoroM je cMaTpao Aa y BH3aHTHjH HHje 6HAO 'pCTe rpaHHl-1e
H3Meby TproBHHe en gros i en dtail.
149 1<. - P. Matschkc, IW6. eflo, 194, 196 sq.
J50 BHA. yroBOp 0 TaKBOM npeB03Y KOA F. Thiriet, Rgeste,s, II, 51, No
1176 (1405). 3a 06aBA>eHa ITyTOBaH>a BHA. H. BypHli, JOBaH VIII naAeOflOl
(AOKTopcKa AHeepTaI.\Hja y PYKOIlliCY, 3a 'lHje KOpH1llnelbe 3axBatoyjeM aYTo-
py), 16, 54, 74, 83, 116, 239, 310, 350; 0 HarAoj nponacrn <pAOTe Ben nOTKpaj
XIII BeKa ynop. PachymeDe.5, II, 322. 13-323. 11; Gregoras, VI, 3: l, 174. 20-
-176. 10.
161 M. M. IIIHTHKOB, BeHe/t. Iryne'tec'cBo, 135.
152 N; Oikoiornids, HaB. ellO, 68 sq.j 78-83; K. - P. Matschke, Celdge-
schiijte, 190, 194, Hcrn, Schlacht, 235, mY3e-raH KanHTaA HMaAO je APYUlTBO
TYAaA li Kopec ca 3.600 nepnepa (MM, II, 546-550; 1401. roA.).
J53 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 204; c APyre CTpaHe OHAO je
H oCHpoMaUleHor DAeMCTBa, Hapo<lHTO nOCAe rpabaHcKor paTa 1341-47, Koje
jc y 3eACHaUlKe OAHoce CTYIllfAO y cBOjcTBY AYJKHHKa; 3a OBO ffinalbe BHA.
C. P. Kyrris, John Cantacuzenus and the Genoese 1321-1348, Miseel!. stor.
ligure, 3 (1962), 41 sq. (ca peAeBaHTHoM AHTepaTypoM).
154 D. Zakythinos, Crise, 74 sq.; K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 78; joUI je O. Taf-
rali, Ha6. eflO, 104 sq. rrncao 0 pacnpocTpalbeHocTH 3eAeHaUlTBa li npBH cKpe-
HYO naJKlhY Ha TD Aa cy H3BOpH jeAHOClpaiIi nOlllTO ce yrAaBHoM CBOAe Ha
peTopcKe OCYAe OBor 3Aa, a OHe cy mneTH<lHe, TeHAeHlUI03He, HpOHH<lHe H
XHnepOOAH<lUe; ynop. M. A. IloARKoBcKaR, 0 naMepllel'e HUKOllast KaBaCWl'bL,
AHTH<I. ApeBH. H cpeA. BeKa, 7 (1971), 149. KaMaTHe CTone, Haj<leUlne npHKpH-
BeHe, OA 26 nOCTO HAtl <laK H Bene, HHCY 6HAe HeooH<lHe; 0 TOMe BHA. D. Za-
kythinos, HaB. Mecm; J. Lindsay, Byzantium into Europe, London 1952, 155,
48
/'o. MaKCHMOBHn
HHI..H apHC'J1Ol(Ipal'OKOr Cl'aAe)f(a KpeHYAH OBHiM rryl'eM Ben l'OKOM
npBe nOAOBHHe XIV BeKa, 6YAynH Aa cy HeKH KpeAHTOpH y JeA-
peHy 6HNH 1341. rO,l\iH'J-Ie onTY)f(eI-IIH 3a npH'Bp)f(eiH'OCT KaJHTaiKY3.1Y,
CB3JKaKO y OKJBMpy OTIIllTer npOf'OHa arpl:lJCTol(lpam'je y TOM l'paAY.
W
y CBaKOM cAyy.ajy, KacHHje cy n03ajMA>HBay.H 6HAH Hajy.e-
wne >IrpHnaAlHll'U'H CTl'l\1eH'yror CTaAe)f(a, 'Ha np.HMerp, TOMa KaAo-
tKHp, AaoKapHc TeoAor, MalMHac, CeBaCl'.If}a:H, PaAHJHa H Ay-
KeHa.
156
OBH:M Ben f1lO3HanJ1\1 UMe!lHilMa MorNH 6H ce npHRA>yy.HTH
nOpOAiHQa D'.I1rOHlHT, 'Kao H UapeBotxdoc; HHKoAa MaJKpOAYKa.
157
Haj-
3aJA, Jl1MHTpHje K.HAOH je y jeAiHOM roBpyYKa3ao Ha 1'0 Aa Meny
OCHOBHe Hay.llIHe 3a 60ranelhe QapeBHx 6AiHOKJHX CapaAH.lfKa, Aa-
KAe apHcToKpaTa KOjH cy HCTOl3lpeMeHO H 3BaHHy.Ha AHUa, cna-
Aa rr03ajMA>lllBalhe IHOBua Y3 ll'Hrepec.
158
TewKo je pelH y Koje je CEe cBpxe oAAa3Ho n03ajMA>eHlH HO-
BaQ H 'KOMfKe cy CYMe 6HAe y OTITHQajy. Y TproBlflHH je HOBaU 06e3-
d5HBaH Kp03 nOMeHYTa ApYWTBa, HenocpeAHHM yy.ewneM JhHXOBHX
YAaHOBa y epUHaHCHpaI-hY nYTOBalha.1;;9 ApYKliHje 06eAe)f(je HMaAa
cy APYIllTBa (TaKone crunporp[iX) 3a epHHaHCJ1ipaJhe 3aHaTeKe AeAaT-
HOCTH, 3aTO WTO je OAHOC H3Meny JhHXOBHX y.AaHOBa 6HO KAaCHliaH
AHOC nOBepHOQa-KpeAHTopa H AY)f(HMKa-3al-faTAHje.
I60
3ajMoBH CI]
nOHeKaA AaBaHH H 3a nOACTHQaJhe nOA>onpHBpeAHe npOH3BOAlbe,
lUTO y npBOM peAY 3Ha'-IH - epeYAaAHHM noceAHlIUHMa 6e3 AOBOA>HO
cpeACTaBa.
161
y CBHM OBHM BapHjmuaMa 3ajMoBa, H 1'0 je OHO WTO
Hac OBAe noce6HO 3aHHMa, He nojaBA>yjy ce 6aHKe Kao KpeAHTOpH,
na ce nOCTaBA>a nHTalhe epYR'Kl.UiOH:HCalba BH3aHTHjcKor 6aHlrpCTBa
I(ao BHIller 06J\HKa HOBliaHor nOCAOBatba OA 3eAeHaIllTBa.
UpeA Cl'M Kpaj ){(JaBOTa BH3aiHTMje, IHeCY'MJhHlBO je rrOCBeA'Olie-
Ha AeAaTHOCT HeKONHUllIHe nOCAOBHHX A>YA'H Koje MO)f(eMO OMaTpa-
Han. 2; N. Oikonomids, HaB. eJlo, 54 sq; 58; Aa ce Ha Taj Ha4HH MorAO CTenH
BeAliKO 6oraTcTDo BHA. N. Cabasilas, Dratio contra feneratores, PG 150, col.
732. D, 733 C, 740. A; 0 3aAOralvja Ha 3ajMQBe BI1A. S. Kugas, HaB. eJlo, No
9, p. 144.
155 Cantacuzenus, III, 28: II, 177. 4-5; 3a APyra'llIje OBe eUH-
30Ae BHA A. Il. Ka)KMaH, Azpap. OTHOUWHUst. 185. VqellIlie apHCTPOKpaTa y
3eAeHaWKHM nOCi\OBHMa npeA rpahaHCKM paT YOtUfO je jOllI P. Charanis, In-
Ternai Slrife in Byzantium during the Fourteenth Cen/ury, Byz., 15 (1941),
222 (Collected Studies, Variorum Repr., London 1973, VI).
156 K. - P. Matschke, GeldgeschiifTe, 184 sq.; HacyrrpoT paHHjeM
MHWroel-bY, y FuR, 118, Han. 210.
157 MM, II, 386, 452. 'n
158 Dem. Cydoni oratio ad Joannem V, ed. R.-J. LoeIbertz, Corresp. l,
Romae 1956, p. 21, 22-26.
159 Ha TaKaa Ha'llIH <pHHaHCHpallli cy '1aK li BehH nOAYXBaTH; Ha npro.tep,
HajBenH KOju je IlO3HaT H3 1401. fOAlllie, KaAa je MaHojAo Kopec YAO)KHO 1.000
nepncpa li IlAOBHO C po60M, AOK je APym 'lAaH APyIllTaa, feopmje fYAeAlIc.
YAO)fO 2.600 nepnepa (MM, II, 546-550). .
160 MM, II, 326 sq., 372 sq., 473 sq., 481; K. - P. Matschke, Geldge-
199; HCTH, Schlacht, 151.
161 3a oao I1HTalbe ynop. N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 63.
49 KopeHH 11 nYTeBH HaCTaHl<a naTpHLlujaTa y BIBaHTHjH
1'11 6l'H1KapHiMa. MenYT.ffi\1, 113BeOHO je Aa ay y IlliTl'fbY
a He L!'IU3Be I1IHCTHTYI...(ll'je, MaAa 3a nOTnY;HOCT 3a'KiD'Y'll1Ba'fba HeAO-
cTa'jy nOA31...('1{ 0 eBeHTyaAHll'M epHAHjaAaJMa; T<lJKOe je 113BecHO Aa
6poj nOCA'08HHX IoYAH .aBor Tlfna Hl1je 6HO 8eAH,KII1.
162
GBaJaJKO cy
HajonrypHHjH nOAal...(H naKMa BaAoepa KOjlli y IJ;ap'HrpaAiY nOMHfbe
AeceTOpmW 6aHiKapa, cTpaJHal...(a H AOMaO:Hx, MeDY IKojuMa cy H r.pH
BH3aHTHHl...(a - JOBaH CoepHjaH, HHKoAa CapAHH, KocTa KpI1TO-
'I1YA (IJojl1 je, ll'CTI1'Ha, y6p3o 6aHKpTHpao), OBa l'pH ca 3Hay.ajHHM
6J1lM<()(,\1 nOCA'Bal-ba, 'H3pa)f(eHHh\1 y rreprrepf1)Ma: 10.751, 7.913, 5.106
(nopeoel-ba paAH, Te CYMe 'KOA CTpaHHX 6alRKapa K'jH paAe ca Ba-
AiOepOM 'H3IHo: 95.720, 24.848, 12.322, 4.817, 3.358, 1.856,
Bap jeAaJH llil11Ma, JOBl'H Co<j:>'l1jaH, npunaAao je y.Y'BeH'oj Be-
AHi KalliKoj nOpOAlIl...(H 0 KO'jOj je OBAe Ben 6HAO pey.J1. A'KO je OH
lIAeHTHy.lJH c n03HaTH'M 'ltCTOHlMeHHM TprOBl...(eM C nOy.e1'Ka CTOAe-
lia,164 oHAa ce HeKOAHl...(lIHH 'H'I1X BlI31JHTlIjC'lGIX HOB-
y.apa, ,KOAerl1 KpHTO:f1A'Y 'YI Apyrl1Ma, KOjH cy ce 6a81-:lAI1 II 1'prOBlI-
HOM II KpeAH1'Hpal-beM.
165
I1ocAOBal-be B1I3aH1'HjCK.HX 6aHKapa CaAp)f(H OApeoeHe npo-
THBpey.HOCTI1. C jeAI-Ie CTpaHe, OHE ce no Y30py Ha H1'aAHjaHe
GaBe Mel-bay.KHM H APYTHM HOBy.aHHM nOCAOBHMa Y3 ynoTpe6y
1apaHTHHx rrHcaMa (cambi um per litteras, li ttera d pagamen-
ta), W1'O I-blIXOBO nOCAOBal-be Y.HHH HanpeAHHjHM OA Hay.HH<l
'Booel-ba Y.HCTO 1'prOBaLtKHx C Apyre Cl"pa'He, BeAHtKO
je I1HTalhe Aa AH cy 3aHCTa yrro1'pe5kaBaAH pa3B'lI'jeHe o6AHKe IKpe-
AH1'a.
167
I103H1'HBaH OAI''BOp, KaKaB je y HaYI...('H npeAAO)KeH, 3aOHH-
Ba ce 'Ha OK'OAtHOC1'H Aa jAlIlHa ca'Y.YBaHa pay.Y'H'Ka KlliHra H3 XV
ReKa He n01MHl-be 3eAeHaillKe nOCAOBe, III1'O 6H nocpeAHO 1'pe6aAO
Aa OBeAOY..H 0 rrocTojafb'Y caBpeMeHlHjer 'KpeAlH'fWpal-ba.
168
3aKMY4JHlBa-
I-be calvlO no ce611 MaAO Heo6Hy.HO, nOKa3yje ce 1'elIIKO OAP)f(HBHM
360r ABe npOCTe y.Hl-beHIHl...(e: a) pay.YHCKa KI-bIHa, no OBOj nplIAHI...(H,
nparraAa 1'ypOKOM BpeMe'HY; 6) Benn 6poj AOKY'MeHaTa '1-:13 nOCAeA-
WHX Ael...(eJI-lHja B113aHT'I1jcKe erroXe CBCAOY.'H 0 rroc1'ojal-bV pa3yoeHor
162 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. (Je/w, 66 sq., Ha6paja LlaK ABaHaeCTopHUY HAH
TpHHaecToplUW 3HaqajHHx oaHKapa, aMI ce "IHHH Aa HeKe OA lbHX MO)KCMO
CBpCTaTH Meny npeACTaBHI1Ke 3eAeHalllKor KanHTaAa, 0 QeMY je AO caAa OHAO
peQH (Hrip. MHpencoc, CeBacTHjaH, 6pana rYAeAe).
163 M. M. lllHTHKOB, KOHcTaHTUHOnOll'b, 55; HCTH, BeHe/.j.
127.
164 MM, II, 378, 385, 421; N. Oikonomids, Ha6. oello, 68.
165 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. Meao.
166 K. - P. Matschke, Geldgeschajte, 188 sq.
167 Te3y 0 llocTojalhY CAQ)KeHHX OOhHKa KpeAIUa 3acTynajy y3 H3BCCHC
orpaAe M. r. DapaHOBa, n030He6U3aHl'UUClCUe 3aOa'1HWCU !calC ucropuL/eclCU.
UCTO'1HUIC, AHTI1Q. ApeB. H cpeA BeKa, 9 (1973), 123; K. - P. Matschke, Geld
geschiijte, 181.
168 Edd. H. H\JDger-K. Vogel, Ein byz. Rechenbuch des 15.Jh., Wien
1963.
50
10. MaKCJ1.\10Bfi
3eJ\eHallIToBa.
169
A'Ko ce rrpH COOMY TOMe HIMa y BHAY Aa BH33JHTHj-
CKH H'BqapH I-IHCY yonwTe yqeCTBOBaAH y HajBaJKIHHjeM O;A CBHX
nOCAlBa (YOCTaAOM HeAOBOibH' OCTBapeHOM) - rrpe6aUHlBal-bY rro-
MOtlH ca 'HAa I-bHX:O'B CTaTYC 63iH'Kapa 'H'HIKaKO He Tpea
LIpe[(eHMBaTH. Bap He AO rpeHYTK0. AOK HaYKa He 6YAe eBeHTyaAHo
\j CTal-bY Aa rrpeUH3'HO OApeAH 06HM H, HapOqHTO, KapaKTep IbHXOBOl'
nOCAOBal-ba.
TpenH BHA rrOCABHe AeAaTH'OCTH apHCToKpanrje Be3aJH je 3a
H0KpeTlHHHe y rpaAY H HenocpeAHoj OKOAH'HH, UAO Aa je peq 0
3rpaA3IMaHAH opaAHBOM 3eMibHIIlTY. KaKO je OAaBHO YOqeHO, no-
ceAoBal-be 'H0KpeI1HlIJHa rrpeACTaBiba jeAaH 'DA 'HajBaJKH'HjHx [Il0qeT-
HHX TIOACTHuaja a'pHCT0>KpaT0K.or y AaOKa y rrocAOBe.
l71
OBAe je Beh
AocTa rra)f(l-be 06paneHo 'Ha l'y O'KOAHOCT, MH je rrOTpeHO HarAa-
CUTIH Aa ce rrOCAOBH Be3aHH 30. HeKpeTHiHHe tHe cacToje caMO y IbH-
X'OB'DM oKOpHWnel-bY y OBOjCTBY npOH3BOAHMX oKarraUJHTeTa (MAHHO-
'BH, rreKape, 6aIIlTe, I-bHiBe n CA.).12 Taj 'BHA ynoTpe6e HeKpel'H'HIHa
crraAa y 06AaCT 331HaTCKe rrpOH3BOAl-be, CTBapal-ba npeAYCAOBa 30.
TprOBHHY H C3IMe 1'prOBH'He. ANH 3a'HaTCKa npO'J-!3B'A:l-ba je 6HAa
CKp<XJ\HIa, a l'prOBHlH'a MaX:.\1 OWI'HlHX pa3Mepa. TalKo ay Ha IT'OCeAO-
B3'H:JY HeK<peT:HJ-llHa HnKA'H rrOCA'BH oKOjn cy AeAHMW-!tHO HaTKpHA'HAli
qaJK 'H l'pI'lBHlHY rrp:ouCTeKAy H3 HCTe OOH'Be. ApYnHiM pe1.I HlMa , 30.-
KynibHB3Jl-be H J13HajlMibHBal-be iHeKpeTHHHa rrpeACT3JBib3Jjy jeAH'O OA
rAalBHlHX 06eAeJKja 3'pHCTOKpa1'CKe rrOCAOBHOCTH. KapaKTepHC'}lJ{qHO
je Aa y 3WP[('H OA 19 npnHa'}lHOIlpa'BHHx AOKY'MeHaTa '113 Apy,re no-
AOBH'He XIV ReKa, caMO jeAaH Te<KCT rOBopH 0 n03aj'M'H[(H y Be3H
C Tpf10B>HHOM IHa 'MOpy, qeT<l1pH ce 'AHoce Ha 3alHaTOKY rrpO'H3BOAI-bY
liNH . illKOAOBal-be 3aHaTAiH'ja, a Y:KYrEI-!10 4eTpHaeCT AOIKY'Me<HaTa je
[Il0CBeneHO IH)M'BHHOKHM nHTaH>HMa, npH qeMY BAaciHHIIlTBO HaA KY-
naMa 33'Y3HIMa A'UMHHa'HTHO MecTo.l7:
J
HaKO A.J-lua KO'j.a ce rrOMHI-bY
Ao6pHM AeAOIM 'He rrpunaAady apHCToxpaTOKOM CTaAe)f(y, Taj OAHOC
je 3JHaqajaiH 3aT0 lllTO 60.[(0. HelliTO CBeTAOCl1H H Ha CYA6HHY Oif-IOr
\1HOlUTBa Kyna Koje cy 'HalBeAeI-Ie y POjIHJ-llM ITO'Beiba'Ma, yrAaIBHO'\1
169 3a AaTl1paH>e KtbHre BllA. l1c1'O, 9: 1427-1453; Th. Bertel, Appunla
sulle monete dei Rechenbuch edito da Hunger-Vogel, BZ. 56 (1963), 324 sq_:
wpaj XV HAB noy. XVI BeKa. OCllM ll3HCTllX pe3epBll Tpeoa HMaTll y BllAY H
TO Aa OBaKBe paYYHCKe KH>llre I-IHCy cllrypaH H3BOp nOlliTO HajBenllM AeAOM
rrpeACTaBA>ajy onlllTe MaTeMaTHYKe npHMepe: A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek
Merchant, 110, Han. 29; 0 pa3BlljeHoM 3eAeHalllTnY BllA. K. - P. Matschke,
GeldgeschiitLe, 183 sq.
170 K. - II. Matschke, Schacht, 214.
171 Ynop. M. JI. CI3IMOB, npenpUliUMaTeil'bCT60 6 6u3aHTucIWM zo-
poe, AHTllY. ApeBH. II cpeA- BeKa,4 (1966),7.
172 0 TOMe BllA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 39 sq.
173 Ed. G. Ferrari dalle Spade, Registra Vaticano di alti bizantini di
diritlo privato, St. biz. e neoell., 4 (1935), 263-267; 0 H3AaBaH>Y apHcToKpaT-
CKe KMOBH!He y 3aKyrr BllA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 75 sq.; Y3 i1pllMepe KOjlJ1 cy
TY HaBeAeHH BllA. caAa H Actes de Lavra, III, No 168 (1432).
KopeHH H nyTeBH HaCraHKa rpaA. rraTplIWIjaTa y BI13aHTHjl1 51
H3 MaiHacHipcKHX Kt'K'O je oTBopeHo peKa' MHxaHAo IX
y XPHCBYA>H, TaXBe Kyne cy MaXOM 6HAe SVOlXLIX0'1'(X
a flIoceAOBaTH HX mpje 6HAO 3a30pHo HlH npUnaAHHl(HMa IHajY)Ker
Bpxa apHcToKpaTuje.
175
MO)f(e ce caMO HacAyn.rrBaTH KO ce CBe nojaBMyje KaJO 3a:KY-
nal( HeKpeTHHIHa y noceAY apHCToKpaTHje, aAH 1'0 3a HaillY TeMY
li HeMa HeKH 3Hayaj. HHTepeC3HTHO je, MenYTHM, Aa ce 3aKynHHYKH
OAHOOH pa3BHjajy YHYTap apuCT'KpaTcKor CTaAe)f(a, Wl'O 6al(a no-
ce6HO CBeTAO Ha nOCi\OBHOCT I-berOBHX rrplliTaAHHiKa. Y HaYl(H je
Ben nOCTao CAdiBaH CAY'-Iaj nopOll,Hue AprHpo:rrYA 300r Ty)!(6e Ma-
11tCHIpa HBHpOH H3 1421. nOBOAOM MaHacTnpcKof 6aillTeHcKor KOM-
rrAeKca Kpaj 3AaTHe Kamlje y COAYHY, npeTxoAHo H3HajMibHBaHor
rreTOp,HL(H CHTHHX 3aKynaua'1a 59,5 nepnepa rOAHWI-be, a OA 1404. ro-
A'H'He ApfIHoponYA'HMa 3a 30 nepnepa (y MenYBpelMeHlY ce, HaHlMe,
CTallie H'Ma.I-ha noropmaAo). TY)K6a je nOAlwHYTa 360r TO'fa WTO
cy CalMH A<prnpofllYAH A06rrjaAH OA nOA3aKy:rraua 115 nepnepa 'H npH-
CTOjlHY npoH3BAa ca HiMalba.
17
(i OueI-bHl3aHO je, ca 'EHwe
HAH Mallie YBepe.I-ha, Aa .I-hHX'OB nOAO)f{aj npeAcTG\JBiba HAH MO)!(e Aa
npeAcTaBiba eAe:MeHT ptHOr KaIITHTaAU3'.Ma 'Y BH3aHTujOKoM <Pe'YAaA-
HOM YCTpOjCTBy.177 I1pHMapHO je H H3BeCHo, MenYTHM, npHnaAHll-
WTBO illHipe nopOAJUue ApnapofllYAa H'eTtKiHYTHjHiM apHCTOKipaTCKl:lJM
KpyroBHIMa.J7
8
Y'KOJ\lUKO ce nopOAHua yonwTe AeAHAa 'Ha pa3AHYH-
Te !"palHe, Wl'O Huje 00ryP:I'fO, H .I-heH'H OOA\jIHOKll1 YAaH'OBH cy Y)f(H-
BaAH HllKaJB CTaTYC. OHH CI] Y CY'K06 CMOHaCHlMa yWAH, KaKO je
Ben npeTnOCTaBibaHo, BepOBaTHO Y)f{'H'BajynH nOApmKY AecnOTa AH-
APOHHIKa.
179
Y rpaAY cy pacnOAaJraAH H COnCTBeHOi,\1 HMOIHHHOM, a
HeKOAHKO rOAHHa nOCAe cnopa ca HBHpOHOM nOMHI-bY ce IO "gen-
174 AwrepaTypa 0 MaHacnipcKoj HMOBHlIH y rpaAY, VKlbVlJyjynH H Kylie,
l\aHaC je Ben AOCTa 0611MHa H BenHHa THX AeAa je crrOMeHYTa OBAe y Be3li C
llojeAliHllM KOHKpeTHliM Il1iTaH>HMa, HapO'1HTO paAOBli M. A. nOlbaKOBCKe li
1>. <1>epjaHYHna.
175 Ed. F. Cognasso, Una crisobolla di Michele /X Paleologo per Teo-
doro / di Monferrato, SI. biz. e neoell., .2 (1927), 46 sq.
176 F. Doiger, Au;s den Schatzkammern des Heiligen Berges, Mnchen
1948, Nr 102 (CYAOKH aKT em1CKorra MeAeTHja); Nr 24 (l.\apcKa rrpocmrMa); Haj-
rroAPo6mrju OllliC l.\eAOr cAYlJaja K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 159-175,
rAe je li nperAeA AocaAalllHiliX liCTpa/KllBaH>a (p. 160--161).
177 A. n. KaJKAaH, H08'bLe MaTepUa/l'bL no aHYTpeHHe UCTOPUU BU3aH1'uu
X-XV 66., BH3. BpeM., 13 (1958), 306 CA.; K. B.' XBocToBa, azpa-
pHo-npa806'bLX oTHoUleHU 6 11030He BU3aH'ruu X/V-XV 613., MocKBa 1968,
259; K. - P. Matschke, Haa. oello, 162, 164, 168, 174 (BliA. HarrOMeHY 181). HHalJe
ce CaAalllH>H llCTpa.)f(HBa'lH 06liY.HO cAa)J(J{ y TOMe Aa, yorrUlTe Y3eBlllH, y Bli-
3aHTHjll 11 cyceAHHM 3eMlbaMa Ha 5aAI<aHV HHCY MorAH Aa ce pa3BHjy paHO-
KamnaAHCTH4Kll OAHOCll; ynop. r. A. Kyp6aToB - B. H. PYTeH6ypr, 3UIlOT'bL
u '1O,I1U, 16 CA.; HCTOPUfI. BU3aHTUu III, MocKBa 1967, 305, 307; K. - P.
Matschke, Geldgeschafte, 203; C. AHllleB, CpeoH06elCOaeH zpao, 195.
178 N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 121; Prosop. LJex. der Palaiolo-
genzeit l, Nrs 1249-1252, pp. 116-119.
179 F. Dilger, Ha8. oello, 269, Han. 1; K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 170.
-------------------------
52
!'o. MaKCYL\oJOBHn
tilhomeni" Ha BeHeIJ;HjaHcKoM nAaTHOM CnHCI<.y.
10S
I1Ma, AaKAe,
AOCTa pa3Aora A3 COAYHCKe AprHponYAe He c'vlaTp3JMO nAeoejqHMa
KojH 'CV ce 33 Ael.(eHHjy H no Y3AHrMleKCnAOaTHWynH nOA3a'Kynl.(e
'Ha I1IMaJ-hY M3JHaCTHpa I1BHPOH, jeAHo.v1 H3BOPY npl1'XOAa Kojl1"M ce
'He 6H M''rao o5j a-OHHTH OBaKaB ycnoH.
181
'"
* *
I1pHxBaTaJ-he COAYHOKHX AprHp:mYi\a Kao apHCTOI<.paTOKe rropo-
AHl.(e pa3jaWJ-haBa HeKe orrWTe ;\IO:VleHTe y CTaBY 'BH3aHTHjcKe apH-
croKpanrje rrpe.\1a BOneJ-hY nOC:\OBa, KOjH cy ce ',\wrAH 3arra3HTH
Ben y npeTxoAHo,vl orrHCHBal-hY }beHJ-IX rrOCAOl3JH1HX 3aXBaTa. I1peA
HaMa je BOAenH APYWTBeHH CAOj jeAHor opraHH3Ma Ha 33AaCKY.
TpaAHl.(HOHaAiH'O 'KOH3epBaTHBa'H, OH je CBOjy AO.\1'H'HaqHjy y APY-
illTBY ycrreo Aa Cat.IYBa 300r HeMOryn/HOCTH HOBHX OHara Aa CTeK'HY,
a KaMOAH Aa 'pa3'BHjy CBOj HAeHTHTeT. AAH, OH je HCTBpeMeHO 5HO
npHH1yoeH cBoje HOTa!l<HYTe rrOAO)Kaje '-IYBa KOpeH'HHl'.\1 H3Me-
'HalMa y 'Ha<.JlHIHY CTHl.(aJ-ha npHXOAa. Y orrWTHM perpeCH.8'HH'M 1'0'1<0-
BH!Ma eKOiHoMIHje, Te 'H3-MeHe HHCY A;OIHeAe Aax 'HOBHH0., 11"311<0 ce t.IlfHH
Aa je Aeo nOCAOBH'HX IoY,AiH aplicTOKpaTKor rropeKAa 5Ho 6AH)l<H
peHecaHcHo!.\1 'Hero KA3JOHY,H.Q1.\1 BH3HTHjOKo'M cXBaTabY nOCAOBa.
EHO je TO AOOpHiM AeAolvl jeAalH BeAI1lKH npHBHA. Y3 CBY orraOHOC:T
KOjy COOOM HCH 3aKIo'YYHiBal-be Ha OOHOBY OCKYAJHIHX H3B'Opa, HnaI<.
ce i1\10)l<.e YO'tlHTH Aa je rrpa'BlHx iHOBmla y rrpHBpeOHJBawy 6HAO 3a-
HeMaploHBo MaAO, Aa OH'O WTO ce Y'lfHH H.oBHHOM npeAcTaBloa yrA3JB-
'HOM npeMeWT3Jl-be Te)KHWTa HHTepeCOBal-ba apHCTQlKpaTHje Ha no-
APYY'ja 'Koja je HeKaA 3aiH'e>MapHBaAa y CBOM 'HeOrpaHlH'-IeH'OM rocrro-
Aa:pel-by ITA'OA'HOM 30MIoOM, OCHB'HiHIM H'3B'Op'OM 60rarCTBa 'BH3a:HTHj-
cKior arpapHor APYWTBa. TaH'YWHa npOH3BO,i\.iHa OOHOBa APYillTBa
norooeHor CTaAHOM eKOHOMC'KO'M KpH30M H 6e3HaAe)KHO 3a'CTa'pe-
Aor y BHWeBeKO'BIfOM Tpa:jal-bY li YlHYl'paWH>0.\1 TpOmeH>y HtHje rrpy-
)KaAa uOMory 3a nOCAOBe KOj H OH rrOACTHIJ;aAiH eKOIH'OMOK!H pa3B'oj.
T3JKO je BH3alHTlfjCIKOj apHCTOK:paTtHjrH rrpeOCTaAo Aa ce 6aB'H nOCAO-
BHlNla y KojHIMa je npHxoA cTHqaH 3eAeH3!ll1IK'HiM IMeHTaAHTeTOM, aKO
'He y.aeK H /Ha HaYHH. OHaj H>eH Aeo Kojn je yonwTe
180 0 concTBeHoj HMOBHHH Apnlporry:\a BHA. F. DIg)::r, HaB. eJlO, 268 sq.;
K.- P. Matschke, I-taa. eJlo, 170, Han. 125. OAAYKa ceHan (Reg. 55, Senato
Secreta, Deliberazioni Miste, fol. 139-142) 0 nAanaI-bY TPOjlillH ApmponYAa
no 100 ampli Mece'lHo (3a jeAHor H 20 acnpH AOAaTl<a Ha paHHjy nAaTY), 3ajeA-
HO c APyrHM OCHpOMaweHlIAl y MAeTa<:fKOM Co-
AYHY (HajBella CYMa 300 nepnepa) AOHeTa je 7. VII 1425, a nOTnHCaO jy je AV)\<A
23. VII 1425; Yflop. K. MepI..\lIoc, 'TCYTOp(Ci, COAYf-I 1947,
50-52; F. Thiriet, Rgestes, II, No 1995.
181 P. Schreiner, Produkte, 92, HarAaCHO je HCTaKHYT COI..\HjaAHl1 nOAO-
:>Kaj COAY,HCKHx ApnlporrYAa, AOK M. H. CI03IOMOB, '-Laa. e.flO, 8, 14, K. - P.
Matschl, Schlacht, 165, 3aCTyrrajy cynpoTHY Te3Y - 0 npeAY3HMa'-lHMa KOju ce
Y3AH:>KY. Yrroper.lHBal-be nOpOAHI.\e KaAYAa H3 pal-mjer BpeMena, F. D6Iger, HaB.
eJlo, Nr 100 (1295), ca ApmponY:\HMa, 3a WTa ce 3aAa:>Ke A. II. Ka:>KAaH, Haa.
eJlo, 306 CA., TeWI<O je npHXBaTI\>HBO.
53 KopeHH li nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpa". narpHUlijaTa y BH3alITHjH
;'.-IOrao Aa OCTaHe, H OCTao, nepaH oOAeAa'BaI-bY 3BMIoe OHO je CBa-
Ka'KO caCBH';'.! 3anOCTaB/oeH. Y TOM nOAO>Kajy ce Y'fA3JBHOM 'HaIllAa
.6:yxoEIHa apiHCT'1Kpaulja, OO:oC peyeHO AYXOB'H'H cPeYAai\'HH rrOCeAIHH-
U;H - M3JHaCTH'pH. ,
OABaja'l-be apHCTOKpaTil1je OA ynpaBloal-f,a 3BMiDH'illH'HIM rroceM-
Ma H l-f,e'HO 1KpeT3'-be nOCAOBHMa APyre BpeTe OA,'BnjaA'l1 cy ce y
BeOMa CAO>KeHH'.Vl nOAHTHY'KHM Y'CAOBHlMa. BI.f3aIHTHja je TaAa OHAa
nOAHTHYKH H eKHC.\1CKH paenapY3JHa 'Ha MlIl-be u;ei\ll1'He, Yec'DO YAa-
fuBHC jeAHe OA ,L\pymx. H3JKO OCHpOf.\1aWeHH, rpaAoBHoy y Benoj
.\1epH Hero paHHje a'l1COpOBaAH eK'HO.\ilOKY aKTHBiHOCT. Be3aIHa 3a
lb'I1X, apHCTO'KpaTHja je cBoje J.1IHTepeCe CBOAHAa 'Ha AO'KaAHe OiKBH-
pc H npecTaAa Aa OYAe YH'HIl1,\3q 3ajeAHHwTBa, HapOtHnO 300r TOTa
WTO je q;eYAa"H3aU;Hjo'M Ap>KasHor anapaTa, nonYI-benar rrAeMeHH-
Ta'll.Joll'Ma, OHO paCTOyeH 'HajoHa>KHHjH 'HII-lTerpal'l1iBHH eAeMeHT apH-
CfO'Kp3TOKor CTaAe>K3.
1R2
IIp'H'BHAerHje r<aje cy rpaAoBH AooHjaAH
Ha pa3HHiM CTpaiH3J:Y!a UapCTBa, jacHo nOABAaqe ose OKOA'HOCTH.l
83
HH33JHTHj'CKa apHCTlKpaTIHja je H y erKOorrO'MOK-'.\'1 H y rrOAHTH"-IKOM
norAeAY npepac"a y cBojeBpcTalH rpaAOKI1 naTpHUtl1jaT. CrreUHcPHY-
HOCTH l'or cAoja y O\AiHOCy 'Ha YOOHyajeHH CMHcao noj'Ma naTpHUH-
jaT He YMal-byjy Orrpa13A3HOCT ynoTpe6e lfCTor TepMHHa npHAHKOM
pacnpaBloal-ba 0 APYWTBel-lOj CTPY'KTypH BH3a'HT!Hje.
181
Bpo:Yle KOjHIM ce OaH\lO CaAp>I jow jC,6;HY AH',MeH3Hjy, 'Ba>K'H'Y
3a pa3YMeBal-be KOHaYI-Ie cP33C Bl13aHTHjcKe apHCTO-
l(paTJ.lje. MorAH OHOMO je Ha3B3TH crrOloaWI-bO','v! AiJ1\.\1eHClHjO'M. Ha-
MMe, OYCBH,L\;HO je Aa jc BH3a'HTHja n03Hor Aooa oHAa eKOHOMClKH
13e33JHa 3a 3anal,L\. OS,L\e je lIOKa331Ha YCAOBfoHOCT Te Be3a'H'OCTH Ha-
cTojal-f,M HTaAHjaHKHx lIOMPCKHX CHAa Aa ce Ha,Mel'HY BH3aHTHj-
CKOM npHBpeAHOM rrpOCTOpy, C jeAHe, H HacTojaI-beM BH3aHTHj.cKe
apHCToKpaTHje Aa y crrpe3H ca HTaAIH'j3JH'H'Ma peWH corrCTBeHe e'f'3H-
cTeHU;HjaAHe eIKO'HOMCKe H lIOAHTHY:Ke npOOJ\e,Vle, C Apyre CTpaHe.
C\1pTOHOOH1 IHapaCTal-be TypCKe orraCHOCl'H, nOlleB OA TlOCAeAl-bHX
AeueH'Hja XIV BCKa, ojayaA' je OB3JKBe TeHAeI-IU;Hje y peAOBH'Ma
3JpoI-l'Cl'Ol<paTHje. 3Ha:TaH Aeo IbCHe 'HMOBHHe y HOBUY oH AparoqeHHlM
npeAMeTHMa Te3aypHcaH je paAH eHrypl-IOCTH y HTaAHjaHcKHM KO-
AO.HQ1jllMa Ha i\eBaHTY, Ka' H y MeTponOAaMa Ha AneH:HHOK'OI,M: '110-
AYOCT'P'SY, H Ta-KO OHO KOlIaYHO H3rYO/IJe'H 3a BH33'HTHjCI<!Y eKOHO-
MI1'Ky.18.; CAcAel.HKopaiK Yl1'HHAO je npUXBaTal-be ,,1.\p>KaBiD3'HCT'Ba"
lIojeA'H1HHX HTaA'Hj3'I-ICKHX perry6AH'Ka, lJlTO je apHCTolKpaTHMa ca
ABOjHHM nOAaHCTBOM, 13H33HTHjCKHM H CTpaHHM, AOHOCHAO ABO-
182 Yrrop. fo. MaKCHMOBHn, YI1pa6a, 7-19,162-163.
183 IIoHeKaA ce tlaK r0J30pH 0 rrpeTl3apaI-hy rpaAOBa y HeKY BPCTY rroAyca-
MOCTaAHHX perry6AHKa: M. H. CI03IOMOB, POf1'b ZOpO08-3MI10pUe8 8 ucropuu
BU3aHmu, BH3. opeM., 8 (1956), 39.
184 CAli'iHO TYMaqeI-he OBor TepMI1Ha 3acTyna M. A. IIOARKoJ3CKaR,
12, AOK C. i\HweB, CpeHo8eKo8eH zpa, 170, CMaTpa Aa je I-heroBo YBolJelLc
He"'lOrynHo (BHA. HanOMeHV 67).
185 D. Zakythinos, Crise. 74, 112 sq. K. - P.Matschke, Geldgeschifte,
187 sq.; Hcm, Schlacht, 188, 244 sq.
54
1'0. MaKCHMOBHh
C1'pYKe KOpHCTH: OCenmbe Oe30eAHOCTlI II MoryflHOCT Aa CAOOOAHH-
je BOAe nOCi\.OBe, nOHeKaA H Ha OCHOBY npHBHAerHja Koje cy Ba
,KHAe 3a CTpaHIJ;e.
18
OBa l'eHAeHl...\Hja ce, HapOYI1TO y npeACMpTHIHM
A3lHH'Ma npeT>BOplUa y epH3HYXO oeKCl'BO Koje Ce nonYT
3ap33e npOWHpHAO H3 ap:HCl'OKpa1'C'K'lIX peAOBa H 'Ha J-IH:>Ke APY-
Wl'BeHe CJ\ojeBe.
187
AOBMHO je TI03Hal'O [(OAHKe cy KYA1'ypHe BpeA-
HOCTH l'HM nYl'eM npeHel'e 'Ha 3anaA. HarrOMeHUMO caMO TO Aa je
CTBopeH l'3lKaB COIJ;'HjaNH!H 11 npenAel' WHl'epeca Aa je
EeHOiBiD3JHH'H XHAapl1'je AopHja ,\10rao OH1'H H 'BH3aHl'ujcK'H BeA'H'KO-
AOCl'Oj<Hl1'K 'H cBoje TpH KhepH nOYAa'BaTH 3a jeAlHO'f cYlHapOAHH'Ka,
jeAHor OOMaHOKor npH'HIJ;a H JOBaH,a XpHeoi\.opa, AyrorOPiHlUlher Hl!-
3<1<Hl'wjoKor nOCAaHIfKa Ha 3arraAy.
188
y OrrH'C3'HHM OKOJ\HOCTH\'la Kpnjy ce KOIlaYHH 3a
OHl'KBO nOCAOB3Ilhe KaKBO je pa3BHjaAa BH3aHHljcKa apHCl'lKpal'H-
ja YO'YH nponacnI Uap'CTBa. MelJynIM, H,e>.H npanvlaT>H3a:;VI Tpa>KH H
onopeA;HH H3Aa3 y l'HM: OACYAtHHM YaCO'BH'Ma. qyBeHa je 113jaBa Be-
iUI'Karua AYKe HOT3Ipa, Ha'KO BC3aHor nOCAO'l3'l:r;Vla 3a 3anaA 6ap
Kp03 AiBe reHepaIJ;Hje, Aa 'RHille BOM! TypOI TypoaH HO AaTHHOKY
MHTPy,189 aAH je 'HeAaBHO AYXO!BHTO npHMeneHO Aa,cYAen'H no lhe-
rOBOM nOH3wawy, Ta H3jaBa HlMaCAeAenH Ci\1Hcao: "Sowohl Turban
aIs auch Tiara, von jedem etwas, von keinem zuviel" .190 KOAH!KO j
HOTapa C'HMOOA nparMaTHY'HOCTH BH33'HTHjoKe apH'CToKpal'Hje, lm-
TaIbe je Koje ce MO>Ke npOl..(elhl-lBaTH, aAH je H3BeOlIO Aa cy J-hellH
3Hayaj'IUI ACAOBH C3YCKHBaAII TYp'Ke, nOKywaBajynH Aa cc npHAa-
rOAe IHOBOj peaA!HOCTH.
191
ANH pe3YJ\l'aTH O.l3HX I1aCTojalba, CBaKaKO
BeOMa 3aHil'MibHBH, iJ1aKO HeAoBolDHO npoyyeHl:I, npHnaAajy BpCi.\1e1lY
Ae3HHTCrpaIJ;Hje I-\OCKOpaWH.>er BAaAa.ivner cAoja y APYWTBCHHM YC-
YCJ\OBHMa Koje je ycrroCTaE'HAO 3aBonelbe CTparHC TIOAlfJ'H'lKe BA3CHI.
186 N. Oikonomids, ,-wa. e.flo, 126 sq. A. Laiou-Thomadakis, B)'z.. Eco-
110/11)', 212; K. - P. Matsche, Schlacht, 179 sq. (HapOYHTO IIpHMep HHKoAe
HOTapa), 183, 187 (nOToMuH Ha 3anaAV nOCi\e 1453).
187 BHA. HapOYHTO N. Iorga, Byzance aprs Byzance, Bucarest 1935,
15-19; A. Vacalopoulos, The Exodus of Scholars tram ByzantiUTn, Fifteenth
Cent. Journ. of world HisL, 10 (1967), 463--480; M. Balard, Romanie, l, 271;
V. Nerantzi- Varmazi, '}-f chra Kw,,/;(6),;rj (,:1) WiHcrO TO 140\)
o.LWvC( (1354-1402), 1 (198l), 89-97; 0 OBOj nojanH y Eyrap-
CKOj DHA. C. uwen, CpeHoaeKoeeH zpa, 138 CA.
188 K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 190 sq.
189 Ducae Historia turcobyzantina (1341-1462), cd. V. Grecu,
94
Ine.: "A'J (J
va fL TVpCX'lV-fjcrY),
xet.l
ta 'la 't'upavv'l) itaL (jbJCJ.,
F j 11.: l &'J ,OtOiJTO'J TO '10 I(fj::; ,
tuU VOU') oiv
[5J 116
Ine.: KcxEJ(:J (, xafLTCo::;, 1 xet.l ,(
cra'l / d'lw. xcxp<X.
Fin.: &cpo'i, TCEpacr'l), / 'J
/ xCI. &'Jocr'rLtX.
[6] 116
Inc.: 'HpGJy), w xlXi fLwp /
W 8'l)pio'J xet.i EX8pt,/
Fin.: cr(7Jcro'J, &/ = <;J/ 1xw.oxpiTCX, xCI. ETC,xXOlJcrO'l
xlZi T YEvfLcx / = et.lfJ.lZ/ TOUTW'l TW'l .
:J l.J:flTal-he li HAeHTH<pHKOBal-he rpYKI-IX CTHXOBa, ueHY 3Ha'-laja PYKo-
IlHca, IIoce6HO y OAHCY Ha AAMaK Pi-frimor Thuriona, 6jaBIoyjeM y capaA-
l-hl-f C KAerOM IIaHajTHcM C. IIHcTacoM, aCHCT. Ha 3a HaOrp'-lKY
KI-bH)f(eBHCT YHl-fBep31-ITeTa y COAYHY.
37 "EptTOC; 'A1tOTEtcr[J.GCTeX, Bdvv, 1792, 13; A. 'A V;}OOYLtX,
TtmpTo, Ol WtX'ICCpL0JTE ;cal 1966,
38 "EpulToc; 'A1tOTEtcr[J.tXTCC, 14.
39 "EptTOC; 'A07tTtcr[J.CCTO'., 17.
40 "EpUlTOC; 'A1tOTZtcr[J.CCTCC, 131.
~
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<PaHapHOTCKO H CpnCKO rpabaHCKO neCHHlliTBO
217
45 Pwfl.cxl;o'. x'. Boup'(:xpOt xt 'Apfl.:;:vv[,
&prrYJOE xcxl i.rrpO'., [J-,t fl.t(Xv
YTEX. Z/':u&Eplcx'l etc; (jrr cx.&l ,
Yt(!,T[ dfLET::: cl:vTpdo . rrCX'ITOU CXXO'JTO(,
"Et [="O'] cl:n:' 1tIx.&plcxv [= n:cxTplOcxv]
[
50 TOV T6 rrvv TOU 1:)'\)"I) y,.(;, ,tSU&:;:PVZ:
x.d TOV rrofl.ou T/..V"I)V .yptXO;;'I,
t:') & TUp&V\IOU 'JrX VtX.OUV
-(, PVo)(J."t) T()O):; (1.[ [-= fl.] C(x!cx c1,vo .
54 TOU:; ))[OE', xd TO.CJ'I, &E;[cxc; XCX[ Tq.UX;,
126-127
59 ){cx[ ;)crOt !)'I :;:l'I(f.t ;r),vl,
60 cl:O/,cpW. .\l'O:'IeX. ytvouv, & d'i' xd WVI.XO[.
MeX. QcrOt &eX. &VT[XpU '/1. 1j,00TOUV [= O'TCX'&OU'I]
&.'1 dvcxt X(f.[ Otxo[ [J-cx, XO:[ x.dVot Il XCX&OU'I.
'Hton [= xcx[ jv[cxvon::; [= Mcxwh:;:], j,tovTpw,
(:l n:on::; O'TeX. O'n:f)),teX. [=O'T:; O';cf))".te]cro::; XOtfLeX.O'n: O'cpO'.AtUTc-I,;
65 Mcx;;po [= X(f,[ n:/,c.VtCX [=x.o:.n:),eX.VI.CJ.J, &),0'. vc.
TCXUP('ll}OU'1 l = 'O'/IIJ.rrOIJ TG(')pC'-ETO[J,
66 XL (}.'I ypc.'t'OU'1 [ Xt 'Ayp:xty)v] ku &:::ptWI [TeX. ;:::cpTpto:.J, Y['I<:'TC'-t
[= Y['ISTE] fLl.cX. lj;ux'V:l
1803, 'Iouvl(JU 10
[10] 130
Ine.: Kop"I) [L' [L Tc,( [LcxHti
x(/. [ [L[/=[L/ T'l. [L(/.;;PCX Wi,Tt(I./
xd 1).[/ = [L/ 1'0'1 !.O'rrpov 1'0'1 t[LO'11 =---'- ),(J.t().O'I/
XIl. [ [J-[ "i [LCXUP(f wxna,/
00 , ' ., l ' / '
Fln.:: on I\tOtPOlV:t xopcpo [J-OU, = "ZPOlV:;:t
XCX'I7. 1'6 n:powrrov [LOu,/
, '1 t/ ) , < ,
xat [Lt = [L" 1-1.0'. ,(')'1:;:1. 'f) [LiXV(f, [LO')
fl.[/ fl.tl =oPVZt 0 (.J.ito:.[LrreX.; l).Ou
4
:
3
[11.) 131
Ine.: 'H rrapa TT"I) cr ((-J./ = rrzprrCXT"I)cr',eX.; /o'J, xUP''l' =XOP'I;/ [L',
creX. TCJU n:1l.'(V'lVO;;/ = ;rC'-'(w'ltv;;;/
Fin.: 12 ),oul.(;lvl = ),(JYt0JV/ 7"((I.I.YV[Ol,o:
!f.xov/ =!f.x.ouv/ "cl. cppouota crv\) ...
42 .\, I. BpO':VV')()r1> 389-393; :\rr. 6czcrxO:ax'0' 7tEpl BE'
i,Eu'\'lV)__ AD,,, VO:'. 1964; "ArrO':'ITO: N K),o:crcrtXWV, J3E),scrn v)'-"(PEparO,
trrq.r.).EtCl: JI,. I. J3po:vouu''', 2, 1968, 673-680, 728-731,
43 6. Ik.p67tou),ou, 'E),'l)vtxa o'I)!-,-OTLxo: TPO:YOUOto:, 2 lJ3o:cr . xYj eXp.
47/, 'A6hvo: 1959, 91 'l'ci TPC(YOUOtlJ. T'ij 'Ay6ptc(v'l), 'A8'jvo:t
1939, 68.
218 M. CrojaHoBI-rri
12.) 144
Ine.: "R fLs crdv<:1. 'tY)v XapO(1X fLou, xpa't xa( 't XOPfL(,
7t<:8IX.lvw xd yk,wvw, <X7t' 't+1'1 'tom)v fLoU
Fin.: "O't( &'),ov 'tP07tO'1 [3m:(c;, 7tWC; (; vou fLOu ov y<:vv(J.,
Xtl.L <:llxaWYl 7tlOtI. cr'to = ov fL 7t<:vFi.{ =7tav/.
14
[13) 146
Ine.: 0),0( XaLpov'tw., fLO'JOV yw t,U7tOUfLtI.(,
Yltl.'tL 't <pwc; fLoU 't Yuxo, ucr't<:POU[lCt:l.
fin.: 7tpL7t<:l/ = 7tpsm.l/ 'Ici. <ptl.'ld, 7tsov <:cr7t),tl.YXVLtI.,
Yla'tl &y<X7tY)c; tYl 'ICI. 8av,xTou Ct: L't lCl.. 45
Miodrag Stojanovi
PHANARIOT AND SERBIAN URBAN POETRY
Summary
As the creation of mostly anonymous poets and poetesses, the
Greek phanariot and Serbian urban poetry is a complex and in-
teresting question in the sphere of history of Serbian and Greek
lterature and culture; and not only in that sphere, since this poetry
is, in fact, a European phenomenon in otherwise non-poetic eigh-
teenth century. In relation to that, in our urban poetry one of the
most difjjicult issues 1S to explain its origin and to discover its ar-
tistic inspiration, bearing in mind particularly the fact that its
creators - namely, craftsmen, pupils and soldiers - knew even
several foreign languages and cultures.
In fact, many important issues in the trends of orig.ination
and development of Serbian and Greek urban poetry found their
answers in the studies of our predecessors (T. Ostoji, V. orovi,
M. Leskovac, L. Vranousis, A. Camariano, A. Daskalakis, N. Ca-
mariano, B. Mihailovi, G. Protopapa-Bouboulidou, and P. P,istas).
We are mentioning only those authors who did the most to widen
the horizons of our urban life and poetry. lt has been emphasized,
in fact, and rightly it seems, that "this more intimate and loved
than inspired and artistically skilled literature has been nurse-d out
of self-pleasure in the corners of the heart" so that probably because
of that "it remains in its entirety yet a spiritual world of unclear
borders and indefini te composition". .'
44 EPWTO 'A1tOTE;).crlJ.Cl:TCC, 181.
45 EPWTO 'A1tOTE;).cr[J.CCTccJ 175.
<PaHapHorCKO H CprrCKO rpanaI-lCKO rreCHHWTIlO
219
Literary value of urban poetry has been treated to a degree
of its availability to analysis and life preoccupations of its crea-
tors. These wre predominantly textological and thematic appra-
aches which undoubtedly introduced much system and necessary
criticism in the research of the subjects of treatment and motives
of the urban poetic expression. Hawever, unexamined contents of
manuscripts and of pub1ished texts of this poetry still remain not
exposed constellations of our history of literature in the balkano-
logical and European context.
The phenomenon of urban poetry with Serbs has been nourish-
ed in Austro-Hungarian towns, just as th phanariot lyrics has
been taking its form in urban centers - in the Phanar and in the
across-Danube dukedorns in Walachia and Moldavia. Sorne of these
urban environments, and particularly the ones in the Banat region,
in Serbia and Rumania, have been the cornmon point of departure of
both Serbian and phanariot urban poetry. In these territories took
their origin only to be written down after that, indrrvidually or
jointly, Serbian, Grek-phanariot, RumaniaJn, German, Hungarian
and other verses.
That new kind of poetry with diversified themes and com-
posite metric structure grew spontaneously, but long time priaI'
to the second half of the eighteenth century. Namely, already Ge-
semann, the editor of the Erlangen Manuscript of our folk poems,
noted among them several poetic compo'S1itions of "artistic" origin,
in German terms - so-called "volkstmliche, volkslaiifige Lieder,
and not the )} VolksLicde,.,<. These poems included the following
ones: numbers 1, 2, 20, 37, 38, 39. The corresponding remark by him
was: "undoubtedly aIl of these are of urban -origi.n. They were
most probably created in the first decades of the eighteenth century,
since the inscriptions in the Erlangen Manuscript date back to 1720
Noting down and transcribing in the eighteenth century was
"almost that far the need as it was in the Middle Ages". In such a
way urban verses rernained preserved in the hand-written collec-
tions of poems. These were smaIl "anthologies" of original and
translated "urban, cheerful, love and heroic poems"; they filled
up also the phanariot song-books "x1y.:r<1.cr'ttxcI.", "fltcrf.lGl.yd;; cc. Thy
contain aIl kinds of inscri,ptions - "poetic, prosaic, and literature,
including the things related to most common forms of living, such
as bills, receipts, prescriptions, prayel'S, commercial letters, charades,
notes on weather changes, dates from the life history of members
of the family of the creator of the collection of poems".
The central cycle of urban poetry is represented by rather
complex love poems in terms of their style and metrics. They are
the most complex ones in terms of psychology, alth0ugh many love
verses refer to the fact that their urban authors were educated in
literature and otherwise. Besides love poems, as the specifie sub-
-cycle, there are anti-Tsintsar verses tao. In these verses the admi-
220
M. CTojaHoBHn
ration of woman i.s replaced by severe criticism and bitter mockery.
AIl love motives analyzed here are significant as documents of the
culture and as sociological materials, since urban poetry is of the
class character which explains its historical force.
Thourios by Riga VelestinliJS and phanamot poems in the hand-
written collection of poems by Jakob Iljin (Jakov Ilijin) from
Tomasevac, appear as the 'illustration of the phenomenon of joint
creation and writing down of Serbian, phanaI1iot, and Rumanian
poems both in the Serbian and Rumanian Banat. AlI poems in
this collection are selected with great ability and their manus-
cript is deposited in the library of the Matica Srpska in Novi Sad
(sign. RR 145).
Jakob Iljin who was supposedly rather close to the circle of
Banat phanariots, composed his collection of poems while introduc-
ing the poems from several, mainly hand-written collections of
Serbian and. phanariot verses. Therefore, the entity of the manus-
cript can be followed through several parts which are composed in
different ways, having usually particular numbering of poems.
These include also Thomios by Riga Velcstinlis (pp. 122 - 127).
That inscription by Jakob Iljin dates four years earlier in relation
to a text from Bucarest of 1807 - which is the oldest known up
to now of the complete Riga's warrior's hymn. Our hand-written
inscription indeed transfers only the well-selected verses (1 - 14,
21 - 22, 41 - 54, 59 - 66), butit is significant as a testimony of
the extent of Riga's insurgent cry prior to 1821.
Not less in importance are also phanariot poems mainly lyrical
ones, to be followed by two folk poems, or poems composed in the
pattern of Greek folk poetry, as weIl as one spiritual, probably
of artistic origin. These ecclesiastic making of veI1Ses most probably
tonk place in the Church environments in Banat. The ground for
such a conclusion 1S found in the inscription (or a part of the letter)
at the end of the poem sent ta Dimitrije Kacan and Georgije Po-
povi (from VrSac). This collection of poems by Jakob Iljin is but
an echo of numerous phanariot and other mixoglotic written men-
tion of urban poetry in the cross-Danube regions - as evidenced
by one of the relevant catalogues.
Enclosed to the text are the beginning and the final verses
of the phanariot urban poetry from the work of Jakob Iljin quoted
along the principle of incipit - finitur. Only the insurgent cry
of Riga Velestinlis is submitted in its original entirety. Each of these
poems is accompanied, as far as po.ssible, by the corresponding pa-
rallels supplied by. the author in printed and hand-written sources.
CA. 1. - HaCAOBHa CTpaHHUa PYKonHCHe neCMapHue JaKOBa HAHjllI-ia
Tille-page in the collection of poems by Jakob Iljin
t1L..1t 1 . Il/..
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CA. 2. _ PYKonHcHH TeKCT neCMe flOKJI,Uli PHre BeAeCTHHAHca - ThOL/rios by
Rigas Velestinlis in the hand-written collection of poems by Jakob Iljin
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DaMe BACHFi
I10CTBH3AHTHJCKO CAHKAPCTBO y CP.5HJH y XVIII
H XIX BEKY
PetI "nocTBI13aHTHjcKH" 3BY'-IH Kao HelUTO WTO ce Ben caMO no
ceoH pa3YMe, MenYT>H'M y 3HatIeI-bY Tora nojMacrycpene ce ReKa BpCTa
npoOAeMa. Aa AH je 1"0 XpOHOAOlJTKH TepMHH KOjH je HaCTao rrOCAe
1453, 'MAH C'J1HACKH KOjH ooyxBaTa rrp'MeHe HaCTaAe y BH3a:HTHjOK\Oj
'IjIMel'HOCTH rrOCAe TIaAa U;ap'HrpaAa y TypCKe PY<Ke? AKO OJfOMO ce
orpaJHHl.fHJ\,H 'Ha TIpSO 3H3'tIeI-be, OHAa OH MorAe 'H3'CTaTH TeillKone
rrpH K.AaCH<pHlKaU;JfjH rrojaBa Kojece ja'Btoa,j'Y y 'Bl13aHl'HjoKoj YMeT-
HOCTH nOCAe T1aAa U;a'PHrpaAa, aAH He o a p p r ~ 0111\.0 K3KBa OACTY-
naI-baIOA AOT3JAaWr-bHX Cl'HAOKHX oOp33au;a. AKO Y3 1'0 He OHOMO 3HaM1
K3A cY HaCTaAe Te npO.YleHe, TaAa He OH OHAO OOHOBa Aa HX
OMaTpaMO 3a nocTBH3aHTHjcKe. Ha OCHOBY "wra? CroraXpOH'OA'11liK
o6jawl-heI-be 'He CaAp>l nOTnYHY OHTYp'HOCT 3a MAeHTmpH:r<O'Ba:I-be
nOCl'BH3aHl'HjcKHx eAeMeHaTa. .5HAO OH r01'OBO napaAOKcaAHO OMa-
Tpal'H MX 3a nO'CTB'H3a'HTH:joKe 3JKO ce HH no tIC<MY He P33AH!K,yjy OIA
BH3aJHTJfjCK:HX, na 3a1'O rroc1'ojH oB6HtblHa orpaAa npC<Ma XpOHAOW-
lKoj rrOAeAH. Y'K:OAUKO OHCMO YCBOj'H'AH CTHACK'Y rroAeAY, OHAa OH-
OMO OBa:Ka'KO 6'HAH 'Ha cHryprmjeM TepeHy, a Taroone 6HCMO Ao6HAH
OApeneHHje MepHAO nOWTO OH ce 'lTOCTJ3iH3lJHTujC:l<'e nojaBe OApeneHO
pa3A'HlKOBaAe :DA BH3aHTH'jC'KHX. TH'Me 6H 6HAO \'vI''ryIHo Aa ce Aajy
Ta"IHa oojaWI-beI-ba rwja He OH OCTaBAxlAa MeCTa HeAOYMHu;H. OBO y
'WAH.KO npe WTO av Te 'Il'OjalBe npHA%l.lHO YTBpneHe, a IMIX{)(B pa3-
BOj H XPOHOA'OJ1Jf.ia ce Mory rrpaTHTH ca OH'rYPH0wny. I10cTaBJba ce
'IlHTaJffie illTa OHe AOiHoce Koao HOBO H y tIeMY ce pa3AHKyjy OA Ha-
tIeAaBH3aHTJfjcr<eYMeTHOCTH.
AKO je BH3l'H'THjcKa YoMe'J1HOCT - <peHOMeH .J1CTOl.lH!Or OBeTa -
ycrreAa Aa catIysa CYWT'lf.HY CHor oCHOiBiH'Or 6una, Y'-IeI-ba Koje ce
cacrojaA'O y nOIIlTOBaI-bY OApeneHHX OOAHJKa WTO oy BeKOBHiMa l'Dpe-
H'OrneHH KaJO HeKa BpCTa Aparou;eHHX rrpeA3'I-ba, Ha rrpHMep HatIeAO
HeIllpOt'vleHtoHBoCTH AHKa CBeTHTetoa, KOj'H y CT'Ba'pH rrpeACT'3Biba l-f>e-
rOB nopTpeT sui generis, 'HAa je CBa'KIO HapYIlll'BaI-be Tor Ha"-leAU
222
II. BaCHn
6HAO OACTvnal-be OA TpaAHL\J1je, 3anp2l'BO 0/1, YT'Bp5eHe :H1CTHHe.
1
ITpeMa
TO""le, IOHO 6H VHOCHAO HellITO HOBO V B'I1'3a'HUljcKY YMel'HOCT. He-
AalBHO je HCTaKHYTa YAora ITaoAa BeHeL\HjaHa KOjH 6M TpeSaAO Aa
je YHeo H3BeOHe Hamme V CAHIKapCTBO enoxe I1aAeDAora 1p'HAeceTlix
roAHHa XIV BeKa. To 6H MmKAa 6HAa Goja IHllKapHaTa, IIlTO 6H
oAYAapaAo 'A AOTaAa::.IHbHX BH3a'f-FJlHj'OKHX <PoPMYAa 0 oCAHKaI-by !'Dyp.,-
OKor no rrpaBHA'H'Ma ep?I'IlIHHja.
2
AOAYlIle, 'HeKH
OBor MHllIloel-ba HHCY caOBHM H'rypH'H Aa je BeHeqHjaHo H 6HO V
UapH'rpaAY, a AiPyrn, Ha npaMep E. EepeHCOH, cMaTpajy Aa je 1'0
rrOY3Aa'HO. YKOAH'KO 611 ce H rrpHXBanIAO Tl'KBO MH'lUloeI-be, I-IAa 611
1'0 6HO YTHL\aj MAeTal.IKe YMeTHOCTH HaBH3CHTHjoKo CMI.'KapCTBO
KOjH on ra 'H3:\1eH'H'0 V l-berOBHM Te.\1elol-I-Ma. KaA je opeAHlliTe Y"'IeT-
HH'1JKOr )i<!HBOTa rrpelIlAO Ha KpHT nOCAe naAa UapHrpaAa, Ta'Al je
AHA'pea PHL\O (1451-1492), jeAa:H DA 'KP:HTCIxCAH:Kapa, <P0PMVm-I-
cao CTporH CT'HA V KOMe je BlU2l'HTHjoKa YMeTHOCT 6AeCHYAa cjajeM
HeKaAailllf>e Cl'HACKO'1HKOHorpa<pC1ze 'IHCTOTe. MebVTffi\1, I-beroBO CAli-
KapCT'BO je rrOCAY)IUfAO Kao IIOAcTpeK 3a rrpe06pa){<'aje II H3rpanu-
Bal-be RTaAO-KpHTC'l(Or CTHAa.
3
(CA. 1).
ITpBH npoAopH 3anaAHe Y"'ICTH'OCTH jaJBHA'H cV ce Ben rrO'Jel'KOJ\l
XVI ReKa, Aa 6n HX 6'11AO CBe BHille y CAeAenH,vl CTOAcnWMa. 06A'aCTH
illHpelba H VTHIJ;aja rpl.lKe Y'Me11HiOCTM 6lIAe cV Mm<.eA;OIH'Hja, Cp6H1ja,
EyrapaKa, a nOTOM PY'cHja. Ha npBoM MecTY, rpa<pHKa je 6HAa Ta
npeKO :K!ojecy 3ana;6jHe Y'Me'I1H:OCTH C1lli3ai\JH y V lW-
joj oy 6HAH npHXBaneHH y fJ-IelIlTO H'3Mel-beHOM BHAY. HajHeno:::pe,\-
J-IlH'jH H H'aj'HorrVAapH'H'jH cy 6'HAH 6aKpope3H MapKaiHToHHja PajMoH-
AHja (OKO 1480- OKO 1530) KOjH cy npeHOCH:AH .MuKC'AaiHneAolBa H
Pa<paeAoBa AeAa, 6eonpeKopHa y aaaTo.,\1CKoj H KOM-
rr03HIJ;I1!OHI1-.\1 CXCNla.\1a.4 OHa cy NlOpaAa nO\i\crann )KeIoV rp'IlKHX L\P-
Taqa H CAHKapa iH:e ca;vl'O Aa Y)KHBajy y I-blla Hero IH Aa IYfOKop.HcTe
MHJKeA<:l'HneAOBe 06AHlKe II Pa<paeA''J3IY KMn03HlIHjV. OHH cV 6HAH
BacnHTaHH Aa nOIIlT'yjy XeA0HJfCTJ.o!'-rKe TpaAHIJ;uje IJ;apHrpaAcKe IIlKO-
AC, lbeHor CXBaT3H>a ypaIHHOTe>KeHC KO'NlU03HL\Jfje, 'A'MepeHe recTH-
KYAal\lHje <pHrypa H PiHHaMHKe y paCnQipeAY ApanepHja. CTora cy
y,MCA'H Aa L\0He BPXYHCKH A'OM3UJaj p0HecaacHIHx >\1ajcTopa y TOj AH-
1 T. OCTporopcI, OC/-lOeHU IlpuH/1UnU UCTO'1HOXpUtUnaHcKe UKOHO
Zp(l(/JUje, YMeTHM'IKH nperAeA. Kif,. II, EeorpaA 1939, 43.
2 S, Bettini, Venezia e Bisallzio, 8-VI-39, 1974, EJecta, ditrice, 87.
:) S. Bettini, Andrea Rizzo di Cal1(!ia, sec. XV; MapHo KaTarraH je Ha-
wao AOI{YMeIlTa V Ap/IBII011 apxHBY BelleLUfje 113 KojHX np0113Aa311 Aa je
PHl..\o /KHBeo Ha Kpmy OA 1451 (OTKaA ce rrOMHlf,e Kao cAHKap) AO 1492.
4 A. Procopiou, La peinture religieuse dans les les ioniellnes pen-
dans le XVIIIe sicle; Essaai sur Ja transformation de la peinture byzantinle',
en baroque, Athnes 1939; T. P. Spiteris, L'volution de la peinture post-
byzantine dans les les ioniennes, Athnes 1952; Introduction Ja peinture
neohellnique, Athnes 1962. 9-10; M. Chatzidakis, Etudes sur la peinture
postbyzantine, Variorum reprints, London 1976, 5-28, 147-161 (III Marc-
antonio Raimondi und die postbyzantinische Malerei).
IlocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp5HjH y XVIII H XIX BeKY 223
Ben y npBH!M XVI lJ3eKa, y
AOManHX 'CAH!KlIpa jaBHAo ce nOApa)KaBaJi,e MH'KeAaHbeAoBHx 06AI1-
Ka H PacPaeAOBor pacnope'Aa, K'Oje je YXBaTHAo KopeHa H Aaibe OA
BeAH'KHX YL\1e11HHY'KHX CpeAHUITa. Ta.Ka je cAHIKap MHxaHA AaMaCKH-
HOC (1570-1591) Ha KpHTY npHXB3THO 3anaAJi,atI'Ke y KO;\!-
li Cl'HAY. (CA. 2). TIpeHeo 'HX je li MAaAOM AOMeH'H'K1[ Te-
0'J10KonYAJHj'Y (1541-1614), 'KOjH je 3aTHM OTHlnao y II y
HiOj nplIxB3THO Ji,t?HHX CAlHIK3rpa, OC06HTO THHTOpe1'a, TalKO
Aa je OOlfM oApelseHHx MOTJma ITOTHC'HYO oeAe)J:<.jaBiH3aHT!HjcKor
CTHAa, Ha npHMep CHMYATaHeH3Ma y HeKH'M H'KOHaMa.
5
y caMoj BeHeU;HjHce ABa CBeTa, 3anaAHIH H HCT'OtIHH, l[cpelll[
y AeAY Ci\H'Ka'pa H3 BVIIBapUH'H ca OCTp'Ba MypaHa.
)JeaAU3l1M paRe peHeCaJHCe YAiPY)K110 ,ce OBAe C Ae'KorpaTH'B'EHM cja-
jeM 11C110Ka, n03AaneHll'L\1 n03aAHHaMa HoopeA IK:OjHX ce JI3ABajajy
peaA'HC11HtI'Ke cPHType OBeTItTeib'a li 'KTH110pa. Ael\'O
nOCAY)KHAO je li APYTHM 3eMi\,lIMa Aa li3rpaAe oBoje BapnjaH1'e nOCT-
fl1I3a'H11H'j'CK'T CTHAa. f AaBHH Y31p 1K1QI}1I je OM'OlynlHo Herrocpe,a.ij-:lO
rroApa)J:<.aBaJi,e 3aJrra,4JHHx C paonopeAoM cPH'Typa 6HAa je
rpacPHKa. y nOtIeTKY je IMorAO JH3rAeAaTH Aa j'e IBH33'HTlIje'Ka YMeT-
BOCT H'Aa 11lfMe ClIMO 060raneHa, Aa je HanOM CBor C1'HAa YUHAa eAe-
M'eHTe 3l1naAa 6e3 H'KaK'Be OnaOf{,OCTlI no CBOj AYXOBHli H CTHACIKH
H'HTerpHTeT. MebYTlfM, 3anaAiHa yM'eT'HOCT iHH!je J1IMai\a 'Ha pa'CIl'01\a-
ra'HiY caMO Taj 'KOMl1J03liQJHlOHH pa'Ol1JOpeA KOjH ce 'Morao n03ajlNl'lI'TH
6e3 lllTeTe Hero H Apyre eAeMeHTe IKOjH cy 3aTlfIM IlOCTeneHO 'HatIl{-
Ji,aAH 'BH'3aJHTlfjCKiU CTHA JH 6HTHO IRa [lIpOMe<He y Ji,eMY. Taj
HecAyneHH apceHaA 3aua,AiHe 000 je ancop60BtH Aa 6H
HeoceTHio CMeHYTO CTapH CTHA, y C:I'BapH ''HIO IllTO je 6H1\a vecchia
maniera greca.
. HOCl'B1I3aH1'HjcKH CBeT ce palsao H3 ABa IHI30pa: H3 rp'-fII<.e Il
PycHje, a je 6110 npHAH'-N-W AMaK'30 y XVII BeKY. Y fp'lJKOj
joe T3Aa UO BeAII'KH 6poj CAnKapa, OOOOl-IT:O KplHl'OI<.HX, KOjH cy pa-
AHAH y T\1 AYXY: EMaHyeA UaHec (CA. 3), b\H MOOKOC, I1eTap
haMapA'oc, <I>HAoTej C'K:ynoc, TeoAOip I1YAaKoHc li MIHOTH .d:PYTH. EAH
MOOKC je Ben 1657. npHKa330 BaCKpCei-be no 3anaAHOM Y30PY: XPH-
CTa IKOjlH H3Aa3H H3 CB'ora llp06a Y'Mecl'O CUlzaetca y a. OBa TeMa je
DA XVII BeKa Y'IllAa y 'penepToap rpY'Kor CAHlKapCTBa H KO'Ha"lI'HO
OCTaAa y Ji,eMY. Apyra TeMa je KpYHuCa1-be SOZOpoul1e Koje je Ta-
Kiolse nOCTaAO MOTHB np3JBO'C'AaBHor CA'H:Ka:p<:TBa, a y cpncKY YMeT-
;; 0 AaMacKHHocOBHM AeAHMa AOCTa je TIHCaHO, ai\H ce Mal-he 3Ha 0
l-herOBOM )[<UBOTY; l-herOB pa3Boj OA KpHTcKor AO MAeTat.IKOr CTHAa 5HO je
rrpHAHt.IHO AHHaMHyaH, CAHt.IaH rpeJ<oBoj CAHKapcKoj KapHjepu. 1\J.1T.:
Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Knstler, VIII, Leip-
zig 1911, 314; 3acaA rAaBHa AHT.: S. Bettini, Il pittore Michele Damasceno,
e l'inicio dei secondo periodo dell'arte Atti deI Reale
Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia 1934/35, Tom XCIV,
Parte sec., 331-380. rpeKo HHje Morao Aa ce oCAo6oAH cHMyATaHeH3Ma
cBojcTBeHor BH3a:HTHjCKOM CAHKaopCTBY (Ce. MaepUlcuje u re6aHclca Ilezuja,
ECKopujaA; Aeucuc y flolpe6y lpoc/Ja OpW3a, KaTeApaAa y TOAeAY).
224
Il. BaCHn
lfOCT je YlliAO C jyra nCTIIM nYT0M.(; HOBH'ja RCTpa)I<H'Ba:lha cy nOIKa-
3aAa Aa ,Ha rpYKe CAHIKape HH'CY ynUJ;aAlI caMO HTaAHjaH-
CKHX MajcTopa XVI BeKa 11 'MAeTaYiKO CAHKapCTBO Hem li Apyra He-
OyeI<Jl{Ba:Ha IKOM'fIOHeHTa, M'aA;a caOBHlM pa3\I\,V1MlfBa C 063HpOM !Ha Be-
AHlK'y KOMymf,KaTHBlHY :J\lOn rpaqmKe, n01.JeBlllH DA peepopMal.l,Hje KaA
Hllje l:JJMaAa caMO y'MeTHW-IKY IHera 11 nOAJHI1HYKY YAory: 110 je 6HAa
epAa:MaH'OKa rpaepl:J!Ka. HeAaImO je O'CBeTJ'oeHa YAora ppaepHiKe JaHa
CaAeAJepa (1550-1600) y epopMHpalhY rpYKOr cAHIKapa TeQAopa
IlYAliKJHca, 3HayajHor y jeKY rrpOIJ,iBa1'a nocTBH3a:HTH'joKor cAHiKap-
CTBa y BeHeIJ,HjH H Ha JOI-IOKIIM OCTpBHlMa.
7
JOHCKH CA'J1KapH cy 6llAII
HOOnOl.l,lI jeAHor xR6pllAHor CllIIAa y KOMe je 3AaTO Kao Ba)KaH AeKO-
pa1'lfBaJH eAeMeHaT 6UAO crrojeH'O C peaAiH3MO'M epIIrypa, YOMepeHllX
pa3HHjM KOMn03HIJ,ROHJHM 06paCl.I,H1Ma y Ci\'JlT-I'HOM rrpaBIJ,Y. TaKBa OR;\l-
6H03a je 6HAa peAOBaH rrYT KOj'HM cy HOBa CTHACKa CXBarralha naCTe-
rreHO OMeI-hHBaAa 1'paAHIJ,HOHaA:I-!JY CI1PYKTYPY BH3aHTli'joKor CNHiKap-
CTBa. IIpR TOM ce YBeK 3aAp){(l!BaAO Helll1'O OA paHHjRx OOAHKa, ya-
paBO OHOARKO ,KAHK' je 61IAO n01'peOHO Aa ce cyrepllille H3'BeCH1H
K:OHTlllH'YRTeT 1I3Meoy cTapor l{ IHOBOL TalK:o cy 'HBe BapHja'HITe npa-
BOCAaBHor CA'H'KapCTBa rrpeAcTaBJ'oaAe y cTBapH onpoilnaj C rpaMIl.I,H-
OHaAHM npaBOCAaBHM HiKOHorpaepH1joM. 3a jaBHocT, 3a npaBocAaB-
HH oBeT, 110 je oHAa rpYKa YMeTiHOCT nOf'>iMAa!JeHa eBponCKOM KYA-
G G. Sotiriou, Guide du muse byzantin d'Athnes, 1955, 22. Haj3Ha'-Jaj-
HHjl1 CAHJWP y OBOj rpy:rur 6HO je EMaHyeA IJ,aHec (1610-1690), pobeH Il PeTH-
Ha KplITY; KM je lherOB pOAHH rpaA rrao rrOA TypCKIl BAaCT 1646. CKAOHHO
ce Ha Kp<p, a rrOTOM 1655. Il BeHel\Hjy; 1659. rrOCTaBibeH 3a KarreAaHa l\pKBe
CaH Bopbo AeH fpel\H II y T0\1 3Batbll OCTao AO CMpnI. I-heroBO HajcTapHje
;.\,eAO rrOTWle H3 1636 (Ce. CnupuoH Il MY3ejy Kopep); Y'-IeCTBOBao je y CAH-
KalhY HKOHOCTaca y IJ,pKBH CB. Bopba y KOjOj je OCTaBHO HKOHe
(caAa y MY3ejy XeAeHcKor HHcTHTYTa). BHo je Haj3HaqajHHjH rp'lKH HKo-
HOrrHCal\ XVII BeKa; y CTHAY MY ce YAPY)l(y;jy maniera greca H THIlOBH
THHTopeTa 11 IlaAMe MAaber, Te HTaAlljaHcKa rpa<plIKa XVI BeK<l.. Y CAlI-
KaMa rrojeAHHHx CBenlTeloa 6HO je rrpere>KHo KOH3epBaTHBaH, a y HCTOpHj-
CKHll.l cl\eHaMa ce BHllle npH6AH>KlIO 3arraAHHM YTHl\ajHMa. OMH10eHa TeMa 6HO
MY je XpHCTOC BeAHKH ApxHjepej, a AaTHpa jOlll H3 BpeMeHa IlaAeoAora;
HapOY:HTO ce rrpOlllHpHAa y rrOCTBH3aHTHjcKoj erroxH; H rropeA 3arraAH>a'lKHX
CAeMeHaTa (KPYHa, CKHrrTap), OH je II Y crapocTH OCTao BepaH TpaAHI-\HjH.
Plyorrouo '0 tXrro-rpcupo 0soowpo Ilouaxt xcd Yj
Xxoyp<pL :molox-rop[ xoocn 1979. J. Rigo-
poulos, The Ieon Painter Theodore Poulakis and the Flemish Eng-
raving, Summary in English anld Index of Icons, pp. 489-500, Grigoris Publi-
cations, Athens 1979. IlYAaKHc je pobeH 1622. Ha KPHTY, a YMPO 1692. I-;Ia
Kp<PY, Ha KojeM ce HaCTaHHO OA 1675; Ha KpHTY MY je 6HO YY:l-lTeib MaAO
rr03HaT KaAybep AM6p03HjyC. Y BeHel\Hjy je CTHrao 1645. H OCTao AO 1657, a
rrOTOM ce BpaTHO Ha Kp<p. Y AeAY MY ce cycpene CHI-iTe3a WKOAe H
3arraAHoeBporrCKor peaAll3Ma KOjH je yrr03Hao jow Ha KpHTY rrpeKO AHpe-
poBe rpa<pHKe, OC06HTO 6aKpope3a; Y BeHel\HjH je Harnao CaAeAepOBa rpa-
<pHY:Ka AeAa, rra je AOWAO AO cnajalha rrOCTBH3aHTH[cKor CTHAa C MaHHpH3-
MOM <pAaMaHGKe BapHjaHTe (OOAaTKe 0 IlYAaKHcy A06HO caM OA AenocaBc
IIIeAMlm, CaBeTHHKa faAepHje MaTHl\e cpnCKe, Ha 'leMY joj H OBOll'! rrpHAn-
KOM 3axBaibyjeM).
IIOCTBli3aHTlijcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6lijli y XVIII U XIX neKY 225
TY'POM H fb6HffiVl TeKOBH'Ha'Ma.
8
MO)KAa cnopo 3.AH yrrropHo, QlHa je 3a-
J1I()qeA'a Aa ce OA XVIII 'BeKa I.l.IiH!pU lHaceBep, y M<liKeAlHiHjH, Cp-
6HjH, 'Y fJ1peAeMI'Ma npeRo Y1Haa H CaBe, CBe AD BYA'lf.Ma, rAe je
C'J1.HrAa y rrOCAeAH>oj "LIeBTpnrHH XVIII BeKa, 'lj'llopeAo ca POiI<JOKOOM
KOj'H je TaAa ocBajao IMeCTO Meny Cp6HlMa 'lI YCTaAHo ce 'Y cpnoKoj
y,Mel'HiOCTH.
IIrpo,Nop eAeMeHaTa 3anaAHe y,"leTHOCTH ocTBapeH je y PY'ClrjH
OAH'IHUM n'ITeM H CAUqHHM orpeACl'BI-I'Ma. AOA:Hip Pyca ca CTpaHl'h'll
TprOB3:'lKIH'M K.oAOHH'j<lJMa Y CBOjOj 3eMlb'lI CA'060Aa" ,
"x,OAaIHAOKa cA06oAa") HL"130 je o36HlbHHX J]OCAeA!I-Il.l;a no 'KYATY'PiHH
)KI-I'BOT PycHje na li 'Y"1eTHOCTH. BaKpope3H npOTeCTaJHTCKHX BH6A:Hja
,K;oje cy paAHAH HH'303eN\'CKH Y'Mel'H!H1.\li M<lip'IlHJH XeMcKepK IH IIeTep
<p.muep 3B<liHH llHCKal'Op HMaAH oy Hery YNory Kao H Map'Ka:HTO'BH-
jeBiH 'lI CaAeAepOBiH 6aKpOpe3H. PeaAH!CTHlJIKe 11 pea-
AHC'I1H'tl'Ke llpeACTa'Be Du6AHjCKHX nO"LleAe cy Befi y XVII BeKY
Aa oMefbyjy BH3aHTHjOKH CTIfA, fberOiBO CX'B3!Tafbe <pHrype, rreponeK-
TlIBe iH OAHoca rrpeMa rnpupOAU. IIpeoKpeT Ce TIoqeo HcnOlbaBaTH 'fI0-
OAe 1659. Y AeA'Y Q<lJpCKOr 1J130rpa<pa CHMOH. Ym<liKOBa -( 1622-1686),
Kiojn HHaqe mrje 6HO jeAHJHH Y'MeTH'HlK H'B!r 0Mepa. HCTY YAOJ1Y je
}fu\1a 11 u;ap:OKH )KHJBOl1iHCaQ BorAa:H CaATa:H'OB, a y YKp<lijHHH je lHa-
CMflK<liH Aeu3uc XeTMal-ta CG.JHOjJW6t1<ta 1672, "Y."HjH je ayrop OCTao
AOCa:A HeII03HaT. Ha Y'KpajHJHoKY Y'MeTHIocT je YT.HQaAa IIolbcKa. IIrpo-
u;ec npeo6pa)Kaja 6p30 je 'Y3H'Mao Maxa 'Y J]ocAeAfbHM AeQeHHjaIM3
XVII 'BeKa, OC06HTO KpajeM 'BeKa, KaA je ,A;06uo rroApillKY IIeTpa Be-
MfIKOr IKlOjH je jeAHH'M YKa30;\1 Jf3 1707. OABOjHO QpKBeao CNI-I'K<lip-
CTBO DA npopa'Hor 'Y3 CapaAH>y HB3!Ha 3arpYNh'Hja. Il,.pK'B6HO CA'H1Kap-
C1'BO je DT3'A Tpe6aAO Aa qHHH CHM6U:03Y CTapor 'H HOBOT. To cy 6lfAe
peaA!H'C'.Nf"lJ'I<.e <pHrype OBeTiHTelba Ha YKpameHoj 3Aauwj n03aAH'H'H,
c AeK'OpaTHlBHWM cYI'Ha'Dyp3!Nla C'Y 6HAe CAH"lJ'He OHYUMa y CllpO-
ralHOBCK'oj illKOAH, Ha CAH"L)a>H HaqHH IKlIO y C1'I'lAY MAeqllHa, 0')\#0-
CHO BllIB3:pHHuja npe 'BHWe OA AiBe CTOTHHe rAHHa. AOAYIIIe, CA>H1KapU
cy y nOqeTKY nOKYIII3!B3.AH Aa HOBH'M I)WMIT03HQHOHHM paCopeAOM
IJpHAaroA;e purype BH3<lJHmjoKoM CT11Ay, rrrpeKpJ-llBajyl1H: UX OpiH'aMeH-
1'HKOM iKao p3!HHje. AMi "LI'BpCT 11 cyreCl'HBaJH peaMi'33!M 3aITa:,A;lh<liKa
'HHje Morac 6HTH 'rpa:HHQeH jeAHRo cxeMY: OH je
8 IIpeo6pa.IKajli CTI'IAa nOA YTHl..\ajeM MAeTaqKOr CAli1<apCTBa Haj60ibe
ce YO'IaBajy aKo ce ynopeAe ABe HKOHe E:'WH\/eAa !..\aHeca: Ca. AUMU'lpuje
H3 1672. U C6, [eopwje H3 KaoHlijHx rOAHHa; cnajafbe 3anaAHHX il HCTO'l-
HHX eAeMeHaTa je O'llirAeAHo y aHaToMHjli TeAa CBeTliTeiba 11 fbliXOBliX 1<a-
:fba, nOABprHYTliX cTporoj aHaAH3li, rrpH6AmKaBaI-bY peaAH3MY, AOK cy AHl..\a
CBeTliTeiba OCTaAa rropTpeT CAliKaHa y Bli3aHTujcKoM AYXY ca OCBeTibefbeM
sui generis Koje HHje nOAperieHo oCBeTibefbY H3 jeAHor li3Bopa. II oBAe rroc-
TojH AeAOBafbe CliMYATaHeH3Ma rro KOMe CBeTAOCT MO.IKe 6HTH pa3HoBpcHa
HCTO OHaKO Kao H pa3He paAl-be y jeAHoj CAUl.\U, rAe CAliKap jOllI Hlije YCBa-
JRO peHeCaHOHO HaqeAO jeAllHCTBa, BpeMeHa If paAfbe, Kao Hnp. y nllaf1al-bY
rlOpe3a OA Ma3aqa (CaHTa MapHja AeA KapMHHe). To 3HaqU Aa HU cjmpeH-
J'!.CKO CMIKapCTBO HHje 0AMax MorAO Aa ce OCAo6oMI HaCAena Koje je
OCTaBilAa vecchia maniera greca.
226
n. BaCliI
3aXTeIBao CBe, H CYAOHIHa Bl13aHTJijoKor CTHA:a HAa je perneHa, Hcrn-
Ha He oe3 011IIOpa U;PKBeHllX lbYAM. Ta.,KO je jeAalH naKOH, CPOlflH Jo-
BaH l1ibewKOBHfl, l3efl me3AeceTHx rOIAH'Ha XVII BeKa yerao npOTHB
ffooe ryMeTHIOoTH rOBopeflH KaK'O ca:A,a CAHKaj'y XpHCTa ,,1K'ao illBa6y
. rh ,..,.. y
'KO'Me Jorn ,,aNH caMO HeMaqKa caOiba '0 'OeAPHMa". npeAa3HOM rre-
pHOAY IMorAU cy jorn Aa KOer3H'C1'Hpajy CTapo If HOBO, aAU IfIO'CAC
1707. IHHje LBHrne OHi\O rOBopa 0 rrOCTBH:5aHT'HjoKoM CTHAY 'Hero 0
OllpOJ<iY. 3axBaibyjyflH rroPiprnU;H l1eTpa Be.i\llfIKOr, oapoK je Ao6uo
cHary 3aKClIH'a, a llOMeHYTH "fKa3 je pernHO IKOHal.l'HY oYAorfHiY noCT-
BH3aJ-l:TujcKor CAHKapCTBa 'Y PYClfIj:H.
9
KalKO je rp4'Ka YMeWlioCT OHAa CTaAaJH oopa3au; 3a YMeTH'HKe y
M3IKeA'OHlfIju, EyrapcKoj 'H CPOHjIf, TO 'lBaJK!Be npOMeHe HoHCY MorAC
H3OCTaT>H y TH1vl 3eMib3lMa oe3 003Hpa Ha orerreR 'BapujaJ-laTa. Tarr<o
ce Ha rrpaMep y rpacPHU;H CPIr'CKHX KI-h'Hra rnTaMuaHHX y BeHeU;H'jH y
rnTaNI!ITaip.ujH EO>KUAapa U BlfIHfleHu;a BY'KOBH'fla, Ben 3ana>Ka Aa ce
y Hi\'YCTpau;uj'H I.\IpK'BeHUX Kf-bUra OApa)KaBa IMAeTa'tJ'Ka Y'Mel1J-10CT. Ao-
nojacHe cP'H'rype CBe11lneloa nOAcelia:jy 'Ha 'HeKlU BHA sacra conversa-
zione KaA BlfIf-beTa, a oHoAnjC'Ke Cu;e'He,
pe3aiHe no AeA'HlMa IMAeTaqKHX CAlHiKaipa y peHecaHCHOJ.l CTHAy, ca
rrpeA,.eAOIM y nepCrreK'I1HBfl1, rOB:ope y rrpUi\Jor lJ-IerroopeA'Hoj n03ajlMuU;H
113 IKaTOA'U'I'KUX EUOA'l1ja. OHe AeAyjy yrraAibRBO 'Y OIUPY u;eA1HHe
'IIflje cy UAYC'Ppa1wje 'OCTaAe y rpalH'Hu;aMa rrpaBiOCAaBHe HKJlf'Orpa-
qmje, 'llJpeHeTe y TexHlfIKY ApBOpe3a.l Taj npou;ec je lfrMaO CTI'pUjl1
TOK y CAHlKapcTSY 3aTO rnTO Cp6H'ja J-IIHje UAa H3A.Q)l<eHa 'HenOcpeA-
HOM ymU;aJjy 3aJIIaAHe YMeTHOCTH, qal< HH crpaHe rpacPlflKe Koja je y
TOM norAeAylfIMaAa Haj6p)Ke AejcTBO. HaI1pOTH:B, rrpUBp)!WJ-IIOCT Tpa-
AHlJ)HHa.A!HUM IHa'IeAHiMa BAaAaAa je 3aAyro nOCAe rraAa AecnoToBHHe
1459; TaJKO oy ce Ha rrpHMep cAHiKapu 3HA'HUX CAl1'K'a y XonOBY A'P-
)!<aAU Y tHa:ocy cy CA'l1'KaAH cPpecKe 1608. IKOTI!Hpa'}yl:.n
AeAa l1'3 MHAYTH'J-llBUX 3aAy)!<jwHa, a y rrpH'rrpaT1U je 1654. 3aOTyrr-
ibeH jeAaH C'I1UA C 'HarAarneH'UG'vl T'aKTH1\lHHM BpeAHocTlfIMa, )KHJBibHiM
I"OAOpUTOM U H3A;Y)KH.lf1M <pll'PypaMa l.je je rropeKAo cBeroropoKo,
aAU cy C'Al1<apH OUAU fpu;n. YCBal(;()lM 'cAyqaj'Y 'HeMa 3Ha'KOBa HU
3a ilTpOMeHY C'l:HAa iJ-IIH 3a TIOJCl!BY lf1AejlHux tHOBUlHa. l1al'pajapx li
Ba oy 'IYBaAIUCTapo C'MI:KapCT'BO YBH'XOpy nOAHT'W.J1K'l1'X 3lfIBa'f-ba iK'oja
HIlCY 'M'Or1\:a Y3ApMaTH 'opnCKY npa:BOCAaBlH'Y U;PKB'Y y I-beJ-lI1'M TetlVle-
ibHMa. 3naHl1''I<Ha YMeTHoCT 01<0 pnCl<e naTpwjaprnHje y l1eliu cy-
OMl'MHCaAa je fCBaj l1AeaA y pacPH'f'liOBaHOM C.i\;HKapCT:BY A;BOPoK.'OT CA'U-
Kapa PaA;YAa. To je OHAa oK'BHHl'eCeHu;uja 'Bu3aHTujoKor CTHAa, jaooa,
9 H. fpa6ap, HCTOpHFl PYCCKaro HCKYCCTBa, Kfb. VI, CB. 22, 1916, 424-
--454, 469,
10 A. MeAaKOBHn, TpaqJUKa ermCKUX UiTaMnaHUX lC/-bUza XV-XVII
eeKa, EeorpaA 1958, 146, 214, Ta6. LXIV-LXX; C. IIeTKoBHn,
Meditationes vitae Chris,ti o llceyo-EoHaeeHType y jel-lOj cpnclcoj K1bU3U
U3 XVI eeKa, 360pHllK CBeT3apa PaAoj1.na <l>aKYATeT, OAe-
A>efbe 3a HCTOpHjy YMeTHOCTH, EeorpaA 1969, 258.
IIOCTBI13aHTHjcKO CMU<apCTBO y Cp6uju y XVIII u XIX BeKY 227
,AiOCAeA:Ha, TpaAIIQIIOIHMHa, II y Ta'K'BaM 11>eHOM 3paLIel:b'Y I-mje 61I'A0
oAcTyna'lba OA 'Ka:J-I10Ha 'KOjH '0'1 OHAH CTaNHO rroIll'toBaiHH.
ll
A:ooa :H ana'OHOc"I1H AOHeAa je lBeAHKa ceo6a 1690. ro-
Mme. HcnfHa, CpOH cy KpetHYA'I1 U3 OTaUOHHe OOCAe 3HaTHHX [lPll-
npeMa: fI10HeAH cy nOKpeTHe CTBa'pH, MOIll'l'lI 'KpaibOOa, H'K:OIfe, U;PK-
BetHe Yl1Baip:U, APa'rOQeHOCTH, K'llill're, Ail1H1Jje, 6apj'a:Ke, yonIllTe OBY
nOKpeTHlY HiMOIBH'HY. 3a HMMa je :OCTaAO ORO rAaBHO -MaHaCTllpH,
lM eppeCl<e. HaKO cy nOHeNH epMHHHje IH Apyre npnpyYJHiHiKe,
H'nalK 0'1 OCTaAli rAa'BHH 'H3BOplI cA'WKapCTlBa: eppecKe :Ha 3HAOBJ'IiMa
H H y 'KynoA'a'Ma QpKaBa IJ{ Ma'HaCTJ-Vpa. To je HoMaAO
JliOCAeAHQe 3a YMeTHlNKH .>KHBOT Cpoa y YrapcKoj H XpBaTcIf<;oj.l2
TIoLIel1KoM XVIII BetKa j\lBHA'O ce 'HelllTO HOBO y YMeTHocTH
y Cp611'j'H, a nplICTHrAO je ca ceBepa H j'YTa. Ha npB'M Meery cy
Yel'npH HKOHe 3a MaHaCTHp PalIWBHQY IK:oje je Ao6HO IHry.MarH rplH-
3a YCAyre Y<fHlbeHe prYOKOM nOCAa'RHKY nplIAHlKOM 3aKMy-
yelha KapA'OBa"lKOr MlIrpoBHor yroBopa 1699; %KOHe cy AOHeTe y Cp-
6H'j-y 1701. CA'WKaAII cy HX PYOKH QapoK,u I-UKOH[JHCQH 1687. 3a oMa-
HacTHp BaToneA y CBeToj rOpH, aAH 0'1 cyrrpoTH'O O'BOj HaMe'HlI 6uAe
fWKAOlbeHe HrYMaHY MaHacTHpa Pa:KiOBHQe.l
3
OHe cy MO'I'Ae nO'CAY-
>KHllH Ka' H3BecTalHysOp, aAH 0 TOMe 3acaA JIeMa nOAaTaKa. Huje
HOKLbY,LImro Aa cy 'MorAe YTH'QaUI Ha Kpyr OKO ,pa:Ba'R'W]KO'f IHryMaJHa
CTe<Pama. OH je 011'0 KTH110p jePiHe l-lKOIHe JOIBa!Ha llpereqe 'K.oja ce
HaAa3H y enH'KonOKOM y CpeMoKHM KapAoBQH'M'a', a oHAa je
HaiMelbeHa Q'PK'BH Ba3Hecelba.
14
HrY'MaJH CTeepaH ce BpaTHO y Cp6Hjy
nOCAe TIKapeBa"llKOr MlIpoBH'or yroBopa 1718. H YOP30 nOA;H'l'ai li
;fBOllHcao npnrrpaTY MaJHaoTHipa PaBaIHrn..J;e 1721. T,MIIHe.
15
H'B'HlHY
y TOM 'CAH'KapCTBY npeACT<lJBAoa )KUBAoH rKOA'OplHT KOjlJI ce MeCTlfM'H"l'HO
jaBHo Ha TepHTopHjlI 6eOI'paPiOKO-<KapA'Ba<']Ke MlHl'pO'lIAlHje, Ha
npH'Mep Ha IHKOH3:Ma 3a QrpKBY y CAaJHK:arMeHY 1726. rOAHHe.
16
)KUBO-
nHCQ.H 'M<lJHaOrnpa Apa,qe 'VHeAH GY HeW110 HOBO 1736: eAe:M0HTe jY)K-
Hor oapoKa y 'YIKpam'aB<lJlh'Y rrpeCTOi\a borop!6iHQe, Kp\nHe, CK'HflTpa,
K<lJrmTeAacTyoBa CTH'AJ-!Ta, KajH AeAyjy 'Kao pycTHLIaH OGA'HK OHor
Cl1HAa IKOjH cy Y'BeAHK.' nplFMelbWB<lJAH 'CAHoKaplI ca JO'BCK.HX OCTpBa
(CA. 4). CAHlKapH Apaye 0'1 OCTaAH IlpII np'HI'VWeHOM KOAOpI-I11Y I{
MOl-IYMerUaAH'HM :ooAH'Q'HMa KOjH cy noce6Ho AOWAiH AO
11 C. IIeTKoBHti, 3UOHO CizWcaPCTBO Ha noopy<zjy DenIce narpujapuzu-
je 1557-1614, HOBH CaA 1965, 153-156.
12 II. Bacuti, 30zpacp CTarlOje u l-beZ080 eJlo, 360pHHK 3a AllKOBHe
YMeTHOCTH, 14, HaBu CaA 1978, 330 H Aaibe.
'13 II. BacHti, AYTOPU, nOpelCJlO u 3H.a<taj npec'coH.ux UlCOHa U3 BeJluzee
PeMere, 360pHUK MaTHl.te cpncKe 3a APywTneHe HaYKe, CB. 28, HOBH CaA
1960, 93.
14 II. Bacuti, YMeTHOC'Z' y CpeMcKuAz KapJlOB/.of.uAW, YMeTHKYI Torro-
rpaq>uja CpeMcKHX KapAOBaQa, HOBU CaA 1978, 166.
15 M. fiOPOBHti-IDy6uHKOButi, Aac/(lJl jepoMoHax CTerjJaH, PaA BOjBO-
l5aHcKHx MY3eja, HOBH CaA 1956, 73.
16 II, BacHti, Cpnc/w CJlwcapu XVJI1 Be/ca y CpeMY, Ao6a 6apolCa,
cTYAuje u '-lAaHQU, EeorpaA 1971, 65.
228
n. BaCHh
113pa3a y Aparrepwja!Ma XpHCTa, BliIlle 3anaAIbaqKHM Hero 'BlnaHTHj-
CKIBL TurroBli 'Y 06AHKlfjy ce H3BecHOM AHiHeapHO),l
MHlI-ryU;lm::momny IKoja ce YAaloHAa OA B'H3aJHurjC'lwr 'K<tHOl!a
MenYTrl'IiM, H j.\'!-mMa H APVflIu'v1a Ae)l(H Ka:O 1lf3BeCl'8.iH peaAli3aM
qHje je 06eAe)l(je Bliwe cneKYAaTH'BH 'Hem 5.1nli'PMqlKO, 'B'HllIe 3a-
MH'WibeH a pri'ri Hero H31'paneH a posteriori. AYT'OpH CAHKaJpCl'Ba y
patI'H nOTH'tIy c jyra, a cYAenH rra je3ll'K'Y 6HAH C'Y HAH tIaJK
IipU;H. HewTo 'BlIme ce 3Ha :0 Ta'.<j:>H AiHAipeje AiHiApeaBHna lK<oja je
)fBOlJiHCa:Aa MlIHacTHp a OCHM AIHApeje 'Y rpyrlH cy
GUAH <PHi\JUn AHApeoBwn H 30rpa<j:>H HeAeMKo, HnK01\a H reopraje.
Ilocroj'HMoH'lliibeIbe Aa je OIBa rpyrra rrOCAe 3a'BpWeH'H'X p8.A{}Ba V Bpa-
paAHJ\a 3HAH'O CAIIIKaJp:CToBO y U;pKBH Aa3apnun '! KpymeB-
l.4y. i\'1ebyniM, 'A OBo'r Ci\:l1IKapcl'Ba oy catIYOO'HiH ca'MOMaAlI AeAOBH
BAaAap0l(HX TIOpTpeTa KOj'Yi rro CTl1AY HeWTO Beny CAo60AY."
HCTOIBpeMeHo je no Cp6Hjn y YrapoKoj C'AaHauIlbOj Boj130AHHH)
PaAWO H XpHCTo<P0P )Ke<j:>a'poBHn (YMPO 1753. y MOCKBH) KOjU je
AOWa C j'l'ra. HHCY ff03HaTa JberOBa AeAa H3 rrpBHX rOA'i'l'Ha, a lbe-
rOR HaJjPaJHHjlU n03Ha1'H U'HrKAYc CAlfKa HaAa3H ce y IMa'HaCTHpy Eona-
HIi'Ma, iCAlHlK<liH 1737.r.oAHlHe.
18
I-heroB'O 'CAIiKa;pcl1Bo ce y 'I1OrAeA'V CTHAa
J:fa.Aa3H OmpHMiKe 'Y Ci\:II1t.I'HOj 'KAWMH lKao li JberOB'llX caBpe\1eHlHlKa.
a.A:H lUTO ce TII'tIe TeMa, y H>eM'y cy H3J3eOHe HOiBIi'He rra KojH'Ma ce
illIA'H ,A/a je <y1IT03Hao n:ojeAlllHe eAeMeJHTe C'.i\HKapcwa oa JO'HOKllX OC-
TpBa lKOjH cy rrpeJHeT'H il ry rp'lJKry,19 Tu ce 3al[[la')l(>3. [EO ABeMa TeM3.vIa
K'oje 0'1 CAHK!aJHe ry EobaJHHiMa: BaClCpCe/-be XPUCTU60 u KpYHuCaJ-be
DOlOpoul4e. )Ke<j:>apoBHn je 6HO paAo3HaAa npHIp0Aa; nyr 'IlpeKO beO-
rpaAa, Eona'Ha, opm-MiHe H IIIl1IKAyma 1B00AIJi!O ra je 'Y J3eq Y KOMe ce
06peo 1741, WKO !He li 'Pa'H'lfje. Ty ce aJKTH'BHO 6mmo rpacjmKo:vr, na
je H3 nOCTBH3aJHTHjoKe epa3e npewao y 6ap:OK, Aa 6H y6p30 npH-
XBaTHo 'Yi eAeMe'l-ITe pOKoKoa. )KeepapaB'Hnena 6worpa<j:>Hja nOKa3yje
nyT K,OjilIU\1 cy IBepoBaTHo np.omAH H Apyrr:H IH>3.WI-I YMeTl-IlHl.\H. /lCeepa-
pOBan y Ol3aKQ.\1 iCA'yqWjy Ka'o :ReKa BpCTa apnOKor 501'a KOjH
je ARH<liM'll'lHillM paBIrojeM H311paAHO YCA10Be 3a iHiOBa OT'K!pUna, 3a Aa,\'H
K'OpaK IllTO oy ra OCl1BapHAH l'eJK APY'rrH: npeA'CTa13HH'l.\H PY0J(,O-YKpa-
jlIiHOKor CTIMa y CprrcKOM iCAHlK!arpcl1BY. )Ke<j:>a'pOIB'Hn je rHwao 'HorrpeA
CBor BpeMeHa; OH je YlH'elO Te.MtaTOKe HOiBHrHe y OBOj penepToap, AIOK
oy JbeI'aBH CaBpeMeHlIUU li3 paqe H Bpa,neBillHIi'l.4e OCTaAiH 'IlpH cpeA-
17 M. KOAapHn, Cpnc/ca YAtemOcT XVl/I ee/ca, EeorpaA MCMLIV, 21;
n. BacHn, EapoKHu e/leMeHTU y cpnCKOM C/lUlcapcTey npee nO/lOeUHe XVIII
eeKa, EeorpaA 1964, 8; B. PHCTli, a :ncueonucy LlpKee Ce. CTerfJaHa y Kpy-
PalllKa 6alllTHHa, 1, KpaloeBo 1975, 53.
18 A MHpKoBHn II H. 3APaBKOBHn, MaHacTup EohaHLl, Eeolpa
1952, 56.
19 G. Sotiriou, Hae. e/lo, 21; OH nOMHI-he CAHKape feopmoca BllAa-
Allca, JOBaHa MocKOca (1713), KOHCTa.H1'ltHa KOHTapllHHca (1715), feoprHoca
Q,pllCai\OpaCa (1733), MllxaHAa E<pe3Hoca (1738), )Ke<papoBlieBe ca-
BpeMeHllKe.
IlocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6HjH y XVIII H XIX BeKY 229
l-hOBeKOBHiHM MOTIfBHMa, 'Ha npHIMep CUJza3az Xpucra y a. I-beroBo
lfAejHo anpeAeibelhe nOKa3Yje H l-herOBKpaj: nYl'OIB3H>e y MOOl<JBy.
20
Hcre fO'AJ1IHe 1737. KaA je CA'HKa'Ha BpaneBillHilfLla, H feopmrje
CTojaJHOiBH'n, HKOHOnH'Cau H3 CBHlIIroBa a rpaoaJHHlH 6eOI'pa,AOKH, Ci\.!H-
KHO je llIKOHie 3a U;PKBY OB. JOBaJHa y CaBaMaAH 'Y BeoI'paAy.21 feop-
rH'je je no OBeMY CYAenH 6HO naTplfjapxoB CARiKap. I-beroB'O CAHiKap-
CTBO je HaCTaAO H3 YKplIITeHHX YTHuaja ceBepa - '113 Y'K'pajl'JlHe - I:!
jyra, npI:! yeMY je COA'yaCK'H oapOK HMao 3HaTHH'jH YAeo. OH ce I:! K3-
oHHje ja4e HonOibHO y J1IKO'HaiMa Hero y 3H'A'HOcV1 cAHIKapCl'By. feoprn-
jeBaBe3a c jyroM orAeAaAa ce y TOMe lIITO je rrOCAe CA'HIKaha I:llW0-
HOCTaca 3a U;PKBY CB. IIeTpa H IIaiBAa y CpeMCKoHIM KapA'BUlIiMa 'IIO-
HOBO lHllIlJQ IHa jyr 1746, rAe je U'PTao MaHacnrp Ae4lJHe
22
, a nOTOiM
Aao Aa ce H3paAH 6aropope3.
3a BpeMe aycTpnjcKeBA'aAaBHHe y CPOHlj'H - "aAlMHB,H'CTpaUllje"
- Cp6Hja je 6HAa y Be3H ca AryCTp>H'jOM IH OA!HeKAe HMaAa Be3e C
PY'clfMa KOjH cy AiOAa3H'AH y }fawe 3eMloe iKao yqllTeibH, rprOBT..IJH,
MOHaCH, a noce6I-Io Kao YMeTHHUH. MeoyrHlNl, Taj npoLtec je OMO 'npe-
KHlHYT BeorpaA0KHM MHpOBHilI'M yI10BO'pOM 1739, TaKO Aa cY CpoHja,
oprrOKa Up'K'Ba H cprroKa qpKBeHa Y'MeTlHOCT oneT 6HAH ynyneHH Ha
j'yr IKao npe aYC1'pH'jcKe oKyrraUIIje, WTO 3Ha4H Aa cy TO OHAH y:3iOipH
1f3 fp'lfKe. OHH Hu.ioy HMaAH OHaI'y oHenocpeAHOCTH C KiOjOM oy PYCH
npeHOOHA'H 06pacue H Ha4eAa YKpajHOK'T CAHKa'pCTBa y CpeMiCKe
Hero cy OHAH orpaHH'4eHH Ha nocpeAaH A;OAHp y cy
ce iHOBa CXBaTalha jaoibaAa '.V1eCTHMW1JHO, KOJ\:HIKO je AocaA n03'HaTO.
TaKO je :aaoeJ-lla HKOHa JOBlJHa KpcTH'I'eiba 1f3 1745. Y &y-
KOBY, AeAO H'K!HOflHcua. feH4a <PHAYflioBOKor H3 fa6poBa. Y M3!Hd-
CHIPY PY'K'Y'M'HjH l-I'aAa3H ce CA!H4Ha l1lK':Ha ca 3anH'OOlM: GBd'J'IH IOdH'h
MOilH MHilOC'I'HBdrW Crd 3d CBE'J'd 1784. HKoHa HMa 6a'poKHH OK-
BHip H MO)KAla nOTH4e H3 BojBOAHHe. I-beR CTHA nOMaAO nOAcena Ha
CAHiKoapCTBO GHABeCTpa IIonoBHna Ha y MOHOllITOPY,
AOHeKAe eKcnpecHOHHcTH4KO. Y ceAa fopo6lIA>a HaAa3U ce
HKOHa JOBaHa IIpeTe4e Koja 6H no 6apOKHiHM eAeMeHTHMa MorAa
nOTHUa H3 cpeAHHe XVIII 'BeKa. 30rpa<l> C'I1aBpO je 1754. CAllKaO
HI(OHOCTac MaHaCTIlpa Bpal.eBmHlIue C PYCTl!4HHM nOCTB'H3aHTII:j-
CKHM CTHACKHM 06eAe)KjeM.
23
Y MaHaCTHipv BpaTHH HaAa3H ce l"a-
Kooe jeAHa BoropoAllua H3 XVIII BeKa.
OA we3AeceTHx rOAH'Ha XVIII ReKa, y 3l1a,A,lH'HlM KJpajeBH'Ma Cp-
oHje paAH'o je ClfMeoH a30BiHn 'H TO y CH'poroj'H'Y 1764, y Ce810jHY
20 A. AaBHAoB, CTeMaTolpaqJUja, HOBH CaA 1872; BCTH, Onucai-lUje fe-
PYCCUZUMa, HOBH CaA 1973.
21 Il. BaoHI., CpncKu Eeolpa y o6a 6apotca, A06a 6apoKa, EeorpaA
1971, 174.
22 B. BY'lKOBHn-CaBHI., 30lpacjJ reopzuje CToja1-106Un, 360pHHK MaTH-
l..\e cpnCKe 3a APYWTBeHe HaYKe, CB. XVII, HOBH CaA 1957, 35.
23 P. CTaHHO, Htcol-locrac A-tal-laCTUpCtce I1pK6e y Bpane6UII-lUI1U, 360p-
HHK 3a AHKOBHe YMeTHCTH MaTHl..\e cpncKe, nocBeneH IlaBAY BacHny, 7,
HOBH CaA 1971, 148.
230
II. BaCHn
1779. H Y MaJH'aCl'l1py KAHCYPH 1801. rOAlIIHe.
24
npH'CYCTBO feopmja
M'OAepa 3a6eAe;l<eHO je y CTYAeHHUH 1766. rOAI'EHe;25 Aa AH je 1'0 OHO
feoprnje CTojaH'BH'n HA!H MO){<:Aa aHaj feoipmje H3 APY)KHHe A'HApeje
A:HAipeOBHn'a, TeWKO je penH. JeAaH OA 3anHoa cKpaja XVIII BeK<I
H'aAaI3H ce Ha ceBeptH!()I,M nopra,AV MalHaC11Hpa CB. PMa'Ha 'K'A Ey-
Hlfca: "Ma'lfCTOpH COTHop IIIYiHlAa li A'H!MO 1796". III'IjIHAa je 611'0 poe
AOM :H13 Hllilla li nOMHI-he ce y KapanopnCBOM Ae,1060HOM npOTOlCO-
Jly.26 lb HCTor BpeMeHa nOTHye H HI<:OH'iCTac ry CB. POMaHY KOjH je
Ci\'H,KaO Hen03HaTH 30rpa<}l y nOCTBH3aHTHjoKOM CTHAy. (CA. 5). Taj
HlKOHOCTllC Haj60loe npeACTaJBloa Cl
1
HA KOj,H je y Cp6HjH Ao61l-L0 npe-
IJ;H3HMje 06eAe){<:je; Tpe6a PChH Aa je I1M'aO A,Ba 'BH',,'a: jeAa'H CTP'Q)I,
M'O)Ke ce penH a A'Pym 'HaHBaH, 6aCTapAH30BaH y rropenCI-hY
C joHOJN1JM fCAH'KapCl''BOM. IlpBoj npynH 'Koja je MaI-be 3a'CTynloeHa y
Gp6HjlH rrpH'TIaAajy Ma:jCTapH H'KOHOCTaca CB. POMalHa, MajcTop Malle
y HHmy '113 1815. rOAHHe,27 AAeKOO'je Aa30BHn C ,L\e'laHOK 1+:\01
li'KOHOCTaCOM olf3 1814. fOMU:lC,28 (CA. 7) 3aTI1M Awro 3'rpa<p H3 Be-
Aeca KojH je CAl1JKaO HKOHO'CTac U'PKBe Y BpaI-bY 1860. rOAHHe.
29
Aa-
30BHh H Aww oy Ha'cTojaAH Aa ce npU6AH)Ke 6apoK'Y CAHAHHje rpa-
DeflllljM <pH,rYPaJMa, 'lnprnnHM CX'BaTaf>eM <polpMe 'Kloja 6e3Ma,i\'0 m"ra
l:KaJAeMOKe npeTeH3H1je. CTora oll'M ce He MO){ AaTH H'Me ,,l'pe'leOK:HX
MalfCTopa" Ka'O HH CA11'KapH'Ma CB. POMaJHa H IH'HWKC upKBe IKOjH npeA-
cTaBloajy BH'llIJH AOMeT rrOCl'BH3aJHTHjoKor CT,HAa; OH ce IK'OA Aa30BHna
II AH'Ya 'YKAana y 6apOK, Maip:a je TO y cyrnTH'HH nOCTBH3aHrujoKI1 <pe-
'f-IOM'eH. MenYTH'M, 11 D'Ba ABojHua 06HAaTO paCrrpaCT'HP'Y 3AaTO Ha CH-
jHM RKOHaMa Kao Aa 'He )KeAe li3ry6HTH ca 'OBOj'HM 30Irpa<pOKHM
nOpKA'OM.
Apyra rpyna, MHor06pojI-lHlja, Koja y rrOTrrYHO'CTH onpaBAa'Ba
HlMe "rpeyeOK;J1X MaH'CTOpa" A,eAQ.BaAa je y Cp6HjH TOKOM npBHX ce-
A:aM Ael."(eHHja XIX BeKa. Aa je Hama Y:\o1eT'HOn Ben V XVIII nelKY
6HAa )KCAma lIIH'lBaIJ;HjaBHAH ce rro AeNY XP.J.rcTH<popa )Kepa<poBllna.
:f<!a'toA'I1'Y'Ke TeMe 'cy 'MorAe ynn y IherO'BO CAoHKa'POTB'O nocpeAcT'BoillI
CAH!Kapa iC JOHiOKHX OCTpBa. HCTHIHa, Taj jY)KIH'H (HAH 6a-
pO'K je 6HOM'aI-be HpHCYTa'H y 3HAHOIM CAoMIKa'pC:rBY Hero y lfKOHaoM3.
y HiKOH3IMa ce lIcrrONHo y lHarAarnE'lH'oj AE'lK'OpaIJ;Jl1'jH oKoja je 'YHeA
CTHAIH'30BaJHe eAeMeHTe H3 npnpoAe, npeTe>KHO oM3 611'i'o'HOIr aMI H
<parypaNHor CBeTa YoMeCTO reOMerpH'joKe opH'a!MeHTHKeBH331HTHjcKor
CAHlKapCTBa. HOBa AKiOpaltHja je rracTaAaKHTI-h'a!CTa, pa3rpa:HaTa,
21 K. IIaBAOBHn, Hel103fLaTe U!(Qlle 1764. lO()uHe, il pau pa 302 par!Ja
CUJI-leOHa Aa306u/1a, IIoAHTHKa OA 16. aBrycTa 1964.
25 B, P. IIeTKOBHn, Ha6. eJlo, 314.
26 AeAOBoAHH1 npOTOKOA OA 1812. Mal{ 21. AO 1813. ADrycTa S. Kapa-
lsopna IIeTpOBJia, Bp'oBHor BO)l<Aa H rocnOAapa HaOOAa Cp6Hje, ACC, IB-
AaAO ApywTBo CprrcKe CAoBeCHOCTH y EeorpaAY 1848, 26 (744).
27 II. 1\. fanjAl-, MaJlu HUUllCU ca60pHu xpaM ca Jleronuco,w, IIpHf\or
HCTOpHjH HHwa H errapxHje HHWKe, 1961, 19.
28 B, P, IIeTKOBHn, fW6. eJlo, 88.
29 K. TOMOBCI, Ca60pHa C6. Tpo;mre y Bpal-bY, noce6aH
OTHcaK H3 BpafbCKor rAacHHKa, Kfb. III, Bpafbe 1967, 20.
IIocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6Hju y XVIII YI XIX BeKY 231
npeTepaHia; OHa je YMaI-bHAa yoo.If'.IajeHo ocenaI-be Mepe y ITOrAeAY
Ae!<''pant:BH'OCTH Koje je BH3aHl'lIj'cKa YMeTH'OOT upITeAa 13 xeA0HH-
CTH'l'KOr iHacAena. AKO je onAo Te)Ke ,MeI-baTH oopaCue:H:3 epMllHHja y
3HJAlH!OM CitliIKapcTBY, UKOHe cy oHAe nOAAO){('H.H'je OBl1'M rHOBllIHalMa 'Koje
H'Iwy MeI-baAe OYWl'H'H'Y np<IJBOCAa'BHor Y'-IeI-ba Bero oaMO CITOibH'Y ,cl'pa-
'H'Y A!lilK'OBHOr H3pa3a. OBaj OMep je BHlIle IlOAarao Ha YTHoalK fKoj:H
OCTaBiba AeKopaUHja Hero 'Ha AlHlK'OBHY AeAa. HORO y cPpe-
CKaMa orAeAaAO ce y nojeAIJ.-I'HOCTHMa, y OAenH OBeTHX paTH.I1'Ka
je fl'OCTaAa Ayra'-I'I, y OH3apHHM WAeM'OBH'Ma, y A0K.OpaTHBHO'Cl'H npe-
CTOAa, MooHAHjapa, KpYHa, CI<HITTapa, liH'CnrHJ11ja, a y HKOHaL'vl<a y
OOUNHOj yrroTpeoH 3AaTa Koje je rrOyeAO Ilp0Kp'H'BaTH
Aa TOM npeHarAam0HOlUh:y 3AaTa OBYAa H Ha CBa'KOM AeAY HKOII-Ie
nOTHOI-IJe AHKOBH'H H3pa3 '!<'OjH je CHe "BHlUe ryoH'O y ITH'lnypaAHOC'I'H.
OBaj HOIB'H 'Ma1fH'P je 'IlAeHYl'O A,yXOBe, 1ll0nOTOBY O'He rrpOceYlH'e 3a II('Olje
je H CClJM nojaM 3AaTa 03HaY'asao H Haj'BHWolf AOSOJ'oaJH 3a
DpeAlHOCT AeAa.
JY){H, OOAyHJOKH, oapOIK, je npeAcraBJ'oao He caMO nOTpeoy HCTO-
4He YMe'DH'OCTH 3a OaH'O-SOM Hero H )Ke,bY Aa ce !KOpHCTH npaBaq
Klojn 'ce rrpOllJllfpH' no 'CBeTY, 'li 1'0 He cac'vlO y EBpm Il{ !Ha DAlHOK''J\1
HCTOK'Y Hero H y JYiKHOj AMepHUH 3aXBaJ'oyjynH IIIna'HHjH H IIop'DY-
raAHljH. Ha CAHlIaHHaYH'H Kao lUTO cy y XVI BeK'Y ITpeY3H1Ma
I
HH eAC-
Mea'DH peHeca'Hca, ay npeY3H'MaHH e,\0MeHl'H oapoKa. A Ma'PH-
HHjeB 06pa3au oapoKa "abbagliare, stupire" (,,3aceHHTH, 3anpenaCTYI-
TH") YH3MeI-beH'OM 'BHAY je CTHra:o AO rpaJHHue B'H3a'H'DHjcKor CBen\.
Ka110AHYKH oaplK je AeAOIBao npH6MJ)KaHaI-beM YMellH1Hfll,KOr AeAa
MacaMa yoeAJ'o'HBowl:y trompe l'oeila, AOIK ce 6apOlK y l1'paBOCAa
'
BJ-rOM
CBeTY :HcnOMHO IHarAaWaBaI-b'0:vr AeK.OpaTIli'BIff.OCTH, lUTO je H'vlaAO OC-
HOBY y BH3aHTHjoK'oj tyMeTHOCTH. MenyrnM,. A,OlK jeB.H3a1HTHjaKa
YMeTHO'CT y 'Jiaj :H3Ba<H:peAHoj ClIB10H.o3H AHIKBiHor II AeKOpal'.I1'BIHOr
6HAa -<YKpeaYTa Ka AYXOBHOM, AOTAe je cjaj 3A'aT,QiM YKpalU0He oplHa-
M'0HTHKe BHwe npHnaAao CBeTV oMaTepHja.'\'HOr, oHiOMe 111110 je O':llH-
rAeAIfO O:flHilibHBO. ,a AH TpeoapenH Aa je TaK' Ci'maneHa A0Kopa-
THBHOCT OJi.<\a YOTTune a'HTHTC3a ,\HKOiBHOCTJ-I, YB'Obe.rbe.\1 Tor
CTpaHor peHecaHCHO-TPOI\H\'ICH3HOlIaAHO\1 IWIIuenTY AHKOBHor
J\1cnYULvl, OHa je ocsajaAa 'seCT lUl1p.OKHX Maoa Kao 'H 'oopa3OBHor
1<AI-Lpa, I<:OjH je y TOMe rAeAao 'HajnoTrrytH'HjlH 'l1'3pa3 ITpaIBO'CA'alBHOCTH,
IJOce6HO y CpOHjIH.
y np'Bc.j nOAOBJol'lIH XIX BeKa, 0006HTO nOCAe XaTH'll1epU.f<pa lU
1830, HaCTa,\a je npaBa: Haje3Aa 30rpaq,a ca j'Yra. Ben y Ca:MOM no-
YCH<.Y ce y KAaAo'BcKoj Upl<'BH HaAa3H HKOHa DOroPOIAHUe, paA He!lO-
3HaVor CA'HIKaHa ,,180111'0 aJyrycTa 'Y DeOrpaT'b". 113 1815.
je HKOHOCTac CTape HHillKe a H3 1817. AeOKOBaYKe K''jH je
pe3ato O:A lUHMlUHpa HeK1 3awMa H3 BeAC'ca HAH IIpHAena.
so
Ja:I-ba
30 TIoAaTKe 0 AeCKOBa'lKHM lIpKBaMa AaAa MH je KOAerHHHlIa PaAMHAa
CTOjaHOBHI., KycToc-eTHOAor HapOAHor My3eja y AeCKOBlIY, Ha 'leMY joj H
OBOM rrpHAHKOM 3axBaJl"yjeM.
232
II. BaCHn
CTepB1jemIti (HAH CTepreBHn), MOAep 'KHe3a MHAllIa, 1822. je CAH-
Kao H'KOIHOCTac V JaroAH'HH, a 1824. HeKe :HJKOHe 3a cTapv l..(p-
KlBV y HrKlOH'OCTaC V OBO}HOBY C'AJHIKaJH je 'H3Meoy 1821-
H 1826, V OO.HiTla'omII-\'H 1827, y H BeAHKoj ApeHoBH 1830, V
A030BHlKY 1831, y BeA'lfKOM fpaAWllll'Y 1832. MHxaHAO <PHAHMoHoBHn
je CJ\lH1Ka' HoKOHOCTa'C ry MHA'aJHI)H 1833, a y iMaJHaC11.H'py pa'-IH 1838;
HoK'OHOCTaClf (HAll 6ap <BeKe H'K10He) V fopo6Hlb'Y H BeA'oj U;pKBH Ka-
paHK10j :cy 113 1833, Y BarpAalHY H ITUPOTI( H3 1834, V rrynpHjH no-
CAe 1837, y PaMY 1839, V Pa)KlhV 1841, y CAaB'-IH 1843, V KpryllIeBlW
YI ITaJpat1JHlHY 1844, V BPC30'B'YI 1846, y qa'-lKV 1847, y MeABeoH 1848,
a y MaJHaiCulrpv 3aoBH YI 1849. lb 1850. je nOCAeAI-bH
paJA )KHBKa ITa'BAOBHna y (KO)KeTHlHY). }b OBe alK-
THBHOCTH ca'try1BaHa cV 3a'caAa MHora IH'MeHa: JepeMYIja ITonoBIdi. K!OjH
j.e paAHO 3a Kapafiapoa, JaH>a CTepujeBHn, 301'pa<p 'KHe3a MH'AO'llIa,
MHXaYINO K'ocnrn, 30rpa<p KOHCTaJHl'HoH H3 B'HTOlba '-IHje cV MJKO'He
6HAe "X'1fIAO):KeCJ1BeHO" H3paOe'He, )K!HIBKO ITaBAaBHn YI3
BHTa HHKOAYIn, YI3 ITapanHHa; MHxaHA <PHAUMOHOBHn,
HHKOAa J-aHKooon H3 OpHAa (OXpHAa?) (CA. 8), AHApa AujaKOBJ-Il'i
H3 BojooAJfHe, 'DO'Ma CToj:KloBwn l1'3 BaJpBapHiHa, A'H'MiH'Tlp'Hje ITaJBAO-
BHn H3 BaTO'lllfHe. AH'CTa THlMe 'J-I'Hje IJfCl-lpnlb0Ha nOllIl'O je npHAYI'-IaIH
6PDj 30rpa<pa onao ,Herr03HaT. ITonIY'Huja CJ\lH'Ka 0 30rpa<pcKoj a,l(-
TlHiBHlOCTM 'Y Cp6rrjYI Ao6HAa ce TeK 'i\1HOfHX HelIO-
3H'aTHX 30rpacPa H3 XVIII H XIX
Ca YOTaHKoM 1804. rOAHIHC jaBHAa cc JCAIIla HBa aKI'HlBHOCT 'Koja
je YHeAa ApaManrKY V YMeT,HH'-liKl1 )1('l1'B01' Cp6uje. Ha npHOM 'MecTY
cV TelUl-be Be3C ca AYCTpHjOM (AaHawlcboM BOjBoAlIHOM) KOjC CV V
Cp6.Hj'y AOBCAe BeAIH'KH 6poj lbYAH, 'Boj'H,HJKa, lJ1IfHOBHlIKa, npo<pecapa
H cAIIfKarpa. ITodeAHlHH CAH'KapH cy 'paAiHAH 3a Cp6Hjy 3aCT3Be, ne-
'-IaTe, 3aTYfM II0'PTpeTe, rroje,L\iHlHa'-lHe HKOJHe H rrCltHeKM UKOHOCTac. Ty
je 6UAO li CTpaJH<UX CAH:KaJpa :K'OjH y OCTaJBHAIH AIHKOBHa AeAa K'ao AO-
KY'M0HTa 0 YCT3H:KY. J0,.1iHOM pe'-lj'y iHaCTaAa je BOBa IKYAT'ypHo-YiMeT-
HHq<Ka KAI1IMa y KOjOj ce AOTaAallilha AQI;\1'ana CY'K06HAa C
,AajynlI 'H0llITO APYKquje <li 'BO'BO. Y OBHM K'pajeBHMa
Cp6H'je AeA.oBaMi I()y i\a3ap CTajHn U3 CpeMcKe MHl'pO-
BHIW (1765-1825) V MaQBH,33 HHKoAa AnocToAoBHn 'H A.HiI'I:Hl'plIje
31 ReMaI-ba EpKHn, CAHKap H npo<j:>. AHKOBIIHX YMeTHOCTH
y EeorpaAY, Hamao je HcnoA Pacneha 3aill-fC Aa je l-IKOHOCTac (HAH HeKe tbe-
rOBe AeJ\OBe)CAHKaO AKceHTHje JaHKOBli CAHKap H3 Bpuru;a; MenYTHM,
npeCTOHe HKOHe nOAcenajy AOHeKJ\e Ha CT/-fA AJ\eKcH.ia Aa30BHna.
32 II. BaCHn, CIlUlcapclCa nopOWla Jalcwulia U3 Selle Il,pK8e, 360PHHK
3a AHKOBHy YMeTHOCT MaTI-IJW cprrcKe, 1, ROBH CaA 1965; HCTl-I, Addenda
'-IAaHKY: CIlUIcapclCa nopou14a JalCwuna U3 Belle Il,plC8e, 360pHHK 3a AHKOB-
He YMeTHOCTI1 MaTl1ue cpnCKe, 2, ROBH CaA, 1966; HCTH, )Ku8KO lla81lo8ui
,Hollep 110Jlcape8altlCU U I-bezoeo o6a, EpaJHH'leBO, IIo>KapeBau; 1968; l-ICTH,
BellewlCe 0 YMeTHUltlCUM YJICUltlWl lCpaja, Y>KH'-IKH 36oPHl-IK,
4, THTOBO Y)J<Hue 1975, 311-359: HCTH, CIlUIcapclCa nopou14a MapKo8un,
360pHHK RapoAHor MY3eja, VII, 1.Ia'laK 1976, 5-52, 30 CA.
33 II. BacHn, Tpu UlCOHOnUC14a, Craju1, Craiun-ToUllC08Ul'i, u Kllajun,
360pHHK 3a AHKOBHe YMeTHocTH, 11 ROBH CaA 1975, 305,
nOCTBH3aHTHjCKO CAHKapCTBO y Cp6I1jH y XVIII li XIX BeKY 233
Epal'OrAlHn H3 3'elM'Y'Ha y EeorpaA>y,34 IIeTap P'aAocaBhleBHn H3 IIa'H-
yeBa y EeorpaAY, HeTO Kao H feopm:je i\aU;K'OBH'n M3 IIaHyeBa KOjH je
paJAiHiO y 'MaJHaCT.Hpy BpaneBilll'l'HI..Uf 1817, IIerap MOAep
KOj'H je CAH'KaO 3HAiHe 'CMI'Ke y T0'l10AH 3a KapaJJopJJeBY 1812
(l.JHjH je HeH'Map 6J{o Aycr]Y.HjalHalLl CajAeA HAH CajMep), a C'H'MeoH
JalKllIH,n je paAH'O y Il'O>KapeBaYlKOM lK'paj'y.
3
" HOC'Ae YCTaHKa, HWK'Aa
Ano'CT.oAOBH'n je 1816. CAHIKao }Jll(iOHOCTaIC y flpOK'ynhlY y AYXY
HOBHX Cl'pCMibefba, ocAo6ooeHHx OOAytHcKo'r 6apo'Ka.
36
HCl'H'Ha, 3a
J-bHlM je CAe,AiHiO 11 CHMeoH JaKwHh ca HK'O'HaL\1a 3a Ca60pHY U;pK'BY y
U3 1819, aAH 1'0 cY 6HAH YClJMibeHH CA'I{4ajeBH. 060jHlla
cY cAHlKaAHqmrype XplIcTa M y cTojeneM CTaJBY !Kao Ji
APYrH CAHKap'H y AYCTP'H1jH. MHOro KacHHje, 1840. y MaHaCl'Hpy Pa-
YH, feoprH'je EalKaAoBHn je ITOHOBHlO OBY HOffiiHY 3a Cp6Hjy, aMI
rrpe Tora je ApCeH1fje Ja!KI1lHn, IK'OjlH je CAlUKa'O npecTOHe H'KOHe V
KnCIfibeBV, ('CA. 9) Epaa'HyeBY, CMOJ'o'H'HUY, MopaoAa rro-
Cra'BH EoroPOAH'UY .li XpH'CTa Ha TIlpecllOAe y ceAeneM CTaiBY IH Aa ce
rrpHAarOA/H 30rpa<poKHM, OAiHO'OHO rrOCTBH'3alHl'Hj:OKIHIM o6paOUIH'Ma.
IIPHlBP>K'eJHOCT 'l(iHe3a MHA,OWa 3orpa<plflMa 6,HAa je np:HMep 11 3a 1J-beI'O-
roy OKOAHH'\o'; TaKO je 6HAO ca conjeTHHKoM HAHjOM IIonoBHneM KOj11
je 3a UpK'BY y IIpHABOpm(oH IKf3;O 'KTHTOP ABejy H:KOH'a noroA'lIio JaJ-bY
i\10Aepa, a IflOpTpeTH'CaO 'Ce :KOA Ypoma KJHe>KeBHna 1842. rOAHlHeY
CAHKapH H3 AycrplHje cy CTH33NH y Cp6.ujy Kao H0Ka nAeja!-\a: .t\a3ap
MHNHh If3 5YAHMa, Ypow KHe>KeBHh H:3 CpeM'OKHX KapA''Baua, JOBall
YfcaHAoBHn 0113 AaJ'oa, JOBa'H IIOITOBHh U3 II3IHYeBa, a JOBaH AeMCTpo-
BHl1 M3 Y:aKOBa; paAHAH 'CY ClJMO 'Kao rropTpeHICT1H. KJHe3 MHAOW je
Aao npH'Mep Ta'KG WTO je 1823. n0313ao IIlJl3eAa EY'PKoB'Hha Aa ra CAH-
Ka ,ca lleAOM <paiM'HAHj'\l. IIopTpellHcafbe ce Ae..\10KpaTH30naAO T'PH-
;-\eCeJ1HX rOAH<Ha, nOCTaAO MaCOBHa rrojl'Ba y YHIHOBHIFIKHM, rpaoaB-
CK'HM H 'BOj'HiHl.M K'P'fIJ1'BHMa, IlITO je CTepH'ja iIlpHlK'a3ao y CBOjOj 1<JO-
MeAH}H Ee.ozpa I-telca u cai), HarrHca:Hioj y jeKV oAyweBibeJ-ba 3a
nOpl'pellH:Ca'I-be. MeoYJ1HM, UPK'OOHlO CAilfKapCTBY je OCTaAO y p'flKaMa
30J1pa<pa CBe AG cpeAil'me cToAel1a.
TaAa oy HaCTaAe HeKe nojaBe Koje cV KiOIHaYHO YC'.\1epHAe TY
l'paJHY cNHK'apcT'Ba -BOBH.\1 nYTeM. To je Ha npBOM MecTY 6HAO rpa-
oeJ-be Ca60piHe upKBe 1837, :Koja je rrp:ojeKTOBa'H'a y CTHA'Y HeOKAaCH-
UIH3Ma C 6apoK'HlHlM TOpJ-beM. OHa je y HeKY PY'KY rrOCTaAa Y30P 3a
BOBe upKBe V Cp6l1'jH, at\tH Ta 'Ol(iOAHOCT 6H 'Mo>KAa 'OM0>KHAa cYA-
6H1H'Y 3rpa<poKor cAHiKapCl'Ba Aa IcprrcK'a 'HH'je n03BaAa
3,1 T. HAHIi, 113 :J/CU60Ta HU/colle AIlOCTollo6uha IWO CIlUicapClCOZ }''le-
HU/ca U H>eZ06UX pouTeJba, Pa!-\ BojBoDaHcKHx MY3eja, HOBH CaA 1962, 2.11.
35 TI. BacHn, CllulCapC1::a nopoul1a Jalwwlia U3 Selle IJ,plC6e, 36op-
HliK 3a IIHKOBHe YMeTHOCTH ManIlle cprrcKe, 2, HOBH CaA 1966, 321.
36 Il. BacHn, l11wHe HUKolle Al10CTollo6u/ta y llpOICYI1JbY, YMCTHH'lKII
)IBOT, KI-bHra APyra, Eeorpa!-\ 1976, 255.
37 n. BaoHn, )[16lCO lla61l06uI .MOllep 110:J/capeaa
L
llCu U l-bewao o6a,
nO)KapeBaU, 1968, 12.
234
Il. BaCHn
Tpnja ABpau\10BHna 'H3 HOBOr CaAa (1815-1855) Aa CNHKa HKOiHocrac
II >KHBOrrHllIe 3HAOBe CaopHe upKBe. AnpaMoBHneB YMeTHH4KH aYTo-
. . .
pHTeT 'Oao Je TTTKperrl'oeH H 'K'I-hU>Ke'BHH'M, 3anpaso 'HCTOp'H)CKo-YMeT-
J-rHlflGl'M AeAaM, ABeMa IKI-hHf'aMa Koje cy :jaIBl'oe'He y HCTO BpeMe:
OnucaHe ApeeHocTu Cp6CKU y CeeTou (ATOHCKOU) Topu, EeOI1JaA,
1847, C XIII AHTol'paqmcaHHx TaAllua (CA. 10), H C6em Topa ca
cTpaHe eepe, xyJoJ/ceccea u noeecTmnle, EeorpaA 1848, C A'HTOlrpa-
q,HCl'H'M HeM'l'I-hHHOM rrOBel'oOM XH:i\'31HAapy.
38
Ty je rAaB-
H'Y YAory IH1MaO lIeT8
1
p JOiBlIH'BIlID. !H3 HOB:OT CaAa KOjH je
rro naAY IKHe3a MHi\iOWa AOHO oAp'eweH'e PYKe y upKBeHoj rrOAHTHUH.
YCTaBopaHHTelocKa BAaAa, y KOjOj cy 3HaQajHo MeCTO HMaAH CpH
H3 AYCT'PHje, rrperAa je OBHiM CHA3IMa Aa H3BeAe CPHjy H3 3a'OCTa-
A'CllI1. noce6HY 13a)KHOCT HUvlaAO je npOrAaUIel-he TpanW!CKOl 3aKO-
HUlCa (1844), KOjU je y cTBapu HIO oKpaneH rrpe'B'A aycTpHjoKDl-
rpana:HIOKor 3aKOHa H3 1811, jep je OOHOBHiHM oApeAaMa YT'BPAH
npaBO Cel'o3lKa 'Ha 3eMloY H Kpaj q,eYAaAH3'Ma y Cp6HjH. TI03rHaTe cy
BeAU'R:e U 31H3IY3'jHe J-:('OBHHe y 06Aa.cTH npOOBe-re Koje cy OCTB3.ipIJHe
sa BpeMe ycTa'Bopa'l-i'IITel'oa. U;pKBeHo OAHKapCTBO je HAO y HaA-
Ae>KHOCTH MH:HHCTa:pcTBa npOCBelllTeHHja, K'ojece y 'rropy H3Meny
Y>KHYIWT enHCKona HHiIcP0pa H ,Ll:BojHue cAHKapa 1851. rOAHHe OA-
AyYHO onpeAeAHAo. Ha'l'ItMe, enHCKOTI je cMaTpao Aa cy 30rpaq,DKe
HJKHe "xYAO>KeCTBeHiO 1f300pa)KeHe", a 3a 'cAH'KapC'rBO AOWI'oaK3 je
peKao Aa je"q,ywepaj". MUHHcTapCTBO je CTaAO 'Ha cTpaHY AOllJlba!Ka
H l'l1JMe je cYAH:Ha 30rpaq,cKor cAIHlKarpCl'Ba HAa peWE:lHa.:
l9
HOBH CMep CAoHIKapCTBY Aa10 je ,il1JM'Hl'PiJ.Ilje ABpa",lOBHli.YHjH je
cnIA IIpOHCTeKao H3CAHKapCTBa HeMa4KHX 'Ha3apeHa, rrpeMAa je OH
H'Mao CB'ojy OpH'rMiHaAHY Upl'y: CKAO'HrOCT Ka T3uWHO-c.BeTAOM Koja ra
CBpCT'a:Ba Meny pOlMaIHTHYape. MenYUliM, HOB'H'He y U'PK'BeHOM CNI1IKap-
CTBY pa3BHja1\e H ce c.rropHjmvl TOKOM Aa iHHje OUA'O ABoj,H'ue CAH-
. .
Kapa cy M'HOrO AonpHHeA'H npeOopa)Ka'JY upK:BeIHOT C1\iH:K:ap-
CTBa'Y CpUjH. To cy 6HAU MHA'Hja MapKOBan Pacnon (1812-1873)
H AUMHl'puje HocHHiK-TIacHHKBHn (1814-----1891), a oojHua cy ce
n03HBaAH IHa ABp3lMOIB'Hna Kao n,erOBH yY,eHHUH U nOHiarna'J\H ce TaKO
Kao Aa cy TO AOHOTa 6HAH . P.aorran je 3arrOYOO C1\HKapcKY KapHjepy
KOO 3OI'pacP KOjiH ce cPOp!MH'pl'O ,,'KOlA rpeyeOKH'X oH APYI1HX
H3opa>KeHHX x YAO>KHH!Ka " , a TIocHnK je iBen qeTpAeCeTHx rO:AuiHa
AOillao H3 A'Y'crpnje y CpHdy. MHAHja je 6ao J.l)HTeA!HreHTaH YO'BeK,
OK1\:OH npHXBaTal-h'Y HOBHHa, na ce CHe AO opeAiH'He neAeceTHx rOAHHa,
yrrparBo AO HiKOHOCTaca y UpI<'B:H Paye KparyjeBa4Ke, C 'MY'KOM OC1\O-
6anao OCTaraKa 30Tpa<j:>CK'or CTHAa. TeK ca 'H'KaHaMa y Pa4H 1859.
MOrA:O ce penH Aa ce KOHaYHO npHAH)KiHO oHOB''M C1\;lH<.apCTBY, H1\H
ap Aa je HM.\1e 'OBAaAa'O. TIpeMa A'HYHOM Ka3HBai-hY 'l-IaCAI1'KaO je y
38 Il. BaCHh, AUMuTpuje A6paJa06uh, faAepHja CAHY, EeorpaA 1970,
36.
39 Il. BacHl., CAU/capelca l1opou/.fa MapKo8uh, 360PHHK HapoAHor
MY3eja, VII, l.fa"-JaK 1976, 9.
TIocTBH3aHTHjcKO CMiKapCTB If Cp6HjH y XVIII il XIX BeKY 235
CPOHjH yeTpAeceT JJKOHOcTaca.
IO
MebYTHM, Taj YMeTHHlIKo-rroAHTHlI-
KH flI0AYXB<iT 'He Tpe6a ClMaTpaTH cpenHoM O'K01\!HOillny rro 'Harny YMeT-
HOCT. Harrponm, MHAHja je OCTaJ3HO rro Cp6HjH BeAHKH 6poj AeAa
rrpoce"me 'BpeAIHocl1H, Y'KOAHKO nOHeKaA IHHOY 6uAa H J!crroA Tor IH'H-
Boa, o6apajynH u;eHy 01301\1 pa'AY H O,A:CT'pa'ffiiyjynH CBe 'KOHlKypeHTe.
Ta'KO 0'1 'MHom CARKapH, Ha TIpHMep By,pa JaKrnun, Yporn l<'He)Ke-
BHn, JOBa'H llonOBHn 11 ApyrH, HH3J"le HeynopeAH'BO TaA0HTO'BaHHju
OA MHJAH'je, OCTaAH 6e3 nOCA'Ba K'OjU 6H M'Horo BUille OOO1'aTU1\H
CAHKapCTBO y Cp6HjH OA MHAHjHlHe cepHjoKe npOH3BOAthe UKOIHO-
CTaca. M'lli\i.Hja je 'Y3 TO 6uo crr0006a!l:-I ,,6U3HH'CMH" , rra je Ben 1850.
HaY"o Aa epoTorpaepHUle H THNl'e A'OnplHIeo naA'Y IllopTpeTcKor )f(a'Hpa
y Cp6HjH fKOjH ce rrOCAe 1860. 3HaT'l-W c."rathHO 'H YCTynno ,,,reCTO <po-
TorpaepHjH.
41
AUMHTpH'je IIOCHHIK je OHiO '.'v1)f(Aa Ma'the eHeprHlljalH O,\.
MHAHje, aAH HHIllTa Ma'the rrOCAOB3JH. OA Y)f(IHu;a 'H MaHacTHpa Pa4e
'Ha ApHiHH ,Ai0 Am-ber MHAaJHoBu;a 'H op3e IIaAaJHKe, 11 OH je AonpHlHe:.:>
rrooeAH IHOBor cAuKapcTBa H rrpOnaC"NI 3'l'paepa. ITOCHHK je OHO HMa-
peH oH HClIHeKA je YMeo Aa oYAe Ha 3HaTH'oj flIH.KTY'paAHoj 'BlfCoHiHH,
f1iOAcenajynH y TOMe 'Ha cmA AHMHTpHja i\!BpaMO'BHna CflYT y EMayc,
u;pKBa y Op30j ITaAa'rrU;;H) .42
CMfKapCTBO 30rpaepa 'HaAa3HA ce 'Ha BpX'YHl\'y opeAuH:)'M XIX
J3eKa. ITeAeCeT'HX l'O,c\HHa 'Beh ra je 6HA'O 'MaI-he, a TOKOM rne3AeceTHX
je )f(H'BOl'apHAO, jasibajyliu ce nOHerAe: y MHAaJ-IUH 1856, y HayrmpH
1860, y Oparnjy 1868, y TeKeparny 1868, y BapsapHJ:-IV 1869, y Kai\'HII
1877, aMi TO je 6HAa I-berOBa Aa6YAOBa necMa. CAH'KapCKH rrOCAOBH
y IJ;pKBaJMa cy OJ3e Mathe 30l'pa<pHMa, TeK nOHel' Ae Ha
nepH<pepH'j'H YMeTHIJLIKHX 36HBatha. ,,301'pa<puja" ce raCHAa Kao OlI1ib-
Ka 'Kojoj cy HeAocTajaAH :>KHBOTHH COK0B'H - 'IIoTpe6a 3a TOM 'Bp-
CTOM CA'H'KapCTBa. T3JKaS je OHO 'Kpaj 30TpaepOKor-6aNI<aHiCKor CMI-
'KaJpCTBa y Cp6HjH.
30rpaepCKa YMeTHOCT je HMaAa aIKT'H'BH'Y YAory 3a BpeM:e TvpcKe
'BAaAaBHJHe. CBE rrpe06pa)Ka'jH Koje je A'O)f(HBibaBaAa OA XVII H
XVIII seKa y fP'IiKOj HJ\raAH cy AjeKa y ,cyceAHHM 3eJ\11ba:j\'Ia, 0'00-
OliiT'O OH'HMa 3a Koje je fp"l<Ka oHAa H3BOp BeTA'CTH 'li 'Ca.3Ha,I-ha. CHM-
6Ho3a :H3Meby B'H3a,J-f11Hlj'cKol' H MAeTa1JKOl' CA!HIKlJpOBa Ha JOHCKHM
OCTpBHlMa H 'Ha K:PHTY, KOjlf je TeK 1646. AeAIW:Vl'lfYHO rrOTnao :llO/\.
TYlpKe, OH1\a je npH'XBaneHa Ha rplllK!M K'OIl\HY, y COAYHY, 'OAalKAe cy
l-heHH TK'BH cTpyjaAH AOAH'HOM Ba'PAapa Ha ceBep, y MaI<eAO'HHjy,
Cp6Hjy IH oyrapCKY. OHH cy A'IlpAH AO 0YAHMa y XVIII BeKY cne
AOI-fAe l'AC je 6HAO Cp6a. MebYTH'M, npH'Mibel-la rrOOpeAH'HM nyre,'1
npeKO lMaIKeAOI-!OI<HX 30I'paepa, "rpe"leOKHX 'MajcTopa", Ta YMeTH10cT
]-jIHje HMaAa 06eAe){(je HenoOpeA'J-ICT'H H 'C'Ha.re 'Kao y Ae.\HJ\1a jOH-CKHX
CNHrKapa IJ;alHeca HAH ITYAaKMca, MAM. OHHX 113 KpYl'a CH'MOHa Yrna-
40 MeTO 11
41 TI. Ao/l(p Aaj'( U pael101t MU/luja, TIOAHTHKa OA 29.
jYAa 1972.
42 K. TIaBAoBHll, CmllcapcT60 AU,wuTpuja TfoeHUlw6uha, 360pHilK He-
TopHjcKor MY3eja, 5, Eeorpa,c\ 1968, 93_
II. BacHh
236
KOBa.
43
30rpa4>cKo CA'HlKapcTBO y Cp6HjH je rrpeACTaBtoaAO AaAeKU
OAjeK OHWX 3Hat.Iaj.HHX t.IHju je I..\HJo 6'H0 Aa ce' 3eMJoe TIOA
Typ'OK'OM .BhJarnliy npJf6A:H)Ke eBponcKoj K:yATyp'H, I-beiHl'L\1 TOKOBlI'Ma H
I-beH!lM rrpOII1pecy. Y 06AaC'1'H 'lMeTHO'CJ1H je Hane<H rnjT KojH je 6wo
Maryli y ![1O'CTojenJIM YCAOB'WMa. I-heroBe BapHj'a'l-J!1'e y Cp6Hjn TOKUM
croAena, a aco6HT O'Ha 'Koja ce HiCrrOh>HAa 3a BAaAaB!.H'He YCTaBo6pa-
'HIHTetoa, H>lllMa je H3rAeAaAa 'Kao aJHTH'HTe3a KOjH je 'l1PO)K:HTD-
JoaBaA'O I..\'pK'BeHO CAHKalpCJ1BO 'Y EBporrH. YMel'HOCT Ha3apeHa OHAa je
npllXBaneH'a y CBH\1 KaTOAHt.IKWM, np.oreCTaHTOK:lIM :H rrpaBOCAaBHH;'l
SeMtoaMa. Ha OB'O!M nYTY Ka 'ocA060neJhY OA o6H't.I<lJja H Tpa\AHI..\'Ifja
Koje je TaAaurH>lI npocreneHH APyrnweHH 'CA'Oj oMaTpao ,,1'YPCKH:M" 'H
Ha3aj\HHM, Cp6Hja je IMopaAa Aa Jf3a6epe CalM'O je,LWY Moryny aATep-
Harmy: ooA'06'OneH>e OA OBera mTo j'Y je AeA'HA'OOA KyAType eBpon-
CKUX 3elM'<l.toa. HOBJI I..\HtoeBH yMeI'H:OCTH y Cp6Hj'H, y IK'O'Jll'Ma je Ben 6JIO
rrpeBa31fne.H net.I Kao YMel'HlI']KiO cpeAlllliTe 'K'OMe cy rpa'BHTUpaAH
Op6H JI3 AycTpHje CiBe ;A,O IfIOCAeAJhHX AeI..\eHuja cToAena, HCTa'KAH 'CV
MlllHXeH ,Kao )K:JI)Ky KJOjiOlj cy 'Ce YeMepaBaAJH YMeTHHI..\H 'He C<lJMO 113
Cp6H'je .Hero JI BajtBO'AB'H'e. Ty HlHje 6lfAO Mecra 3a 30rpa<pe 'li Ib!I-
JOOBO x'YAomec11B'O.H He caMO Aa 'BHllIe BRey 61IAlH Tpa)KeHH Hero je
H 'BAaCT 6HAa npoUfB 'H>HX. IIoCAOB'H cy HM ce 'HarAO rrpOpe,L\HAH,
MaJAa cy HaKywa'BaAIH Aa ce npHAaroAe HOB'!M BpeMelHV cAuKajynH
nOpl'peT 'KaJO H IberOBH npOT'H'B'HHI..\'H. AAH H TY je yrrOl'pe6toiiBaHO
3AaTO cBYA'a rAe cy 6HAIH 'MeTaA'RH AeA''BH Ha OAeAj! H 0PYlKjy. OBa-
'K:BH paAOBH oy penH, aA'H: HX liMa, rra OIHH r01'O'I3'O rOBOpc y rrpHAO!'
30rpa<pH'Ma. TIopl'pel'H 'Koje cypaPiHA'H 'HliCY H'HUlTa ropu OA KOH-
Tpa<pa TliojeAoB'HlHX "MOAepa", llKO IHe Jf e<peKTIIHjH. IIlTaBHUle, oHIH CV
nOK'YUlai\'lI Aa cAuKajv "H306pa)l(eHHja y l.\eAOI;'1 cTacy TeAeCHHM".
IIpI1'Mep je H poJujaa )K'HBKa IIaBi\'oBHna 'Ha TaBaHHI..\H MaHaOTHpa
3aoB'e, y I..\eAoj <pH.rYPH, y rpaAcKoj HOUlI-bH, C Kp'H:HOAH'H'M H 6aja-
AepaM. AAH TV iBH:Ule HtHje 6HAO rrQ;.1O'h-H: 30Tpa<P01(!0 CA'H'KapCTB'O, Taj
IUpa:3H'I1H nAOA 6aAJKaHCKe 'KYArype, :mIIt.Ie3AO je iHa'rAO Rao Aa je
)KeAeA'o Aa CBeT KOj>H IMY ce TOA,HKO AHBno, OA rOpH>HX A'O A'IbHX APY-
ll1TBelIllHX Ci\'ojooa, 3aIKaAH 3a H>HM, Aa ra n09KeAH. MenYTIl'M, Taj rre-
pHOA jaoHo 'JApeneH y HAejHH'M, 'CTHAOKHlM tH XpOIffOAOllJlKlH1M ;ODeAe)l(-
jlH!M'a, y MiCropHjOK'Oj rrepcrreKTI1'BlI 3aY3H'Ma 'IIOCe6HO MeCTO y ApaJMa-
THtIHlH'M TOIKOl3'H1Ma Y'Mel1HOCTH Kojn oy ce 0MeJhH:BaAH 'YIIope,AiO
'I-TeMJHIpHI1'M I10A:.HTWlKHM 36HBCtIbWMa y '6HO'BJoeH:0j cprroKOlj Ap)l(aBH.
43 C. IIeTKoBHh, )[(ueonuc llpKee Ycne/va y CpnCKOM 360p-
HHK 3a ApYllITBeHe HaYKe MaTHue cpnCKe, 23, ROBH CaA 1959; A. AaBHAon,
[(YIlT Ce. HaYMa y Eyu,,\'lcKOj el1apxuju, EeorpaA 1980, 103; Acadmie Serbe
des Sciences et des Arts, Institut des tudes balkaniques (Balcanica, XI).
44 E. ByjOBHh, L(pKeeHu Ha nopy<tjy zpaa Eeozpaa,
KJi,ura APyra, "I1IHpe nOAPY'l.je EeorpaAa", EeorpaA 1973; y OKBHPY nOAPyqja
rpaAa EeorpaAa ca BHlile OA llle3AeceT MeCTa, y OBOj KI-b1I31I cyrrpoTcTaBtoeHH
cv 3acTymmUH ABajy cyrrponmx rrpaBaua: 30rpaqm Kao "rpe'leCKH l-IajcTopH"
M "MoAeplI" Kao CAHKapH HOBor CMepa KOj'H je CTHrao H3 BojBoAHHe; Tpehy
rpyrry, MaH>e 6pOjHY, Ca'lmbaBajy OHM KOjH cy HacTojaAIi Aa IIpHXBaTe HO-
BHHe ca MaI-be HAH BHlile ycnexa. OBAe ,je rOTOBO CTaTHCTH'lKH AaT OAHOC
CHara 'lHjH ce cYKo6 MO)/(e npaTHTH XpOHOAOlllKH II rro MeCTHMa.
TIocTB1l3aHTlljcKO CAllKapCTBO 1[ Cp611jll y XVIII II XIX BeKY 237
PavIe Vasi
POST-BYZANTINE PAINTiNG IN SERBIA IN THE
18th AND 19th CENTURIES
Summary
First question to be ra:ised lis the one of the meaning of the
notion - the post-Byzantine. Namely, is it a chronological or a style
describing term? Does it mean an art origmating aiter the fall of
Istanbul in general, or the stylistic changes taking place in course
of tJme within the sphere of Byzantine f,ine arts? There exists a
controversial scientiiic hypothesis on the stay of Paolo the Venetian
in Istanbul, which could have certain influence on the style of the
Paleologs epoch. Related to that is the iact of the painting of Andrea
Ritzos, of Crete, which did exert influence on the development of
the Italian-Cretan style. However, the influences of Renaissance
graphies are obvious, and more particularly those of the works of
Marcantonio Raimondi, whose engravings already in course of the
sixteenth century exerted influence on individual painters just as
the Venetian art of painting did. This refers, for instance, to Mi-
hail DamaS'kirros and Domenico Teotokopulio, called Greco. The
symbiosis between the Western and Eastern arts is visible also in
the work of Vivarini, which on its turn influenced sorne countries to
develop a variant of the post-Byzantine style.
In the seventeenth century Ionian Islands were a source which
radiated in that spirit towaTds Greek mainland with the works of
Emanuil Tsanes, EH Moscos, Theodor Pulakis and others. At that
time two themes were taken over from the Western art of painting,
namely Christ's ressurection instead of descending ta hell, and the
coronation of Mother of Jesus. Recent research show that Greek
painters, for instance Theodor Pulakis, were influenced also by
Flemish engravings. ronian painters became protagonists of a hybrid
style which, in fact, meant abandoning the Byzantine iconography.
In these changes sorne of the earlier forfiS were always present,
and eX'actly to the extent needed to suggest to those interested. the
eX'istence of certain continuity bet;ween the old and the new. From
the beginning of the eighteenth century that transformation expand-
ed slowly and persistently towards Macedonia, Serbia, and across
the Sava ,and Danube rivel's, over to Buda.
Similar phenomenoiIl is noticeable in Russia where commercial
colonies (so-called "freedoms" of German and Dutch origin), in-
fluenced cultural developments and activities, as well as the art of
engl'avings used to decorate Protestant bibles, made by Dutch drafts-
men and engravers. The consequence of these influences and chan-
ges was the order by Peter the Great of 1707, by means of which
Church art has been separated. from the secular one, and directed
towards the realism.
238
n. Bacnn
Venean art exerted influence on Serbian books printed in
Ven,ice, where to-the-waist figures of saints appear, somewhat si-
milar to the compositi'ons 1n the Sacra Conversazione, but complete
compositions as well of the events from Christ's life. However, the
a'rt of painting remains outside of these radiations, as witnessed
by works created around the middle of the seventeenth century
(monastery Hopovo, for instance), or by icons of the court's painter
Radul on which the Byzantine style reaches its melancholic subli-
mation.
The era of restlessness and transformation was brought about
by the Great Migration in 1690. In course of 1701 four kons from
Russi'a were brought ta the monastery Rakovica in Serbia, which
were painted by emperor's icon-pa-inters. It was intended to send
them further to the Vatoped monastery in Mount Athos. There are
no records of their direct influence in Serbia, but already in the
first half of the eighteenth century considerable changes did take
place in the style of Serbian muraIs, and even more in icons (mo-
nastery Draca - 1736, Vraevsnica - 1737, and the Belgrade church
.of St. John (Jovan) - 1737). These changes are the expressions of
the southern ("Salonika") baroque, and are characterized by certain
elements, such as the following: decoration of the Mother of Jesus
throne, the crown, the sceptre, capitals of the columns of the throne
and of the stylit columns, which give impression of a rustic style,
otherwise appearing in the Ionian Islands.
There is mention -in Serbia of a certain number of names of
icon-painters, but most significant among them is Hristofor Zefa-
rovi (died in MoscO\W in 1753). He paints Christ's Ressurection
instead of descending to hell, and the Crowning of Mother of Jesus.
There exists in Serbia probably certain numbe,r of eighteenth cen-
tury works, but they are not registered according to the system,
150 that new discoveries are still possible. Works of painters are
mentioned in 1745, 1748, 1754, 1764, 1766, 1779, and 1796. Best
known in the second half of the eighteenth century is Simenon La-
zovi, succeeded in the next century by his son Aleksije. These
painters are frequently called "Greek masters" (greceski majstori),
while ,their style is divided into two variants, namely: the first one,
which is strict and in course of time doser to the baroque, and the
second, which is more popular andalmost rustic, which is predo-
minant in the beginning of the nineteenth century in Serbia. The
latter one is more numerous and its characteristic is tufty, diver-
sified and excessive decoration, with plenty of gold and less leaning
on pictural effects.
There are many of these artists (zografi) and their works were
created ID 1801 in Belgrade, in 1815 in Nis, 'n 1817 in Lesko-
vac, in 1822 in Jagodina, and in 1824 in Kragujevac. After 1821 -
in Svojnovo, 1827 in Ostpaonica, in 1830 in Prilipovac and Velika
Drenova, in 1830 in Lozovik, and in 1832 in Veliko Gradiste. Prin-
fIOCTBl-l3aHTHjcI<'o CAHKapCTDO y. CPHjH y XVIII H XIX BeJ<.y 239
cipal master of prince Milos Obrenovi was Janja Stergevi od 8.te-
rijevi. Then follow the iconostasis in Gorobilje and Bela Crkva of
Karan in 1833, in Bagrdan and Pirot in 1834, in uprija in 1837,
in Ram ,in 1839, in Razanj in 1841, in Slavca in 1834, in Krusevac
and Parain in 1844, in Brezova in 1846, in Cacak in 1847, in Med-
vetta and Miokovci in 1848, and in monastery Zaova in 1849.
In COUI'se of the Revolution certain number of painters come
to Serbia from neighbouring Austria, while their paintings in Au-
stria have already acquired characteristics close to the European
ones. That influence is gradually being expanded in Serbia, first
of all through portraits, and after that also in church painting. The
building of Belgrade Cathedral Church and painting of its icono-
stasis (in the period between 1837 and 1845) were, in a way, an
example by means of which Church and State authoritie,s promoted
the painting of newcomers. The initiator of that movement was Di-
mitrije Avramovi kom Novi Sad, whose followers Milija Markovl
and Dimi trije Postnik, through their enormous activity, helped that
the painting by zografi, namely by the "Greek masters" gave up
its place to the innovations, sa that after 1860 it almost vanished
out of Church and secular spheres. This was an era of fast emanci-
pation of Serbia which, after the recognition of Hs autonomy il1
1830, endeavoured to free itself as saon as possible from cultural
backwardness inherited from the times of Turkish rule. The paint-
ing of zografi which flourished under the Turks as a recognized ar-
tistic category from Thessal'oniki up to Sava and Danube, although
considered by high clergy as a genuine characteri,stic of Orthodoxy,
had to give up its place to new times and its postulates. However,
this did not happen without resLstance. Zograf painters too attempt-
ed just as their adversaries to paint portraits decorated with gold,
and these works of art, characteristic of their time, sometimes were
n'ot inferior to the new painting. That style which is clearly marked
in itsideological, stylistic and chronological characteristics assumes
particular position in the Balkan elements of the culture in Serbia.
CA. 1. AHApea PHUOC ('), EoropONlua ca XpHCTOM no,\. XV B.) l.!,pKBa
y ceAY MHOKOBUHlla rWA LIaljKa. <POl'O Ao6pocAaB
Fig. 1. Andrea Rizo (?), The Blessed Virgin with Christ (second hall' of 15th
century). Church in the village of Miokovci near acak. Photo by Dobroslav
Predi
CA. 2. MJ,lXaHA AaMacKHl-!oc, C13enI 1\\'[(a, XVI B. j\'1I'.'lcj i\OOCPI"O, A-r[[[-ra.
<POTO 6pal-ll<O I1eM1HoBH!j
Fig. 2. Michal Damaskinos, St. Luke, 16th century. Loverdo Museum,
Athens. Photo by Branko Peljnovj
CA. 3. ~ H y e il,aHec, CB. AHMHTpHje (1672). MY3ej f.)eHaKH, ATl-iHa. epOTO
opaHKo ITeAHHoBHI.
Fig. 3. Emmanuel Tzans. St. Demetrius (1672). Benaki Museum, Athens.
Photo by Branko Pelinovi
CA. 4. Herr03HaU[ 30rpacP, bOrOpONJl\a ca (OKO 1796), MalJacnrp
CB. POMall KO,.\, nYHlrca. cI>OTO A06poc,\al3 TIpej.\,lrn
Fig. 4. Unkown icon-painter The BL-ssed Virgin witll Christ (around
1796), St. Roman Monaslry llear Djunis. Photo by Dobroslav Predi.
CI. 5. HCl,iC XpIlCTOC, (01(0 1796), CB. PO.llaH KO;-\ 5YHHca. <Po-ro
AoGpoc/UII:l TIpel\1i1't
Fig. 5. Jesus Christ (arollncl (796), St. Roman Monastery neal- Djllnis. Photo
by Precli
C". 6. H ~ p e j a AHApeoBHn, AeH3Hc (1737), MaHacrHp Apa4a
Fig. 6. Andreja Andreovi, Deisis (1737), Monastery Draca.
CI. 7. AAeKcHje l\a30llji/'\,Eorop0.:.\HL.la ca XpVlCrO\.1 (1814), MaHacTHp Aey.uIll{.
tPOT A'fwall KO'\'fHulll
Fig. 7. Aleksije Lazovi, The Blessed Virgin with Christ (1814). Monasler'j
Decani. Pholo by Dusan Kolundzi
CA. 8. HHKOALL JaJ-llCOBIIO, Belle XpHCTOC (1860), ,\laHaCilip Havnapa. cI>OTO
Aoopoc/\aB TIpc/_\IJh.
Fig. 8. Nikola Jallkovi, JesLlci Christ (1860), Monastery Naupara. Photo by
Dobroslav Predi
CA. 9. Apcel-lHje a K l l l l ~ n XpYlCTOC BeAHKH apxl-ijepej (1826), upla y
KHCHA:>eBV. epOTO AywaH KOAVHUHI
Fig. 9. Arsenije Jaksi, Christ Great Archpriest (1826), church in the village
of Kisiljevo. Photo by Dusan KolundZi
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Ci\. 11. HacTac TOMHn, ApXaHrei\ MHxaF{t\O, (1870-
-1873), UpKS3 y e ~ y PaTaje. <poro Ao6poci\as
ITpeAHn
Fig. 11. Nastas Tomi, Archangel Michael (1870-
-1873), church in the village of Rataje. Photo by
Doroslav Predi
AUHfW AABHAOB
HKOHOCTACH CPITCK11X BAPOlIIKHX UPKABA CPEMCKE
APX11AHJEUE3E y XVIII BEKY
'A 6Hl'HiHX HcropHj-cKHX nOCAeAHl.\a aycTpHjcKO-TypCKW<
pal'OBa KJpajeM XVII BeKa HAa je OHa rr03HaTa H CYA;oHoClHa ce06a
Cp6a H3 cpeAHUlHHx AeAOBa oaAKaHa y IToAYHaBL'oe 1690. CeBepo3a-
rraAHH Aeo CpeMa 6HO je TaAa OCA06oDeH OA TypaJKa, WTO jenOT'Bp-
neHO MHpOBHHM yroBopoM y CpeMOKH'M 1699, a rrOCAC
HOBllX cYK06a je H jyroHCTO"lmH Aeo cpeMaKe 06A'aCTH Aowao ITO)Ka-
peBa"llK,BM MBpOI3HBM yroBopoM 1718. y caCl'aB Xa6c6ypIUKe MOHap-
x.aje. YrrpaBo OA l'BX BpeMeHa rrO"llBffie 'HI()lBHja rrOABTH1.JlKa H KYATYP-
Ha BCTopHja Cp6a y Cpe",ry, y caCTaBY BeA'ltKe rroAI,!,HaBDKeMoHp-
xHje.
1
MenY1'l-I.M, OBAe l'pe6a rrOACenI:J1H Ha 1'0 Aa je 3a TvpCKe BAO.-
AaB'HiHe CpeMO'M, y MaHaCl'HpHlMa, ITOAHrHYTHiM 'K>pa-
jeM XV H rrO'"lleTKm,1 XVI BeKa, HenpeKHHy-ro Tpajao AYXOBHH )KH-
BOT, a y l.\pKBeHoj YMel'H'OCTH 'H KI-bH)KeBHOcTHKoje cy y I-bHMa Hero-
BalHe, 6PH>K1'ol-fBO je OAP/l(3B1lHa 'BH3a'HTlljoKa 11 y HOBO-
rrpH;\HlKaMa, YAaCKOM y cepepy 3a:rraAHl0eBpOrrCKe l.\IHAH-
3aQiHje, IHHlje ce MorAa rroBynlH OWTpa 'Mena H3Meny TpaAHUHoOHaMTe
H HOIre KYAType, "lIaK HH nOCAe OJ-lHX lHCTOpHijOKllX AaTyMa Ha MH-
pOBHlHiM yroBopHlMa KojlHMa je nOBYl..IeHa rpaJHiHl.\a 'H3Meny ABa l.\a:p-
CTBa. TpaAHl.\IJ1ja je jowYBeK y l.\pKHeHOM OAH1Kapc11BY, liTO
ce 'Haj'BH1A1Hlfje H3pa)K'aBa,\O y TpajaI-bY nOCl1B.H3aHT'WjOIx Ka'HOHa.
OAAaOI<OM TYPOKIHX rrocaAa H BapowKor M'!'CAIUMlJHOKOr /l(IHiBloa,
CTapa 'Hace1'oa y CpeMY, 3eMYH, P'!'Ma, HpHr, CpeMOKa MHrpoBHl.\a,
CpeMoKH KapAOBl.\H, BYK'OBap 'If OoujeK, 6Hl'HO oy H3MeHHAa AeMO-
rpaepCKH caCTaB. Y OBe BapowH ce TaAa Haj6pojHHje HaCe1'oa
l
Ba.jy
1 J. PaAOHlln, BOj80<nw 00 BeJnIKe ceove (1690) O ca60pa y Kpy-
uleooflY (1708), BojBoAHHa, II, 1-47; A nonoBHti, Cp611 y CpeMY 00 1736/7,
EeorpaA 1950.
2 M. !\CCKOBaL1, CpnclCa lCI-bUJ/ce8HOCT y BOj80UHU O BellulCe ce06e,
BojBO/VlHa, I, HOBH CaA 1939, 415-440); M. KawaHHH, CpnClca y,tteT1iOCT y
Bojaowiu o Be.llulCe ceoJe, BojBoAHHa, I, HOBH CaA 1939, 441-454,
242 A Aa.:aliAOB
Gp611, a y HeKe H XpBam (OrnjeK H B'lKOBap), KAOIHH3yjy ce He.\I-
AOK y nojeA'llHa MeCl'a, y MaJ-beM 6pojy, AOAa3e JeBpejH, Ulm-
l.(apH H Jepu\1eHH. Y npBoj OOAlOBHlHH XVIII BeKa, cpeMoKeBapOlll'H cy
jOlII Y'BeK rro.Ka3H!BaAe H3pa3HT AeB'aITOKH KalpaJKTep, !He CaJM no ap-
xHTeKTypH Hero H rro KYArypH CTaHOBaEba, 'l'prOBHHH, no cTapHM 3a-
'HaTHu\1a, .AeBall-by, Kao M 'HaJBHlKatMa Koje C!Ij HIMaAe 6aA.KaHCKa 06e-
Ae/Kja. Ha y6p3aHiH rrpuBpeAHH pa3iBH'TaK ITOr.BOtoHO cy 3a-
HaCTB'O H TproJ31HiHa, aA'H TeK OA CpeAHHe XVIII neKa KaA je CpeNl
nOCTao )J(HlBa 3a pa3MelHY Ai06apa 1H3MeBy TYPoKe Il
AYCTpHJje - AeBaJHTa M 3a'l1aAa. To ce, pa3yMibH'B0, nOB'Oib'HO OApa-
3HAO 'Ha OBe BHAOBe ApYlII'I'BeH'r /KHBOTa H n<YHar.ual-ba, OC06HTO Ha
KYArypHlH ymoH, a TaKOBe H Ha yp6a'lf,llC1'M"4JKO-apXHTeKTOHCKII lI3-
rAeA 'OIDiX JfOrrpBa 'MaAHX CAHlKO'BIJfTM'X 'BapOlIJIH:. OA 3amll.llTeH'llX TYP-
CIX rraAaHKH, peAaTIIBHO 6p30 ce 06pa3yjy 3anaAHoeBponCKe yp-
6aHe oa 3rpaAaJMa y CTllAY np0B.HJHQJHj>CKOf 6apoI<a. OBaJKaKO
Aa je 'BeA!HKH Ha Il!pOMeiHe IKoje CYycAeAHAe HiMaAO II 1'0 lIITO
cy ,ce 'Y CpeMY 'HaAa3HAH CP1TOKHX ,MHTpoITOAHTa (y Cpe,"I-
CK,HJM KapAoBUHMa),3 BojJ-Ia yrrpaBa rpaJHH,qapCKO'r ll''lKa (y CpeMOK'oj
MH11pOB'H'UH)4 H ceA:.HlllTe opeM'OKe )J(ynaHHje (y By,KoBapy).5 To je,
AaroaKo, YCAOB'HNO 6A'll/Ke AO,A:lIpe C :IJi()ljeWHli'M aYCTp'HjoKHlM H yrap-
OK:JilM oc06IHTo ca Ee1.IO\,\1, OA'aKAe oy A'OAa3HAH NUHIOI'OBp-
OHH yrrAH!BM 6.H1'HM 3a K'YATypHM pa'CT CB'HX cAojeBa cprTCKor APYlIITH3
y BeKY rrpO'CBeheHocTM.
o IJf3fAeAY cpeMOKlIX Bapo:rllM H 0 I-bHXOBOIM COUHOA,oIl.llI)M pa3-
BOj,y OCTaBHAH oy 3aH'HiMtoH!Be Il HCTOP'Horpa<pClICH KOpHCHe 3aIl!HCe
BHCOKH rrpeACT3B'HIfl#H aYCTpHjoKe IIpmr, C3)J(T
H3BelllTaj 0 CpeMY caCTaBlfO je JOXaI-I XpaCTO<p EapTeHlllTajH, rrpeA-
CeAlHHX HARpOKe A'BOpOKe a Apyrn, OiflIllHP-HIj'll H Ba-
)J(HHjaOll'H'C nOA IH3CA'OBOM Historische und geographische Beschre-
ibung des Konigreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien...
6ja'BHo je eppH'A;pRX BHAXeA!M epOH TaJy6e, KOjtH je y 3BlIHHt.IHOj MlI-
OHjH nyToBao npeKO CAaBoHRje II CpeMa 1777. fOA)HHe.
7
I-beroBa KI-blf-
ra AOHOCH OfIHce l1'3fAeAa ,ceAa Il Ba'piOillM y jy)KHll1'M '06-
AaCI'JIMa MO!Hapxnje. IIa)J('l-b'Y II1p:Hr.BAalIH )KHlB()I11H'CHa CAHKa CpeMCI<HX
KatpAoBal.(a (Karlowitz). C iMaAO pel.JlM, Tay6e je BepHO OI1Hoa'o ce-
AHlIITe cpncKlIx npanCAaJBlH.HX M'IITpOnOA'JI1Ta, 'YHeBlIIH y TeKCT CHe-
JKlI!Hty nyroIllica: "JeA'Ha rIDAOB>HIHa rpaAa Ae)J(IJ-I 'V A;OAHiHH a Apyra
Ha 6pe/KY Y TOMe Il!OAO)J(ajy JL\1a Heqer JoY'!J1K:or ,II npHBA,a'-J-
3 P. fpyjlIn, llpo6/leMU ucropuje Kap/lOfJaLuce AnrcpollO/luje, fAacHHK
HCToplIjcKor APywTBa y HOBOM CaAY, Kl-h. II, CB. 1, HOBH CaA 1929, 195.
4 C. faBpHAOBHn, Ceuuae uaa6a zpaHu"tapCKOZ ny'ca, 360PHllK pa-
AOBa CpeMcr<a MllTpOBllJ.1a, CpeM. MHTpOBllJ.1a, 1969, 93-118.
/j HapoHa eH/fUK/lOneuja CXC, IV, 3arpe6 1929. 1183--4.
o A, CaHAlIn, KpaTaK 1136eurcaj 0 CfafVY _M/-toz06pojHoz U/lUPCK07 CT(l-
H08HUWT8a pacejaHoz no 14 KpaJb. HaC/le/-twtt 3e,MlbaMa, Eeq 1866.
7 <P. B. Tay6e, Onuc C/la601-1Uje u CpeMa, 360pHHK MaTHJ.1e cprrcKe 3a
Kl-hlI)KeBHOCT li je:mK, Klb. II, HOBll CaA 1954; Klb. III 1955; KI-b, IV-V, 1958
(H3HllIAO II Kao cerrapaT).
HKOHOCTacn cpn. BapOIllKHX IlPKaBa CpeMCKe apXHAHjelle3e 243
HOr. " OBAe je 845 HY,'vlepRCGI!HHx rpaOa:H'OKtHX 'Kryna H MHOro 'AY-
x:oaHHX 3rpaAa Haj601ne iKyne cToj'e y 6AH31iJHH apxHellifoKIloKe
HeWTO HX je 'Mau\O 'MeoYfblIMa 3a Koje 6H ce H y
.6eQY HAH nepAHHY peKAo Aa cY Aene... IIpBa H Haj'CYI'Me'HHja aA -mx
a:pXHenHOKaIlCIX je TIOAO)KeHa rrpeMa
ceaepy AY)K AYHaBa, IKryAa je 'KpeHYro fbeHO A:H'!..\e... 113a fbe Ae)KU
ropeorroMeHynI 11pr. " OAocTpar !Ha OrraMeHJYToM Tpl'Y AOOHAalHa je
rropeA 3rpaAe Aerra A:BOpCKa il(.aJIIeAa YKparneHa Ky6eToM. OBAe ce
OAp)Kaaajy oowma 3aceAarfba IKOH3RC1opHje H OH'HOAa... Y'HYTipa-
llIffiOCT pe::nrAeHI.\'Hje ryl(.pailleHa je ca IlAeMeH'H.TOM jeAHO'CTa'B1romny
cTapuHe. Hm'vleIllTaj je BeOMa AaAeKiO OA paCliIITHHtIlK:e paOKowu Aa-
HaWlher caera. "8
Tay6e je ca noce6HOM na;KfbOM ,ornrcao 3eMYiH (Semlin), 3a
je Aa je "BeAll'KiH. IH A06po IHace1neH 'J1prOBaQKH l'paA CiMe-
IlITeH y ymy IKOjM l'paAe AVH'3fB U C3Jaa rnarjajryl.H ce npeMa Eeo-
rpaAY. fpaA lHIaK Ae)KU BUille Ha CaBH, TIpeiK iKoje je pwmje 6u
carpaneH IMOCT 3a Be3Y ca Eeo:rpaAoM; !HO OH je 1739. rO\AiIme n:peKu-
'HYT". T3Jy6eoBOj na)KI-bH HHje 'li3M3JKao HU 30M'YlHCKIH "iKOIHTryM3'I.\;',
na je HCT3JKaO Aa ce "OA Kap3JI-tTHlHa HH!<'O He <QcAo5ana, tIarK 'HH XPH-
WnaHOK.H H T'lpCKH 3oMacaAopiH H rrOCAatllliI.\H IKOjM (H(3 UapH11paAa
HAY 3a Eeq". I1naK, npHBpeAHH ormc 3eM\nHa je "OH
1111'0 OBO MeCTO tIHHH Ba.>KHUM jecTe TprOBHHla. KaKO ce OHO HaAa31I
OTrrpHAiHIKe Ha ICpeAl1'HlH u3Meny Eeqa tH IJ;apunpaAa, 'li K:aJKO CBe IIlTO
ce K:pelie TaMO U aMO Mopa APAH'Puym oBaj l'paA, 110 je OH nocTao
jaJKa m:rjaI.\a li rAa:BHO cr,OBapmIITe OBe lHeMaqKe III 'J1ypOKe po6e, 3a "lIHje
cy CMellnafbe TprOBI.\U oarpaAHAU MHTopojlHe ,Maral.\lJ11He il KAa-
AUWTa... ApasM il AYH!B'M AOAa3e Aane ID IIlTajepaKe, MaoapOKe
Il AYCTp.Hje ca ManapOKlM, H:eMaJtIoKOM,<ppaHI.\'Y'0K:OM H eHrAeOKOM po-
60M. tIHM ce p06a acrO'Ba'pH 'Y lMara'I.\ YLHe, Aaoe ce IHarOBa{Pe TY'pOKOM
po6o..'v1 H wa'lbry HaTpar... OBAe je Morylie MeJ-baTH 'HOBa'I.\ CKOpO 3a
CBY A3Hjy H EBporry: nOY3A3HO 06eAe)Kje il cHrypaH 3HaK H.anpeAHe,
llIll1'pOK:b l'pro8'lllie".n
Orruc CpeMKe MUTpO!BHI..(e (Mitrowicz) je lK:paTaK, aAU je uc-
T3iI<JHiyrO Aa je 1'0 "Al06po 'HacetoeH', HeWTO YToBpneH TproBilurre" H
I\a je rAa:BHo MecTO BojlHe l'paHHI.\e - lIITa6 IIe11pooapaJAHH0Kor l'pa-
llH'lapOKOr nYK'a. "CTaJHoBHUI.\n MeCTa, K:Ojil ce 63JBe IKaJKO 06pao.HJBa-
Ih5M 3BMlbe TaKO il 6pOAapCTB'OM lU pH63JpCTSOM npHrIaA3Jjy CBH rptI-
KOj j) 'BepmfCnOfBeCTil." 10
Y :OfIiHCY BYlIWRapa (Wukovar), Ta'Y6e H3JBOiA,H Aa je TO "TIPU-
AHtI'HO SeA'H'K, Ao6po rpaneH H BpNO HaCe1neH rpaA OA 700 Kyna" II
Aa je "rAaBHil rpaA I.\eAe CpeMKe )Kyn3JHllje", a Aatoe Aa je CTa'HOH-
HHKa "Ha 6pojry 3.600 OA KOj'HX Buwe IHel'O nOAOBHHa npHDaAa rpq-
'Koj (cpnoKo-np3BocA3BHoj) J.\p!<'BIH... y CTapON! l'pa/w, Y CR3
1
KOj l'pa-
8 HcTO, III, 31-32,
HCTO, III, 33.
10 HCTO, III, 35.
9
244 A. AaBHAOB
fi3HcKojKiynlI 1I,\;ia no Tpro'BaqKa paAH>a 11 .d:yl.aH 'KOjH cy nYHH
po6e" .11
Haj3aA, TY je II OflllllIp:lmj!H CaCT<l!B 0 OcnjeKY nOA H3CAOB'OM
"KpalOeBOKO A06po OC'lIje'K" (Das Konigl. Kammergut Essek) IWj!H
aA:MHHlI'0'I1panmao npHnaAa CAaBoHHj II , aAII je 6AH33IK Cpe:,\<lY y CHa-
1<0,\1 norAeAY, a npaB.QCAaBHII Cp6n y OB'OM rpaAry II OKOAHMM ce-
AIIMa (OcjeqK nOloe) OA/Baj'KaAa cnaAajy nOA Ope'MOKY
I..l:e3Y. Tay6e noce6ao o:rmcyje TBpfiaBy-rpa:,1, carpafieHY Kp3jeM xvn
BeK3 II HOBe 3rpaAe Koje cy y H>oj TTOAI-ITHyTe, ,lOK YI-IaCTa'BKY 06aBe
IllTaBa'O fopH>oj BapOilllI, a noce6H1O 0 AOH>j Ba'p.olliH 3a 'Kojy lH3'BOAJ-J
Aa "Ae)K1I jY)JO OA TBpfiaBe II IfMa Aen J]()AO)Kaj y IoYllJ('oj 3eAeHoj
OK'OAHlHlI. OHa ce cacTojll1 'aA 400 Kyn,a, A 'KOj'HX je 'Bel:HHa caCBTLVl
/,06po carpabeHa Ha HAH'pOKH (jy)J<JHOCABeHOKlI) aaqHlH.
jeAHa IIOAOBHlHa 'CTaiHOBHHK'a nplI'IlaAa A3TlIHO'KOj a AP'yra rpqKj
(cpnoKo-npa
I
BocA3Bilwj) U:PJ<lBH".12 Y OBOIM AeAY BapOlllH cy H cplICKa
u:pK'Ba II ce,A!H'IllTe npOTOOpOTI'HjaTa,
Tay6e lilije TIponYTOBao Kp03 pYlMY H Hp'lu; nplBa 'BapOill je y
paBH.H:4:3IpOKOM AeAY OpeMa y XVIII 'BeKy 6111\a n03H1aTa rro 331HaT-
CfBY II 'BamapHlMa, a APYTa y AeAY, Ha <PpYIllKOj ropH,
OHAa je je,A:HO OA Haj'HaceloeHiWjHx 'MeCTa y CpeMY. ca ABe BeAHJKe
npI<Be.
"OnIIC CA3BoHHje II CpeMa" caMO je jeAaH OA IItHoro6poj'KHX
!I3BOpa 3a yn03Ha'B3'H>e H3rAeAa BapolllH 'Koje cy y Kaclmja BpeMeHi't
AOCTa Inry6lIAe OA CBar CAHlK'OB'lITOr, 6apOlKHor H3rAeAa. Y !hUMa cy
y npB06HThlOM 11I3rABAV 'OOf<lJi\e H>HXOBe u:pKBe ca 3aAHIBJ'oaBajyl.lIM 62-
pOKHMM HKO'HOCTaC'lf<lI1a. OcTaAli H3BOpH II Jlpafia KOjl--! ce OAlIOce ml
cpnOKe I-rKOHocr3ce y 'BapomKIHiM U:PKIBa,\1a CpeMCKe apX:H,L\;Hjeu:e3C
IIPY)Kajy nO'T'ITymljy Ci\lH'KY npeA K'jO'M neiVLO 3aCTaTH Aa je 1136AH}Ke
pa3rAeAaM<. Ta CAJIKa oTKplflBa 'HeKOi\H<KO cAojeBa cprrcKe AHKOBH'C
KYAl'ype y CpeMY, a OCOOIITO y BapOlll11Ma O'Be 06..\aCTH. TIpBII CAOj
Te KYA'I1Ype OABeo 6H Hac y AV6Jo.V HCTOpHjCKV npOlJl AOCT, 'If npeMe
npe TYPCl<JHX OC'BajaH>a H 3a H>!-lliOBe BAaAaB1'IHe. TIpe TypOKIIX ynaAa,
yrapoKII 'BAaAaplI cy 'Y'CTI/illai\'H nojeAuHe YT'BpfieHe rpaAOBe opnCKHM
t\ecnOTIl1Ma KOjlI cy,nopeA OC1'aAO[, Ha na'AII'HaMa <f>pVI1J!Ke l'Ope OCHO-
BaAII HeK;OAH!KO npa'BOCAaBHiHX MaHaCHiJpa. Y H>HMa je HeraB'JHa no-
3HOHH3a!HTujoKa :!<'YATY'pa, rrpe C'Bera apXJUelnypa, a 3al1HiM HKOHO'
nHC, M'lI'HllIjaTY'pa, ITp'WMelheHa YMeTtlOCT H CaJlZpaAiH3. 'KH>H>Ke'BIIOCT.
AYXOBHH >KHiBT Cp6a y CpeMY, y MlHacTlIpHMa, BapOlJlJf1.\1a li
ceAHMa HMao je 'Y XVIII 'BeK'Y ITl\j3Aa'H OCACliHau: 'Ha TV n03HO'BH3aH-
THjOKY enoxy. Y npBiYlM Aeu:e!f-lHdaMa Tora BeKa, y CpeMY cy ce jOUl
VBeK OCenaA'l1 fl10'I1M'YA'H OAjeU:H YMeTHH'-IKe TpaAlIU:Hje. OHH c<y ce Kao
cm npOlllAHX IBpe'MeHa IllHpnAH na'HOHCKHM npO'CTpaJHCTBOIM, Aa Q.H
ynpaBo l'y 'YTHX'H'YAH, oCAa6Ioe'l-IH, YCryTI'HRlllH MeCTO YllHu:ajmvla II
3Byu:mV1a YMenIOCTH n03Hor 6apOKa. Ta'}<JBa KYATypHa Ki\!l1)Ma 'BAa'AaAa
11 MCTO, III, 21.
l? 11eTO, III, 4-5.
HKOHOCTaCH CpIT. napOWKHX L\pKaBa CpeMCKe apxHAHjCL\e3e 245
je' Ha l\eAOM npOCTpaI-ICT'BY TaAaWl:be VrapOKe, OAiHOOHO '1-Ja jYPHC\A!HK-
L(llIOHO'M nOAPYLJjy KarpAOlBa'lJKe 'MWrponOAHje, K'oja je 06YXBaTaAa
n,mal', EaYKY, CpeM, CAaIBOIH'Hjy, napatby, aAH li CpeA,HWH'e AeAone
IToAY'HaBA>a, OBe AO CeHTalHApeje, KOM'opaHa oH OCTaA'WX Ba-
poum y 'Koj.ltMa 0'1 Cpoo iHiMaAU cBoje KBapTOBe lU CB'oje UpKBe. Taj,
YCAOBHO peYHO, APYru CA,oj 'cprrOKur CAH'KapCT'Ba y KarpA,0lB3YiKoj
MHTpOnOAH'jlI oHerO'BaAH cy M'aAOn03Ha1'H HIKOHOfliHCUU-30rpa<pH. V fIo-
AY'HC\JB/DoY, a ao06uTo y CpeMY, 'j'Ow y npiBUM AeueHujalMa XVIII BeKa
BeroB3IHO je aYT0'XToH!O UPIKIBeu-IO cAiHiKapcTBo. He06uYiHa Y'M'eTHocT
CKpOMHHX 30Tpa<p3 J1lMa.Aa je Aocra orrop pa3'Boj, MaAa je 6uAa lI3AO-
>I<.eHa pa3HiliM Y1'UUad'HIMa. JeAlHO je Ta'lJHO: 30,rpa<plI cy ce YiHeKOA'ilIKO
OCA3:I-baAU Ha OTap.ujlH H1KOHlIHC, aAU 0'1 Te crrOBe TIOCT,ajaAe OBe
Tatbe U Aa6aBH'je. OHU cy C'l10'HT3IHO OACl'ynaAH OA CTpOT1UX K3JHOHa
BU3aiHTHjKor H:IKH'OrnICa, a ynpa:B' 1'0 ce npHTIucyje I-bUXOBOj "OPH-
nI'H3-AHOCTU" H CXBaT3-I-bY HiKOHe. OBoja lJ-IeAOBOMHa CAHJKap-
.
CKa 3Hatba, 'KOJa cy CTHuaAlI Ha Op3'UHY 'Y ceooaMa, 30rpa't'H 'CY 'Ha-
,L\OK'HaAH'AH li 060raTUAH: CnO'HTaIHO'M aAIH caryplH''M CAHK3IpOK'OM 'WH-
TYHUYlj'M lwja je BOAHAa tb;HXO'Be AapOBHTe pYKe y I-JeH3BeCHe OBe-
TOBe HeOyeKoJ-fBaH'HX KOA:opnCT'HYIKYfX H3HeHa5etba, Y3AeTa 11 CKO'KOBa,
aYl U 3a'l-lH'MA>IIBHX, AHIKO'BlH'O 'Heyo6uyajeHHx "norpeUlaIKa". 13
V36YlhH'BO AOna,L\A>H'Be 30rpa<PcKe HiKOHe, He Bume BH3aHTwjoKII
CTpore H xujepaTH\!1He IHero jeA'HocTaBiHe iH nYHe lHeOY'KoHB3IHiUX m3Jpa
11 6oja, O,!\rDBapaAe cy YKYCY HajwHpHx cAojeBa cprrCKor APYWTBa.
V liCTO BpeMe cy Ta'J<oBe HKOHe rrOC'TerreH' Il'OCTaAe CTpaHe l.\!pKBe'H'Oj
'jepapxHju, Koja je y HOBHM YCAOBHMa, OA cpeAHHe XVIII BeKa,
rroKywaAa Aa y jeA,tHaM K0'P3IK'y npe15e, Aa ITpeoK'OYH j33 KOj'H je no-
cTojaoa3Me15y }jlKOHOrrHca 1'paIAH'l.\!HOHaAHor npaBocABHor HCTolKa
H peAHrHljoKor cAHIKapcTBa 3ana'Aa. Me15Y11HlM, xHjepaxIIja je HaCTO-
jaAa Aa ce MOAepHH3au,Hja H eBpOneH3au,H'ja onpoBeAY 'fI0CT0rrOOO H
nOHeWTO 3a06HAa3Ho npeKo pyoKor, 'OA:HiOOH'O YK:P3Jj'IIHe'Kor upKBe-
Hor CAHKapCTBa Koje je TaAa 6HAO y 3HaJKY oc06eHOrCAOBeu-ICiKOr
6apoJ<oHor CTHAa. To je caOBHIM pa3YMib'H'BO 3aTO liTO AO nperropoAa
CpITI<!ar 'cAHKapcTBa HHje MorAO A'OnH 6e3 onO/ualllI-bHX YTHu,aja, OA
KOjHx cy OHlH ca HCToKa 6HNH Haj!H3pa3HTHjH, a y je/_\HOM nepuAV
(OA rreTe A.O OCMe Aen;el-rvrje XVIII BeKa) y,aK H npeCYAHU. OrrpeAe-
;uyjynH ce 3a KHjeB 'H 'ocA'albajynH ce TIpeBaCXO,L\iHO !Ha AYXOBHY aJKI-
AeMvrl'Y K'HjeBOne'lJepCKe AaB'pe, a rrOTOM H Ha lbeHY CA'IIKapOKV llIK!O-
AY, KapAOBa'lKa MHTporroAHja je Y30Aa A06ap npl1'Mep 3a yrAeA Ta-
MOWI-ba AyxBHa aKaAeMlHja je 6uAa BeAII'KH UeI-lTap npa'BOCAaB'He
TeOAOUJ.Ke 'Mil1CA'H, rreAaroraje, U3Aa'Ba1.I
I
Ke AeAallHOC1'H H Up'KBelHe
Y'MeTHOOT'u. V l'D'Me u,eH'Tpy je T10peA OCTaA'HX npOMeHa Aara'Ho Te-
'Kao rrpouec eBporreH3au,'J.i'je 'H' 06HOIBe cTapHjHx cPHA030<pC'KaX 'II ec-
TeTCKHX CXIBaT3:'tba. H3 3arr3lAHOeBpOnOK'Or Ci\'H<apcrBa 0'1, nocpeA-
cmOM rpaqJHiKe, ca'MO 3a HeK'AHKO Aeu,eHiHja npeY3eTa BOBa IrKOHO-
13 Yrrop. A. H A. HICOHe cpncr:::ux 30lpcuf;a, EeorpaA
1977 (KaTa"or CAHY, 6p. 30).
246 A. AaBHAOB
rpa<POK:a pelieH>a, a TIOCTeneHO H cntAoKa 06eAe)Kja. Ty je HaCTao
'CAOIBe-llOKII 631pOK - CT,IIACKa OApe,6!HllIlla KO}y C m,/1H pa3A'OTa J1pe6a
npHX'B'aT:lITII. lf3a Te Ape,6!HlIlle CTOjH cneUII<plf"4lH CXlBaT3iH>e 'lIiK''He.
OBAe Tpe6a IICTanlI Aa cy YTlII..(ajlI 1I3 YKpajlIHe II KlIjeBa CTlI3aAlI
ABO!OMepHO: OA(1!HAe cy Cp6llMa A'OAa3lfA'H CA1H'KapH, a y6p30 cy 0'1-1&\10
ynynlIBa:HII rnITO'MUII Ha CAH\KapOK liK'OABa'H>e.
Pel.J je 0 nOAMAaneHOM II OH()IBibeHIOM CAHKapCTBY Koje je, Ha-
rryliTajynlI n03HOBH3aHTHjcKH KOHuenT IIKOHe II rpaAerilI CAHKY V
3anaAHoeBporrcKOM CXBanU-bY, 3aAp>KaAO MaAe, aAH HnaK BII;U1e cno-
MeHe IHa 06MJlKe jOli 'He3a60rpaIBibEme YMeJ1HHYiKe npollli\10Cl1H. Y nH-
T3IH>Y je, Aa!KAe, 6lIAa OHM6n03a y IW'jOj je IHO'BH 6a1pOK'HH CHiA nOT-
rry'HO npeOBAaAao, a'AII IInaiK 'Hllfje CaCBH!M 3a:Me,o cen3iH>a Ha TpaAH-
UlIjy II Ha aYTOXTOHa 06eAe)J{ja. OTVAa je H YKpajHHcKo YI cpncK
CAH'KapCTBo TOra A06a caCBHM oo06eHo, y 1.JeMY ce, nopeA OCTaAHX
oMHKa, oTfKplIBa II 'Hey06lI1.JajeHa Apa)K ()IBHX ,,6apO!K'HIIX ITKoHa".
Kao lIITO av IHeKaAa Ha 31KuecopHlHM AeA'B'HMa 30rpa<pCKHX IIKOHl.
nplIlMenUJBalHe 6ap'OK,He ynaAHue, TaKO cy CaiMO ,HeK'OAHKO AeUeI-iHja
KacHiltje Ha peA'Hf'fljOKIIM 6apOiNHlH!M IK()IMIfI0'3Illi1lHj l(Ma , oneT Ha 000-
PeAHHM AeAiO'BH!Ma, IlpII.MenlfiBr3II-LII jeA'Ba BII\AiblfBII TparO'B'H CTa'por 'UKO-
HO:rnEOHOr Ma!H1Ipa. CyIllTH'I-Ia ce, Aa1KAe, H3JM'eHIIAa: y npBOM neplfOAY
je AeT3..ibHMa HarOBeUJTeHa CTHACKa 6YAynHocT CAIIKapCTBa, a y
ApyroM CNY1.Jajy je AHJeKpeTHO 3a6eAe)KeHa YOIJOMeHa Ha npOlliAOCr.
AOAHPII TIip'IIA'HJKM IKOIjHX je AOAa3liAO AJO oa>KHMaJ-ha CTapor H HO
Bar, HeT:O'YlHOr TI 3anaAHor, H'MaAH cy pa3B}HiY NHKOBay 'BereTa'I(li-
.. .
JY, a TY Je 1I3paCAO MHoro 'HeOOlfl'I'HO CBe)K'I{X II JeApHX H3A3IHaIK<1
Kao nplI OBaiKOM npup0A;HOM YKpTa'H>Y. Hanynrl'aH>m11'pa'AHU'HOII-fal\-
Hor CXBaTallia IIfK'OHe 'KY'Al'HOr 3HaMellia 'lI YOBajaH>eM KOHuerTTa 3a-
naJAjHoeBponoKe peAWflIjoKe CMlJKe, ,Koja AOHOCII rpa3yneHlr}y fl{)KI'H!O-
-l.,. '"
rpa'j!Hjy, AliTepap!HV 'HapaTIIBHoIcT, AUAa'KTl1lKY, 3 AerOpRYlHiOCT, OH'MOO-
AI,m"y, ai\1H II Aor1a'AibHBOCT 'HOBIIX 00l\iHKa, OCl1B3IpeHiH cy rrOTnYH3
CTIIACKa npeBAaCT II ca3peBalhe cpnCKor 6apoKa. Ha Taj Ha4HH cy O,L\
CpeA1fHe XVIII BeKa Cl'B'OpeH:H rrOBOibHH YCAOB'H 3a 6H1'He rrpoMeHe,
. ""' .
'KoJe oy KOH3tfHO A'BeAe AO CTrHA'Kor rrpeOOpa)K13]aCprrCKe upK'BeHe
YMe'IUi'OCflI. Al'aj nplloc je II oTape <ppymKoropoKe M3-
HacTlLpe, npIJoBl{',6!He "YY;Bape Y'Mel1H1Hl.JKe Tpa,6!HUH'je.
14
OBe cyrnTJj1H:CKe npuMelHe y Ci\olIlKapcTBY npeTxOAHAe cy oHO'Bpe-
'MeHH!M ,,6!pyllIl'HelHlHM fKpeTaH>HL\, lIAH CV HX HenOCpeAHO rrpaJ1HAe
YTKH'Ba}yn'H ce Y l'aH3IHe HliTH A:YXOlBH:HX caAp)Kaja, na 11 y CBeCT
I1panllHOKe 1KA:3Ce Koja je 6apoIK 'Kao CTHA COIJCT'BeHe
J\1A3AOOTH II IJOAeTa. To je 6lIAO jaJCHO lfiorrOibeHlO y CBlI'M BH.AOBHM8
ApyrnTBeHor II()IHamaH>a II AyxoJ31Hor >KH'BOTa. IIopeA OCTaAor, 6a-
pOKJHM CTHA y cpnoKoj Y'MenrOC1'1I XVIII BeKa oJ'l,wryn3lBao je OTB3Jpa-
llie HOBHX 'J3IHAH'Ka, a TO je 3a OHe 'CT3Ae)Ke OHOBp0M0Hor CpIJOK,Or
AlpynrTBa y IKpajllioj AHHl1j'H 3'1I3'111A:0 rrpHXBaTaI-be HAeja npOOB'eneiJ-fO-
14 A. AaBH,L\OB, VKpajuHclCu ynl4aju Ha Cpl1ClC1J 1Jo\WmOCT cpeuHe
XVII 6eKa li C1UKap BaCll.1uje POAULI-106U
C
I, 360pllllK 3a i\HKOBHe
MaTHI.\e cprrCKe, 5, HOBH Ca,_\ 1969, 121-138,
HKOHOCTaCli CpIl. BapOIllKliX I..\pKaBa CpeMCKe apxliAI1jel..\e3e 247
BOCTlI. Y HlOTO Bpe...\1e, MaAa qecTO 'Y oyx06y C KAaOOM,
HeyrropeAlfiBO 06pa'3OBaJH1lfja opnoKa UpiKBeiHa X!l1jepapxHja je iH3JAa-
llDHO rroMalfaAaym:paBo Taj 6apoKHli OMep V1MeTiHOCTII rpaAeriH y TOM
CTHA y ca6op'He upK'Be, BAaAUqaHOKe ABopue, rrapoxl1joKe li MaHaCTlIp'
CKe up,K1Be H 'J(!OHlIKe. BapOI<JHH IMaHlHp 6110 je npHx'BaJneH y ABOpCKOtiVi,
rra H y upK'BeH!OIM pHJryaA'Y ;H uepeMOHajaAY. OTYAa ce H M'O/Ke penH
A je YAeo xHjepapXHje y 'MOAepH'H3aUlIjH cpm::Ke YMeTiH'OCTH 6no
HajBlIAImjH a iHaj'Ben'JoL
Aerra 3AaI-baUpJ<'Beaor YI rpanaJHC'KOT 6apKa HaCTaAa c"'! Y CpeM-
CKolfM KapAOBUHM'a, 'CTOAUUH op:rroKor Ml1.TpOnoAwra. Y HCTOB'Pe.Me
ce y KapAO!BaqKH'M up.K'BaMa HaAaJ3e :HiKOHOCTaCH ca 'HlKlHa'Ma JH'MH-
TplIja BaqeJ3llfna, TeOAopa KpaqyJHa H JaJKooa OpcPeAl1iHa, AOK cY HiKO-
HocTace y OCTaAHM BapolllHMa CAHKaAli JaHKo XaAK030BHn y OelI-
jeKY, BalJ'eBHn y 3eJMV1H",!, CTe<paH TeHeUoKH y PYMlI, Ba-
cHAlije OCTojHn y B'f'Kooorpy. I-blIX:OBH 'MoHY'MeHTaA:HTI U'KOHOCTaCH -
OATapCKe rrpel'paAe IH3paneHe y pa36oKopeHOM rr03AaneIrolM Ay6pe3",!,
DHCOKe H AO AeceT MeTapa, HMajy 40 AO 60 HKOHa pacrropeneHHx y
HeK'OAHK'O 30Hia.
XpaHOA011liKH je Ha rrp:BOM MeeTY I!'I<'H'OCTaC JaJHKa XaAIK030BlIna
y UPKIBH YorreI-be BoropOAiHue y A;O'lnoj !BapOlliH y OCH!je'KY (1761).
OBaj IMajcTop je AOlllao aK'O 1740. TOAHHe :y ROBH CaA H3 MaiKeAo-
Hlfje, ,MO)KAa 6am 1I3 COAY:Ha rAe CV 30
1
I'paqm jom YBeK CAHKaAH y
rr03HOBM3alIT'ajcK'M MaJrurpy. Y je,AiHOM rplJlKOM AOKYMeHTY nOTIIH-
cao ce Kao JaHKO "XaNloo30", rra ce rrpeTI1OCTaB;,,,aAO Aa je UHHuap-
OKor rropeKAa. MelsYTIl'M, y ApyroM H3BOpy HalBOAH ce Kao "Mane-
I\OHau" JaHKo XaAK030BHn; Kao "JaHKo MOAep H rpalsaHHH HOBO-
caAoKa" nOMIIf'I-be ce 'y HOBOM CaAY rAe je 3a
1
je,AiHO ca OpTa'KOM BacoM
OCToj'HneM rrpnrraAao cAHIKapCiK'M A;omaBlIIH ca j'Vra, OH
je, HeMa CYMI-be, rrOCeA'BaO lfI3BeOHO WK!OIHOIIHCa'IlKO rrpeA3JHa:I-be, a
1'0 H'OKYOl1BO je 6lfAO Be3alHO 3a n03'HOB'H'3atHTlfjcKH IMaHlip. Y HOBOj
Mopao je rrpana Kp03 APYKqHjy CTHACKY rrpaKcy H 06pa30-
Baine, npeBaCXJOiAoHo 360r npHX:BaTa:I-ba 3atrraAHoeBparrOKlfX H!KO'HorpacP-
'CK&fX peureI-ba, a ![JOTOM H PaJAH H3pa)KaJjllI'O-CI1aACK.HX ycaJBpIII3JBaI-ba.
Ben TaAa V ROBO'M CaAV, a jOIll npe y 06AH)KHMIM Opel\1CoKI-rM KapAoB-
lUHM'a, TaKBa 3Ha'I-ba cY ce MorAa 'cTena y aTetoeHiMa 'HeiKlHX CA'HtKapa.
BaJI<pope3Ha rpa<pHtKa, \nrroTpe6toa'BaIHa Kao CA'Il'KapOKlH npeAAO)K8JK
CTH3aAa je IH3 y'AatoeHHjux l'pa<plI\jjK'IfX aTetoea, aAH cy 3a OEY C:BPXY
paAO KapHllI.neHe 'lI HAyc-r;plB'aHe DM6AHje. OBe ce TO TaAa 'MorAO AaKO
Ha6aJBWT.H y rrojeMilHRM BapOIIIHIMa JY)KHe YrapCKe, a OC06iHTO y
Cpe;\1OKHM KapAOBL(UI,\1a. OryAa cy cprrDKlI Il'KOHOnHCUH 113 OB11X
rpa<pHq.K.HX rrOMaraAa Ha}qemne npey3aiMaA'H KOM'IT03HIJ;'I{OtHa pem0I-ba
3a BeA'HKe rrpa3HH:Ke li CTpaA3'I-ba X pHOTOBa - "V'ia crnois". XaAiKO-
30Blfn je 1'0 'YIf'HIf0 'M'elsv npBHIMa, aAH Ce,Iffi3JK, 'RH'je caOBWM rrpe-
06paTiio Y 6apO'l<JHor CAHKapa. JOIII YBeK je V I-berO'BHM paAO'BHM3
TH:I-baAa yiorrOMeHa HanocTBH3aJHrI'wjOKY rpaAH'UHj'y, lUTO ce YOqaBa
Ha npOCTOHlIIMHlKOHaMa, qeCTO CXeMaT'OKIH Ha'CAUKaJHHM. MelsYTlI:.M,
I-berOBH H3AY)KeHH AHKOBH 'Ha KOIMn03lfUlIIj3JMa 'BeAH'KiHX rrpa3HH'Ka 'lI0-
248
A AaBHAOB
Ka3yjy H.oBa OnpeAeA:>el-ha. HK!CII-IOCTaC I..\pK'Be y OCHjeKY HaCTaO j
1761-62. rOAHHe, y BpeMe nYHe cAHKapcKe 3peAocTH laHI<a XaAKo-
30BHna, nO-CAe 06HM'aHX paAoBa 3a MaiHo'cTwpe Pa'KOBal..\, EeoY:HH H
MaA'Y Pe,YleTy.
15
aCTHX, we3AeceTHX, l'OAIIHa CA.l1!Kao je 'Heuno MAabH AHMHTpHje
EaYelBHn, ,,'MOAepKapAOBaY'KH", oBoje np'Be Bene paAO'Be: HKOHo-eTacc
fapl-he ll'P'KBe y CpeMCKH:M KapAOHI..\HMa II HHKoAa'jeBC'Ke y 3e,\1'YHY.
V npBOM paAY ce jow HHje OCAOOOAHO H3BeCHe nOyeTHHYKe cxej',la-
THY'HOCTH, Aa OH ce Ben y APyroM AeAY H3pa3HO cMeAHje li HHAHBil-
AlyaA'HHje. Ha WKOiH!OiCTacy HHiKoAa1jeBCiKe lWK'Be y (1762),
EaJy:eBun ce aqmp'\cao KaO ll'ytHLQlKpBiHH npHCTaMll..\a CAOBEJHCKO'r 6a-
pOKa, na ce oTYAa CH rrp0l'nOCraBA:>a Aa je YLfHO IKOA
CK;HX MajcTopa. I-beroBH AHKOBH Ha rrpeOTOiHiHIM 'H'KOHaMa, anOCTOAlI
11 npOpOI..\H y ;i.pyroM H TpeneM peA'Y, M!OiH'YMeiHTaNHD oy CXBaneHH;
I..\pTaHH KapeKTiHO. OHH U nopeA YT'BpneHlJr CTaTHYHOr nOAO/Kaja Y'Ka-
3Y}Y Ha nOKpeT TeAa KOjH ce HacAynyje H-cnOA HaopaHHX Apanepnja.
Beny na/KI-hY npHBAaY:e HKOHe BeAHKHX npa3HHKa y YeTBpTOM peAY
H 'HlKOiHe OTpaJA3Jl-ha XpOCTBHX V AHIHern HIKOHOCTaca. Ap/KenH ce
3anaAHoeBponcKHx rpaq>HY:KHx npeAAO)KaK<a Kao HKoHorpa1:>CKOl"
MOAeAa, EayeBUn je ,KOHl'paCTHHM KOA0'PHCTHY:KH.M OAHOCHMa OCTB1-
pao llKHBO peAH:rH'joKe KOMfl03HU;Hoje IKoja ,ce 6HTHO pa3AHl<yje OM
IIKOHe HCTO'Y'H'Olrrpa
'
BO-CA3JBHOT rropeKAa. VnpaBo 300r Tora rpe6a ILl-
MeHHl'H AocaAawl-he IKaTerapu3al..\U1je no KojHIMa je EayeBHn cBp-cTa-
BaJH y "npeAa3HH nepHOA" cpncKorcA'HiKapcT'Ba OA TpaA'HI..(Hje Ka oa-
POKY. jep je OH, HeMa CYMl-he, CAHKJp 3peAor oapOKa, l-herOBe CAO
BeJHCKe BapHjaHTe. EayeB:IlneBHlM ,HIKOHOCTaCOlM y HUKoAajeOC'Koj I..\P'K-
B'H, 3eM'YH je 'Mer.ry npBHIM BaJpOlllH:Ma 'Y CpeM'Y A06HO YHTa'BY raM:.'-
pwjy OA rrpeKO ne,L\eceT caKpaAiHHx KO'Mn03UI..\Hja.
HJ
HKOHO'CTac L(tpKBe I1peHo-c 'MOW1'Hjy OB. HHKOAe y BYKOBapV
CAH:Kao je Ba:cHAHje OCTojtlln 1768. r0AIHHe. OBa,j nAOAHH CAH!Kar
CTeKao je nOY3AQ.'H0 AHiKBHO 06pa30'Bal-he y OpeMcKIHM KapAoBuHMa,
y P3A'HOHHI..\H KHjeBClKor MajcTopa lOBa BaCHA:>e:B:l-p.Ia, 'KONIe je JOUI
y MAl\AOCTtH nOMa,rao y -cAHlKaH:>Y HIKOHOCTaca I..\pKiBe -Ma'HacH'lpa Eu-
naJHa y Ea'llKoj. I10ll1'T'yjynH y rrYIHoj <MepH rro.yKe YKpajHHoKor oa-
pOKa, OCTojnn je Hawao MorynHocTH Aa ce 'H3pa'3H cm\10CraA:HHje.
liC'J1HHa, 3aAp/Kao je 3Aal'HH TaneT Kan n03aAHIHty CSOjHX npeCTO-
+IIHX HK'OHa, AOK je 3AaT'He AHIHHje yBHAy 'CTHNH30,BaHe OHloHe op-
HaJMeHTHIKe, HAH y BHAY aJKl..\eHaTa Ha Ha&opH'Ma ApanepHja, 'H3Aa-
W'HOHCl..\pTa:sao, llITO cy YOICTaAO'M YHlH'HAH H OCTaAH CAH'KapH llierOBC
rooepal(.Hje. li no THM AeKOpaT'H:B1UI'M yna,Hl..\a'Ma, OH je Ayro OCTao
npHBp./KeH CTHAY YKpajuIHOK'Or npKBelHOr CAH'Ka,pCTBa. V aCHO,BH,
OC'J1ojHneBO'M CAHKapOKOM 'CH3HoHAHTeTY OArO'Bapao je oHaj enc'KO-
-CBetIHJH CTHA CAOBeHOKor AO)K'H'BA:>aja oapOKa. CAHKao je arrOCTOA
15 O. MUKHh il A. lliei\.\lHn, Majcropu npe,1a3HOl l1epuoa CpllCIWl
C/lUl.capcTea XVIII 6ezea, HOBn Car" 1981, 79-87,
16 Il BacHl, Ao6a 6apOiCCl, EeorpaA 197J, 191-205, 211-214.
HKOHOCTaCH cpn. BapOlllKHX upKana CpelvlCKe apxHAHjeuc3c 249
11 npopoKe Kao OHa)J<JHe lbYAe, Ha'rAameHOT CTaoa, :KpyrrHHx Ol.:IHjy,
BHCOIKor qeAa, y rroAo)J(aJj'l{,Ma IKOjH cy rOToo CT3TWIIHo!r aAH MOHY-
;l1eHTaAHor AejcTBa.3a KOMrr03HI.J;Hje BeAHKHX rrpa3HHKa rr03ajMiblIBao
je KOMrrOsHW,I'OIHa peweH:>a H'33arraIAiHooBpOnOK'HX J:1pa<pliq:K'HXH3Hopa.
11 aBe Be.l. THIliHl.JiHiO 3alrraJ.A1HOeBpOrrcKe Ci\lIl'Ke A06HjaAe cy Ha a.ero-
BH'M IKOMU03HI.J;Hj-aMa ./-I3BeOHa iHOrO'IHOrrpaJBOCAaJBHa 06eAeMja. OCTO-
jHh je rrpeY3H'Mao ca'MO OOHOl3'Ha H1KJOHOrpa<poKa pewerba, A'K je CAH-
Ka A06HjaAa Hemrro H3MeH:>eH H3rAeA. Y TOM ycrreAoM rrpeBone-
IbY Cl1paJHor CTHAa 'Y' IHaI.J;HOHaAHH H3pa3 HaJAl'3e ce 'OCIHO:BHC
CAlH'Kapcr<e BpAl1IHC KOjc je OCTOjlHh H'CrrOibH' 'H Ha HlK''Hocra-
cy y BYKOBapy, V rrpBOM rrojacy, y COKAY HKOHOCTaca, a He-
nOA rrpeCTOHHx HKOHa, HaAa3e ce KOMrr03HI.J;Hje: Kywarbe XPH-
CTa, {{VAO CB. IhIlKoAe, EeKCl'BO y ErnrraT 'H YceKOBaI-be rAaI3e
CB. JOBaHa. Ha I.J;apcKHM ABepHMa oy yo6HtIajeHe EAaroiBccTH,
Ha ceBepHUM OB. a1px. CTe<paIH, a IHa j'ymHl1!M CH. apx. MlixajAO.
l1pecToHe HKOHe ca rOTOBO YBeK liCTHM AHKOBHMa (CB. HHKOAa, Eo
a XpHCTOM, I1cyc XpH'CT<YC H CB. JOBaJH HpCTeqa) '4HiHe
A'PYTH nojac, a V HCT 'BpeMe cy lJ1 HaJjIM.oHY'MeHTaAlHlHje. Y T'pe-
heM cy paorropeneHe HiKOHe BeA'H.K:HX Ilipa3HHKa: Ba3lHeCeH:>e XPH-
C'POBO, EAarOBeCTJ-r, PooeJ-be XpHCT'BO, CpeTeJbe, BaBeAeH:>e, YAa3aK
y JepycaAHM, BaoKpeceH:>e Xpr-rCTO:aO, Poocl-be Bo'ropOAIHI.J;e, KpwTe-
H:>e XpHl0110BO, IIpeo&pa>KeJ-be, BOro,poAHtI'HIH nOKpo'B H CHJ\a3alK y AA.
{{el1BpTH rrojac wcrrY'H:>e'H je 'WKOHalMa Ha IKojHiMa oy IHaCiUJ:Ka'HH CTO-
jehH J\UK'OBH arrOCTOAa (6 +6), AOIK je 'Y CpeAJHlHH O'Bor <ppI-I3a H'KOlHa
,Li,eH3JfC (MOAeHIIje) CMeUlTeHa y noce6HoM 6aAAaXH!HY. Haj3aA, y
AHiHeTII H1KOHO'CTaCa HaAa3e ce: IKpCT X'P'.HCTOBOr pacrrel:a, EOTOpO-
AHI.J;a lM CB. JOBaH, Kao H ABe MlHp'OHOCHI.J;e, AOK je OKO H:>HX pacnope-
beHO 13 MeAaibUHa ca NI-tKOOlfMa npopoKa.1
7
lIK'oJ-flocTac Ba3HeceH:>OKe u.pJe y PYM'H 'CAHIKao je 1772. rOt.\HH
CTe<paH TeHeUKH, jet.\aJH OA Haj'AapOBHTH'j'HX cpnoKHx cAI'fiKapa XVIII
BeKa. TIOpElKAOMH3 i\WfI10Be v ceBepOHC110'l.JiHM EaHa'TY, rAe je Cpe!AH-
HOM Tora BeKa UBerrao 30Tpaep:OKH 3aIHaT, O'H je KOA Herr03HaTor 'J{'I\.O-
HiOITI'iCI.J;a A06HO OOHOBHe 'CAHlKap:OKe rrOYIKe. y rreToj AelxeHH'jH OTH-
rnao je y KHjeB H rroxal3aJo CA:H1KapcKry llIK'OAY. EOpaJBHO je y 6aJHaT-
OKOj BapOWHUH ApaAY fAe je ApMao CBOj'Y CA<HKapCK'Y ca
ry'IeI-lIJ1'I.J;HMa H TlMora Y!HM a , a paAHo je H 'KaJO ,\'BOPCKH 'CAl1!Kap apaA-
OKiWX errHKorra, IKOjH cy M'Y ,AaBaAH nOCA'Be aAH H Ao6pe rrpenopYJKc
3aCAIWKa.J-be H'KOHocTaca. EHJO je nAOAalH AH'Kap, a I-beroBa AeAa,
npeTeM'Ho .:H1KOHOCTacH, HaAa3e ce Y CpeMY H EaIHaTY. BepaH C'BOjHM
VlKpajillIOIQilM OA'HKapOK'H!M IHa30pH'Ma, OH 'je 'Mcny a Hajyone-
wHHje, CAnKa'O y AYXY "CAOBelHOKa[ 6apOKa". CTHA 'MY je rrpen03'HaT-
ibUB rro oco6eHOM cMi'KapoKK>M PYIKOrn-roy, a nopeA 'OCTaAO'f ce O'ANH-
'KYje H pa<pH'HOBaHO\\1. M'AcAaI.J;HjOlM HiHJKapHaTa. r AaHe OBeTHTeiba cy
ONH'KaJHe CKAaAHHM CTanaH:>0M PYM:yr,t,IaCfHx, cMel3Hx H Myrnx TO!HOBa.
TeHeI.J;'KH je yorreo Aa y HeU<HiM HiKOIHaMa 'H3pa'3H NHpcKa pacnO,AoMe-
17 O. MBKHn li A. IlIei\lvmn, /-La6. eJlo, 45-54.
250
A. AaBHAOB
lba, a lberOBe EorOpOAHIte 'Ha rrpeCTOH1J.1M HJKOHaMacy HajHAeaAH30-
BaJHHjH H HajnOel'H'l'HHjH )KOOCKH AlLKO'BH Y CpnCKOM 'CAHKapcl1BY
XVIII BeKa. HKoH'OC:rac 'Y PYMH, Kao yocTahloM H Apyre penpe3eH-
TarnBH'e H1KiOHocrace, ViKparuaBaJjy pa3'BHjooH 6apoKHo-poIKajHH o-
A:HI.tH Ay50pe36apeHmi: 'l103AaneHH'X oK.'BHrpa, opHaJMeHaTa, Kap11Yilla,
KOH30A'a li crymrna. Ha raK'Boj pas-yneHoj rrOnpIlI'H'H'H HCl'JfllY ce
H'KOiHe rHa KojuMa je IMajcTop OCTaBHo cB'oje cHniaTvpe ,,1772. C. T."
HKoHacTaoHanperpaAa je peilleHa T3JKIO Aa np'H'MH BHIlIe oA IlIe3At>
ceT HKOHa, 350r 'lIera HJMa}y HeJ.Il'T() Mailf>H <PoPM'aT Hero06R4Ho. Y
COKAY cy MeA;al\)OHH ca H'KiOHaJMa 'K!oje ce 'pene CAIl1Ka.i'y y OKAJOny
HKOHOCTaca: OB. CO<l>Hja 'ca Knep1J.1M1a BepOM, fuyOOM H HaA;OIM, a 3a-
THM cAeAe )KpTBa HojeBa, Ja1rooBIoE'B CaJH, )Kpl'Ba ABpaJMOBa H )K,PT-
Ba AaiBHAoBa,AOK oBaj TIojac 33'BpillaBa HJKOHa ,A!Hnoo 'lIYBap. npe-
CT()IHe IHlK'OHe, nopeA OOHOBHa '4eTIHipH AIHIKa (CB. HHKIOAa, l3'oropOAHIta
ca XpHCl'OM, I1cyc XpHJC110C H GB. JOBaJH) AOrrywy.i'Y ca erpaHe jorn
JiJKOHe CB. AHMHTpHje .J1 CB. feopnrje. Ha Itl'POINflM ABepHlMa, Y3
EAar-OBeCl'H, rrpH'Ka3aJHH cy jOili H JOllKJHlM 'li AHa; Ha jY)KHHM A:Be-
pHiMa je Apx. MmvajAo, a Ha ceBepHHlM BaOKpece",e i\a3arpeB'O. Y rro-
Ce6HJHM KapTyuI3'Ma, ,H'3HaA A'BepH, OMeJ.JJTeHe cy Taj'Ha
Beqepa, Ba(}Hece",e XpHCTOBO fH CH'Aa3aJK CB. Ayxa. CAeAenn nojac
cacTojH ce H3 aflOCTOAa H npopOKa, AOK je y cpeAHHH KpYiHH-
ca",e BoropOA:HL\'e, HK'oHa HKoHooraca. Y MllHeTH je KpCT
XprroToBor pamena, a rropeA ",era H'KJOHe Eo'OOpOA'H'Ite 11 JOBaJHa Eo-
rOCAOBa, AOK av OKOAO pacnopeneHH MeA31o'OH'H XpHCTOBIlX qYAa,
npeTemHO X'PHC110Bor IJf!CI.teloelha.
18
BOAenH CAHKap opOOKor 6a:POKiHO-piOKajlHor CTHAa, TeOAOp Kpa-
qYH je HaJCAJll'KaO HK'OHCTac Orarpe ItpKIBe y CpeM'CKioj MHTpOOHI.tH
1775. naAJ-rHe. OH je npBe cA'HiKapoKe rro'ljlKe rrpH'MHO y CpeMOK'H'\1
KapAOBUHMa 11 OKiQi\JHIflM 'MeCTH'Ma, HajBHIlIe capanyjynH C AUMHTPH-
jeM Ea'lIeBHneM. Y TaKIBoj VMeTHHqiK'Oj al'MOCcPePH Koja je BAaAaAa
y CpeMY y mecToj H A:MJoj AeI.teHaj!H XVIII BeKa, K:paqyH je McnpBa
CA'HKaJO nOA CHa)J<'HHlM YTHI.tajeM V1KP3'juHoKor u;pl<BeHJor 6apoKa. Y
TOM CTHAV HaCAHKao je cBoje np'Be HKOHe, Aa 6H KacHHje ca
JaKOBOM 0PcPeA'H'HOM nposeo HeKOAHIKO TOAH:Ha y Eeqy rroxana-
jynH YMe1'HWI,KJY Oroo 1770. Ben je "'MaD yrAeA'HO 'MMe
Meny CAHlKa'PHlMa H MeIteHlh\1a IY OpeM'Y. fiaCAe npBH'X 06IflMlHlHjHx pa-
AOBa nOKa3aAIO ce Aa ce orAaCHOCAHKllP l.mjH paAOBH Haj60'loe OApa-
)Ka'Baj y 'YIMel1HHlYKe Heil\iOVlMIHIte li AOMeTe cpnOKe KYATVpHeerroxe rrrpo-
CBeneHOCTiH. Kpa'lIYH je HlljBHme H'aC.\fH,KaO y OOMOj AeIteHiHjH 110ra
neKa, 'aAH .ie YMeTIH:H'lIIK'H'M 3aMaxOM H'CnyHIHo I.teAO Apyro 'Il0AYCTO-
Aene. EHO je OAHCTa npaB'li "MlljCTOPK'OjIH je y CBOM AeAY lHajrroCfn\'-
IllYrie ca)J<eo YMeTIIlI'lI1Ka XTewa CIBOra BpMe'Ha, y qH',iH'M je paAOBIIIMa
HajAO'CAeAlHuje o!Apa)Ka'BaHa 'BeAHlK3 ApaJMa '1MHpallha Ayro'Be'4HHX
18 O. MlfAa.I-IOBHI-JOBlfD, }fKoHocrac C"reifyaHa Te/-Ietp::oz y Ba3/-IeCeHr
creaj lIPK(3U .\1 pYJl1U, 36oPHlfl( 3a AHKOBHe YMeTl-IOCTH, 2, Homl Ca
l
\ 1966,
307-315.
HKOHOCTaCH cpn. BapOWKHX lIPKana Cpe.\1CKe apxHAlij elle3e 251
YMel'H'li4KHX OOA,HKa, npeTnapaH:>e cTapHx HiKOHOfU{calJlK'l1X cxeMa y
apoKHlyciHi!Ky".19 AO"K je 'Y paJHoj cil.li1KapcKoj <pa3H OHO nOA yni'Ua-
M Oa"lJeBHna H Y1Kpajm-IC<Jor 6apO'KIHlor Cil.HIKapCTBa, AOTAe je y 3peAu
a Ha nojeA'I.J:HH'M 'H:KOHa:Ma ,H'OfliO/bH'O H3pa3'JUe C'KAOHOCTH Ka no-
eni3aUH'jl1, a l'aAa cy I-berOlJ3e 'peAm'HjoKe 'KOMfl03HUHlje OH!Ae 'Y 3HaKY
poKOKoa R )(lo.\OpI-J1'O,M 11 CM:lKapCKOM i\laTepHjo,\<!. HKOHocTac y Cpe'I-
CKOj MI-lTpOBHUH HaCTao je OKO cpeAHHe cAH'KapC!<e Ka-
"pHjepe. Ben je HCT31\'H'YTO Aa je M-ajCTOp QlI3Ae 'nOCH:lrctO ,,'MapK<l-IITH
penle q"H3HO!HOMl1'je anOC110Aa H npopoKa H3BeAe!-Ie TOH-
CKOM MOAeAaUHjl"1 HaJKO cy OBel'HTe''o'CIKe (pHrype 'CAH'KalJ-Ie TBpne H
,1'OMOKi HeoarYPHl1'je. HeOlcnopH'o je Aa cy Ha nKOHOCl'aoy 3a'HWM-
iHje npa-3HH'fHe ,WI"oHe, paneHe CAo60A,iH:Hje 'H oe3
MCA'J"KQBalJ-b'a oH neA3!HTHOr AOTepHBaI-ba. 3a J-bHX cy, 'HeC'Y'MI-b'l:IBO, 'KO"
plUlIheHJH npeAAOillU'11 H3 3a:naAI-ba'4iKHX CAI1'KapOKHX rrpH'poy'4!H\HIKa jp
lIojeAHHe HMajy BHUJe H3rAeA npaBHX oapOKHHX Cil.I1Ka Hero waoil.o,
NIi3JfPIJHHX H1KOiHa" .tO Kpa"lJYIH je lH'aCA'H'Kao 57 HKHa 3a o'Baj I1IK-
HOC'l'ac.
KM oy Y Apyroj nOAOBHIHiH XVIII nelca 'V CpeMc'KHI;VI KapA'OB-
a caJfpanHe 1I-lIOBe ClJKpai\lHe 11 npo<paHe rpaneBH:He, I-bHX je apxH-
'roIIOKIH HaA,BH'CIJ-!Aa IH IKpymwaAa HiOBOflioAJHI'HYTa Mll'rpolIT'Oil.HjC'Ka
upKJBa (1762) nO'CBeneHa CB. HHKOA'H. 3a l-be!J-lO CAHIKapClK
a'l3a'l-&e 1JHra)KOBaHH cy 'BOAenl1 'cpnoKiI1 "alKaA'iv1.C1KJi ;'vIOAelpH"
Kpa't:J'VH '11 }aK0:J3 Op<peA'HiH. ITPeTX,<.\iHO je KpaLty"H HaCAH:KaO
J.ID<.OH'oora:c 3a 'I<aneNY OB. feopmja Ha xopy ROBe Up'K'Ile. Ty je,
ce 'IlO'Ka3aAO nOCAe fIIpoyLtaBa.I-ba CAH'KapCTBa OBor MajcTopa,
aa,jYOI1eWHHje AeA'O. OBAe je KpaLt'Y'H 3alj-JEY,vlapJiO Ji J1IHa"lJe
-..osotoao jaoHe Mene 113Meny Oa1p'CJIKIHOr H pOKajHlor CT'HAa H Aao
poKOiKOY. Ha l1l1'M MaAH\M. H3A,iY)lWHHM MelAa,b()lJ-1'HMa, 06a'BH-
Ay6ope3HiHIM. <pA'opaAIHor Il'OpeKAa, MajcTop ce pa-
ooj O'M , OI<AaAtHOM 'Hrp'oM saAepa IH Aa3ypa, nOCToH)Kynl-! CBH-
po3lpa4\I-JlY <PaKTYPY paepHlHoBaHe cNHlKapoKe MaTcpuje. 3or
BipeAHlOCTH OBOIf CA:I-:IKaJpcTBa, lMe,L\a100HlH YAa3'l!K XplHcl'on y
fIpaJI-be HOry arrOCT0i\'l1'Ma, fOCTOi\>y6loe ABpa,M10'BO H fIpo-
MojcI-:Ija 6HAe cv H3i\O)KeHe y fIapH3Y Ha 113AO)KOH "L'art en
de la prhistoire nos jours" (Grand palais, 1971 ).21
UeAlllKOiM IHiKOH'OCT,acy K3'TeApaWHor xpalMa y Cpe\1'CKHM Kap-
Maj'cTopl1 Kpa'<I"YiH 11 Op<j:>ei\lHH HaCi\'I1IKail.H C\' 41 H'K'O!HY npc-
BeM:llKOr <popMaTa. y yroBOPV IKOj
J
I1 oy OI<AOHHAH ca U'PII('BC-
THHOM Huje Ha3HaLtHO Koje ne HKOHe CAI1KaTJi npBH, a
CAHKaJp, UJTO je 360r rrpHBJi'A'H'e CAH'4'HOCTH l-bHXOBOr paAa
r "'0 1iEYAoy:,v1l1Ue y fl'OTAeAY aTpH6Yl\l1je. Menynl'.\1, rAaBHH pa-
HeAoYNlHue 6HO je y TOMe UlTO cy HKOHe 6HAe npeKpHBeHe
r. A. MeA,aKOBllh, CPIICI::(/ y.llcnLOcf y XVlIl I.JCKY, BeorpaA 1980, 38.
Il 0, MJlKHli, Ae,lO Teoopa ](pattYHa, KaTaAor fat\epHje ManIlle
HUBH CM 1972, JI.
'1 Kunlt\or: L'art en Yougoslavie de la prhi,stoire nos jours, Paris
1 (Nt 474, 475, 476, 477).
Ci\;ojeM yalSH H rrp/\:>\lBWl'HU-J:e, a Y3 TO Il1JKiOIHe y rOpI-bHM 30HaMa HIfiCY
6HAe AOCTry;IllHe 3a \lHaAH3Y 360r IDIJcHlHe OA npeJKO AeCeTMeTapa.
TeK ITOCAe tIH'WfieH>a H ce oMaTparn CaCBH\\1
rrOY3A3IH'H
'
M .MB'WibefDe Aa je KpaqYH 'HaCl\'H1Kao HIKO'He y 'COKAY, 'llKOHC
BeMFKJIX npa3iHHlKa, AlBe npeCJ10He HlK'OIHe (CB. CaBa 11 OB. ClilMeOH --
CB. H CB. fpHrropHlje), 'Kao H A'Be H'KOIHe 113 l.\HKAyca CTpa-
,L\a'fDa XPHCTOBHX y A:HiHerH H1KOilfO'CTa'Ca. OCTaAe HlKiOHe npnrra'Aajv
PYUil J aKOiBa 0p<PeA'H1Ha; OBaj ,L\pynr M'ajcTop KaJpAOSal.fKOr I1<KOiHO-
CTaca li KpaqYH3 OpTaJK 6HO je J-IGY30TJHO 'IIAiOAaiH cAHKap. HCTHiHH
30. 'BOmY Tpe6a perm Aa je y nopTpeTHHM paAOB:HJMa AOillAa Ao iTI'Y-
H'/{jer l1C'IIOmaBaH>a IberCJlBa Ci\lH'K'ap:aKa 'BeWTHtHa, aA'H je 1'1'IIaK npe-
BaCXOA:HO CA'H'KaO BepOKe TeMe. Ha nJpecTOHHJM H'KOHaMa y CpetM-
CKH'M KapAOBlUiMa jecAHKao 0P<PeAHIH HCOiOmeiHa je OOAH\jHa
CAIH'KapCKa TeXlHlHIKa, aA1'1 6e3 KO'A10PH'CTl-l'q'Ke CBe)KlHiHe H TeMnepaMen-
Ta Kao roOA Iber0I30r KOAere I{;paL[1YH a, rra je OTYAa H rrpH'MenenO Aa
je 0PcPeAHH "H3pa31'1TM 3acryrnHJHIK je,L\IHe Y'MlHpe'He, OKOP'O pal.\HOHa-
AHlCTH'1Ke BapH'ja'H'Te 6apoK'a, KOjy 'KapaKTepHme Y3AP)KlI:MBOCT 'H Y
upTe/KY H Y 60jH" .22 no THlMOC06HH3JMa KO'je je HcrrOibaJBao Y 3pe-
AIOM A06y, 0P<PeAYfH ce MO)Ke OMaJ1paTH rrpEHiM npeACTaBHHKoIM KAa-
OHl.\J.I3Ma y OpnOKO'M CMiKapCTB'Y.
ITocAe oCA:060neI-ha Cpel\1a OA TypaiKa H YAaOKa OBe 06AacTJ1 V
caCTaB Xa6c6ypmr(C MOIHapXlHje, y cpnoKoj '\j\MeTlH'OCrn je BAaAao
jom YBeK AYX n03H''Bll3aJHT'HjoKe rrpaiAlHUHje, Kao '\j'OCTaAOM il y APV-
rHMAeA0I3IM1a baAIKaHa KOjH cy H Aaibe 6H1\IH rrOA TYPl.\'HMa. Men\,'-
THM, OB,L\e je 6a,w 360r BeA.H'KJHX npoMeHa rrOAHTH'qIKOr H rrpHBpeA:HOr
Ka:palKTepa nocreneHJO AOlllAO ,L\O Cl'HAOK>HX CAH-
KapCl'Ba. HOBa eCTeTOKa YOMepelba Aa'Aa je l.\p'K>BeH03 xHje.papxHja, a
H.eHe I1Aeje npHxBaaTAa je rpanaHcKa KAaca H3 Koje ce H3ABajao
'Ci\oj 'IfHlTekli,reHl.\Hje 'H Mel.\eJHa H3 TprOlBaqIKO-3aHaTAIHjcKHx peAOB'a.
IIpHcyCTBo TpaAHl.\Hje IHa HIK'OHOCTaC:HIMa IBaplllKH'X l.\pKaBa y
CpeMY llpajaAO je AO CpeM'l'He XVIII BeKa, a Y Apyroj rrOAO'B'H'HlI
13eKace Cl'HNOKH il BAe jaCIHo IHcrrOibaRao. Ca-AawlhH
HKiOHoCTa'OH T'HX upKa:Ba, 'KiOjH AeAyjy Kao MaAe 6a.poKHe raAepHje,
o TOMe yBeploYfS'O CBeAOqe.
22 A, /-La6. eJ1o, 125,
HKOHOCTaCH CpII. BapOllIlX llpKaBa cpeMCKe apXHAHjelle3e 253
Dinko Davidov
rCONOSTAsrs OF SERBIAN URBAN CHURCHES OF THE
SREM ARCHBlSHOPRlC IN THE 18th CENTURY
Summary
One of the greatest consequences of the Austrian-Turkish
wars at the end of the XVII century was the well-known and fatal
migration of Serbs in 1690 f,rom the central parts of the Balkans
into the Danube Basin. The north-western part of Srem was li-
berated at that time from the Turks and that fact was confirmed by
the Sremsk;i K:arlovci Peace 'l'reaty concluded in 1699. After new
conflicts the south-eastern part of Srem Area .too entered within
the borders of the Habs;burg Empire (Pozarevac Peace Treaty of
1718). Fwm that time xactly dates the beginning of new poHtical
and cultural history of Serbs in Srem wi thin the borders of the
Habsburg Empire. However, it is' necessary here to remind that
during the Turkish rule, monasteries were built in Srem at the end
of the XV and the beginnmg of XVI century, and spiritual life
continue<! uninterruptedly, while Church art and literature promot-
ed in them carefully fllowed and mairutained the Byzantine rtra-
di1Jion. In the new circumstances too, while entening ill1to the sphe-
re of Western European civilisation, a clear-cut border could not
be set forth between the traditional and a new culture, even after
those historical dates of mentioned peace treaties which drew the
border-line between the two empirres. In the church pain1Jing tra-
dition was .still alive, which was expressed primarily in continuous
following the past-Byzantine icon-painting canons.
After Turkish garrisons and Moslem population left the old
towns of Zemun, Sremska Mitrovica, RUIna, lrig, Sremski Karlovci,
Vukovar, and Osijek, the demographic composition of the population
did considerably change. Most numerous to come into these towns
at thalt time are the Serbs, then Croats who settled in Vukovar and
Osijek, to be followed by Germans, while sorne to'Wns received,
although in small numbers, Jews, Tsintsars and Armenians. In the
first half of the XVIII century towns in Srem still have the Le-
vantine character, not only in terms of architecture but also re-
garc1ing the craftsman products, culture of liv,ingin homes, wearing
apparel, as well as the usages and habits which had typical Balkar
characteristics. Crafts and commerce promoted the development
of ec-onomy, but only beginning with the middle of the XVIII
century, when Srem became a hvely trade crrossroads between
Turkey and Austria, namely between the Levant and the West. AH
that, naturaHy, exerted influence on aH aspects and activities in
society, on cultural ascent, and more particularly on general urban-
-architectural view of these formerly small picturesque towns.
The view and 3Ippearance of towns in Srem and the state of
their sociological development is found in interesting and histori-
254
A aBHAoB
ographioally useful records made by high representatives of the
AustTian administration. First condensed 'report related to Srem was
submitted by Johann Christof Bartenstein, who was the president
of the Illyrian court deputation, while the second, which is more
detailed, and with the title Historische und geographische Beschrei-
bung des Konigreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien. ..
was pubEshed by Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube, who travelled ac-
ross Slavonia and Srem in 1777 Ln an official mission. Ris book
brings about valuable descriptions of view and appearance of towns
and villages in the southern parts of the Monarchy.
Taube's ".. Description of Slavonia and Srem..." is one
of mther significant sources for obtaining information regarding
the appearance of towns in Srem which, in cowrse of the XIX
and XX centur,ies lO5t much of their picturesque view. Original
appearance was preserved in them as far as their churches were
concerned, with high multistmy iconostasi,s, where considerable
numer of religio'Us figures and compositions were set in gold-plated
wood-carved frames.
Chronologically the first -is the iconootasis made by Janko
Ralkozovi in the church of Assumption of God's Mother in the
lower town sedion of Osijek (1761). Dj.mitrije Bacevi, "icon-painter
of Karlovci" (moler karlovacki), painted in the same peri'd the ico-
nostasis of the Upper Church in Sremski Karlovci and of the Ni-
kola's Church in Zemun. Bacevi ;won acceptance while working on
the iconostasis in Zemun as a devoted follower of the "Slavic ba-
roque", 00 that it was presumed that he took his lessons from
Russian and Ukrainian masters. The iconostasis of the Church of
Transfer of Roly Relies of St. Nikola in Vurovar was painted by
Vasilije Osroj'i i'n 1786. This prolific icon-painter acqui,red solid
fine-arts education in Sremski Karlovci, in the workshop of Ukra-
inian master Jovo Vasiljevic. The iconostasis of the Assumption
Church in the town of Ruma was painted in 1772 by Stefan Te-
necki. Faithful to his Ukrainian education obtained in the Kiew
School of Painting, he painted religious compositions in the style
of "Slavic baroque".
The leading painter of Serbian XVIII century art was Teodor
Kracun. Re painted in 1775 the iconostasis of the Old Church de-
dicated to St. Stephen in Sremska Mitroviea. In 1780 and 1781
Kracun, together with Jakov Orfelin, painted the iconostasis of the
cathedral church in Sremski Karlovci containing fourty O!l1.e icons,
mostly of large size.
The presence of tradition in the iconostasis of town churches
in Srem is noticeable until the middle of the XVIII century, while
in the second half of that century new iconostasis partitions begin
to be built, where the transformation of style is clearly visible.
This is convincingly proved by the present-day iconostasis in the
churches in Srem.
CA. L HKoHocrac ca Ay6ope36apemlM OKBHpHMa CTape I..\pKBe y CpeMcKoj
MHrpOBHI..\H (1775)
Fig. L Iconostasis with wood carved frames of the Old Church in Sremska
Mitrovica (1775)
CA. 2. I1KoHocTac ca Ay6ope36apeHI1M OKDHpH.Nla ca60pHe QPKBe y CpeMcKHM
KapAOBl\HMa (1780)
Fig. 2 lconostasis with wood carved frames of the Cathedral Church in
Sremski Karlovci (1780)
DaMe BACMfi
fPAACKA HOliU-hA CPEA OA XVI AO XIX BEKA
IhBopH 3a oprraK'Y rpaAcK'Y IHOllHb'l{ ay pa3HoBpcH'H, aAH He Aajy
rroTrry;HY CAHKY 0 'lbOj Hera CWMO AeAIHlMIH"tJlHry, Be3'WHlY 3a If10IjeAIHlHe
Kpajeae, II HeiKa xpcmoAaillllKa pa3A,06loa Ha OC'HOBY KOjiHX Ce MOiry
llpolllHpHTH per lllro 3Ha'liH 'Ha Beny ,06Aa.cT oH AY)Ke pa-
3A06loe. f Aa:B1H'H 1I3BOIpH cY AlIIKaBHlH H IIHCa:HH, aMI ill\1a li erurrpa<p-
CKHX lIAiH Aipyre BpeTe !H'a iOiOH'OlBY 'KojHxce 'Mory AOHOCHTH OAipeneHII
AHlK'OBHil lI'3BOplI ce :HaAl3e y CAH'KaMa, Mli'HlIjaTypau\1a,
TIiHCafill npeTe)KHO 'If MlHor06pojiHHtM nY:I1ornroHMa CPpalI-IHX IT'YI'HIm<a
KOJH cy 3aBpeMe TYpc[<.e BAaA:arBllHe rrpo.i\!a3HAH Kp03 Cp6ujry H A'Pyre
3eMIoe y IKajHMa cy )KHIBeAH Cp.6H. Apyra BpcTa llH:G1IHIIX OOBOpa cy
KlbH're 0 iHOWlbH '1{ XVI, XVII li XVIII BeKY Koje llpHKa3yjy pa3He
HapoAe rroIIrPo je Ha'Kcm O"I1K'plIna nocl1ojaAo 'BeAHlKO HlHTe-
pedOBa'lbe 3a CTpaJHe 3a\1loe, oao6lHTo 3a TYPOKY II TYPKe 'K!OjH cy
Y'IlpO)KaBaAH EBporry. TYp0KOj cy ITOOBeneHe II noce6He KlbHire, 'le-
CTO AparoQeHe Kao H3BOp 0 )K(HiBlO'PY, OlI'lwj!H<:vm H H'OllllbH, jep oy
rro rrpaBiHAY 6HAe y AiPHOpe3Y li DaJKp:OIpe3Y 'Y'KpallleHerpa<pHi'lIKlo:Lv[
npeACTa'Ba'Ma Apynrx lH'<lJpOAa. BeAHKJI 3Ha'laj 1l1Majy IlHcaHlH H3B'OpH
I<OjlI IlIOl'lI"-IY iH3 Ay6poBa'<IlKor apX:JllBa II ,raBOpe ' Ay6,p0B'laH!HJMa y
Op6Hj:H, y 'KOjOj je 'HlHa'le 6no rrpHMftIaJH 6poj ,Aty6POBa"lKHX
mrja .lliO'AaQII 0 AypOB'l3iHHlMa cy J]()I()peAaJH lI3'B'P oH Q Cpli'M<a lMenv
KiojuMa cV )IBeAII Ay6pOBaljjKJl[ l1proBQH, YII<:Oi\ili'KO \J-lHOY 'V ITlUalliY
II IHerracpe,AJHH
Houl1-ba y XVI aelCY
IlITO ce TU'le AiH'KOBHIIX lI3BIopa, CNHlKa, l'pa<pHlKa, oK'I{AIITvpa, OHH
Aajy HajnorrI"lY'HHje rrOAal'Ke 0 HOilllbH pa3H'lIx ApyIIITBeHHx cAojeBa.
MenYTHlt\1, 3a Cp6lIjy ev HajBa)KH'HjH rr'pTpeTH Kl1HTopa 'Y QpKIBaMa
H MaJHaCl1H1PH'Ma. IIocAe rrpOJlaJCTH CipJllOKeAp)Ka'Be, LVpK!BOOH IoVAM,
rrAeM'HnoH oH rpaDaJHlI av ce jalBlbaAH 'Kao IKToHTOplH, lllTO je <HeTOpilIjV
1 J, TaAHn, Ay6pOBa'1Ja apXUBCJa zpana 0 Eeozpay, Ii3A, MOHO rp:lAa
EeorpaAa 1950.
256
II. BaCIlh
Haille 'HOIllI-be '060ra1'H'AO 6POj.J-{HIM rrOpT:pe'HMa H3 'KOjHX ce MO)Ke
AOCTa Ca3Hal'H 0 OAeBa'I-bY A>'VA'H y Harnoj 3eMA>H.
2
MenYTH'M, y rryro-
rrncHlMa ce r-raj:BHllle rOBopH -KOjH ay 6nA:H JHaj6pojIHHjH
!\:pYlllTBeHH CA'Oj Tora Ao6a. IlAeJMcPBo je 'Y 3'HaTH'OJM 6pojy H.::ml1HYA'o,
n06erA y MabapoKY HAB 'ce rroceloa'rlfi\!O, 3601' l'ora cY nYTofmCl..\H
HajBHllle onHCHBaAH cefoaKe, OC06HTO y Cp6HjH, H 1'0 yrAaBHoM Ha
CAH'1aJH Ha'rHIH. OHH cy 6H1AlI OAe'BeH'l1 y OA:en:y OA rpy60r 6eAor 'UAH
CH'BOr CYII<JHa, 'Ha rAa:BH cy lllHfoaTe Kane, a Ha HiOraMa OmrH!Kc'.
!\.eTH cy .HOCHAH CaiMO ra1f\:e H KlllYfoY ,,Ai0 IKOAe'Ha, a Ill\'WHYT je H
jeAaJH CBernreHUK 'AeBelH HCTO 'K,a'O cefoaU;M W1'O je lfMao A:Y)f(Y
KO'0Y 11 KaJI1Y. Py6foe cefoaJKa D'BAO je YKpame'HiO Be3OL\1.
)KeHe cy IH'MaAe iHa rAaJBH IKlpYJHe oA npyna no yrAeAY Ha 'KpY'He cpeA-
ffiO'BElKO'BJ-I1HX flA eMIK'HI-ba, a 'At'BojKe cy ynAHTaAe 'KIOCY yKJH1KY OKO
TAaBe. YKpalllalBaAe cy ce je4JTYllHHIM IHaKil1TOM KOjH cY :HlM KOBaAH
UnrlJHH. CeA>a,UH cy npOAalBaAiH J11YJ1HHUWMa BOne; 3a6eAe)f(eHe cY JI
H3BeaHe HJlpe Y3 rrec'M'Y 'K:oje ay H3BO,lH'Ae )f(ElHe. CAH'1iHa iHOIllI-ba je
6HAa y MaKeAoHHjH H EyrapoKloj, rAe cy cefoauH HOCHAH 'KapaJKTe-
pnCTlflJJHe Karre Koje cy y A:OI-beM AeAY H'M'a'Ae '1eTlHpiH HA'YI llleCT lI<pa-
KOBa. Ty SpeTY Karre je BepOBallHJO AOiHeAa Ha EaNI<aIH 1'ypCKa BojoKa
jep nOAcena Ha 'MaAoa3ujoKI[ HOillfbY, 10:AiHOC1H0 Ha cPpIUHjCKY Kany.:\
llho ce TH''re rOpI-bHX cAojeBa IIAeM011Ba, rpanaIHa H KAHpa, 0
ffilllMa rrac1'oje H'3'BeOHH rrOAaUH, AeNO.N1 cPpaJlMeHT3!pHiH, rrpY)Kajy
H3BeOHY OCHOB'Y 3a illHpe 3aJKlnytllKe. Ha nJP'B!OM J'l'cT'Y je AeC[lOT J 0-
BaJH BpaJH!KOB'Hn '-lnja ay Kalla H 'Ce.Ai\O '-lY1BaJHJH y 'MalHalCTH'pV IlpHDH1.Ha
rAaBa OBe AO 1941. rO,AiHlHe, KalITa Je 6uAa H3AO>I<elJ-fa y EY'AHJMllernHI
1885, rra je TOM npHA'l11I<J::\1 AaT fbeH IIO,Aip06aIH OI1lHC: MHTpa C nAl:lT-
KHM T0MeHoM, BHOOIKa 17 cm, y ropfbe<"1 AeAY lllHpa 3a 2 cm Hero y
AOlheM, H3pa5eHa O. 3eAeHe xaAH<pe, C H,e3eHHM wapaM'a nA 31\aT3 H
ope6pa, nOAefoe<Ha Ha '-leTH'pH :KpHillKe. Ha BaiKOj DA I-bHX 6HiO je H3
Be3eH AMK cepa<pHMa, a Ha jeAiHiod jow H AH'K Eo-rop:lAH'lJ;e. Y AOlheM
AeAY je 6!-'fAa 'OIIITOqeHa upBe'HOIM KaAH<p'M, A'K ce Ha TeMelHY 'Ha-
Aa3HOMeTaAH:H 'KpCT "Aeno 'CAO)Ke<H" 0 OBa Kana nO'Acena Ha Kanlj
KOjy HO'OH /CB. Bopt.ie K:paTOIBau, Ha eppecUiH y IMa!HaJCTHpy IleTK'OBlHuH
(1588).4 J'lll jeACliH H3B:Op 3a IHOlllffiV AeCI10Ta J OB\JHa npeAcTa'Bfoa
'HIKOHa IKlojy je 'KorrHpaJo HHlKoAa HeillK0BHn 1753. rra HapeneI-b'y eH-
CKona JOBaJHa feopnrjeBHna. Ha lliOj j'e AecrrOT TlpH'Ka3alH ca He-
06H'1IHOM KPYHOM 'KJoja ce cacTjil1 H3 ABa AeAa (A'oJbeir li ropI-be-r),
a AeA MY Cal.IH:l-baBa nAaBa A'OAlIMa Y'l<paWeHa rYCTHM 3Aa"[1HH'M raj-
T3JHHMa AO l1oja'Ca;H3rA0Aa.A;a je OHAa 1J10CTalBI'neHa xepiMei\HJH'lM. lbe-
l'OB llAalllT, TH'ITa XAaIMHAe, 3a
'
Kon
L
laJH je HelliTO HcrrOA AeCHor pa-
i'vIeHa. MenYTH'M, A'OAaMa 6'Y1 6Hi\a :H'CY'BHllle paHa 3a rrO'-leTaK XVI
BElKa, a Y'KOi\HKO ce CYAH rro AOi\aMH BojH'Ha, crraxHje H3 CS. Tpoo
2 C. ITeTKoBHI., C,1wcapCT60 /la 110PY'ljy nelKe l1C1Tpujapuluje,
1557-1614, HOBH 1965.
3 n, Baolli, Howna Iwpoa JY20c.!w6uje Kp03 uCTOpujy, EeorpaA
1968, 48,
4 IT, BaCHD, CpnCKa y cpelbeJH eeKY, EeorpaA 1979, 50.
fpaAcKa HOW/-ha Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
jHI..\e y I1ibeBibHMa, KOjU je )KHBOnHCJH 1592, OiHAa oplDrHlHaA'Ha iHKOIHa
HHje CTapH-ja oA npBux XVII BClKa. OHa 6H y TO'M cAY'iajy
6HAa nOAaTa'K 'HOmlliH nA0MCTBa Ka:OHHjOj 3a "LIlITaIBOCToAene.' AAH
nocTojoH Apyra M<>TyI1JH'OCT: TO je nopTper ,go}BlAe PJAoja Xpa6peiHi:\
113 y TPHje6H>Y CAll!KaJH 1534, Ha K:OMe je njJiHlK:aGafH Hi'BH 06-
AHlK 'AeAa - OHO je 6e3 HKa:KtBHX YKpaca aOWM AonTaCTe
A'YI'Ma,lH, Pa3Al[lJ)HTOr pa:crropeAa, KOjO.VI ce 311KOITY:aBa cnpeAa. Jc-
:&YPI<hV1ajepoB 6JKpope3 KOj'H HlHaqe npCAcTaBiba 'OAAWKOBa:He Ma-
napoKe UA'H cpnOKe BajiHHiKe, npHIKa3yje Ta'KIBO OAeAO C AeAHMHl.J:1HOM
noja'BOM WH'pHTa 'Ha rpYAH'Ma Kao YKpaca. 3a6eAe)KClH je nOAaTaK 0
jePiHlM cpnOKOMIL\eMHfi.y H3 JarOA'lflHe 1553. KjilI je H3jaBHo XaHcy
AepalUBaMY Aa je nAeMHn, Aa noceAyje 6oA>Y oAeIiy 11 nocyne, aAI1
Aa TO !He OMe nOK13aToH npeA OBaj nAeMoH.I. ce Ilioceiba4HO,
a 0 H:.eraBM OAeAY ce 'He IMO)Ke penol{ 'H'HWTa APYro OCHJM Aa je 6HAO
60ibe OA cY'K<mme ceiba4iKe oAene.
1j
Me5Y1'l'FM, OAeNO nACuV1Hna je OCTa'A AyraYKo. illy6e K!He3a By-
Ina BYAeTHna H3 Mapaye (1::'74) H BojulHa, cnaXlHje ilI3 OB. Tpo-
y (l5n), Tail<:one je ;xyraY'KD, HMa rajTalHe 'Ha rp,\,-
AH'Ma, a 'Ha 3apYK<aBibY 3JaHiMibliB nONIj'K!py/K,!JH YKpac, 'KOjH ce IIiHa'le
oAp)KaO 'Ha OAeAY rp3!HUYapa H IHa rYH>eBHIMa y Op6nj.H C'Be AO XIX
BeKa. AOH:.H Aeo PYlKaBa H:.HXOBHX AAJMa je TJK05e YKpaweH Ayr-
MaAHiMa IKoja cy ce 'MO)KAa M'OrAa 01'KiOnyaBaT.w. fa
1
jT3:.!m cy HCT'O'i-
H:.al.JjKor-<MeC0I10TJMOKor nopeKAa; y 'Hamy 3C1MibY cy lIX AOiHeA!lI Typ-
na ,HX je rrpeKo jJHilI4apa np'Hh\AO H Baille IL\eMCTBO, 'KaKO MH-
CAM J. KOBayeBlIn. I10pTpT OrIaXHje BojlIlHa npHKa3yje nOCAeAH:>y
<pa3Y pa3Boja nA0MHniKe 'HOWH>e y Cp6HjH, I\.a'A je nAe}.fCTBO npHXBa-
THAO TypOKe YKpaOHe eAeMeHTe.
7
Ha Apyroj CTpa'HIH, y JY/KiHOj ManapcK:oj (AIIHawlboj BOj'BOAH-
HH) 6HAe cy IlocrnYlHo APY'Kl.JIHje np!lIAHKe; lIlMa IHeWTO nOAaTa'Ka
3Ha4ajHHx ibYAH To,ra ;li06a: JOBaH'Y U;PHO'M 'li I1aBAY
nJKH'ny, nOCAeAI-beM Aecnory. JOBJH U;'P'HH je CTeKa:0 npHAH'4aH no
AoHl'H4KH H BO'jHH yrAeA; '113 nOAaTJKa '0 l-beraB'H'M O\A)HOCl-'LVla 'C
<pepPilt:HaHAM ca3Hajy ce :HeKe 'llojeAlIlHOCTH Koje cy 3Ha411j'He 3a
HCTOpHjy cpnOKe 'HOillH>e. JOBa'H je ypeAilI'O TeAeCHY rapAY OA 600
neWJKa, jeA:mliKO 'OAOOel-rHX H Ha'Op'Y)KaJHlHX, H Ha'3Bao ux ja:HH'iapiHlMa.
AYCl'pHjCK-H <I>epA'HlHalHiA MY je Ha nOlKA!H 500 K'O'MaAa
yoxe 3a OAeAa. Ha ApyrolM Mec'fIY ce nOiMilIH:.Y OKAO'llH, WAeMOBIi II
1-lpBeHO CyK'HO 'Koje je l'pe6aAO Aa ce nomaA>e 3a JO'Ba'HBO AB'OpCiKO
OC06LbC. Y3 TO je JOBaJH Tpa/KHO D'A H 3aCTaBe H A060we 3a
CBojy BOjOKy.8 3aHIIMibH!B je H H3Be'CTaH 6pod lJl:OAaTa'Ka 0 I1aBAY
naKHny 'KiOjH je IKao ll'OCAeAlliH AeonOT 1537. rOA'lIIHe. Ha
'H:.erOBOM ne4aTY ce iHaAa3H npeAcTaBa KOH:.alHlHlKa l'KAOnlHlI'Ka (UITO
5 fI. BacHI, HOUlfba Hapoa fyzoclla6uje, 7.
6 HCTO, 50.
7 J. KOBal.JeBHI, Cpel-be6elW6Ha HOUlfba EaJZ1WHCICUX Cllo6eHa, CAH,
EeorpaA, MCMLIII.
8 fI. BacHI., Houlfba Hapoa fyzoclla6uje, SI.
258
n. BaCHh
je }l'HeYO JI y I-heroB rp6 PJ06UjetH 1533) K'Oj'l1 lliMa lllAeM 6e3 lllilp'Ma
H Hoc06pa'Ha, AOK MY .113 opeA'I1IHe IllTpYI1 oaKldl je IHO-
'QHO TI-I.'TYAY "magnificus dominus Paulus Bakyth de Lak capitaneus
generalis huzaronum Regiae Ma'iestatis", a l1!Haye je KOMaiHAO'Bao Aa-
KCM <PepAllIHa
1
H:L\a.
9
Y n03HaT!O'M AeAY JaCTa A'MalHa
Das Kunstbchlin U3 1599, rropeA ppyna 'pa3Hux 'MI1TlOAOiillKUX 'U ll.'::ro-
Pl1'j'CK!l1X AU'Y1HOCTll, Meny ManapOKJ11M ca CA'l1'YH(l1iM lllAe-
MOM np.l1iK'a3aH jeH jeNl:H KOjJ.f AP)K'll KOMaHA1HiY a O'KAOn
MY je npeK'O A'OA3JMe c MaAI1lM 111l1pIITH'Ma. I-beroB 1111'UT HMa opHa-
MeJHT rrperrAeTa 'l13HYTpa AY)K anaAa. fLo IMeCTY Y MorAO 6u ce
3aJKIoYYUTU Aa je 6AIJ.I3aK Manapu'Ma; no O'llpeMU n:oAcena Ha OIKAOll-
'HHlKa 'Ha UU'Mepy oaJK!UneB'r rp6a.
10
oaJKuneB YHYK ileTap Y3eo je 3a
CBOj l'p6 KOJ-baH!HKa, CkI1Y:HO HaopY)KllJHOr, Y'HjH je rOpI-hU Aeo calMo
y 1KA.ony, rro '-le'MY ce 'BUAIll Aa je Y n'l1TaJ-bY AalKJl1 'K'O'l-haHU'K KaKa'B
je 6HO n ilaBAe oaK'uh. MO)KAa ce y TOM OKAOI1JHUIKY lHaAa311 cayy-
BaJHa ilaA'OBa <p'l1rypa HAU OI1'petMa, HelllTO OA aYTeHTHYHUX eAeMe-
HaTa 0 onpeMU Cp6a Y XVI nelKY.u
fpal5aJHlcKlH KO:CTill\1 Op6a Y XVI Be.KY ca cBoj'l1'M 'pa3BojeM orAeNi
ce Y npeACTaBaMa Eopna KOjl1 je cTpaAao \Ha AOtMayU Y
Coq>I1ju 1515. 3a rrpaoCAaBJHiY lBepy. HajpaJHuja rrpeAeTaBa OBm MY-
yeHiHIKa rr01'J11ye U3 1537, a HelKOAJIIlKO <ppecaKa Y ilehH, Cry <f
flJOIKa3yjy 3aJHHMIoUIBY etBONYU'Ujy. H'OIlll-ba 'lm 1561. U3
ileh-l{ llIMa AOCTa CAU'4IHOCI1.l1 ca HOlll'J-bO:M U3 XV Beil<a. IbrAeAa He-
BepoBa:llHO Aa je Ta'KB 06AI1lK napther OAeAa Tpajao Buwe UA 100
rOAHlHa! MeaYTI-IlM, ,Kao Aa AIHJKOBHIll 1ll3BOpU TO n01'Bpnyjv; OA 3a-
K{)Ha y PYAiHHUIl1'Ma U3 1412. AO <ppecail\.a Y ilehu II Cn;AeHill'Uu U3
1565. :u 1568. HeMa UTHHX rrpoMeHa. ilpeMa jeA1HO,\1 H3'B0PY, l1Ka-
'HU'H,e oy 'Y TO BpeMe 6uAe BeaMa jaJKe II 'l13Atp)Kib'll'Be. MOIiTeth iKaJI<e:
"Y'Bujao caM ce Y CBlOr Tj. 'HOClflQ je orpTaY CBor oua. fooprujc
je 000 3AaTap, 11111 3IHaYH rpal5a1HlllH, a Beh je 1588. lHa
y Ma'Ha.cT.HJPY npUil\.a3alH Y AeAY c AOUTaCTaM
AynMaAH, He ca 6eAOM rny6apOiM lHern ca KanOM Ka!KBY je BepOBa1'HO
IHtOlOUO AecnoT JOBaJH.l
2
3AaTap XOyalHll1JH il13 illoeBaloa WMa llly6y YH\jH:
je OKOBpaT1HUK OA Kp3Ha, IU'Haye CAillYa:H 1'paAHUluoHaAHiM OOJ\il1iKY
Q;KOBpaJT.H!HKa 'OA I-heroBa my6a ce 3aTBapa Kp03
ABa MaAa npCTeHa. ApiYJ1l-1I..\1 pe'Y'lIJ\Ia, rpanaJHOKll KOCT1UIM je no 'Kpojv
O'OTao CAMyaH rrA0Ml-fh:KOM, aAH 6e3 rajTaJHa Ha rpYAl1!Ma. 06e llly6c
cy 6uAe rrOCTaJBloeJHe Kip3HOM. C 063l1ipOIM 'Ha TO Aa C'B. feoprnje Y
UMa l'0p'J-be OAeAO Kpahe 'A A'OJ-ber, TO 6u MorNO 3Ha-
YHToU Aa je OH1() rrpeY3eA'0 'l[J\ory KYHTYU{{l- Kao HOB OAeAO. MaAa cy
Cp6u Y IMHJOI'OM rrO'I'AeAY, 00061J-fTO KYATYp'HOM, 6UAU nOA
fpKa, 'l1oITaiK je rpaACKa HOlUtha Y 'Bo Ao6a, rrpH rrpeAa-3Y lB XV Y
9 A. I1onoBHn. Boj13owUl, II, ROBE CaA 1941, 89.
10 J. Amman's KUl1stbiichlin, Dover Publications, inc., New York
1968, 103.
11 A. IIorroBl-ln, Boj130UHa, II.
12 II. BacHn, Cpl1Clca l-lOtUl-ba y Cpel-behl 6eKY, 51.
259
fpaACKa HOllIlba Cp6a 0;)" XVI AO XIX BeKa
XVI 'B0K, HMaAa C'Boje 06eAe)Kje. ITpe.\1a HeKHtM npHMepHMa Koje je
HaBeo J. KO'BayeBHn, CA:H'glHa HiOllilha je 6uAa II y EyrapClKJoj, C TOM
pa3A!HKOM IlITO cy )KeHe HOCHAe llIaA'Barpe Koje y Cp6ajH HHCV oHAe
n]JIHXBaneHe, je AjocaA rr03'Ha-ro. TI'O AocaAaJUJ-bIIM H3-
BopHMa, Cpfl'OKa HOIlIJ-ba y XVI BeK'Y Ha ceBepry je 6AIH)Ka iManapoKoj.
Y30P [pYKa HIHje 6HAa nOApa')Ka'BaHa, UTTO ce AaKO
3ana)Ka ynopeneI-heiM c HOIlIJ-bOM rp'f,KHX HAeM[fil'ia li TprolBau:a iKoja
rroKa3yje <popMe sui generis, 6AH)Ke Ty;pU'HMa H TY'pCKtHM 06H'LlajHIMa.
1
:
J
)KeHoKY HOIlII-bY y Ma'KeA,'O!H1HjH nplIKa3ao je "lJ:e3arpe
BeqeAHO; lheH cnOJblHH 1I3rAeA rroAcena na cpeAfflo'BeKoBHY HOllJllhY
'lm <ppecKa'Ma. MenyTHM, 3y6YH OA TaqJTa je lHelliTO H'0BO, a tK:pY'Ha
OA AaJK:or MaTepYljaAa YI AOlha oAena ocraAIH cy no cTapo.vl. YAaTa
)KeHa liMa Ha je,AiHYBpCTY l'yp6alHa, a AHl..\e joj je 3aopaneno
npeKO qeAa -YI 06pa3a; xaibHHe oy o.KO BpaTa. MenYflHM,
roplha 'OAena MaTpOHa je OA epwHe nAaBe qoxe 'HAH 'fOXe APYTe 6;ojc,
a M'Hare HOce H U:PHiY oAeny. OHa nOAcena Ha 3y6YifI rro IlIHPOKII\1
J;paTKHM pYKaBHMa KOjH nponYIJJTajy lImpoKe PYKaBe AOJ-he xaibHHe.
BeqeNHO c,vlaTpa ,L\a cy B-HCOKe HaIHlYAe, o6ojeHe u:pHeH'O HMI n03Aa-
neao, 6HAe TypOKH 06H'yaj. OBaJK!Ba BpcTa ooyne, BHCO'Ke 'HaJHYAe, y
BeHeU:'H'jlI je 03HaqaBaAa 'KAaCHe pa3A'l-EKe (1590). eJ>HTypa CeibaH:Ke
H3 MalKeAHHje npHIKa'3aJHa je y je,AiHOCTalBlH:oj xaibHHH 'Koja AOlfllH\pe
AO YAaHa'Ka, npHNH'.fHO BH'COKO rro'TnacaHoj. AOK rpanalH<Ka 'M'Ma xa-
l't>H'HY AO 3e..\1ibe, 'IHa 'ce 'KOA IT'Ae'M'KHlhe Byye no 3e."'1ibH Kao MaAH
IlIAerr. Ta pa3H10BpOHOCT HecY'MJ-blI'BO ITO'Ka3'yje 'H KAa'CHe pa3AHKc.
Tpa'AHl.\'HOIHaJ\'HY KPYIHY OA rrpyna M'Ma H ceibanKa, a ca KpY'He n03aJAII
BIfCH Kpal1KO Be3aHa Mapa!Ma.
14
C nOyeTKa XVII BeKa, ').-[3 1603-04. rOAil'DHe, n011J.-J'LJe 'KTH'rOpOKU
ITOpl'peT H3 UpKBe Ycnelha y AHBA>y.15 KTIITOpOBO 'OAeAO ,L\eAyj ap-,
XaHYHO: roplhe OAeAO (He BHAH ce Aa AH je TO AOAaMa) OTKpHBB.
06AUK KOIlIYibe KaKiBa je HOllieHa y XV BeKY, a Kana <::a YeTHpH
KpaJKa OKO i\'OrrTaCTe rAa'Be nOAcena 'Ha ceibaY'Ke IKarre Koje cY npc-
Y3eTe OA TypaKa. KnnopOBa cyrrpyra HO CH rrpeKO y6paAa\.le 6eAY
npyraCl'Y MapaJMY Koja joj o6almja rAaBY II lllHpOK,HlM IKpajeBll'Ma
rraAa Ha pa:MeHa. 060je HoMajy MacHlBHeMHHbywe - KOA lhera rrpo-
HyyeHe Kp03 YIlIH, a KOA I-be H3rAeAa Aa EIKe 0 TpaU:H CTaBA>eHOi
npeKI() rAa<Be, HClI10A
CBeWTeHH"lKa HOWlha ce y 3HaTHoj MerpH MO)f<e BHAeTH Ha <ppe-
CKaJMa. TaJKO je naTplfjarpx MaKapH'je rrpwKa3aH y EYA<HCa'Bu;.liMa 1568.
y OOH"fHOj 'C1\'Y)KOOHOj oAenH, oalKiocy npeKO TYHHlKe, ca OMO<pOpOM
OKO BpaTa KOj'H naAa HanpeA. Koc'a MY je YflAeTe'Ha y IlKe KO'je na-
Aajy ca cTpaJHe, a MO)f(Aa 'H rro3aAiII.
10
MemawKa 'HOllITba je ja'CHo
1;] Le navigazioni et viaggi nella Turchia di Nikolo de Nikolai del'Del-
iinato, in Anversa MDLXXVI.
14 IT. BacHn, lYlOclloacHcKe HouabC y XVI BeKY, 360pHHK ETHorpaq,-
CKor MY3eja y BeorpaAY, 190J-1951, Beorpa
/
_\ 1953, 134.
lj C. ITeTKOBHn, HaB. CIlO.
16 J1cro.
260
II. BaCl1n
IJ1pHlKa3alHa y MaiHaCnlpy AOMB'HI..(H KOA 3sopHHlKa 1607-08. rOAHBe.
Allia 'KTlf"ropa feHaAHje !li AKaKHje H!Majy IlOT'lTaCalH'O AOlhe
npeKO IKora Hoce llUrpO'KY MaiHrnrjy Koja ce 3aKOlI'-Iana HcrrOA rpAa.
Ka!Ile oy HL\1 Ol'Bopooe OKO yeAa, a KPaljeBH, OnepBa)f(OOiH ooYAa Ba-
OKJOAO, naAajy no pa'MeHHIMa. Ha npeA;HieM AeAY Kane H!Majy MaAH
K'pCT; Kane oy I-tHaJye l\pHe, a OAeAO oseTAHX 6oja. MOIHaX!lH-ba AtHa-
cTaJOHija y CTYAeHHUH, CA'HlK31Ha 1568, je 'y CAH''fHY HOllllbY,
JQHTOH H :MaH1'Hjy, a,\JH joj je l\eA'a rAasa 3a6paoeHa OCHM A!H'I..(a;
noplbH Aeo KaJne HlMa .o6NHIK y.aAJMe. OAena je T3JKOne CSeTAe 6oje,
a nOKipHisa'Ao rAa'se l\PHO,!7 CTe<PaH fepAax onucyje 1574.
HOIlllbY jeAHor CBeIllTeHHKa KOA CMeAepesa KOjH je 6HO OAeseH Kao
H ooraAJH celoaI..(H, aAH ce pa3AH'KJOSaO jeAHlHO A'YrOM KOCOM K;oja M'Y
je naAaAa npeu<iO paMeHa H APyraYlHjoM IKaJrrOM.t
8
Op6H il<a'O 'BOjIHHI..(H ay y 1'0 Ao6a 6HAH CalSe3HHI..(H HAH capak
HHI..(H Manapa, a nOCAe 6HllKe 'Ha npHIllAH cy AYCTpJIjaHI..(H-
"\1a, fHa npHMep TIasAe oaJK!lIn. 3acaA HJHje f]03HaT .orrHC
HiefosHX KOlbaJHHKa OCllMAa C'Y 6JIAH AaJKO fHaJOpY)Ka:HH (Ievlis arma-
turae) H Aa cy jaxaAu "MaAe paI..(lKe K}be". MenYTmvl, HTai\JHijaHoKH
nyTCillIiCaI..( nH'racPeTa je Aao 3Hyaj.31H rrolAaTalK iH3 A;06a 6HllKe KOA
CHreTa, IllTO 3Ha
t
JH TpHAeceTa'K rOAIIIH'a KacHHje: "lb YrapoKe je
6JIAO 4.500 KOlbaHlHlKa iKi()j'lI cy H'MaA,H Ill11.HTDSe, IKal\Hre, K'Ollloa,
llII11loa'CTe J\1ayese a 'BpX 110ra )KeAe3'HY KIIllYIoY. MenY1'HM, 6HAO HX
je (no cmpoM OKMroK'OM o6H'Yajy HAH no orroHaIlla'lbY TypaKa) KO!jH
oy HMaAH Ha .TIAeillJ:x Hajsena opAosa KpHAa, a rrpeKO paMeHa Kao 0lK-
Aon OA KO)Ke 'MeneAa HAM OA Apyre Aa ce npel'sope y Ill'!'O
y)Ka'cHHje crpaulluA,o. OSaJKise 3tBy TypI..(J1 "AeAH" l'j. "AynaI..(H". MH-
rH nHCI..(H Ka./Kiy Aa cy 'Ose AeAuje KOA TY'Pa:Ka perpYTosaHe 113 Cp-
6Hje HAH oorne. TaJKO je H. HHJKiOAe cycpeo y JeApeHY jeA'Hor roo-
lbaJHIIIKa KOjlH je 6RO HCT.OSeTHO orrpeMloeH: I..(eo je 6HO OAeS0H y
Kp3lHO, a Ha KaJnH H IllJlmy je HMao opAosa KpHAa. OH je H3jaBHo
HHlKoAey Aa je Cp6lfH, OYlHTaO ,MY QBe TpH rA3JBHe MOMIl1se - "Oye-
Halll", "ooropOAHI..(e Aj0BO" JI "Bjepy}y" -IH peK'ao Aa ce 'Mopa TaKO
'AesaTH 360r TypaKa. CaosHM je MOJlynao Aa je 'H y Oa'KHneBoj A3-
l<j KOHiHI..(H 6HAO CA'li'.J.lHO Onp0MIoelHHX Cp6a KOH>aJHHiKa KaA HX je
Ben 6lli\J0 Meoy Manaplli\1a H Typl\lIMa. Cp6H cy CAY)KUAU H y ne-
Ill3JAHjH nOA Ha3UBOM "xajAYI..(IH". AYlllaH HonoBHn je Hapojao l-bH-
XOBY onpeMY: YaKllllllpe, ManapcKO ne6e, je,AiHa "sY'Ha" Ka6a.HHI..(a,
AOAaMa, 'BV1HeHiO OAeAO, a OA oPY)Kja \Ma,y. JeAaH CaSpeMeHH peloecP
npllKa3yjeManapOKor nemaKa H3 npBe nOi\iOBHHe XVI seKa; lbt>
rosa cPHrypa Aaje np..H'6AH)KtHY CAHlKY xajAV1Ka. Cpoo oy rrpeAcTal3-
loaAH jOIll jeAaH pOA BjoKe y ManapoKoj, a TO cy 6IM'H IllajKaIllI1
- HaOaAHe'I'H, 'llije ce cpe,6JliUlTe HaAa'3HAO y KOMOpaH'Y, a I<acHHje
y T:wreAY. OA opY)Kja cy lLVlaAill cTpeAe, Ayra KOIlloa, MaY0Se, IllAe-
17 Mero.
18 BHA. HarrOMeHY 3.
fpaACKa HOlllfba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
261
MOBe H llll'HTOBe. HaCaA:HJCl'H ay H'OOHAH nAaBO :OAei\:O; Ha jeAHloM
ApBo'pe3Y '113 XVI BeKa npHiKa3l1He ,cy lbHXO'Be 3aCTlIBe 'Ha illaJjiK'lIMa
KOje cy HMaAe ABa nepa H 'MaATeillKIH KpCT.t
9
MenYTHM, Ba)KlIH H3B'Op 3a 'HOllllbY XVI BeKa y EeorpaAY jecTe
npenHcKa Ay6poBa4Ix TproBal..\a KOjHx je 6HAO y MHorHM cprrcKHM
rpaAOBHMa Tora 1'l/06a. To cy HiHiBe-fTap'H HeKH'X TppoBaLi'KHX paAlbR
C IToruH'OO''>"f 'pa3He po6e, npH 'ieMY je HajoBIfllle 3a6eAe)KeHO rOTO'B'HX
OAeAa pa3AHLIHTOr flJOpeKAa, H3 OKaApa, COAYHa, AOH/\''Ha, lhaitllje.
KapaKTepncTH'4JHa je npO'MeHa HOMeHiKAarype OAeAa y nopene'lbY C
H3 XV BeKa y Cp6lfjlH. BRille ce IHe rrm\1IYH-b<Y cYKl-ba, 6apxaH.
li KYH.1YW IIero HOBH 06AHI..\H: O/zaAW, MUHTaT-l, 3y6YH, 6eHe6peKe.
IlpoMma je HlICTaAa rrOCAe naAa EeorpaAa y TypcKe pYKe 1521. OYH-
rAe,.1JHO je Aa je HUllba EeorpanaJHta npHAarOnaB3IHa HOBHaCTaMlJM
npHAHiKa'Ma H 06H'-IajH:,\1a olCBaja'-Ia, a rrpll'cyn-Ia je Ben 'y OfiHCiK''BHlMa
p06e H3 1542. rOAH<He. Hajyeillne ce TI!OMiH'lby OAeAa OA IKapnI,JIwje,
AOAaM iH 'M11'HTe (u\/HTaHIH), IHH3013H AiYl'Ma:,.1JH 3a AOAaMe, cprroKe
Kane OA 'iOxe, 'PKaHHHe pailla, Aau\1aOKa, npoTIKaHe 3AaTOIM, 3a'J1I1M
<pHipeHTH'H'OKe, MAeT'a'4IKe, 'BepO'H'Ke TKa'HH'He, illaABape, 'KlIITe cKynloe
OA 'CpnOK'H'X 'K<oje cy CTajaAe OBera 15 napa KOIMaA. ApyrH nonHC 113
1564. caAp;'KIH OAeAa OA IKapHI.fHje OBHX o6AHKa, 3aT'11'M H3 AOIHAOIHa,
AOAaoMe 3a )K0He, 3y6YHe, MaCKe (ferega), illT'exPOBe, nOTOM 'H3 C-
"".!Ha H CKaApa. IlOI\IHI-hY ce AOAaMe, MHHTaHH, 3y6YHH, CBHAeHH raj-
TaJ-J1H, AyrMaA 3a AOAa'Me, AYPMaA 3a 'MUHTa,He, ,QAeAa OA a6e, llll'O-
<p'BH H3 AaMaCKa H "CaMapl'HlHOKIH" , 3y6YHH 'H MH'HTaHn nOCTaBloeH'H
6eAHM, I..\pHH''\1 11 Kp3HOM.
20
Kane cy no npaBtHAy OHAe OA I..\pBeH'e iHM1 toy6HyaCTe 'ioxe.
KaKO ce IlOMHlbY "barette di panno serviane", 3a1'H'M "uno zubon di
schlavino", Ta po6a je lBepoBal'lfO 6HAa HaJMelbeHa Cp6H'Ma. T'KaHllfHe
cy 6HAe pa3HHX 6oja: 3eAeHe, TaMH03eAeHe, ITAalBe, CBeTAonAa'Be, toy-
6HyaCTe, qpBeHe, Il'O yeMY 6H ce MorAO 3aJKtoYYWTH Aa oy rpa'AC:KH
CTaiHO'BHiHl..\H, BepO'BaT<HO H CpM, 'OMeAiH Aa IHlOce CBeTA1uje 60je Koje
cy HiHa'Ye 6HAe 3a6pa'lbeHe pa1jn. TeillKO je 31JMHCi\lHTH Aa je OBa
po6a 611Aa npO'AlIBaHa jeAmro TYPI..\,WMa. Y EeorpaAY je 6HAO MHoro
Ay6pOBYaJHa H Cp6a TproBal..\a, Ayn3lHI.FIfja 'lI 3aHaTA'l1'ja, 'Ha}Blfille nyp-
'-fHja, Tep3Hja, eKMeKuHja, Ty<pen.mja H KY}YHI,Iwja; npeMa B'YKY,
OHH cy ce OAeBaAiH no TY'pCKH H Ap)KaAiH l'ypoKMX .o6Hyaja.
21
C AO-
AaCKOM TYPaK,a npux'BaneHa je 11 ffiHXJOBa MOAa, a 1'0 3HaYM AO-
i\Ma 'Kojy cy rpHAoceTHX rOAHHa XVI BeKa 'HiODHAIH BOljlBO'Aa PaAoje
Xpa6peH, a 3HaTHO KaoHlHje H feoprnje KpaT'Bal..\ Ha <ppeCI..\IH y
MaHa'CTHpy IlellK!OBHI..\H. I-beH rAaBH'H 'V!K!pac 6HAa cy AOllTaCTa Ayr-
MaA Koja cy ce OAp)KaAa rOTOBO ;\!Ba Cl10Aena.
19 II. Bacuh, Crpaliu yrUl1aju Y epnelwj IiOUll-bU, MY3ej npuMefbeHe
YMeTHOCTli EeorpaA, 1958, 7; Mohaqs emlekkonyv 1526, Budapest 1926, 95.
20 J. TaAHn, I-ta6. ello, 147.
21 Mero, 31.
262
II. BaClln
HOUaM XVII eelCa
AOA3Ma ce paWH'pHAa !vIeny rrAeMCTBOM y Manap'OKoj, XpBaT-
Ol(;oj, na pa3YMe ce H 'KOA Cpoa. AYWIIH IltOlIlOB'Ii je Aao rroAPo6HY
IHoMeHKAal'VPY cprrOKe rrO'l.lellKOM XVIII BeKa, y KOjl()j ,A-
A30Ma 3aY3H'Ma rA,aJBHO 'MeCl'O iKao M'Yll1IK' AOAywe, Tpeoa
penH: Aa je OHa rrOCTaAa Kpana, np1KAaA-IIH'ja, rror:01'OBY 3a Hay.HI-I
):lIBOTa KO'j'HM 0'1 )KlIfSeAH CpOH y Jy)f()Hoj YrapClKoj rrOCAe ceoe
1690. fO)l)1lHe. EHrAooKIH nY1"HfH!K E. BpaYiH HCTaJKao je Ma-
napcKe HOWlhe, 'OCOO'HTO AOAalMe IROja je Kpana, AOIllHpe AO 6Y1'HHa,
noroAlHIfja je 3a fK1peTa'lhe, jaxalhe, paTo'Balhe, 1'aKO Aa cy je npil-
XiBaT'H'AiH H T'Y.Pl.\lH oKO}H cy )KI}\lBAIH A'Y)K ManapoKe rpaHHQc.
23
AOAau\1a
je AonYlhalBaHa jow H nYP:KO'-\1 HAll nYPAnj'M, rOpHrHM AeAO(\1 OAene,
Koja MO)Ke OHllH "'-pana HAH Ay)Ka. OBO AeAO je rrOC1'a'BA:>e<H'O Kp3HO:\t
li Ha rrpeAlh'Oj CTpaiI-lH :HJMa illupHTe pacnope15eHe Ha pa3He HaY.!I:lHe:
y HH3y., liAlI rro 1'pWy.e1'HplH. CpeAHlft'M XVII BeKa, WHp'H1'HlMa je
pene Y'KpaweHa li AOAaJyla 'Kojj 'Kao rAaBiHill V'Kipac IQc1'ajYKJ'P'ynHa
cpeopHa KAH oalKapHa AyrMaA. JalKa A)OAlJMe 011Aa je rro rrpa'BHAY
yonpaB'Ha. Y3 t\OAaIMlY cy HOllleHe Y3aIHe "Y.\IKlIIHpe H Kpa1'Ke "Y.1H3.V1e
ManapOKor, a MO)KAa oH 1'ypoKor rropeKAa. Hajrro1'rryHHjH H3BOp rrpeA-
C1'3!BA:>a cep.Hja OaJKpope3a EMfjaca BlfAe.\1aHa (1619-1652)1 oellKior
OlJKpOpeCL\a KOjH je npHlK3'3ao MabapoK'o llAeMcrBO. Ta'KBY HOWlhY
H1M'aAH cy Ii XpBal1H <H CpOH jep je olfa oiCBoju1Aa WHlpC rfOAP'Y'Y.j.::
ManapoKe, Ayc1'pHje, I1oiboKe, YIKpajliB'e CBe AO Pycuje. BUAeMali
je y CB'ojy 30HPKY Y:HCO II HeK'MIIKlO XpBa1'a: HHKOAY 3PH'I:hCKOr,
3a1'HM nYKoBHHKe xpBa1'Ke Aa'Ke KOlh'HQe, HmWAY ct>eABap.Hja 11
IbeHor KOMlIHiAaH'ra BBaHHja AOAolBHlKa lf30AalH'Hja Y.HjH je AHK
pe3ao y oaKpy I1e1'ep Ae JeAe no o.\JHQ'H roonapa Ae KpojAepa.
21
OBa
'KOH>HQa je Ca1JHl-baBaAa Ba)KaH Aeio BaAeHllI1'ajlHoBe "ApMaAe". TaKo
HBaJH KoYKYA:>eBHh CaKQHHC'KH Ka)Ke Aa je y roj KOlHHUH OHAO "jOlll
Manapa, Bi\axa, PaQa, H 'l\1/HOrO npUBp){<eH<H!Kax rpy.KO-H'c1'O'l.lHe Bje-
pe", aAH Aa cy XpBa1'H OHAH y npe1'e){(IHJ()IM 6pojy 3a1'O W1'O je OA-
AY'KY 0 OpI1aHH30HlIl-by OBe llpyne AiO'.HOOHO XplBaTCl<lH ca60p Ha ua-
peso Tpa)Kelhe. Y IbOj ce OA Cpoa lHaAa3'Ht C1'e<paH TIYTIHUK, rrOl1nH'
OHH1K IIOOHa1'e I1A3eHoKe Ae<..A.apaJQuje 'KOjOM oy BaAelHlll1'aj'HOB'H o<pH-
I\Jip:H iHKa3aAH OAaHOC1' BojcKo':B!OnH. 3acaA HBC'Y rr03Ha1'H HiH rrop-
TpeY I1Y1'IH!H'Ka HH lherOBa HOllilha, Ma'Aa 'HC'Ma 'HHIKaJKBe cyMI-be y TO
K3JKO je OH Mopao 'H3rAeAa1'H, aA'H je 3a1'O rr03iHa1'a cPHrypa jeAHor
BaAeHowl1aj'H'tBor 3aC1'aBHHKa, CBalKaKO Cp6HHa CYAehH no lJ-IOWH,,rH,
OPY)Kjy H 3aC1'aBH C "rplfKHM" KpC1'OM.
2
:;
22 A. IIonoBHn, Cp6u y EyuMY, Cl<3, Eeolpa 1952, 272.
23 II. BacHn, CrpaHu ynn(aju y cpnclCoj Hom/bU, 19.
24 HCTO, 21; G. Cenner wilhelmb, ber die ungarischen Portri.tfolge/l
1'On Elias Widemann, Acta historiae artium Academiae scientiarum hunga
ricae. Budapest 1957, 325.
25 II. BacHn, ilWW(JHU U360pU 0 XpeanlJvla y 'cpueceT070UWI-beM
pa'cy, 360PHHK MY3eja CAaBoHHje OCHjeK (y llITaMrlli).
fpaACKa HOWlha Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
263
CprrOK11 Al1KOJ3JHH :H3BiOp 3a ,dIOA31\1Y je <ppeC:Ka n01Uwrbe1-bC ;VlY-
'113 1654. Y MalHacrnrpy XonOBY. MYArpaUH Hoce AOAaMe IWjC
cy Y33:He y CTPYKY, WH:pOIK'HX neweBa, nOTnYiJ-rO npeMa
'M'OAH, c MaMJ.1M rajTaHIHIM03 !Ha rpYAHMa, A'OIK HlM je 3ap\,'Ka'Bibe Y'Kpa-
IlleHO ca TpH XOpH30lHTaAJHa rajTaiHa. qaJKlliI11pe cy Y3aHe, ManapOKor
Kpoja, a sepiaBaTH'O H CpntDK'OT. HOA rpAiO'M cy UMaNH npJ.T4lJ3pWneiliC
AenpIllaBe orpTa4e. CBa ,J.TMajy onaJH'Ke Ha HOT!Ma. OAeAO
npsar nOiKA'OH'H'Ka je nAa'IJ3'O 'Ko3O 11 K()IH,OKa ama, a o,rpTa4 pY:>KU'4aCT,
AQlK ApyrlH 11Ma 30AeH arpTa'4, TalMIH'OQpBe:HY AO'AaIMY H TaMHOfuY11-
"LIa'CTe "Lja'KIllH'Pe.
AYIllaH ITonoBHn je Aa:o HCQPHe ]]joAaTKe a HOW'H:>'H Cp6a y
nYA11MY nO"Lje"tK'-"I XVIII Be:Ka; orrHcao je Here TKaHHHe lK'oje oy
HOLU0He y XVI cT.oAeny: aoa, '"LI'Oxa 'l1 KapIHUfJ1ja. O::JHOBHl1 Aeo 'MYillKC
HOLUI-be H 6'11Aa je AlOA3IMa c AYllMaA!H'.t'"la OA MAlH H
cpepa. q.alKLUHpe cy H3panH1Ba'He OA ,I-l'CTHX 'MaTepujaAa, aA11 ICY
6HAe pa3NH4:HTe nOKlpojlY. IToruoBun H!B'OAH M'HOre BpCTe, aAH He
Aaje o6jaIlll-beH,a y "LjeMY je OOAa p33AHlKa. Hna;K H3'rA0Aa Aa je oc-
'HoaHO 'OH'O IllTO H3IB'OAH OKepA'Hn: <.aA cy Crp6H rrpeLUAtH y Yrap'CKY
1690, OAei\JO 'fpan'3'Ha, na H Apyrnx cAiojeBia, 'HlMa'AO je HOT04fha4,KO
OeAe)K'je: 31HTepaje, AIH'M'Hje, nallTY4e, "LjaAMe, CBe rra rYPCKG,M OOH-
"Ljaiv. Hcl104H>a4KY oAeny'HOClH'o je H oprrC'KI-l AeC'fTOT feopnrje BpaH-
1<JOJ31l-ln: Ayra4KYAo 3eMibe, IHa rAa'BH HelKa BpCTa 4aA:Me, rvpCKa 06y-
ha - jeMeHuje.
26
Ba)KaIH H3BOp 3a cpnrOKY XVII BeKa npe.c\-
CTaBiba nYTomrc EBA'J.fje qeAeHje KOjH Ka:>Ke Aa je paja y Beo-
rpaAy HOCI-lAa OACAO ''A wajalKa IH Q'PBeH'OT H 6eAor OYKJHa, a Ha
rAaBH :rp3lHiH4l'pCK'H 'K03An3iK. CT3iH10BHHQH ITapan'H1Ha cy HOCHAH 40-
xaHY oAeny oBa:K'oBpC'He 60je. Ham XpOHI-l"Ljap AHl:O!HHje AacKaA Ka/l<e
y C'BOMe n'HOMY 'BeJ\%Koj PY<:1j lK,HerH'fb'H, ceCTpH ITeTpa BeA'HiKOr,
'Aa cY ce J'0Y'lH 'Y Cp6HjH OAeBaAoH "B 0Ae:>K;H A06pHj'a 'T C\/iK'Ha :Kap-
'M'3HHoBaro" H Aa Cl' AOP.a )K'HBeAH.
27
Ca 1'HIM 'ce CA,a:>Ke H Bpa\TH
'KaAa TaAamI-hy Cp6Hjy OITH'oyje 'K3JO nAO(ll;HY IH AonaAibHBV 3eMibY
y K'joj HMa IMeTaAa, 3Ap3lB1I'X ib'Y\AH, KOfh3, BHtHa 'H peKa. npa'YH je
vjeAHioM 6aKpope3Y Aao H yn:o,peA'HY oH'OilllbY cprroK'or ceib3'Ka (",\
Sclavonian"), HeMQa, IToA> alI<a, Manapa '11 X'P'BaTa. Cp6H'Hie r'AO-
rAa'B C "LjynepK<YM KOce CnpeA'3, V rYfhY 'KOjH je CTeI'HYT nojacoM H
Y33'HHM Q3JKWUpaMa; 110 je 3acaA jeMIHa 03HaTa HOWFJ:,a cpnoKor ce-
ib3'Ka '113 ceAHHe XVII 'BeKa. MHi0f10 je nOA:p06HJ.lja npeACTalBa ce-
ibaHKe H3 OKOAH'He nal'04'J.IHe; IHa l-beHoj 'KPY'H'J.I, K'Oja je CAH4Ha OHOj
H3 npeTXOA:H'Or CTOAena, IHaAa3M ce npOCTa OpH:lMeHTH'Ka XOpH'30H-
TaA'H'HXM:OTJ.oLBa, AOK joj je XafuH:Ha 60f.aTiO lBe30Ha A'Y)K rpYAlHjy, PY-
K3JBa H OA nOAOBIfHe CYKfhe IHaHH)Ke. OHa AP:>KU AHfhY H HYAlH je n!YT-
HHI..Ni1Ma Ha APYlMY, CYAenH rra fheHOM K,oCl'.HiMY, H OBAe ce 3ana:>Ka
TpaA:HQoJ.fO'HaAHa CKJ\OHOCT Ka A0KOpa11H1BHOCTH K;()Ij'V cy 3ana3HAiH H
paHHjH nYTonHCQH.
28
26 Il. BaCHI, erpW-lU y cpnclwj I-lOmH>U, 21.
Il. BacHI, Hom/ba Hapoa lywcJla6uje 1Cp03 UCTOPUjy, 67.
28 Heco, 64.
264
n. BaCHn
KaA je AYCTplfja npelllAa y 10<p3!HGH'BY rrOCAe oncaAe Delfa npu-
APY)KHAH GY joj ce MI-ronH CpOH Ha nal'pMja'pX'OB n03UB. AYCTpHjaHI..Vl
oy 43JK Ha'MepaBaAJH Aa YlHH<poplMUrny "CpnCK!Y IH AaAIf
cy joj 3aCTaBe OA )Kyre I1Ka'HlHlHe l.K!oje cY HlMaAe c jeA!He CTpaHe KpCf,
a ca APyre aYCl'pujoKor opAa. He 3Ha ce KaJKO je U3rAeAaAa Ta u\UI-
aAU ce Ha OOHOBY Ka'CHujux nOKYlllaja y 'Be3H ca THM MO)Ke
rrpenl:OCTaJBUTU Aa cy ce BAaCTll TpYAIlfAe Aa Y.H'H<popMa liMa Hap'AiI-IO
o6eAemje, BaJoAa Y Aa HU\-! CpOU cy y norAeAY
6lfAU CAWJ1HOr MeHTaAIl-fTeTa Kao Typuu, jep cy nOCAe lhHXOBe A!yre
BAaAaJBHlHe CTeKAH HCTe oco6HJHe: HeTprrreib!H!BO'cr npeMa peAiO'BHoj
BOjC1..l'H U eBpOnCKI-FM H3JBHlKaJMa H o6lf4ajwMa. MenYT'H'M ABe rrpeA-
craBe - apnCK:or BojlHiHlKa 'H - 'JllOTlU'4'y ynpaBO C 'Kpaja
XVII BeKa H Ha H3BCCTaJH HaYH1H ,AJ,OiIT'Ylhyjy pel1Ke AHKOPlHe 'U3Bope
o 'fM BpeMeHY. HO'CH ,AiOAaJMy Koja ce 3a
l
KOn
L
taBa ca TplI
rajTaHa y rOpHr0M AeAY, CAU4'HiO ''HlilMa IKOjoU ce KaC'l-l'l-rje nOjaBlbyjv
Ha ceibaLlKiHM rylheBHMa. KaLITa AH'4JU IHia Ay,6poBa4lKY ,,6apeTY". Boj-
HWKBa HiOllilha nOACena Ha j a
l
HU4apOKY no KaIliU, Y3a'HlfM LIa'K1liU-
pllMa H TYP'OI<nj o6ynu (jeM0HujaMa). 06AIUK roplher OAeAa 'Huje
ja'OaJH, aAJH ce BHrAlU Aa je 6uAiO HCT0'4lha4lKio.
29
HOUlI-b XVIII 6eIC
o HiOllllhH Cp6a Y XVIII BeKy 'H'Ma A:OCTa nOAaTaKa, BUllie 0
Cp6uMa Y YrapoKoj, i\1aH>e a OHU'Ma 'Y Cp6HjU nOA
cy 06HAHujH Ben OA 4eTBpTe cepHja:Ma rpa-
Impa-6aKpope3a KOjU cy npeAcTaBibaAu Cp6e Kao BojHuKe Y cacTaBV
aycTpujoKe 'Boj,OKe. Ea:Kpope3u cY 4eCI10 6HAH nponpaneHM:
CTHlxoBHMa, ucnfHa npOCe'I.HHiM, aAU HanUC3iHIHrM Y noxBaAY il CAa'BY
BojrI-llllKa "CT:paIU1X lHapOAa" IKOjlH cy npOArl1lBaAJH KpB 3a CA<l!By li 'KO-
pHOT Xa6c6YJPulKe MOllmpXIfje. CpDH ay 'Y OBHM 6aJKpopC1H'Ma npH-
'Ka3l1H:H IYO,\1rrAeT!HO, OA MY3ll'Ka'Ha'fa 11 CBelllTeHiHKa 1. '] ro-
'
'BeAapa, BOjlHulKa U lhHXOBUX )KelHa u CYAenlH no BeAH'KOM 6p.oi\T
He06wJ:HIux nojeAiH'HOCTU, OAeAa, 'oPY)Kja, 3acraBa, Ta AOKY:MeHTap-
'HOCT je aYTeHTU'4Ha, na 6e3 063wpa IHa 'YMeUfWYiKY BpeA'HocT OBRX
0AeAa, olHa cy ca H'e'POpHjoKlor l'AeA'lllllTa. HlHelYaA ce,
HCTI1Ha pene, jaBJ'oajy OBe BpcTe y peTKuM CAUKaMa XPilCTO'
cP0pa )Ke<l>apoBHna HAl}[ JoaKH'Ma MapKOBHna, aAH cy OHU orpami-
'-IeI-lu Ha rrAeMCTBO, l'OplhU CAOj, A()IK 'aJKpope3U npeAcraBkaY U3BO[)
3a H3I'AeA Cp6a f1OTOBO OBHX Tl\AalUlhHX A'PVlllllBeHHX cAojeBa.:
30
OAcna HAeMCTBa je 6u,\a CAH4'I-:Ia ManapoK,oj, C Malhe rajTaHa HlIH
C neTibaMa YMecTO ra:jT<l!Ha, IKaiKO ce Ta B1I1AIH 'Ha JoaKUMa Map-
KOBHna 'Koja l'OBOpU .0 Trp:I1iMalhY npHBuAenuja \' ceAY AHlllHlHIKY
29 n. BaCHn, Cp6u y o6a 6apolw, 360pHHK MY3eja npHMel-beHe YMe-
THocm, 15, EeorpaA 1971, 150.
30 n. BaCHn, HOLUJ-ba Hapoa Jywcll.aeuje ICp03 UCTOPUjy, 75.
265
fpaAcKa HOlJJl-ba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
OAeAO je CA'HlJIJ-IOr Kpoja Kao xpiBaToKO OAeAO, ai\'H oa
nene jCAIJ-IO';::TaBHOCTH IH CTporOCTH. OHO je CA'Hll'HO oAeAY ABa CTpaTH-
MIl'pOBHna OA XPHCT'<popa )Keq,apOBH'lia 'K'oje je IKoIIHpao Apca Teo-
Y3 '!BO oAeAo - AOAa?l1Y, "-JalKWHpe H llH3.\1e - H'OWeHH cV
K'aAnaK, IiYPaJK HAH I1YPAHja nOCTaBibeHiH Kp3H'1M. boja AeAa 6HAa
je 'HAM nAaJBa, 0A Kojux je OBa Apyra cMaTpaHa 3a lHapO,L\JH,!
6ojy. Ka'A cy 1740. y PYC'HjH OClHOBaHilI xycapcKH nYK'BH, OHlH cY
AOOHi\lH 60je no 'HapOA'H'CTHlMa: ManapC'KH l(p'BeH<Y, >KYTY,
opncKH nAa.BY. CpOH Oq,H'l(HPH y aycTpHjcKoj 'BOj'Cl(H olfMaAH cy xY-
capoKY ytHlfepOPMY C KaAnaIKIO\M, llalKOBIOIM H.\H TpOpOI1ffi\1 WaWH'p'O'M.
il 'KOA l-blIX oy mjTaHH 6HAH MaI-ber <popMaTa H AeK,opaTHBlHio;::nf,
Taj YKpac je 'HMao rH YAOry rreT10!H !Ha A;Ba AyrMeTa, Kao mTO AaHac
Ha'ee CBeWTeHHQiH Ha 'Ma'H'rnjaMa.
31
fpana/HOKY HOWI-bY npHII3ao je AYlli'aJH HOil1C1Bl1n AOCTa HOA.POO-
HO HaOCHBY apXHJ3'OKe Tpane H3 EYAH'Ma. Ta HOUJJ-ba je y npBuM
Ael(eHajaMa XVIII HeJ<a 6HAa npeAa.3IHOlr 1llIna y KO'Me ce 6aAlKalHoKo-
"HCTOllTball'KO 06cAe)J<je rrpIWAan:::>naIBa'Ao Y3aHIHjeIM H TelilI-be?l1 IManap-
CKOM oAeAY. JeA:3H 0HrAeOK'H nYTIl'HCal( je 1737. on'H'cao 60raTe Pa-
lllaHe Cp6e y Eell\, y a1HTepHj3JMa, 'H ca '-IaAMOM caCBHM.
H'aAHK ,Ha TypKe.
32
Y TO HCl10 BpeMe .ie HHiKIAa <ppaHcoa Ae Cnap,
cA+IIKap AOTpHHwKor BojBoAe,ci\lH1K3IO 6eorpaAoKe CTaH'B'HHrKe y 0PH-
.ieHTaAHoj HOUlI-bH, BepO'B31'IW 3aTO Aa 6H HCTa:Kao KOHTpaCT H3MCby
EBpone C 6apO'K'HO'M apxuTeKT'YpO'M 'H H'CTO'-U-baIKa KOjH ce CHaAa3e
HOBOj KYATYPHOj IKAHMH.:
J
:
j
Tpe6a IHarAaCH111 A3 cY TKaHlHHe 3a
OCTaAC H'CTe K30 y XVI BeK'Y: lloxa, IKapHU'Hja, a6a. KaA cy Hany
lllTaAH HCTOllI-ballKY HOWI-bY, IlpanaJHlH ay YOBajoaNH 'rlCTe AeAiOBe oAe-
ne Kao H nA0MC11BO: AOAa'MY, "-IalKWJ11pe, nypaK HAH n\'PM1jy. CTpOTO
Y3eBWH, TO cy HCTH AeAOIJH K'oj'H cy 'H'meHH n y XVI Bell'Y, Halle
npeY3eTH OA TypaKa, 'Ha rrpHJMep A'OAa'Ma, aAIH nOA npHTHcKOM rrOAH-
1'H'-IKH-X AOTanaja Kao mTO je 6HAace06a, Cp6H cy ce npI1Aa[(}naBaAli
ManapoKoj rrpatKTHll'H'oj HOlllJhH. OBaj npol(ec je 3ana3HO E. EpaY-H
3a BpeMe CBor 60paJ3lKa y Man3JpCK'oj H J-I1CTaI<a'O ra ,Kao yrr3AibH\BY
QH'J-beHlIUY. IIh3JBHwe, OAeA'O je 'J{CTe :Ha3J11Be, a Ha3J11B "AO-
A3'Ma" IQlCTaO je AO AaJHaWl-ber AaJHa 3a xycapOKO oAeA'q. Ao,\aMa je
6HAa Y'Kpaw0Ha AyrMaAHoMa HAH 'KOrr'-IaiMa, llalKlHH'pecy H3palYH'BaHC
UA a6e HAH ll'oxe H 'Be3WBaAe ce 'YllKYp0:Yl, OA o6yne cy BomeHe ll'H3iMe,
H OnaHl(iH, a y KynH iIlarrylle. fpanaiH'H cY IHOOHAIH mTanOBe
HAH Haua'Ke, HeKIH H car 'Ha AaIHL\Y. XaUH'je cy no npaBHAY HO'CHAC
6pojaHHl(e. BenHHa ibYAH je rrywTaAa 6paAY. nonoBHn je nOAP06uo
onHcao H )KeHcKY H'OlilI-bY TiOra 'l3'peM0Ua }\JOA Cp6a y :&Y.M'MY. HefHIHa,
>K0HCKa rpana'H'CKa HOWJ-ba je oHAa 'MaI-be npHlKa3alHa y i\'J1oKOBHH\1
H3BopHMa OA HOWJ-be >KeHa Boj!HHiKa H naHiA:'tPa, ceibaJHK'H, 3ajeAHO
ca AeUOM. fpana'HKe cY HOOHAe "onAeniaJK", CyKI-bY, a nOBpx Tora
31 Hcra, 78.
32 Hcm, 77.
33 n. Baoili, Ao6a 6ap01::a, YMeTHH<Jl<a aKaAeMHja y neorpaAY, neo-
rpaA 1971, 204.
266
Il. BaCHn
hYPAHjy, J]()IH0KaA OnepBa)KOOY A'H'OH'tIiHjH'M. CylKH>e Cy H3panHBaiHe
OA parne pa3:HlHX BpcTa y rrorAeAYHIl1H, a Kal1KaAH OA K')Ke; "lHrrKC
H Y:KpaOH CV paneHIH OA opMe. Jow 1714. 3a6eAe)KeHa je <pepeua
Koja je HOilleHa 'Ben y XVI BeKY, 'li TO AIOHAOHOKe npOBeH'HjeHl.-\Hje.
06yna je 6HAa iHCTa Ka'O M lKOA MyI.DJKapaua. )KeHe cy Ha fAruB'H HO-
CHAe pa3'He :EpCTe Mapa'Ma Hi\H W<ld'1Hja, a y6aAa"le cy npa'BloeHe
OA cl>nHe T\JHlKe TKaiHHHe; U'H1o HlM je BH'We 6HO Aa 3aKAOHe AHue
Bero rAaBy.
34
fpabaJHoKa IHl0lliH>a je AOtH0KAe II1pHlKa3aHa Ha cl>peoKar;v;a
XP'HCToqmpa )Ke<papOBHna y MatH3CTHpy EOnaJHHlMa; '1'0 cy CU0He
napa60Aa K'ojHMa 'ce n03a6aBH'O A. M'ilpK'BHn, C'MaTpajynH Aa TI!
:I-nrcy TIpH'Ka3aHilI CpOH. Me!J.yYHM, y napa60AH 0 TPHY Y O!KY, AH"l!HO-
CTH fIIoce ManapCKY HOWH>Y C TpOpO'I'H.M weulHpM, aAH je OAeAo
ITA,me 60je Koja je OMaTp3JHa 3a cprroKY 60jy. JeAaJH OA rrocpeAlHHx
IWKa3a 6HO OU H l'p6 rpa;:\a COM60pa U3 1749; npHKa3aHe cy AB-=:
<pHrype, jeAHa y UpBeHOM OAeNY, lllTO 3Ha"ln Manap, a Apyra y
ITAaB'OIM, 'l'j. Cp6H1H 'HAi.H EYH>0Bau.
35
y OAen'H celoaJKa IH 1B0jiHHJKa jow VBeK ev ce OrAeA3AH TypCJ<JI
'OAHUH, 'O'C06H:110 y ll1IHp<YKHM "l3JK'll1HpaJMa HaAlfK 'Ha A'H'MHje, Koje
cy AOIfIIHpaAe He'KaA AO HonO/ KOAeHa, a BeKaA AO KOAeHa; HOCHAH
cy HX Cp6M "laK 'H nOCAe yr,HH<p-opiMHca'I-ba rp,wHwlapa 1744. rol-\'H'J-1e.
AycTp'H'ja ce 'H TaAa H IOHHje Ap)KaAa rrpaiB'HAa Aa IH''Wl-ba CTp2.-
HHX J'pyna H',\fa HapoAHo OeAe)Kje, 'BaA,Aa C UHIoCM Aa CTBOp," Y'I'HCaK
KalKO OHH CA Y)Ke 'HeKOM CWM HBTepecy. Y3 O'Be "la'KWHpe je H'll1eH<1
Kpa'IlKa AOAaMa, nypalK 'C IKpa111G-!M pn,nKa'8iH'Ma OIITOY0H Kp3H'()M
'KowYloe WH'pOKHX pY'Kana, 3BaHHX "f1pYKH", rYI-b HAH ICaOa'HHua C
'KanYloayo.'v1. Ha rAaJBHCY HMaNH <pecoBe HAH 'KaA'narKe C AyroM IKC-
COlM lKoja je naAaAa IT03aAJH H nOi,CenaAa Ha jaHH'.JapcKe 'Kane. Ha
Hora'Ma cy 06Hq)H:0 IHOOHAH OTIaJHlKe, a K:aT'KaA H UH'ue:\e. YonwTc,
<pHrype OBHX BojlHHrKa cy MHoro nO:p;cenaAe Ha TypKe; WTaBHwe, H
opY)Kje H",-1 je 6H'AO TVPOICO, iHa npiHMep oaOloa ca ITTllYjO'M ri\'aJBO'hl
JIAM apXaH"l'Ha nYWIKa. 3aCTaiBe .cy rHOOHAH Ha KpaTKO\\! KO'llIoY iKao
HeKaA NaIHA'OKiHeXTH. Celba'UH cy J1iMaA'H 6eAO OAeAio JI xajAY"l;KV xany,
xycapoKH yalKlOH Kojn np'BH nYT 'rroMlH-H>e E'BMlja qeAe6H
KOA paje. '1'0 Bp.eMe ay CBloaUiH y Cp6Hj'H HO'C:HAH 6eo rYH> AO
KOAeHa 'H "laKll.I'l1pe, 3aTlHIM u'p:Be'He, U'P1He JH oeAe Kane a6eH>aQe, a
nOHeKiH CT<lip<lU je HMao H my6aprv; Koca je 6HAaBe3a'Ha y nepYlHH.
Kana je 6JIAa rrOAYAOTITaCTa, BepOBaTHO CAJI"lHa OHOj Twja ce IIO-
;\lhC y rnHCa'H'H'M 'H3BOpUMa H3 XVI 'BeKa. OoBa Kana je OCfoaAa V
Cp6njH, a "xajAY"lKH KaAnaJK" je np0HeT y YrapoKY rAe je AO)KHlBeO
pa3He rrpoMelIe, Aa 6H ce KOHaLLHO YCTaMfO Kao xycapoKa Kama II
3aiAp)KaO 'Ce AO YAacKa y XIX BeK. 3eM\fiffOKH celbal\H: cy je HiOCHAJI
AO XIX BeKa Kao OBe"laHY Karry 3BaHY "pora"l" Y3 nAaBO OAeAO,
34 A. IlonoBl-!I1, Cp6u y Eyw1Y, 277; li. Ka",\aK, CpnclCa lpahallcKa
HOUtlha XVIII 6elCa y BojaouHu, 36opHl1K 3a APVlllTBeHe HaVKe, p. 24,
HOBH CaA 1959.
. 35 Il. BacHn, YMeTHu'tKa TOnolpaqJUja cpncKa, Honn
CaA Cv lllTaMnH).
rpaACKa HOIllI-ba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
267
rpYAJhaKe oe3 pYKaBa, l.IaJKUJ.Hpe H OJllaHKe. TaKo cY np.HKa3aJHH Ha
6a'PjaKY "PY<PeTa opa'-lKJora" 1776. l'OAIHBe (IMY3ej y 3eMYlHy).36 Ay-
waH ilono'BHfi je np'UKa3ao U CBelLl'TeHiHl.IKY lHollnbY y XVIII BeKY.
OHa je nOl'naAa nOA 3aJnaJAlHH ymu.\aj, na je npaMeHHAa OAHK iKO,\
BHCOKor CBeWTeHcrna Koje je )KeAeAO A3 ce y TOMe TaKMHYH C
IKaTOAH'-lIKHM KMrpO,\f. Y Yl'apl<JOij je H3MelheH 06AHK KaJMHAaB'Ke;
enHOK'OUiH cV 'HOCHAiH l\pBelHe, nAaJBe iH OHIBe 'Ma!HTHje, B03HAli ce y
'KapYU3Ma Koje je 'B'!,KAO mecT 6eAiaI.\a, y nparrlhH ,,<peAA-jerepa" II
H30pY)Kl'HHX KaTaJHa. OBa .l:lzei\:,a .3a TaJK,WHl.IelheM je pa3Y:l1ibHiB3 V
y K'OjlOj je 'ApebJHH CTaJHAapA lIO 6e3.\1aNO YCAOB 3a on-
CTalHa
I
K.:
l7
Be3e Cpoa ,ca PYCHjOM C'.\1eTaAe cy AYCTPHj,H, na je npeAV3eAa
lwpaJKe Aa H3\1eJ-l'H TOCTaHoe. PerY:\aJMe'HTHIMa H3 1770. H 1778, OPIl-
CKe lUK'o:\e cy 'H3Y3eTe H3 H3AAOI<JHOCTH LlpKBe, 3 y Eeyy je OOHO-
BaJHa lllTa"mapHja JOOH<p3 KY'Pu6eKa Koja je Tpe6aAO I\a YOYAyhc
WTa:;vma cprrOIze 'KHliHre. Cp6H ,CV y raJK'BIH'M O!J(A:HO'CTiH-Ma IM.opaAH Aa
ce YCM0pe npElMa AYCTPHj'H H Ap'Y'K'-IIHjeM Ha'-lHHY .I:I<HBOTa, OC06HTO
3a BA<lJAe JOCH<pa Il, npOiOBefieH'or BAaAapa 'I<OjH je no I\OC-HTejeBH.\1
pe'-lHMa "v cBoje BpeMe npeMHbre OAvweBibaBao H YMOBe Bocnepja-
Bao" .:;8 MebV'I'l1M , l'0'K'OM BpeMeHa I-1acTynHAH ay o'APCbeJ-lH npe06pa-
)i<ajH y rpaUH Koja je 6HAa na/KHa 3a HCTOpHjy APywl'BeHHx I1pu,
AI-I'K'a. To je nojaJBa lIop'rpcra 'KOjIH je V no'-lcT'l<Y 6HO caMo npH-BH-
,\enHja BHOOKliX npeA3Ta, a no'fO'M je nOCTao Tpa)KeJ-l V
KpyroBHNla I1AeMCl'Ba, OOral'HX H Ta'l(O Aa je JlpH
Kpajy XVIII BeKa npeACT8JBibaO Ba)K3:H H3BOp ::la yno3Ha'Batbe O!Ae-
Bal-ha 'J'HX cA'OjeBa, Eo-raT,H rpabaJHH HHCY )KeAeAH A-a 3aocTaHY 3a
eBpOIf1CKH'.V1 I-1aYHlHOM )KHlBOTa, na oy JIOCTneHO npHxBaTaAH H en-
ponoI<Y MOAY. I--bBecTOIH 6poj nopTpeTa ApCElHiHja TeoAopoBHha Il
TIaBe,\a EYPKoBHna npHKa3yjy npoMeHe y TaAawlhoj MONI KOA Cp6a;
UCT'H'-lY ce .VIOAO:\1 pOKoKoa, na '-lalI< li
YK'I'c Cp6a ce npHA'anobaJBao 'BHIM HOBH'H3'Ma, a nOTON! ne,3H:BaO :'la
EYAHM, OOOOH1'O GA TpeHYl'Ka <aJA je lllTaMITapuja oHAa
KynA:>eJ-la 3a nOTpe6e HelllTalJ-liOKOr YlI'IIHIBep3HTeTa. OTaA je EYA.H'\-I no
OTao KVA TYPHO cpeAHw1'e Cp6a; y lheMY ay liTI'aJMnatHe e-pnCKe 'Kl-bH-re
'-laI< H 3a BpeMe cpncK'or VCTaJHIKa ('l<lBHre r'aJBpHAa KOBa'lJeBlifia, fc
oprHja MHxa."oeBHna, BHiKeHTHja THM nYTeM cyce Cp6u
HenOOpeA-HO Y'KibYl.IlHAH y e:BponoKH IKYAT'Y-piHH )KH'B01' , a noroTOBy CV
np-I-IXBaT'HAH M'O:AY.
06 II, BaCl-th, Oe.l/o U oPYJlcje, YMen'II1YKa aI<aAeMHja y EeorpaAY, Ee-
orpa;.I, 1974, 165.
37 A- IIonoBHl1, Seozpao npe 200 EeorpaA 1936, 144.
38 M. Kocnil'., fporjJ KOllep IWO lCYIlTypHonpOCGeTHU pe(pOpMrop IWO
Cp6a y Yzapclwj y XVII[ 6elCY, EeorpaA 1932; AOMaha 11.UCMa Aocureja 06-
pao8uha, CK3, EeorpaA-3arpe6 1899, 176.
39 M. KOAapHn H M. CTe<paHOBHn, J1aB,1e EyplCOGu/t lcaO l1op-rpeTucra,
EeorpaA MCMLIII.
40 II. BaCHD., Seozpai) 3a 6pe,l'Le Kapal?opIJa, 36opHHI< HCTopujcKor
MY3eja Cp6Hje, EeorpaA 1983.
268
II. BacHn
HOUl/-ba XIX 6etc:a
llITO ce ml.Ie Op6Hje, O'Ha je y 1'0 Bpe,vIe 6HAa ceibaYiKa 3eMiba
'flIjH je rpaDalHG.K!H CAOj 6uo se3lH 3a rpaA:Be. IIpeMa BYKY, 1'0 cy
6UAl1 TprOBI..I,J-I li 3aJHaTNHje KOj'H cy 6opaBefil1 MeDY TYP:L\HMa )KH'BeAH
no l'ypcNCXJVl o6H"'-Iajy, na HX Cp6H HHCY pa'l.-I."YHaNH y npaBe Cpe.
MeDVJ'HM, He3l'B'HOHO OA Tora IKaiKiO cy )KH'BeAH li Ka'K' cy ce OAe-
naAIH, OHiH cy ce f1ICmalllaAH KaJO Cp6H. y apXH'BH PaJJ3a-
'llIH:L\e y BPAJHHKY CaYYBl'H je H3BeCTaH 6poj paY"ljiHOK'HX KlhHra YKO-
jUMa oy 3a6eAe)KeHH )KwreAili oeorpaJAia, llIan:L\a YI CMeAepeBa KOjH
ay Aa'AIH ITpHNolfe 3a ITOAJH3aH,e HOIBe MalHaCTRpC'Ke 3rpaAe H 1'0 jmu
1787. TOAIllHe.
41
llITO ce l'Hye lBH:JQOtBOr Ha"YlHlHa )KH'BOTa YP30 no 1-:13-
6Hjaa,y YCTaHKa HMa nOAaTaKa 0 MHAeHKY CTojKoBHny, KOMaHAaHTY
KAa,AO'Ba, KOjH je 6H BapomKH OA.eB0H: Ha rAaBH je HMao IKany A'H-
}bapy, ,HOOHo je I<:paT3JK rYlh 6e3 pytKaBa, lllaABape, nanyye, II IHMao
Ayr YH6YK; APYUIl'EO Kiaje ce KO\L\lhera 'HaAa3HAO nYlllHAo je Ha Ayre
QOOYKe.
42
BAacTH cy 3a 'BpeMe YCTaJHiKa A()IH'():Oli'Ae H3BecHe OA1"YKe 0 HO-
UIlhH, 'TIllITe li nocee iITpllpiOAe. TaJKJ je 1809. 6HAO 3a6palheHo
)KeHaMa Aa Hoce H3'KHT Ha AOTHAaUI'I-bH IHa"YlH'H, a ibYAH'Ma Aa 6PHjy
rAaBe IKao TYP:L\li KaA je OCTaBibtH ca,\10 je:AalH np3'MeH Koce, Hera
cy MopaAH Aa nyuuajy KOOY. 3aT1IlIM je 1810. AHeTO Hapenelhe KO-
jIfM ce 3"a6palhyje npHlllli'BalI-be ll1IHpIHTa Ha 'AeAa 'noA npeU.bOM CTpO-
rHX 'Ka3HH. llIHpHT je BepOBa11H'O 03Ha"Y:aBao HeI<:O 3UaI-be HAll! 0eJ:>H-
WlpOKH H YH'HOBH'H"1
'
K'H YHlH. IIoce6Ha HapeneI-ba cy 0 YEH-
<popMHca:I-bY perYAapHe Boj-OKe nelllaAHjOI(;Or 6a'.f'ai\,OHa H 6aTepHje
y KOjOj cy no oaTaAaK!HJHlliIM peYH'Ma 6HNH ,,'OBe caMH 6eorpaAcKH
ClfHOBH". PerYAaplWI nellla:L\H lHiOHAIH cy :L\pH CeibaYKO OAeAO ca
eBpOnOKIH'M Ya!KOBOM, a O<JH:L\HpH, 3HayapH H T06I,.liHje GY HMaAH
PYOKY 'YHH<POP'MY oeorpaAcKIH ,,6J-1prepM-ajnep" Pa-AHY IIeTpo'BHn je
UMao OBeyaiHY Y'HH:<pOpMIY: llleII1lHp, TIAalBIH KanYT CHAH cPpa'K?) ca
3A,a"I'HHiM errOAeTaMa H May ' <xpJIl.J)!1.pdKOM Kaja:oy, lllTO 'My je CBe
norK.'paAa l-berOBa H<:plllTeHIH'l.-'ia A3lBJH:L\a IH no6erAa v 3euVly;H. Kapa-
DopDe je 1812. Tpa)Kl!o 'A ConjeTa Aa npoilHllle YlHHcP0PM'Y 3a 1'00-
IJuj'e Il{ A060lllape. Y AeJl060HOM npo'coKOJlY nOLVlUlhe ce Kapanop-
Deoo 0AeAO: "Aa IHaYHlHe JOUIT jeA'He "Y:3JKlllHpe H :Kauy focnoAapy,
H TaKO Aa ce CaCTa'B'H Karr aibHIH'a". IIo OBOj np'HAU:L\'H, 1'0 HHje
6HAa IKana 'KOjy nOM'H'H"Y Haum: TIHC:L\H - cPec myapa - Bero
PycKa K,ma, "lllanKa", KaK:Ba je npoAaB-aHa iRa AH:L\HTa:L\'Hj H y 3eMVHV
1813, rrOCAe nponacrn Op6Hje. MlH.ono 'palHuje cy TypC:Ka nOKplllTeJ-Ia
Ae:L\a Koja cy OCTaAa 6e3 pOAIHTeiba OH:Aa OAeOOHa y PYCKO "P%".
ApYI1.HiM peYiH'Ma, nlHTaffhe HOlll'lhe je 6HAO npej\MeT lI'HTepecoB-aI-ha
YCTaJH'H'1'IUIX BAaC'H 'K'oje oy 'HaCTojaAe Aa Y rpaH-H:L\aMa MorynH'OCTH
41 II, BacHll, M(UlU npWlO3U UCTOPUjU np60l cpnCKOl YCTaHlca, 360p-
HHK MY3eja npBOr cpnCKor YCTaHKa, III-IV,EeorpaA 1964--65, 108.
42 II, BacHll, Eeolpa 3a 6peMe Kapanopna.
---------------
269
fpaACKa HOlllllia Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
YKAOHH CBe OHO llITO je rrOAcenaAO Ha -ryPCKY BAaAaBHHY H npHXBaTe
3arraAI-b'a'rKY KYATYPY n OOO'4aje.
HOlllH:>Y rpanaHa 1'pnOBal4a npHIKa3ao je BaATa3ap Xa:Ke; OH je
omrcao A:yro OAeAO, 3'HTepujry, :If KaTIe AHH:>ape, 'a TprOBI4H y ayc-rpHj-
CKH'M rpllAOBRMa IfiMaAoH cy meI..I.LHpe.
43
JoaKHiM ByjlHn je Aao CAH'KY
6eorpaACK'OT TprO'Bqa c AHI-bapo:,\'I, y 3'HTeplHju H jeMeHuja1V1a, HOlllH:>H
K'Oja aBlIKaKO 'fTOTH'le H3 XVIII HeKa. MenYTHIM, OHa ce rrpOMeHH'Aa
flO'CAe 1830; H'OllIeJHiH cY caMi <pOC, rYH:>, jeAeK H lllupOKe 'lalKlllMpe AO
AOAalMa je 6UAa OBe'll1Hi3 HlOlll'H:>a rrpe'Ko Koje ay AOAa3HAH
TIojac H jeAeK 6e3 PYKaBa. OKiO 'Bp3JTa je 'fIBHjaiHa I4pHa MapaJ.\1'a, rrPBu
peKBH3HT e'BponOKe IH!OillH:>e. Hpe TO'ra cy YCl'lIHiHI4H A'HeAIH H3Be,cHa
Hapenelha Koja oy ce T,Hl4aA
i
a iAenalH:>a: Kao rrpBO je 6HAO 3a6paH:>eHO
6pujaH:>e rAaBe Kao y A:06a Tryp3'Ka, a rrep'-liHlH je rroAce'-leH Ben 1810,
3a lllTa je Kapan'Opne 'Kao rrpBH AaJO ITp;H'Mep. fOpI-ha oAena ce ca-
, cTojaAa OA K'a6aHIHl4e BAH nYP,Aluje GA rrAaBe, 3eAelHe HAB I4pBeHe Qoxe,
IJ10QeHe Kp3H'O'M, OC06BTO KO'A CTapeIlJi11JHa . .bafAO je rHenpHcTojIH0
H31f1nU ClIMO y rYH:>Y rrpeA KaJKBY YBa)l{eHY AB'lHOCT. ITHpX Ka)l<e Aa
je 'lO'BeK K''A, TypaJKa 6uo y1iOAHlK' l4eI-heHtyuju YiKOAHIKO je Hace6H
H:MaO ,BHllle oAene. UPOOHH OJ1pTaQ, 6WI-hH'1lI, AOOHjMf je y 3HaK OA-
AiH'KOBaI-ha. TaKO je XYPUIH\A-nailla 1813. fIl0lKAOHlHIO I4pBeHe 6HI-bHme
3apo6IoeH'H1M c1'apl4'Hu\1a, CHellITeI-l1HI4H.Ma, Kii\1eTO'B(j.f,Ma H KHe30BHMa IKO-
jH cy 6H1\,H rrYllITeH'li Aa 'HapoA<Y ojaBe a'.\1HOOTIHjy.
H
HajBHllIe AUKiOBHHX nOAaTaJKa 0 OBO'M Bpe!.\Je!HY Aao je JoaKHM
ByjHh y CHOM IlyreUlecT6ujy /10 Cep6uju (1828) Y !Kl,\1e je rrpH'.Ka-
3l1Ha IHOillI-ba :I<He3a MHAOllla, llAa'H''Ba H:>erOBe II'pOAUl4e, ABOpaiHa,
TeAOXp3'HlHTel'ba, BojIJ-lHIJ<:a, rpanaJHa, celoaKa, KaAynepa H Ha IKpajy
K'He3OBa y 6HI-h'HllJiJflMa, lllTO je Byjun 'Morao BH.AeJ1H Ha nYTOBaH:>HJ\1a
no Cp6Hj'H. ROBa <pa3a rrpeACT3iBA:>a npeKpeT'H'HI4Y Koja je HaCTaA3
rrOCAe 1830, a rrpH'Ka3yje je CAHJ<a JOBaHa HC3:HAOB'Hna KI-Le3 MUJlall
I-ia opy (1839) 'Ha KOj'Oj je lHaCJ\lWKaH AB'OPOK'H Kpyr,MernaiBH'Ha YHH-
<pOpME 'If o.pwjeHTa'A'He iHlOlllH:>e KOA )KeHa H3 nOpOAHl4e 6peHoBiHh.
ITpoMeHe J-I'OIllH:>e y rrpol4ecy eBpOrreH'30B3!H:>a HUlAe cy no eTana'MU:
Tpena eTana je 6HAa 1848, a H:>Y je OIIH030 AH'.M'HTpHje MapHHKO'BUh
y cBojmvl MewapuMCl. MHonr IoYAH H3 Cp6Hje, "Halll CBeT H OTMeH Ji
rrpoOT", OAAa3UNH cy y BojIBO,AlIflHlY 3a 'BpeMe 6YHe, a fIl0CAe Man3ip-
OK:HXo<P3iH3UBa, BeAWKH 6poj BojlBonaJHa je n06erao y Cp6wjy rra
OY TH AorahajH AorrpHHeAH Aa ce yrro3Ha cprrcKH OBeT ca 06e cTpaiHe
peKa. MapWHlKOBun Ka)l{e Aa je cTa'pa 'HOillI-ha, "T3:KO 3OBeMO TYP-
CKe alo'UHe", flO'leAa 'HarAO Aa ce ryo.H.
45
MynIKa-PI4H oy IH'OCHAH <pee,
aTHAY H eBporroKe fla:HTaAolHe, a QHlHOBHIHoI4H YH'H<pOpMe rro yrAeAY Ha
4WHOBHWKe y Pycnj-H, aMi I-b'HX ay iWMaAe .If Apyre eBporrCKe 3eMtoe
Koje je Cp6nja npaTHAa, na je illYA1auHlw /by6e HeHaAOBHna AO-
HeAa BeCT 0 'lWH'O'BH'H'-IKHIM y ManapaKoj. Taj IIpOl4ec
43 II. BacHI., CpnCKa HOtUI-ba 3a 6peMe l1p60Z YCTaHKa, HCTopajcKIl
fAaCHHK, 1-2, I>eorpaA 1954, 161.
44 II. Baclln, HOU/lba Hapoa lyzocflaauje Kp03 ueropujy, 99.
45 Nero.
270
n. Bacul:.
je TeKao j1ll 6p)Ke rOK\1 neAeceTHX rOAHHa nOCAe ITapHoKo'r
HOT yroBopa KOjHM je Cp6Hja CTaBibeHa rrOA 3a:WTrHl'y eBpOTIK'HX BC-
AIlflKHX CHA!a. Ao TOr BpeMeHa je PY'OKlH Qa'p iHOCHO 3>HaHHl.1HY T.Hl'YAY
"QapCBHX Pyca 'H npOTeKTOp CpHje".
ITpH6AH)KaBaH>e CpOll'je <PpruI-HJ;YCKj ce y BJIWe BH-
AOBa, rra je je,d;aH ()lA H>HX 6HAa H Mop,a. JeAa'H XpOHtlflIap
rrpJfKa3yje A'BOp KJHe3a AAe!KC3JHApa: KHe3 je HOCJ{O a'f'HAY H cxPHl..\'Hp-
CK'Y lllanI<!Y, 'KHerHH>a ITepnlAa je lflM3Aa opnoK'Y IHOUHhY, 3 ,KHe)'KeBe
KnepH cy 'BHna'He y 'Bap01llH OAeBeHe no rrOCAeAH>oj rragrrcKoj MO,M-l.
Kao "CTapa opnCKa iHlW H>a " , a'l'l1'Aa je OA:pa)fQ'\JBaAa pa'M3lHTHlIapCKO
paCITOAO)KeH>e AlYXOBa. HewTo IKaoHrrje je M HapoAH3 IBojoKa Ao6'H.ACl
CAUl.jlHY Y'HH<pOPMY C rajTaJHHlM3. )KeHClKa HOWI-ba je cnajaA'3 MOAy C
TpaAlH{\rrj'OM li T<lJKO CTB'OpIHAa H3>B'aJHlpeAHO npO)KHMaH>e. Y rOptbeM
AeAY je OCTaA'O MI6aAe 'HAH nypaJK, Kpa1
1
KH AO nojaca, a 'Y AOlf>e'Yl
lllHpOKa cYKH>a C KpHHOl'L'HIHIIM, AOK je 01i(0 naca 611'0 HexajHo Be3an
0BHAeHH rrojac OBa HOllItba (AM6aAe) Koja nOAcena Ha OPII-
jeHTaAHH ODAHIK j3iI3'HAa ce y fplIiKoj y XVIII BeIKY, Kl!A je rrpl-EK333Ha
y AeAH'Ma ,rryT'O'illtcau;a, 'aAH je MO)KAa III paHHjux AaTYMa. Y XIX BeKY
je Ben OHA3 OCBojuAa 'BeAl1'KH AeD f'P'lIKe cYAellli rro MaTepHjaAY
A'O)Kem)!M y MY3ejy EH3JI,46 a j3JBiHAa ce 11 y EyrapoKoj. Y ITpe06pa-
)!WHCKOM MaHaCT'Hp'Y je )I<JHlI3'O'rrH'Ca!H CTpaulHu cy; AeMHll Tepajy
rpeillH.HKe y naJKao: MyuIKapU;1H cy rrpHKa3ruHH 'Y CeAJal.JKoj oAenu, a
)KeHe y BapoillKoj.47 To je IHCT'H KOCTHM KOjH je 'HiOllIeH y CPDHjH, a
BepOBaT'HO lWY je rp'-tKa HOWH>a iOCAY)KHAa 'Kao Y3'Op. Y Cp6njH je
Ta HOW'H>a 6e3MaAO u;eAD CTOAene. I1olC'Ae npBor OBeTCKOI'
para 6HAO je jow -,KeHa Koje cy je HlO'ClfAe, AOAyweHCKlbYlIHBO u;piHe
60je, rrpeT.e)KiHO y Y'H'yrp31lli'If>OCT.H. AJH6<lJAe je Y XIX ,BeK'Y 6HAO Ta-
MiHOrrA'aBe Doje, aK'iA AeJB'jaKia OBeTAHX ooja: p03a, OBeTAnAa'Be HAll
6eAe.
ITpoMeHa je 6P30 3aXBaTHAa UM'YWK'Y HlUH>Y; oA6alIeHe cy lllH-
pOKe lI30Klllnpe H ll'pHJe:B3neJHe na:HTaWOIHe, V'MeCTO rYH>Qa npeY3eTa je
ZlTHAa, HA'H peAeHrOT, aA11 je Ha rAa'BiH HoweH KapHK3Type AH-
MUTpnja ABpaMOBnna 6jaJBibeJHe Y NHCry DiPHMI'-liHO AI)-
DpO HAYCTPyjy TY rrpaMetHy Y 0POlfljIH l'Aie oe crapa HOllIH>a Merna ca
eBpOnCKQM, aAIH ce H Y3 je,a:HY IH APYry 'Hoce llIaJrIKa HAiH <poc. To je
KIHHh.aJHHlH )KHBO rrpeAOT3JBHO I<JHe3Y AAeJKiCaJHlAPY H YJKa3ao Ha ,,'RaIlle
'HeCpenHO rrONO)KeHlf1je", KaJA TYPU;IH Tpa)Ke Al. oe H<:>VH <pec, a PYCH
Aa ce .BoeH warIK3, "rra OB3KH one A'R 6lllje... a f1Ae je 6UAO Aa ce Ha
jeA:HY rAa'BY CT3Blbajy AlBe IKarITe". BB:p:O'I1iCIKa IHOlllIf>a je Y CBa'Ko.M CA'\(-
lIa:jy ITpeaBA'3AaBaA'a y Kpyr'l3'HlM3 'Ben neAeceTI1x
roAH'Ha, Mn je BYK Kap3I.1Il1'n OCTao rrpH <pecy, a K;HUnaHIl1'H 11 TOMa
BYl.)JJ{n-ITepl1'w,Hn cY AO Kpa'ja )J()llJBOTa HOCHAH HapO:A,HO OAe'AO. Ka-
cHHje je Ta HOBHHa npOAH'pHAa IH y llI'HpOKe cAojene rpaAC'KO'f CTa-
46 Muse Benaki Athnes, GUIDE, Athnes 1936, 219, 222-224.
47 npeo6pa:JlceHCKU MaHaCTUp, 5,napCKU J1WHaCTUpu, H3AaTeACTBO
HayKa Ii HCKYCTBO, CO<PHfI 1972, CTeHOI1HC "CTpawHH CYA", AeTa,bH, CTeHo-
illlC ,,3axapH 30rpa<p".
271
rpaACI<a HOIlHba Cp6a Of\ XVI AO XIX BeKa
HOB'HHlllTBa. MenYTH'M, CAY)f<.eI-be y BOjcD;n YTJHI..\aAO je Aa ce lia ceAY
oA6aD;H <pec H npHxBaTH "rKana rpaJHiH'-I apOKa" , waj\Ka1.Ja, aAIH
H weWHp; CeibaD;I-I onpe,l,eA:>eHI-I 3a paAHKaAe HOCHAH cy wy6ape H3-
BY1.JeHe y WHMIIK. Y ITOJCAeAI-bI-IM AeI..\CiHJijaMa XIX Be:I<a, )KeHClKa MOA:l
y rpaAOBHlMa, YI TO rKA q,I-IHOBrJ-IHl.J.KiHX YI 0<PYlD;UPCKI-IX )KeHa, OBe ce
BHwe 'O'cAnoanaAa HapOIAiHe HllIl I-be, y t.reJ\1Y ce OApa)KaBaAa H3BeCHa
nOA'BojeHOicT APYWTOOHX cA'C>jeoo. OBe npO'MeHe ce Mory npa1'I-ITrH y
Ca1.JYrBa
1
HiH'M nOpOAH1.JIHlllM aA6yMHMa. MenryTH'M, TaiKone ce 3ana)K3
Aa ce MOAa <oBe ynpa'BibaAa no MOAeAH'Ma H3 Ee1.Ja 11 fIewTe Ji
CHe EHwe KpeT'aAa ynopeAo C rrOAII-ITYl1.J'I<JHM onpeAeibel-beM TaAawI-bC
Cp6Hje I<:Olja je rrOCAe fIapn:OKr MrHpOOfJ-IO'f yro'Bopa 1856. Tpa)KHAa
no MorynCT'BY OCAOIHaD; Ha <PpaJHU:YCKY.
HC1'Opuja :HOWI-beK:O\6. Cp6a npeACTaBiba rrpHNHLJHO CAO:;'KelH eBO-
AYD;nOHH npou:ec. OH je 6!H0 pa3AH1.JHT y TJlojeAHHHM APYWT'BeHHM
cAojeBH'Ma, KOA ceJ'oa'Ka, rpanalHa, rrAe'MCTBa, BojIHrH1Ka H KA'Hpa, a
3lJBHCHO je 11 Of.\ Tora Aa AH cy OAiHOCH ca cyceAHlH'M 3eMlbaMa 611AI1
;1I06PH iHArH ArOWH. ArKO cry ce Cp6H {)CAaI-baAH Ha cyce,1,a, OHAa cy 1'0
6HAH ManapH; lIK' cy 6HAH rrOr;.\. C'YceAO'BO-M BA3wny, 1'0 cry 6!HAIl
Typu:u; lIKO -cy OCTaArH ry H'3BeOHHiM AYXOBIHO-iJ<:YATYpHHM Be3aMa, Ta;l,a
cy 6HAH fpD;H, rpl.J.rKO-BH3l1HTlHjoKa KYATypa. TynuM yruI..\ajHJMa OHAH
cy Hajnpe nOAAO)K,HYI llAeMCl'BO H rpanalHCKH CAOj, II''TM BOjHHD;H H3
pa3A'Ora, a Haj'MaI-be ceibaU:iYI 'H rKAHp, rrpeMAa HH OHH HHOY
6HA'H H3Y3el'YI OA THX 3pal.leI-ba. T3JKaB Apyw!'BeHo-eKOHOMC'KU ca-
CTaB YTYI'CHYO je HCTOpHjH Bawe HrOillI-be 06eAe)Kje xeTep'reHOCTH,
rrOMO)f<He OApeneHHIM 3aKOlHHTOCTrH'Ma HapOAHor )KHBOTa yoonwTe.
Pavle Vasi
TOWN COSTUME OF SERBS IN THE 16th TO
19th CENTURIES PERIOD
Summary
The sources for studying Serbian town costume are diverse,
but they supply only a partial view, related to individual areas or
per,iods, so that more general conclusions covel'ing larger areas and
more extended periods could be obtained only by deduction. These
sources are f the fine arts and written natures. The former are
found on painbngs and miniatures, while the latter ones in travel
accounts written by travellers through Serbia and other lands po-
pulated by the Serbs during the Turkish rule. Parti culaI" kind of
sources relates ta the works on costume from earlier centuries de-
scribing Turks, but also making precious data for the costumes of
our people. Significant sources are those in Dubrovnik Archives
p
272
Il Bacl
concern'ng the citizens {Jf DuhrclVnik in Seflbia, as well as indi-
rect informat'ion on Serbs..
The most s'ignificant fine arts sourCE:S include the frescoes,
name:ly portraits of foundern (ktitor) of C1hurches and
AfteT the destruction of Serbian state various personalities, high
clergy, noblemen and founders of churches and monasteries, take
the role formerly held by the rulers. And while these belong to the
higher layer of soc'iety, travellers speak mostly of peasants and
their costume, which was similar in a wider territory of the Bal-
kans, namely in Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgari.
Sorne objects belonging to the rulers of noblemen are pre-
served, such as the cap and saddle of despot Jovan. The travellers
provide in sorne cases the data on costumes of noblemen turning
peasants. The characteristic of aristocratic suit is its
length, decorated with cords or braids, to the Turkish
pattern. However, since after the destruction of the Serbian state
a major part of the people, and particularly noblemen, emigrated
to Hungary in order to continue the struggle agaoinst the Turks, the
Hungarian costume .did inHuence ,the ,SeIibian -one whiohap,plied .Dot
only to the noblemen but also to soldiers, hussars and haiduks in-
fantrymen.
The middle-class costume of Serbs is similar to the one of
noblemen as far as its length is concerned, but there are no cords
on the breast. W'oman town costume is not frequently depicted on
frescoes. In any case the always present piece of clothing of mar-
ried women has been the special type of kerchief (ubradaca), while
jewelry was worn in the way similar to that practised by noble-
women in the Middle Ages. Noblewomen in Macedonia wear the
short-sleeved jacket (zubun) and a crown as they formerly did.
High-heeled wooden slippers (nanule) here too, as in Venice, re-
flect the class differences.
Church co.stume of the high clergy and monks is represented
rather frequently on frescoes, since their members appear as foun-
ders of churches. That costume consists of a wide mantle buttoned
up to the neck, caps are open across the forehead, while long coat-
-mils fall sidewise. The clothing :of nuns is similar but covered with
a kerchiJef around the face, and with a cap shaped as a small
turban.
The appear,ance of Serbian soldiers who fought together with
Hungar1ans and after that side by side with Aus1Jria, is described
by individual travellers. Cavalrymen had helmets, wire-wowen
shirts, whhile their side arms consi,sted of so-called palos and spears.
Sorne of them wore eagle's wings or bearor wolf furs, as Turks
did. Infantrymen, namely ha<iduks, had a dolman (dolama), trousers
a ki<nd of overcoat (stTuka) and 'a cloalk their
side .arm was a sword. Sailors in Austrioan river naval battalions
----------
273
fpaACKa HOllUba (pua 0,\ XVI AO XIX neI<a
(sajkasi) were armed also with long spears and arrows, while their
clothing was blue.
Inventories of Dubrovnik merchants Living in Belgrade are
rather important for the history of costume in Serbia, since they
contain detailed lists of clothing, with a breakdown according to
the types and purchas2 ppices. Also interesting is the origin of mer-
chandise, which scmetimes cernes from Lendon. With the coming
of Turks the:r terminology of clothing has been accepted too (do-
lama, i.e. d:::>lmaD in.stead of the fC':-mer kind (kuntus, svita).
In the seventeenth century tOlwn costume was already stron-
gly influenced by Turkish desing and Serbs move to Hungary in
the 1690 Migration with that costume. In the new homeland their
clothing gradually approaches Hungarian costume, namely the one
otherwise spread over wide areas in Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, and
up to Russia. English traveller E. Brown says that, due to ils appro-
priate form for horse riding and for fighting, that costume has been
adopted also by the Turks in the state border area. A Viennese
E.,ngraver E. W'iedemann submits many varieties of that costume
worn both by Cr-oats and SNbs. It was accepted aiso by the middle-
-class layer of Serbian merchants and craftsmen who deserted gra-
dual1y their Oriental fashion. Austrians tl'ied to introduce uni-
forms for the Serbian militia, but when this was achieved in the
eighteenth century, it kept the characteristics of folk costume.
The process of modernisation of clothi,ngs of Serbs has been;
continued in course of the eighteenth century, when already deve-
loped and rich bc.urgeoisie kept pace with Eumpe by adopting the
bareque fashion, as weIl as that of rococo. In classicism that bour-
geoisie achieved equal footing with Vienna and Buda. This applies
to the commanding staff and the army in general, which after the
attempt at imposing uniferms with national characteristics, obtained
in 1767 the Austrian uniform of tawny colour, which was characte-
ristic for the border guard regiments, composed of Serbs too. High
Orthodox clergy endeavoured ta compete in' clothing with the Ca-
tholic one. The col our remains black for the monks, while blue for
priests. Upper layers of bourgeoisie requested to be portrayed (this
came into fashi.cn after the French Revolution). Portrait is an im-
portant source of ilnformation related to costume of that social
layer, and the one which is characteristic much more in that than
in the previous centuries.
Serbia of that time was a country of peasants whose thin mid-
dle-class layer was limited to towns where it lived among the Turks,
behaving and dressing according to Turkish cust oms. After the Ser-
bian Revolution many foreign citizens came to Serbia, introducing
the elementsof Western fashion. These elements include the uni-
forms of officers in the anny who, together with Serbian clothing,
wear high EurOipean mihtary coll ars and neckerchiefs, as weIl as
make their hairstyle to match new fashions. Serbs introduce uni-
274
n. Bacul.
forms into their regular army, among Turkish chri$ltianized children
and, probably, clerical emplcyees, since an order strictly forbids to
i ~ i ~ n s to put on braids on their clothing, smce bra'ids were pro-
bably the symbol of a position and/or function. Belgrad Brger-
meister Radie Petrovi had a blue spencer with golden epaulettes
and a hat. The wardrobe of sorne high officiaIs contained parts of
European men's and ladies' costumes.
After the faU of Serbia this transformatiOlIl comes to stagna-
tion and the Turkish costume remains, namely the former Serbian,
because of Turks. When the autonomy of Serbia was recognized by
the 1830 Hatisherif, duke MUos put on European uniform together
with clerical employees, military officers and soldiers, and that uni-
form became the issue of permanent ca.re in later legislation. An
important aspect of emancipation is the portraying, which also
contributes to the spreading of Western fashion, although it is re-
duced to the narrow upper layer of society. However, the turning-
-point in the development of Serbia takes place after the 1848 Hun-
garian Revolution, when thousands of volunteers migrated to Voj-
vodi:na, where they found a different life and different customs.
An author says in his memoiTS that since then everything began to
change lin SerbiJa. People left their "Turkish" cloathing and put on
"dusanke", dn fact atil, whiile firmly belieV'ing that this w.as the old
SerbLan c1othing, which really was in use in the preceding century in
Vojvodina.
The process of development of European fashion becomes s.ince
that time more and more intensive in the towns, but also in the
vinages, where rich and prominent peasants begin to wear hats,
instead of fez (fes), or Serbian soldiers' and peasants' cap (sajkaca),
which graduaUy become the component part of peasant's clothing.
European fashion enters into lady's town costume, which is rather
simi1ar to the Greek ,and B'LIlgarian ones after the 1856 PaiI'is Peace
Treaty, but Serbian costume, particularly in the province as far as
oider women .are concerned, remains almost until the Second World
War.
CI. 1. BZlllelLwTajHoB 3Z1CTZlBHHK, GaKpopC3 H3 cepHjc ner-J3pa
.bZl3HAe KOjy je pe3ao KpHCTl1jal-l BHAxeAII-l (1742)
Fig. 1. Wallenstein's standardbearer. engraving From the Genaro
Basile series made by Christian Wilhelm (1742)
)J;'\.
OFl!1ICIER
NUI.' SER
s.
CA. 3. CpncKH OqJl1UHp, 5aKpope3 Hen03HaTor YMeTHHKa (1744)
Fig. 3. Serbian officer, engraving by an unknown Duch artist (1744)
CA. 4. AecrroT Hi\Hprn(a feoprHje EpaHKOBj.1I1, alapei\ Herr03l-faTOr
aVTopa (nocAe 1711)
Georgije Brankovi, despot of the Illyria, watercolour
Fig. 4.
by an unknown author (after 1711)
t f " ''lI"' ' . l(!: f' 1
.: III II 11"1' '1\,(1l;1 Idllli Il'Inl"111
ft. 1:/11, .P
lu..J;' /111"1" .!J..l'lf. loi". Illrlllrl' ;C "I"IlI1111 rllTI11
,il/la:'H. rJI ,\", III11,r,',III.-I; fl/l:; ",111,1,
;ri) f,l'rit! rll "'''""''' .)1/ ":\,"11
Ci\.. s, CrapH Cp6ml ca 6aKpope3 li3 ccpHje f.ieHapa
Ea3Hi\.e (1742)
Fig. 5. Old Serb \Vith his son, engraving from the Genaro Basile
series (1742)
CA. 6. Ao6poBoi"au H3 Cp611je (V llhajepcKoM <ppajKoPV) 1793,
6aKpope3 MI1Xal1Aa KavrrepL\a 113 fpaL\a
Sig. 6. A volunteer from Serbia (in the Steiermark Freicorps),
1793, engraving by Michael Kaupertz from Gratz
CJ\. 7. BOjHYK, APBope3 1-13 nYW6al-ba
HI-IKOJ\e Ae HI-IKoJ\ea (1569)
Fig. 7. Vojnuk, wood carving from the
Nicolas Franois de Spar
.' .
._...
_ . '1""
. ....----
CA. 8. Eeorpabal-IH 1739, cennja
HI-IKOAe <PpaHcoa Ae Cnapa
Fig. 8. Citizens of Belgrade in 1739,
sepia by Nicolas Franois de Spar
CI. 9. ITopTper JaHVlnVlja J3ypHJ1a, Kapabopl5eBor CCKpeTapa, C!Hll<aO
YpOJJl KHe)l<eBYln. 1855 r.
Fig. 9. A portrait of Janiije Djuri, Karadjordje's sccretary, paintcd
by Uros Kndevi in 1855
BepHa XAH
TYPCKH nOLIACHH KA<PTAH y Ci\Y)KEH XPHIliFiAHCKE
AHTYPfHJE HA EAAKAHY
(XVI-XVII BEK)
naCAe TypCKHX oOBajaJ-ba 6aNKaHoKHx 3e;\>lalba, )KHBOT 11 6H-
Yajll 'H'CAaJM11l3'l1paiHOr CraHOiB'HJ.1UrfiBa y aAU 11 IOHor lKolje
je OCTaNO npu Bepll OBojllX OTa14a, 6p30 .cy 'ce 'MeJ-baAIH. Y3 CBe APY'ro
xeTepOrelJ-l!o 11 KOMHAeKoHo, IlIT je YlllluaAo \Ha Te peAalllLBHO 6p3e
npOMeHe, OIlA'1l cy TO 11 HenOCpe,A!Hll oyopeTll oa J.UfoBeHTapOM IHOBHX
npejMeTa 'MaTepajaAIHe 'KYATY'pe 11 V:\IeTIHOCTH Y!lljH 'ce 'YTHUaj llIH'pllO
C HAJHMOM paTHllX oCBajaJ-ba '11 nOMepa:J-beM Pp3JHIl14a I.J;arpCTBa [l1peKO
reorpa<pCK'IlX H ITOAH'THL!'I{IHxMel5a EaA'KaHa npeiMa OpeAJ-boj EBp.onH.
HecAyneHo opHaJMeHTHiKe iKoje ce lionObaBaAo Ha npe/\<;Vle-
l'M'Ma T'YpOK!HX YMeTH1w.rKHX 3aHaTa H rrpW:\1eJ-beHe YMeB-IlOCTH, BUCOIK
CTeneH KBaAJ.1Terra fuHXOBe 06paAe, nAeMeHHTH MaTepHj-aAH OA IKOIjlHX
cy H3paDHBaJI-IJH, nAOAOI-l'OOHO cy YTH14aJ\lH IHa A:OMa'ny ,,'Y'MeTHOGT MaNllX
cP0PMIH". y 'TIljeAiHIHHM oOBojeHIHM 6aAIK
I
3JHO.KJWM 06AaC1II-I1Ma ,L\'Aa3HAO
je AO 'He06WIHHX CTHAOKIHX CHiHlJ<lpern33JM'a, 06eAe)KeHHX cneU'H<pWYJHO-
CTH'Ma, 3a Koje ce ApyrAe :He Mory Ha'n'H aHaAoPllje. OBa noja:Ba y Ha-
Y1.l,'H aAKaHOKiHX 3eMaba 6HY\a je 3aAyro Bllille llAIH Mal-be CBeOHIO 3a-
HeMapHBaHa, HAH je Kao He3aoGHAa3HO oGjeKTHBHa YHil-beHlll.\a Y3-
AP)K3JHO npm@aTIIHa, YI 1'0 cy je TIpe npHXBaTaAlll H'CllOpllYapH.
HOCTH ca CTp3JHe Hero AOManH KOjll cy, n03HaBajynH npllAHKe y
3aBay.ajHoj cpeAHHH, MorAH Aa l'y nojaBY HenOCpeAH'Rje H [IOTny-
HHJje OCBeTAe li Aly6/oe 06j,aCHe. AHHM03HOCT npeMa iH3a3HBaYllMa H
Y3pOYHImHMa KpBaBliX paTOBa H ApaMaTliYHliX TOKOBa HCTopaje
33ipaneHHX CTpaHa, aJ\lH li npeMa HOCHOUHMa Te KYATY'pHHX
Ao6apa IlITO cy ce T,M'O)KHAa iKp03 I-leKONH'KO BeKOBa TvpoKe }'lrIPaBe
y rrojeAllHHM 3eMbaMa, CTBOpllAO je Ta6Y-TeMY Koja je HepaAo HAll:
HHKaKO AOT:Hl.\aHa. MeI5YTHM, HayYHa Mllcao je HuaK - HeKaA 6p-
)Ke, 'HeKaA cnoprnje - KpY!HAa nYT Ka llcnnm.
y npoTeKAoj 1983. rOAHHll opraHH30BaHe cy ABe 3aHHMibHBe
H3AO)K6e, H3y3el'HO 3Hal.JajHe 3a nHTaJ-be 0 KOMe je pey. JeAHa je
276
Bepclla Xau
OAp)KaHa y IJ;aplIfpaAy,l Apyra y Eey:y.2 13aAKaHcKO npOCTpaHCTBO
HalllAO -ce y rrOAUpII3a1wjH KYATVpHO-'y.\1eT1HH'-IIK1HX BpeAH'OCTH H3
npomAocru ca THX ABejy BeOMa HHTepecaHTHHX MaHHcPecTalwja. Ha
)KaAOCT, HHCMO HMaAH MorynHocTH Aa ce yno3HaMo Ha AHIW J\,leCTa
ca THM H3AO)K6aMa. I-bHXOBH KaTaA03H cy, MenYTHM, Ao6po MeTOA-
CKlH KOHQHUHpalHH 'H 6'raro HAYCTPOBUHfH, na Kao npaTena Hcqpnr-m
AOIKYlNIeHTaQHja Morynyjy Aa ce H par distance yn03JHa 'MaTepII-
jaAHH CaAP)Kaj THX eRcn03HQHja, a TaKone H HAeje Roje cy I-bliXO-
DHM aYTopHMa CAY)KHAe Rao rrOAa3He OCHOBe.
y III, nOCAeAH:>eM TOMY KaTaAora QapHrpaAcKe H3t\0)K6e KOjH
rrpHKa3yje QHBHAH3aQHje Ha aHaAOACKOM TAY, OAHOCHO nepHOAe
cet\.l,lY'lKe H OCMaHCKe YMeTHOCTlI, CHCTeMaTCKH H3AO)KeH MaTepHjaA,
AeAOM Ben n03HaT, a AeAOM jOIll He06jaBibeH, OTKpHBa pa3BojHe
TOK'Ba THX YIMeTH'OCTHKp03 ceAai;,,1 CTOAena, Tj. 'O,-\ XII AO XIX
BeKa. Y OBOM TpeHYTKV 3a Hac je 3aHHMA:>HB nepHoA ocMaHCKe
YlMeTlHOCTlH y XVI-XYI BeKY npeAcTaBloa H HajaoraTHj..::
cTBapaAaY:Ko-cHHI<JpeTHcTHY:KO CTHACKO pa3A06A:>e TypcKor YMeTHHY:-
Kor 3aHaTCTBa H npHMeH:>eHe YMeTHocTH yonlllTe. Y CBeTAY THX ca-
3HaH:>a, 11 YiMeTHO'CT 6ai\!KaJHKHX HapOAa Tor BpeMeHa AooHja eAC-
MeHTe 3a APYKY:Hje carAeAaBaH:>e HeKHX nUTaH:>a HAB 3a OTKpHBaH:.e
HOBHX.
y KaTaAory 6eY:Ke H3AO)K6e, opraHH30BaHe y rrOBOAY 300-ro-
AHllllnllQe Apyre TypCKe HeycneAe oncaAe aYCTpajcKe npeCToHHQe,
H3Meny OCTaA'Or je Meja Aa IOIHO lllTO je 'A MaTeplHjaA-
HHX A:06apa 3aO'CTai\0 OIA Typa!I{a, OA KO:jHX H 3a:HaT0Ko-y,vreTHiH'IKH
rrpeAMeTH, BHllle HAH MaH:>e cKynOQeHH, He npeACTaBA:>a ce - HAH
He 6H rpe6aAO Aa YAe TaKO rrpeAcTaBloeHo - KaKO ce TO paHHje
oHY:aBaAO, caMO BOjHHM TepMHHOM IITypCI nAeH" (Trkenbeute),
mTO je HIllAO y npHAor npH3HaBaH:>Y BojHe BelllTHHe jeAHoj OA 3a-
paneHHx crpaHa, aAH He H nOTBpDHBaH:>e ApyrHx KBaAHTeTa THX
MaTepHjaAHHx A06apa. Ta Aopa ce, MenYTHM, caAa HAeHTHcPHKyjy
rrojMoM "TypCKO Aaro" (Trkenschatz).3
OBHM ITpHAorOM )KeAeAH CMO Aa y AYxy H3AO)KeHHX HAeja
YKa)KeMO Ha jeAaH OA 3aHaTcKO-YMeTHHY:KHX rrpeAMeTa TypcKor
nopeIV\a H Ha Moryne HaY:HHe I-berOBOr AeAOBaH:>a Y cpeAHHaMa
rAe ce nojaBibHBao Y BHme BapHjeTeTa, rAe je 6HO QefbeH Kao CTBap
BeAI1Ke HOBY:<lJHe BpeAHOCTH, a rAe je rrpeTpneo YI 3JAanTaQHje npeMa
cneQHcPlf'lHHM nOTpe6aMa Te cpeAHHe.
Ha OCHOBY nOAaTaKa 3a6eAe/I<eHHx y cKynHRH AOK,YMeHaTa KO-
jH ce qyBajy Y XHCTOpHjCKOM apXHBY y Ay6pOBHHKY ca3HaAO ce
Aa cy y nepHOAY OA cpeAHHe XVI H roTOEO I<Jp03 Qeo XVII BeK,
1 The Anatalian Civilisations, III, Seljuk /Oltoman, Catalogue, Torr-
kapi Palace Museum, Istanbul 1983.
2 Die Trken VOl' Wien - Europa und die Entscheidung an der Donau
1683. Kata10g der Sonderaussli:ollung, Wien 1983
2
.
3 Z. Abrahamovicz, Europas erbeutete Die Trken VOl'
V1tien - Europa und die Erltscheidung an der Donau 1683, 172, 173.
TYPCKH nOyaCHII !<pTaH y CAY)K6H Xpl1WOaHCKe }\l1Typnrje 277
y T'a'j rpaA npacn'ISaA'l1 npHIMeplJ!H nOyaOHHX TypOKHX 'KaqnaHa Kao
HapO'lHTO CBe'laHO, u;epeMoHHjaAHo OAeAO U3 rpyne 3aHaTcKo-YMeT-
HH'lKH H3pa5eHHx 0AeBHHX npeAMeTa TypcKor nopeKAa. I10'laCHH
KacPTaH je Kao I-JOCHAall, xHjepapxHjcKo-APYLUTBeHe CHMAHKe Koja
je BA3AaAa Ha OHAallHbeM ll,apHrpaACKOM ABOPy npeACTaBJbaO II
MaTepHjaAHH AOKa3 YKa3aHe nOyaCTH OHHMa KOjH oy ra npHMHAH
Ha Aap. Y HOB'Oj CpeAHIHH, y AYPOBHH'KY, Me5VTHM, nOCTaBllIH CreA-
I!TBO 3a OaBJbalhe KaTOAH'lKOr ll,pKBeHOr pHTyaAa npeCTaAa je lhe-
rOBa A'aHY'Ka HaMeHa, a 1'l1'Me ce H3ryouo H IherO'B parH'l1jlH 3Hayaj 'K''jH
je y 3eMibH MaTHUH.
KOHTaKl'H H3J\'Ie5y AapOAaBaua K3<pTaHa H Aapl-aHHX oABHjaMI
ay cc Ha ooaOBH A:H'IlN'MaTCKITX O,i.\BOCa H3Meoy AYPOIBHH1Ka H I1op-
TeH Y3 IhIIX Be3aHHX rrpOTKOAapHiHX H0'P.\1H nHailIalha IKo'je cy npH-
MelhHBaHe y UapHfpaAY, Ha I10PTU, OAHOCHO Ha CYATaHOBOM ABOpy.
AOHocenH roAlUlJlhH AypOBa'lKH TPUYT H Y3 lhera YOH'lajeHe Aa-
pOBe, BHilIe HAH Malhe a AeibeHe rrpeMa 3Hat.Ia'jy nOAO-
)Kaja KOjU je nojeAHHau HMao H crerreHY yrAeAa KOjH je Ha UapCKOM
ABOPy Y)KHBao, rrOCAaHHUH AypOBal.JKe BAaAe CV, Ben npeMa YCTa-
JbeHOM OHyajy, HAH AapHBaHH Ca BHilIe HAH M3lhe cKynou;eHHM
KacPT2nO.\1, hil'at-om, uepeMC'HHjaAHHI,\1 nOl.JaOHH<:\1 'AeAOM, "aJbH-
HOM 3a AHBaH". OBaj oH4aj Aa ce Aapyje nOyaCHO OAeAO nojeAHII-
ll,HMa 3a HapOYHTe 3acAyre, YHja cy H3paAZI H KBaAHTeT TKaHI-IHe
3a'l)HOH1\H OA jeAH'O'f 0,1, l'pH CTeneua Ha AeCTBHUH APYilITBeHor 3HZI-
'laja no KOjOj cy AapHBaHH HAH CBpCTaHH,'i BYl.Je cBoje KopeHe H3
BH3aHTHjcKor ABopCKor uepeMoHHjaAa H H3 jOill cTapujHx, a3HjcKHX
qHBHAH3all,Hja. 11 CM KacPTaH npHrraAa HHBeHTapy CTape HOilIH>e
CpeAlhoa:mjcKHx HapOAa; y XIII-XIVBBKY n03HaT je 11 y MaAo'j
A3H\jH.
IIO'laCHH u;epeMoHHjaAHH TypCKH KacPTaHH HAH cy KpojeHH OA
AYKCY3HHX TKaHHHa H3paneHHX CAO)IzeHHM TeXHOAOilIKHM nocTynUH-
Ma, a npOH3BeAeHHX y aHaAoACKHM paAHOHHuaMa, nOHajBl1l11e y Byp-
CH (BpYCH), 6HBillOj npeCTOHHUU TypCKor UapCTBa. CaMoj H3paAH
THX Ka<pTaHa 3a CBe41IHe TpeH'YT'Ke, yeero nO'ACTaiBJbeJI-IHX oKynHM
Kp3HOM, YKa3HBaHa je BeAHKa na)Kl-ha. I-bHXOBO ilIHBelhe npeY3eAa je
y UapHrpaAY noce6H3 OA npeKO CTOTHI-IY Cnell,HjaMI-
30BaHHX Kpoja<ra KOjH cy 6HAH 06aBe3HH Aa paAe caMO 3a CYA-
TaBa." Taj :;aBHAaH 6poj Kpojal.JKHX paAHHKa OTKpHBa Aa cy, no-
peA nOTpe6a ABopa 3a TOI'vI BpCTH Aene, AapHBalha KaepTaHa I-Ia
IIOpTH 6Hi\a 'leCT3 H 6pojHa. I10'laCHe KaepTaHe A06HjaAH cy npe
CBHX AOManH JbYAH, yrAeAHH H 3aCAY)KHH nojeAHHUH, Be3HpH, naille
11 Apyre l1CTaKHYTe AHYHOCTH H3 TypcKor ynpaBHor anapaTa HAM Boj-
4 D Cantemir, Historian of South East European and Oriental
Civilizaliuns. Extracts from "The Hislory of the Ottoman Empire, ,edit. by
A. Dutu and P. Cernovodeanu, Bucharest 1973, 159.
5 R. Mantran, La vie quotidienne Constantinople au lemps de Soli-
man le Magnifique et de ses successeurs, (XVIe et XVIIe sicleos), Paris 1965,
151, 152.
278
BepeHU XaH
CKe, 3aniM AHnAOMaTCKH eBpOnCKHX ABO-
pOBa li BAaAa, xpHIlInaHCKH npHHyeBH H APym H3 BH-
COKor ApYllITBa. IIyryjynH npeMa UapHrpaAY HAH Ha nOBpaTKY H3
npeCTOHHJ..{e 'l'H 'CV yeCTO 6HAH ycnYT AalpJHoBaJHiH 'llCTO\1 np-
CTOM noyaCHe OAene KOjy cy HM AapHBaAH TypCKe
BAaCTH y rpaAOBH1\1a - Be3Hpli, nallle, 6erAep6erOBH, CaHl)aK-6ero-
BH, AH3AapH - y eBponCKOM AeAY TYPCKe IIpHMepa paAH
n01\1eHHMO nOCAaHCTBO y EYAHMY Koje je 1628. BOAHO aM6a-
CaJAop XiaJHC AYABHT <pOIH IVI<plllTajlH, 'li 'K'OjiH je TOM AO-
6no OA 6YAHMCKor Be3Hpa ABa nOyaCHa Ka<pTaHa. a YAaHOBH a,e-
rOBe npaTa,e yeTpAOCeT OK'po!:Y1I1mje OnpeMA>elHlHX npHlMepaKa 'li Y3 TO
jOIll HelllTO TKaHHHa.
G
BpanajynH ce H3 EeorpaAa y Ay6pOBHHK. H3-
BeCHH Ay6pOBaYKll cy y HeKOAHKO HaBpaTa y
EeorpaAY Ka<pTaHe Koje H1\1 je CYATaH nOKAOHHO.
7
IIpHAHKOM onca-
Ae EeorpaAa 1521. rOAHHe, "npe6e3H", Ae3epTepH H peHeran:l H3 OIl-
ceAHYTor rpaAa A06HjaAH cy OA oyATaHa "n04aCHe Xalt>H'He", Ka<p-
TaHe, 3a 06aBelllTeI-ba H nOAaTKe CTpaTelllKor 3Hayaja.
8
y nocTynKY npOTOKOAapHor AapHBaI-ba Ka<pTaHa 6HAO je H He-
KHX cynTHAHIHX BapH'jaU;H'ja. IIpHMepa paW1 HaIDeAH,\10 CAyYa'j <ppau-
nOCAaHH'Ka Louisa Dehayesa, 6apoHa de Cormenina KOMe je
nailla y oCBojeHoM EeorpaAY 1521. rOAHHe "IlpeMa 06Hyajy" Aapo-
Bao jeAaH 6poKaTHH Ka<pTaH H, /I<eAenH Aa MY YKa)Ke HapOYHTY
yaCT II 3HaKe npHjaTelt>CTBa, AHYHO ra je H>HMe orpHY.O IIpHAHKOM
noceTe xpBaTCKOM 6aHY HHKOAH 3pHJ-bCKM Y HOBeM6py 1666. Y
rpaAY EBi\.Hja l.JeAe6H je npeAao AapoBe Me-
AelK Ax,.\'ieA-nallle, 'H'3Meny aCTaAor " ... jeAHY cBHAeny, ypelllHY ,1
AHBHY xalt>HHY 3a AHBaH... " Y 3HaK 3aXBaAHOCTH 3a oCAo60neJ-be 6H-
xanKor KaneTaHa MycTaj-6era XacYMoBHna H3 TaMHH-
II jOlll Kao xBaAY 3a 60raTo yalllnaBaI-be.l
CYATaH je AapHBao Ka<pTaHHMa pa3He Apyre, He HapOYHTO 3Ha-
l.Iaj He, aA,H HIlaJK Ha 'HeKiH IHal.IiHlH IlpHMepa pa-
AH KOjH cy XBaAHAH Ao6pe CTpaHe TypCKor )IBOTa, na
TAYMu;e KOjII 'CV ycnemB'O 06aiBloaMi CBDj IlOCaJO APYUITBeHHx aH!HMa-
Topa,H HAH ABopCKe YMeTHHKe H BelliTe 3aHaTAHje KOjH cy ra IlPH-
AHKOM pa3HHX ABOpCKHX CBeyaHOCTH H BepCKHX npa3HHKa AapHBaAH
6 K. Teply. Die Kaiserliclze Grossbotscl1aft ail Sultall Murad IV, 1628.
Des Freihe1'11 H(ms Ludwig VUlI Kuefsteil1s Falut ml' Hahell Pfarte, VrJg.
Schendl, Wien (s. a.), 63.
7 XHCTOpHjCKlI apXHB Ay6pOBHHK (Aaibe: HAD), Dona Turcarum 2.
fol. 12'; fol. 19'; fol. 22; fol. 24.
8 F. Tauer, Hi:;toire de la campagne du sultan Suleymal1 1er CO/ltre
Belgrade en 1521, Prague 1924, pp. 58, 59, 62, 63, notes 189, 196, 198, 200, 202.
o P. CaMapmj, Beozpao u Cp6uja y CIlUCu.Ma (jJpaH4YCIWX ca8peMC-
HU/m, XVI-XVII 8eK, oeorpaA 1961, 167.
10 Evlija elebi. Putopis. Odlomci 0 jugaslovel1skim zemljama, Pre-
veo, uvod i komentar napisao Hazim Sabanovi, Sarajevo 1979
2
, 249.
11 M. And, Karagoz, Turkish Shadow Theatre, Istanbul 1979
2
, 25.
TypCKH nO'-laCHH KaqJTaH y xpHwnaHCKe i\HTypmje 279
rrpeAMenlMa UlTO cY HX ca lIOrO na>KJH>e li TpYAa H3PaAHAH 3a OA-
pe5eHry rrpHAHKY,12
Ca cBoje CTpaHe, nOqaCHHM Ka<pTl!HHMa AapHBaHe AHqHOCTH ey
Ha pa3He HaqHHe KopHeTHAe Ao6HjeHo OBeqaHO OAeAO. TaKO je Ha
npHMep <ppaHIWCKH nYTonHoau; Jean Thvenot (1633-1667), OPH-
jeHTaAHcT li 60eM, A06ap n03HaBaAaIJ; rrpHAHKa H )IBOTa y Typ-
CKOj, napyt-IH'o oBaj rpaJBHpaJHiH rrapTpeT Ha Koj eM je rrpH'Ka3a1H y
TYPCKOj OAdiH ca 06aBe3HHM, Ha H3rAeA He HapOqHTO cKynou;eHHM
Ka<pllaJHOM H Typ6aHoM Ha rAaBH, KaKO 6H TOM CAHKOM, Ha KOjOj
Ka>KHnpCTOM nOKa3yje TypCKY Ha ManH Ha CTOAY, HAYCTpOBao CBO-
jy peAaIJ;Hjy 0 nYTY Ha AeBaHT, li3Aal'Y 1664. rOAHlHe, H Aa 6H HeTO-
BpeMeHo 'IHM AHl.IHHM rropTpeT01\1 MaHH<pecToBao HaKAOHOCT KOj'y je
rajHo rrpeMa TYPCKOM IJ,apCTByYl
ApyrH pa3A03H, HaMepe H nOTpe6e H yonUlTe opraHIBaIJ;Hja >KH-
BOTa cy YCMepHAH Ay6pOBqaHe Aa 3a ynoTpe6y Ka<pTaHa, nOKi\Olhe-
HHX lhHXOBHM nOCAaHHIJ;HMa, Ha5y oAroBapajyne pewelhe. Y AOKY-
MeHTIfMa y 'I--IeKOA'HlKO cepHjaKlhHra 'BAa-
/'MHe aAMHUHCTpaIJ;Hje, ca "-rHoro 6pIDKMH'BOCTH eAe>KeHiHCY no-
,L\;aUH 0 n,npCKHiM KaqnaJHlH'Ma Koje CV rrOCAaJHHlJ)H p.ny6A'H'Ke AiOlH'o-
OHi\JH 'H3 IJ,apl1I'paAa, HMI 113 rp3\A:OBa, J1Ae cy O'A TypOKIHX Ha-
MeoHHlza Ao6lfjaMI H'CTY BpeTy TIOqaOHHX Aa:pOBa. BPeAH 3a6eAe>KIHHI
Ci\yqaj KOjH ce H3ABaja 'H3 OBe, rOT080 BK IH Il!O OA'P>KaJBaJHe npaKce.
KaA je l'ypOKa <PAOTa BPX!GBJHH'\1 3anOBeAHIHWTBO:,\1 I1HaNH-rrame
ynAoBH"a y M:'pe y ITpOAene 1566, je 22. jYAa
Te rOAH'He ca HeK:O'J\;HlKO raAHja AOoITNOBI1!O y Ay6po'B'Hll-LK l'AC je OA
BAa;Ll,e npHMHO rOPiI1W}bH TpH6YT.
u
Ca a.AMHpa,\'O'B'OM rroceTOM MO>Ke
ce AOBeCTH y Be3Y H rrOAaTaK 3a6eAefKeH y apxHBcKoj cePHjH Dona
Turcarum Aa je Talw5e y JYAY HCTe 1566. rOAJme (AaH 03Ha-
qeH), I1HaAH nawa AH'lHO nOCAao Ay6.poBa'lKoj BAaAH Ha Aap jeAHY
3AaTOTKaHY "vestu", 1'0 jeCT ITO'laCHH Ka<pTaH KOjH je 6HO npou;elheH
Ha 50 AYiKal'a, UlTO je y O'HO Bpe:Vle 6HAa 3Ha'DHa 'OBOTa IHlofBIJ;a.J:5
HajpaHHjlH HaMa n03HaTH JJ;epeWO!HiHjaAIH'H Ka<pnllHiH 3a6eAe)KeHll
y Aoy6pOBa'lKHM AOKYMeHTHMa HaBOAe ce Kao "veste".16 OBaj nojaM
nOCMaTpaH y urnpeM KOHTeKCTY, MenYTHM, OTKpHBa 0 KOjOj je Bp-
CTH npeAMeTa pe'l. 3aTHM ce OApeneHlije nOMHlhY "veste turcicae"17
HAH, Ha Kpajy, jacHo H OApeneHO Kao "veste turoicae dictae ca-
ftanj" .'H OBe 'ApeAHHuece jaBibajy y IHeKOAHIKO OK'PH'IlIJ;uja. OA rne3-
AeceTHX rOAHHa XVI AO ocaMAeceTHX rOAHHa XVII BeKa, y OAAY-
KaMa Bena YMOibeHHX H OApeA6aMa MaAor Bena, a TaKone y cePRjH
Dona Turcarum, HaHWAH CMO Ha BHUle OA. 150 HaBOAa 0 AapHBaHHM
nOqaCHHM TypCKHM Ka<pTaHHMa. BepoBaTHo Aa oBaj 6poj He rrpeA-
U The Analolian Civilisaliolls, III, p. 98.
1:1 P. CaMapUHn, HaB. eflO, penpOAYKlIHja C nopTpeToM Thvenota Ha
Aa:m ce H3Melsy cTpaHa 32 H 33.
F. Braudel, La Mdilerral1e el le monde mditerranen l'poque
de Philippe II, Tome II, Paris 1976
e
, 35.
10; HAD, Dona Turcarum 1, fol. l',
280
BepeH3 XaH
CTaBiba l-bHXOB peaAaH, KOHaY3JH 36Hp. YBepeHH CMO Aa je Mopao
6HTH 3HaTHO BenH, a 0 pa3A03HMa 360r KOjHX H3BeCHlI nOAaIJ;H 0
Ka<pTaIillMa Hacy cAY)K6eHO 6eAe)KeHH, MO)Ke ce caMO HaranaTH.
I1pCI\CT'aBHHU,H BAal\e KOjH cy Ha I10pnl HAH
npHMHJ\Y1 rrOyaCHe l<iaqnaHe Ha Aap OA 0YATaHa HAH OA TypCKHX,
HaMeCHHKa y 6aAKaHCKHM rpaAoBHMa 6HAH cy 06aBe3HH Aa MX rro
nOBpallKY y Ay6p.oBH'H'K Il'pc#lJj'Y BAa,L\!H1HOIM K\I'OPHlHIK'y-eK'clH'OMY
(camerlengo, camerHngo) KOjH je 6HO y CAY)K6n MaAor Bena. TIo
rrpeAajH Ka<pTa'Ha BpweHa je H>HX''Ba HOB'-I'alHa rrpO'l.\eHa. Ha QOHIOBY
nCKa3a:He Bpe,L\!HOCTH THX npeAMera, mo HepoAO'Cil'ojHe,
MorAO 'ce AOIHelKAe OIJ;eHiHTlH H pacnoNo>KeH:le I10pTe y Aa11OL\1 rpeHYl'KY
rrpeMa Ay6pOBHH'KY, HNI1 MepHTH cYATali-lOlBa iH3JKAOl-lJ0i2T npeM'a 'no-
jeAMIHIIM I1OCAaJHlIIJ;'l1Ma Peny6AH'Ke. AyapOBaY'Ka BAaJAa je cBojOlM DA-
A1j'1-C00\1 0 Oa'Be3:HOIM Aen031UY noqaOHlI1X 'KiiqnaiHa vcrali-POB1HAa AP-
)I<aBHH <}yJHAYC uBa6paHHX npHu\lepa'Ka 'i/\peneHe Bpere AYKCY3He, 3a-
Ha'rOKO-YMe'PHWIKJH IH3panooe Typ'Ke o/-\ene KOj'OIM je 'J\1'OTAa cAo6oAHo
paorrOAamnI.
I1peMa nOj.\au.Ih\13 H3 AOK'Ij'MeHara, Ka<pTaJHH AapOIBaJHH Ay6pOBaY-
l:H:\1 nOCAaJHiU)H'.\la 6HAH cy H3paneHiH OA 3AaT011KaJHlor TeJKJCTHAa 3e-
J\ene HAH u.'PBeHe oCHoBe, 60je KG'je cy 6HAeKapaI<.TepH'::.:ruy.iHe 3:1
TYPKC YOI1ruT, 3anh'vI OA ",,13eAyra" - C0.\10Ta, 6a'pruY'Ha, KaAH<pc -
OA TCWl<C CBlIAC npOT'KaIJC 3AaTH.\1 l-L\'H pe6pHOM HI11H, T38. 6po
KaTa HAll! OA 6poKaTeAa, AaI<e C13'lI!\CHe 'DKaIHIIHc, TliKObC npoTKalHe
lHITH'Ma OA I1AeM0I-HfT'HX MeTaAa, HAH 'Y'KpaUWf-lH Be30'.\1 K''jH je H3Be-
I\eo 3,\aTiBO'.\1 l-li\JH cpe6p'H<O'M )Kl-IUO,\1. Kao,\1eCTO rrpoH3IB'OAI-bC OBHX
TKaJl-U!IHa, y Ay6pOBay.Kl-I.\'[ AOKY,\leI-lI1J1Ma ce Ca'M' iHeJ<.oNHiKO n'lTa 11'0-
MHIbe 3IIaLJajaH MaAoa3HjcKI-I TCKCT'HAHl-I l(eHTap Eypca.
19
C'KA'iHO::':T Ay6p0'8YaJ-fa rrpeMa paUH'OHaA'HO'.\l yonUlTe u crroco6-
HODf 3a rrpaKTH'-IHO peUI3'Bal-be rrpo6AeJMa 6Hl\0 Koje BpCTe rrocelHO
HonOA,HAecy ce H npH OApebH'Ba'I-bY HaJMeHe 3a TypcKe K3<pTaiHe yv-
BaHe y Ap/KaBHO'M Aenoy. Aa 6H CeHaT YAO'B'OMlW 'Moi\.6aIMa npeACTan-
HH<Ka IJ;pKaJBa ca rroAPYY.ja Perry6MIKe 3a cpeACTBa Kojl1'Ma 6:1 H<l6a-
BHAH lllH'aye BeOMa oK'yne, a nOTpeaHe penp3eHTallMBHe u.pK'BeHe OAC-
npO'C'HpKe '1-I nOKpaB'Ke, oBaj Haj'BHlliH yrrpaBH!H 'OpraiH Peny6-
Al-IKe HaAa3HO je pcrueI-be Ta:KO UlM je, Ben npeMa 3Hayaj'y 'H Be-
AWfHHH IJ;pI<JBe KOjy cy 3acrynaAH, Aa'Bao 60ra1'O orrpeMibHe HMI
OK,pOJ,\IHil1je AeKOpH'CaJI-Ie npH'MepI<e rypoK'HX rro'-!'aOHHX KaepTalHa. Ko-
Al-IKOCe Ha OOHlOiSY paCnOi\'O>K1-I'BHX MorAO Ca3HaTiH, Ha-
NleHa TypClIX IJ;epeMOIHHjal\!HHX KaepT<l!Ha y TY CBPXY y Ay6pOBHlHKY
H'Hje 'MeI-baJHa OBe ,L\OK je TpajaAo I-bHXOBO AapH'Ba'I-be Bi\aA;l-J'HlfM rro-
Ci\.a'HHIJ;JfMa.
HHje He3aiHl-l'Mib11'BO ,L\a ce Y3rpeAiHO orrHllIeKaJKO ce oABHjao no-
cTynaK OKO AOAeJ\,HBalf:,a Ka<pTaHa 3acTynHHIJ;fJ-IM'a u.pKaB<l.
lu NeTO.
Jl HAD, Cons. Rog" 100, fol. 178; 107, [al. 220; 11t, fol. 12.
18 HAD, Cons. Rog., 118, fol. 5; fol. 118; 122, fol. 2'.
Jg HAD, Dona Turcarul1l, 1, fol. 151; fol. 161.
TYPCKH rrOclaCHH Kat]naH \' cAY)j(DH XpHlllhaHCKe AI'ITyprHje 281
oocpe,6,CTBO'."1 HCKOAUKO B'lI'C'faHl.I,'Hja A'1opOBa'l-Ke 13AaAHlle aAMHiHM-
CTpal.l,Hje. 3axreB liJ-ICTHrYl.I,Hje-'MOAHOl.l,a pema1nalo je CeHa'r, a 'KOMOp'
HB'K-eKOHO:-l je no lliero:noj OAA'1l.I,H H Ha OOHOBY HaA'ara MaAor Be\'la
H3Aa!sao OApeDe:H 6poj Kaq,ralHa npeACr3rBJ-I11l.1,HMa l.I,pKaBa y rpaAO-
BH'Ma, MecrHMa 11 ceA'I'1a Ha rroAPyyjv PenyOM1IKe. OL\elliyjeMo AH
raj CHCrElM pa'IT'OAeAe rroy:aCHHX Kaq,r3'Ha 'Ha OOHOBY AOK'Y''\1eHal'a
.. '"'
K''J'H CY'Ha'M craj3AH Ha pacno'Aaral-by, OiHA3 oe3 ABOYMlbel-ba 'MO)KE"vlO
3aKloYYH111I Aa je A06po q,}nHKl.I,nOI-l'HClIO.
Kp03 rrepHOA ICOjH je rpajao BHwe OA jeAiHor CrOAena, TYlpOK,H
cy 1\,3Ba'HH jeAalHinYT !HA'H BHme n'11'a ClJKpaA/I-I'H'M .nIHCTlIT'1-
rOTaBO Ha ueAOiM rrOAPY'-Ijy Peny6NHIKe: L\p'KBal\<ra y Ay6pB-
- caMO KaWApa.\:Ha JJ,pIa je 3a TIO speNle OprHMII,\a '8Hwe a,\,
ABaAeceT rLpHMepaKa
21
- 3aTHM JVl3H:MM vI Ben'HIM y MaAOM
CroH'1/
2
BCAHKOM CTOHy?:l 'H l-beroBoj O'K'ONH'HH,"4 a ralK,abe qp:Ksa',"13
V J-faCe!bH.vla H Y1'BplJCHiHM rpaAOBHMa y )KYfl'l'I:?'; H K::.JH'lJBA'HMa;2G ycry-
rrllHH C'1 H rrOI-IeKOM W:lIHacTHp'1.27 IIpeKpajaHiH -CV y caKpaMIY OAd\y
- 1\33YAe HMI n.\aHHTe (MHCHiHue) H nA,!8wjaAe - IKoja je rro npa
SHi'>y OHAa H HajGoraT1Hje YKpalllel-Ia. H:>HXO'BO WHBeI-be je nO'HeKaA
H3'BeAeI-JIO Ha BAaIA'HH 1'pOwa1<.:?H OA !<'aq,raHa cy TaiKOnC H3paDH'BaIHH,
aAli petJC, U.p'KBBHH 6aAAaxHHH'?D '1--j'AH cy yno'-fpe6.ba'BaWH 321 ,i,\eKopa-
TJll3Jl OnpCI\laJl,e I\PKBCHHX rrpacTapIIja noce611C HaMCHe. IIpHMepa
pa;..\,lI YK<l3Vjc.\llla orrp0.VlY CaYIUbCHY a,:, TypCKHX KaqH<l'Ha y KaneAJ1-
-PC,\HIKBlljapy ,:ly6p'u<lY'!Cl' KCtl'l'Apai\( Upl(He OB. MapHjc;,l(I O/AYKY 3a
rpaAlbY KanC,\C ,'\:aHcAo je Behe YMOi\"OHHX 1607. ITOMI1H>C,\10
l'dlKObl' OIlpe,\1\, 'K<l'llC,\C V KHe;lceBO_\1 AB'OPy,:l:? I1AH OH,! Y MallIlaCTHP'1
CH. MapKa,'3') Ha ;J<li\OCT, y OBa,vl TPOJlYIU{ljHC paCnaAa}KB.\10 nO/-\<l-
lU1.\ll Aa AH je ua nOAP'Yyjy Ca'lYBal)-[ rHBKH npHMepaK
rypCI<or rrOyaOHOr Kaq,TalIa, OAI-lOCHO AHryprHjcKc OAOKAc 'HCKpa-
jHe OA J-hcm, rOKO'."1 XVI HAB XVII BCKa.
20 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol 67'; fol. 110; Cois. Rog., 98, fol. 6; 100. fol.
178; 107. fol. 220; 111, fol. 12; fol. 117; 118. foL 5; 122, fol. 2'.
HAD, Cons. Rog, 98. fol 6; 100, foL 22; 103, fol 11'; 105, fol. 97';
107, foL 176', 110, fol. 254; 122, foL 2', 102
HAD, COM minus. 72. fol. 256'.
2:) BAD, Cons minus, 71, fol. 3; 72, fol. 143'; 74, fol. 130.
BAD, Cons. minus, 71. fol 117.
2., BAD. Cons minus, 72, fol. 157; fol. 176; fol. 230; Cons. Rog., 109.
[01. 52; 111, foL 12
HAD, Cons minus, 72. [01. 265'; 73, fol. 157; Cons. Rog., 107, fol.
220.
BAD, Cons. minus, 72, foL 40; foL 61; fol 72; foL 74; fol. 148; Cons.
Rog., 106, fol. 97'.
28 BAD, Cons. mim;s. 68, foL 240; 74, fol 125'; fol. 130.
29 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol. 143'
30 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol. li3'; fol. 175; fol ]98; Cons. Rog., 98,
fol. 119'.
BAD, Cons. Rog.. 82, fol. 23
32 BAD, Dona Turcaru111 , 2. fol. 19'; Cons. minus, 68, fol. 227'.
33 BAD, Cons. minus, 71, [01 225.
282
BepeHa XaH
IbrAeAJa ,L\a ce u;eo nocTymllK OKO TypOK'HX KaqnaHa OA1311jao
6e3 A'Ka3a 0 H'Ka3WBalY lIHHiM03HOCTH npe?l1a TOj penpe3eHTaT11D-
aoj 11 AYKCY3HO onpeMibeHoj AawIKoj OAen11 HCA3JM'OKHX BepHH'Ka 'Kao
HOCHOU;Y OApenetHe, TYne XHjepapxHjcKe CHJM6'oAHKe, OA,enH Koja je
rrpeTBapalHa V 'Kal'OAIHl.J.K'Y KYAl'HY AHl'yprH'jcKY, 'HAH je tbOMe H3iB-
neHa lHapoY:UTa 'HeKHX u;pIeHHX rrpOCTopa noce6He Ha-
MeHe. De3 c'tMI-be Aa cy TKalH'HiHe oA KOj!HX ay 6HAH H3panHB3HH no-
1
l.JaCHli 'Ka<pT3JHH npeACTa<Biba'Ae rrpm\1epKe ca 'o.AaOpllHJllM MOTHBHIMa
11 rnapaMa, a y OAHOCY IHa 60je 6HAe cy ,,'paAOCT 3a o Y!H" . Y TH'M Bpe,1,-
HO'CTHMa Tpe6a Ha3peTH jeAlIH OA '-lHiHHAau;aj(:ojll je 'MOrao Aa YTHy:e
afa TOAepaHT3JH CTaB npeMa l1M.VI rrpeAJJ\IeTHiMa y Be3H ca lHXOB;OM npH-
MellONI 3a K3TAH'-lKY AHTyprH:jy. Tex'HoAoillKe H Y'MeT.HUY:'KeK!BaAtH-
TeTe npeKpojeHHx K3epTaJHa CBaK3JK'O cy .BHCOJ:(;O BpeAiHOBaA'H HOBH 'KO-
pliCHiHU;M, H 'BepOBal1HO ce Ta ou;eHa rrOH:CTo.BenHiBa'Aa 'ca CTerreHO\I
BpeAJHOBa'I-ba KOjH cy A3JpOA'<bBIJ;!H A3J13aAiH l1HM rrpeAMel'HiMa, Ha'KJO ce
OMIicao I-bliXOBe npaKTll'-EHe npHMeHe y K'YATHe CBpxe 'KaTOAH"Y.Ke U;p-
KBe OIlLTpO pa3HAa3U ca CMH1CA'M H .3H3I'-IeI-beM WTO cy HX H'MaAlI
Kao TypOKe noy:aOl'ie oAope, ca 3Ha"Y3IjlH'oM APYllITBeHO-IllOMfll1HY'KOM
<PYHKU;M'jOM. MenYTI-i'M, TO pa3.\1IH'MOHAa/KieI-be HHje YT'Hu;aAt> 'HaOAp">
nHB3II-be I-ber013e IHOBe, IHHWTa MaI-be .3Ha'-IajHe HH MaI-be 'OBe"Y3JHe, a
HOrO'BpeMeHJO 'KopHiOHe 'H3'MeHe y 'Bonoj opeAiHHII, aAH rro CMHCAy II
3Hay:eI-bY cyrnl1uHoKH pa3A'H'lHTe.
De3 CYMI-be cy H eK'O:HOM0K!1l pa3A03H YTHu;aAH Ha nOMHplo'HB 0i'.,-
HOC ,L\y6poBa'-IKe BAaAe H KaTOAHl.J'KOr CBeWT0HCTBa ca ,;y6pOBaY]Wr
TTOAPyry:ja npeMa noy:aOH'HM, BH3yeAIH'0 eepeKTHM'M 'KaepT3IHHMa rrowTO
cy TlIAa A''tKOY3He TKlIHlHlHe, Ha63'BibaiHeCa 6HAO 'Koje CTpa'l-le, 6HAC
Ha H3y3eTHO BHCOKOj I..\eI-flH. Kan nTBpAY TOMe HaBOAH:VlO npHMep 1I3
CA3'BOHM'je, orryc11OillelHe H 'dCH'pOMarneHe paTOBHiMa, rAe je 'KaTOi\IHYiKa
u;pKiBa y XVII BelK'Y T3
1
Kone rrpllXBaTaAa TypoKe TeKCT'HNHe rrpeA'MeT
3a ill3p3JA,y U;pKJBeHliX OAeiKAiH, CA'YiKenH ce 'OHIHM WTO joj je 6H1\0
Ha AOXBaTY.34
I1MeHHMO jorn HeKe OA MorynHx ep3JK110pa KOjH cy YTHu;aAlH Ha
'-IHI-beHJHU;Y Aa cY KaTONHY:iKH BepHlHU;'H !Ha fJ!OAPyqj'Y Ay6pOBa'Y
/
Ke P-
rryoAI-i'Ke npHXlBaTaAH U;'PK'BeHe OAeiKAe OI"pO'JeHe 'OA CBe"YaHHX l'YP-
C .
OKIM'X IKaeJ:>T3IHa.
IJ;eHH AU ce no 6AHcTaBoj H IOAenH OBeTHTeiba KOjH cV
rrpeACTaBibeHH Ha AeNH'M3 Ay6pOBa"Y:K,e ICA<Il1K,apC'Ke w'KoAe, oHAa ce
MO){(e OMaTpal'II opHa'MeHTH TvpoK<or TeKCl1HAa 'll3 XVI H XVII
BeKa HJ-fCY 6HAH CTpaHH BepHiHqJ-i',\1'a A:y6pOBa'YKor nOAPy-y:ja. Ta 'oAena
C
.le oe3 cYMI-be CA1-IfKaHa npeMa CTBap'J-IHiM Y30pU;HiMa l1KaHIHiHa KOJ'H cy,
HCTHlHa, H3Ij'Ben'H'M AeAOM iHa63JBibeHe IH3 'DK3''-I'KIHX u;eHTapa I1TaMrje,
aAlH oy paneHe rro UCTO'-I'I-ba'-IIKHIM OpH3JMelHTaAtHlHlM 06pa'CU;HMa npe-
V3H1M3JHH'M oa i\eBaHTa. YocTaA''M, y MY3ejy TOrDKanH Capaj !cY jOIU
34 V. Paveli-Weinert, Misl10 ruho u Muzeju SIf1vonskog Broda dio
furskog satora 17. stoljea? Vijesti muzcalaca i konzervatora Hrvatske, br.
5-6, Zagreb 1969, 39.
TYPCKH nOc!aOIH Kaq>TaH y C,' Y/KOn xpHlllhaHCKe AIuyprnje 283
cayynaHlH npHMepUIH CBeYa'HHX TYPOI<!HXKa<pTaJHa C IKpalja XV BeKa,
KOjlH cY Tall<olse H3plbeHH OA HTaAH!.ialHOKHX A'YK'0Y3J-l1HX TrKalHHJHa.:
I
.
MeIsYTHJM, Ha 113 <pOHf\a 'CMIIKapCKlIX AeAa Ay6pOBaYKe
illKOAe H.\1a 'rrpH'Mepa CBeTHTel'oClKHX xa">HHa 3aKoje ce '.\1'O/Ke rrpeT-
nOCTaBIITH Aa cY CAIH'KaIHe Ha OCIl-IlBY opH'I'HiHaA!HHX TeKCTH'AJ-lIHX npo-
H3B!0>Aa .\1a"Oa3HjOKJ11X TypCiKIHX Ca HI(\1 y Be3IH 'He 'MO;:Ke
ce npeHe6penH YIH'lbeHIHu,a Aa je y Ay6p:OBIHHIKV Ben TOiK'M XV Bel
nC'P0A 06wl'H'or ynoTpe6L'oa
'
BalH H A'YKCY3'HIH TyrpOKH Te!K'CT'HA 3'a H3paAY
AaHYKe OAene iH Kynll-lHx ynOl'pel-lHX rrpe,Ai,\1eTa H'3paneHlHX 'OIA TeK-
Cl'HAa, lllTO je OBaKaiKO AOnpH\HOIOHAO CllH'lbeHlHUH Aa CV y ppaA'Y \HO-
llIeHH HeKH 'KO.\1aAIH OAerie cneUH<j>HYHOr TypoKor Kpoja, HAH yaK
npH'MepUM HenOOpeAiI-fO Ha6aI3ibeHH y TypKOj. Y Ary6po'BHHKY cy pa-
AHAH H Kpojacm KOj,yrCY lllHA'H oAeliy TypOK''r Kpoja.'3' YCBaja'lbe He-
KtliX 06MlIKa TypcKor HaLI:HIHa O;\eBalha y rpaAY OB. BAaxa CBaKa'KO je
YTtHuaAo H Ha nOTpa/l<'H>Y TypKtHX T'KalHHIHa; OHe cy Hajo8ibe OAJ10,Ba-
paAe T3IKIBOj MOAtli 'li cneU;iHcPHYl-lOMKP0.jy KOjH je OHa 3a1CT!YnaAa.
Haj3aA, y HaIllHM HacTojalbHMa Aa YTBPAHMO H 06jacHHMo MO-
rylie Y-HHlioue KOjH cy YTHuaAH Ha T'AepaualH A!H'C BepHIH'Ka H CBe-
lllTeHH'Ka llpeMa upK'BeHM PYXY, 1H'3palseHOi.\1 O'A opHa'MeHTaAIHO JI
CTHACKIH rrpen03HaT/bl1'BtHX TKaH'HlJIa l'vpCKOr nopeKAa, HlHTepeCalHTHa
je TaiKolse nojaBa pa3HOBpOHHX npeA\1eTa ca OpI-Ij eJl-na, ITOceOHO OHHX
. ,.., r
TypCKor 110peKAa, KOJH cY ynorpeoibalBaHH y Ayop'O'BaYIKH'M AO\1'OBH-
l\'la H 'Ha WlfpeM AyopOBaLJ'K:M nOApyyjy.:l8 Ca TI-!'M rrpeAMeTH.\la, cne
LJHcPHYHI-IM no OOAHKY a yeCTO H no HaMeHH, MeI-baAH cy ce HCK'H
OOAHL(H /Ic'H'BOra H HaY'HIH'H iKyhf-lor nOCAOBalba, WTO je y pe!HeCall-
OHOM H 6apOKH();;\1 AYOP:JBiJ-l){iKY npeACTainibaA'O !-\aWaK aT.\10cepepe ca
i\eBaHTa, TalKO Kapa'KTepHCTH'-!He 3a 'BeAI}!!K 6poj 6ai\!K'aT-K!K'HX rpaAO'Ba,
TaAa nOM HerrOCpeA:H'0.\1 Ty'p'C'K':I1 ynpa'Bo.\1. CKi\OHOCT A'YopoB'-!aHd
npeMa 1'I-JIM npeAMeT'IT.'.'la OHAa je, npe 'CBera, H3a3BaHa lhHXOBH:M 'He-
06HY'H'H.i\1 ecreTCiK'l1'.\1 'KBaAJITeTHeMa H 3a1HalroK'HIM Ma'jCTOIIJCT'BOM, IlITO
je H Pa3\fMfbHBO C 063JHpO,\1 IHa 1'0 Aa 0v MIHore rpaJHe TvpCKor y;\1eT-
'HB'YKOr 3aoHaTCT'Ba OHAe y Il'Y'HOI.\1 L.('BeTaI-hY y XVI tH XVII BeKY.
ilpHMi'KiOM rrpeKpaljalba TypClKIHX lJ<.a<pTaJHa y OAe)KAe 3a KaTO-
AHYIKO CBeWTe'HC1'B, n'Kp'J1IBIKe,npOCT'Hr'Ke, 1<3:0 H R:HX'Be ynoTpe6e
3a noce6J-f'Y AeKOpaTH'BHY onpeMY upJ<Be'H<HX eHTepHjepa, no'cTojaAa
je onaOHOU Aa ce HapywH OpHalMeHTaAIHa ueAHiHa - IlITO ce, HeMa
ClY'i\1'lhe, H AellJ'aHaAO - a l'M'Me 'I1 C11HA M01'HIBa Ha T'lsalH'HiHaMa Ka-
qJTall-l a , 'Hi\lH yonlllTe A:pynHx TeKCTHAIHI-IX npeA:MeTa TypCKor nopeKAa
KojH cV Ci\Y/lUfA'H APYKYUjOj H3:JMeHH YoeAAMB npH.'.1ep ca Ta1<BH;,,1
3:; The Alla/o/ian Civilisa/ions, III, E 26, p. 121.
.16 B. J. nYPHI, Aypol3a'tlca c/U/lCapCKa u-uco/w, EeorpaA 1963, CA. 33;
CB. CTjenaH ITpsoMyYeHHK Ha nOAHnTll:\Y y MaHaCTJ.iPV HOCM
naKOHCKV AaAMaTHK\i, H3pabeHY Of.\ TKaHHHe HajBepOBaTlmje TypCKor 110-
peKAa; ;\W)I(Aa je 06.uIKOBaHa OA npeKpojeHor Kaq>TaHa.
37 HAD, Mobilia, II. fol. 31'.
V. Han. Orijentalni predmeti u rel1esansnom Dubrovniku, Prilozi za
orijentalnu filologiju i istoriju jugoslovenskih naroda pod turskom vladavi-
nom, sv. VI-VII (1956--57), Sarajevo 1958, 115-136.
284
BepeH3 XaH
lIeraTHlBH'H'M nOCAeAiHuaMa npeACT<l'Blba ca'KpaAiHa A!HTYpruj'OI<a rapHH-
,-' ..
Typa OA OpOllililp3JHOr 'COt\1'Ta rJ<:0JY caI'IHh3lBaJY 'Ka3YAa, O1'.oAa rH MJ.
HI-frfIYA 'H3 XVII BeK'a; 'M3iHrH'l1YA H'Ma HamI-IC HC'1'Ka'H aparrCKHiM CAO,
B11Ma Ha rrepcHjoKO.M je3M1KY. faplHJHTy'pa je 'OTKipHBeHa y CB.
I1eTpa y y 3 Al3!HaC 'LJJHIHlH Aeo 3HlpKe TeKCTHAl
y MY3ejy npOAOKor fI:oca:Biba y CA3IBOIIfC'K'M B3JHrAa ITaIBe-
AHn-Baj'HepT, a:yTOp 'H3Il1HCa 0 1'0j AHTypnfj'cKoj rapH'HTY'PH, Yl'BpAHAa
je Aa cy 3a H3paAY Ka3y,\e yrroTpe6!beHe AlBe, no MOTHBHiMa, pa3AH'Y'H-
Te "oKyrapH" nOIK'PH'BKe - T3
1
KO Ha3B3!I-:Ie no !'I1eCTY npO'H3I3''AH>e OKY-
TapH (skdar) y MaAoj A3HjH - H ABe TpaKe HCTor rropeKAa 331
CTOAy .HMaHrH'nYA .-1Il HaI3eAHn-BajHepT je npeTIlI:TaBHAa ,c\a cy "CK'1-
Tap1'l" nOKpHBrKe 'H TpaKe 6HAe Aeo paTHor rrA0J-Ia Hi\11 HerKe 6I-ITKe
If3Mel)y XpHllln3JHa H TyparK!a y CAaBoHiHju, a Aa CV cAY>.KHAe Kao YK-
pa'c 'Ha TypC!QOM waTopy.H Y'Ka3HB'aH>e.\1 '113 npH'Jvtep 3AeHl.I3IHiCKe rap-
. . .
'HI-ITY'pe, Ha IKO]'OJ cy 01.lHrAe,c\'He c\:aOOCTH p:o KOJHX Je AOllil\:O npHAH-
K'DM H:>HXOBOr npeKpajaH>a (CA. 1), aYTopK,a je y Be3rH C I-bHXOiBOM
TIpHMeHOM yonulTe, Aa 'll'O.J:3atbe 3a TY'pCK!IfM TKa'HII-tHaL\13
paAH H3paAe U'PK'BeJ-IIHX O,c\e)l<AH npeAiCTaHMa, nOOMaTp3lHO y eBpon
OIfM H3Y3eTalH rCJ\yqaj,42 aArH Aa "AyroTp3ljlHo Ca)l<HBAJa-
RaH>e C 06A'HUIfM3 o'p'I-ljeHTaNHe opHaJ\1eIHl1HiKe, WTO CV HX Ty'Pu'H AG-
HOOHAH y Te KpajeBe (aYTOp 'MHCAH Ha CA3IB'IHHjy) H Y HajHe3JH3J1HrH-
jl-frM npeAMeTHr.Vla CI3aI<,HAaWH>er )lUIl3'OTa, 6pHcaAO je pa3AHKe 'H3\leby
opHjeHTaNHor H 0BporrCKur"
HeKH A'HKOBHH rrpHMepH l'farBO;.l,e Ha lIpenIOCTZlHKY ,\l. Co' H Y
CpeMY 6HAH ,c\3'PHBa'HH AY;I<CY3H1H Ka<jnaHH, IHMl MO)l<Aa
1'OKOM paTHHX onepaU'H'ja, KOjH cy rrpeKpajaiHrH y 33 rrpaI30-
CA'aBHO CBeWTeHCl'B. HarBOAH'MO xalbIfHY "AaAMaTrH1KY" 'Ha naEOHY
rrpH'Ka3aHOM Ha "IIlToI3aH>e H'KOHa", cAHIKaHoj 1608. rOA:l-1HC
y 'H'aocy upKBe -M3JHa:CT.J.-Ipa XOTl'OIBO (CA. 2).44 CWMeTpH1.lIHO KO.\1110IHU-
BaHa lU3Ipa caCTaBlbeHa A "TYPOKT u;Bel.a" , K3JpaHqmAa, TYNH,naHa Il
AlHBlbe pY>.Ke, IHa baKolHoBoj "AaNMaTHuH", rrOK'3'3yje 6i\!JfCKY <::NH1.I-
BoeT C TaKBHM UBel'H'H?v1 MOTHBrH'Ma IHa l'VpO.KJH'M l'KaHIfHl'M'a iH3 'MaAO-
a3HjCKHx paPiHOH'Hua.-
15
AIHaAorHje ce oTrl<pll'Bajy Ta'KObe Ha npeA7.1e-
THMa APY.!'HX 33JHaTC'KO-VMellHHIKHX A!HC'L\'I-lrrAIIfHa, npHMepa paA,H Ha
J13J-11W1'Koj 'Kepa'MHU'H 'Koja je ca'lY'8a'lIa Ha <jJacaA.aMa upr-<a'Ba H y !-bH-
XOI3I1'M eHTepnjepHMa H0KHX M3'HaCTHpa 'Ha CBeroj fOPH,i BAI-! Ha
39 V. Paveli-Weinert, ILaU, CIlO, 36-41.
40 I1cm, 37-38.
41 11cro, 39.
42 11cro, 39, 40.
43 11cro.
44 V. Han, Les courants des style.s dans les metiers d'art des artis(L/1s
chrtiens, au XVIe et durant les premires dce1lnies du XVIle sicle dans
les rgions centrales des Balkans, Balcanica l, Beograd 1970, 249, 250, sI. 9.
43 Tahsin Oz, Turkish Textiles and Velvets, XIV--XV cenluries, An-
kara 1950. PI. XIX.
46 J. Carswell, Pottery and Tiles 011 Mount Athos, Ars Orientalis, vol.
VI (1966), Plate 1, Fig. A, 33, 34; Plate 2, Fig. B, 39; Plate 10, Fig. T.
---
l
[
l
TYPCKH llOLlaCl-Ht K<:Icjn<:lll '! C\ '!)KOa XpllUdl<lJ1CKC Alrrypnfje 285
rrpeAlvIeTH'!I1a OA ,<-\;pBeTa, YKpaweHJ.-L'v1 KOUlTaflOivl HHTap3HjoM, YI? XVI
H XVII BeKa. lloMeHI1MO TpOH eK}'lMeHoKe naTpHjapWI1je y UapH-
rpaAY H3 1577. CTaAaK 3a U1KOIHlY EO'fOpOA;H[(e y fAaBHoj
UPK:BH Ma'HacTHpa XHAe'HAapa, 'HaJTa! 1688. rOA'I'PHe
48
il JJ;pKBeiHa Bpa-
Ta y lvIaiHaCTHpH'Ma ITHBH
l9
('Kpaj XVI BeKa) H M'pa't:fiH"o (rro\.jeTaK
XVII BeKa).
UpwKa3H l.(PKBOHI1.X i\IHJJ;a H i\aJHKa Ha 3HAH'M cA:HIKapcTBY XVI H
Y rrpBoj n''i\OBH:HII XVII BeKa y HemfM oaAKa'HOl<'l-fM 3eMJ'oaJMa, o:i.ene-
HIiX y xaA>IilHe ca opHaJMeHTaAHlHM wapa'Ma Koje YKa3yjy Ha H>HXOB')
OplJ.tjeHTaAIHO, rroce6:H'O TVP"OKO rropeKAO (EYAl1'Ca'BUYI, nYlBa, XonoB,
13a\.(KoBo ),;1 CBeAOqe Aa je i\ 'lKCY3lHtH TeJKCn-li\ 3a norpeoe XpHWna'l!4l
YBO)((H Ha 13aAKali H YI3 MaAoa3HjoK1fX l1Kaql!<.'l-lX qeluapa rr ope,c\
YB03a ca 3arraA(L
Kacj)TCl'H je y XVI Ii XVII BeKY y BAamKo'j H MOAAaBHjH 6HO
J:apa:KTep'HCl1KLJa'H rrpeAMeT CReqalHe ABopCKe OAene, H3pat>HBaH OA
I.YKCY3HOf TeKCTHAa j.uaAHja:HOKe H TypCKe, MaAoa3HjoKe rrpOiH3BOA-
CKyrrou;eHH rrpYI'MepL\H Ka<pT'aJHa AO'.'vlane 1I-I31paAe ca HElKIHIM crr-
JJ;YI,<p'YI\.jHHM BapYIjaHTa..V!a, aMI 11 OHE rropeKAo..V! YI3 TYPCKlHX paAiHORH-
qa, HajBep'BaT'HHje u;apHrpaAOKHX. Hai\a3'HAIH cy oBAe 'Kao H y Ay-
6P0B'HiHKY, a oe3 CYMI-be H y HeK'H\v! ApyrI-IM OaA'l<.a'H'OK'H'M rpaAOBIlI'Ma,
CBOjy C0KYHAapHY rrpl-l'MeJHY, l.(P10HY, i\HTYP'I1HjCKY. HaiUle, nCAaBHo
je YTBpneHO Aa cy H3BeOHIH epeAOHH H U;p'I<.BeiHe rrpOCTHpKe H nOIK9Hl3-
Ke 3a rpoOHiU:u;e, KIl'BOTe HAH tIaCHY rpne3Y, CaYYBaJHl-l no UPI-:B<l.Ma
il UPKBe<H'H'M p'H3r-mua,'vta BAaLUKHX 'H MOAAaJBOKHX MaiHa'CTHpa, caCT3B-
l'oaJHH O'A HeKaAaWH>HX Kaq)'faHa, H'Oure<HoHX 'Ha ,A:B:opOB'lIIMa BAaAaopa H
rrAeMHlla HAYI no rpaA;OBl-l.\la H MaI-bI-IM MeCI'HMa (CA. 3) .,;;; Ta lliHXOIBi:.1
Apyra, BOBa Ha.\leHa je ooaiKa'KO AorrpHlHeAa Aa AO 'HaWHX AaHa O'CTaHY
peAaTYIl3HO Ao6po OtIVBalH'H.
C1'pnMHBHM l-lCTpa)KH'BalJ'K'Yl'M paAO.'v1 je,A:He eKiH'!1e HaYYlHHIKa ILl
OACloeI-ba cTape PYMYHoKe Y.'vleTlHOCTH YMeT1Hl-ltIKOf MY3eja CP PYNl'I/-
I-I'I-fje y EYKypewTY KOjy je BOA'HA,a KO'pJIJHa HHlKOAeOKY, H
HHM paA'M CTpY\.jl-baKa PaAIIOHiHu;e 3a pecTa'ypHpaI-be TiKaHYI-Ha I-U
HCTor MY3eja, ycneAo je Aa ce 'HeI O,A npeKpojeH'HX Ka<pTaHa BpaTe
'1 CBOj npHi'.,raprm 06AHK, Me!5y lMIMa ce IlaAa3e H3BaHpeAHo AenH H
3aJHiH'MiOH'l3H npI-fMepUH TypoKor rrOpeKi\a, HacraAH KpajeM XV 'HAy{
TO'KO'M XVI BeKa.'>4 HHjC HOKI'oY'-IeH'O Aa cy HeKlH OA -rIIX KaepTa:Ha
47 l'. A. KEr'l[];\lA TOr OIKOYMENIKOr KA1
<l>J'AAKIUN, A0HN,\ 1937, J7-21, El[(. 4, IllN, 5-6.
48 B. XaH, fhlTap3uja /./(l 110pY'Ih' nelL/ce l1arpujapUluje, XVI-XVIII
6., HOBH CaA 1966, 105, 106, CA. 65.
49 l1 C'fO, 72, 73, CA.. 40, 42,
.,0 HCl'O, 76, CA. 46,
.)1 V. Han, Les, courall/s des s!y/es..., 249, notes 35, 36.
K. HIII<OACCI;:y (C Nicolescu), AaopcICu ICOCH1,\ol PYMYHuje 00 XIV
00 VXIII (Je/w, KaTa,lor JIJ.IOlh:Oe, My:.;ej npHiVlel'bcHc ','MeTHocTH, EeorpaA
1969.
03 He'fO, KaT. 6p. 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 21, 22.
54 l1eTO, KaT. op. 1 II 3.
286
Bepella XaH
6Hi\l{ Y TO BpeMe Aa'PHBa:H1H BAaillKIH'M HAIH MOAAaiBOKiHlM BeA'MKOA'O-
croj'HHUH'Ma,BAaAapHM'a, rrpH'HyeBM'M,a, HAH AHrrAOMaTOKIHM npe.1,t:TaB-
HlHU'H_\1a A'BOpa H APYl'fIIM MCTa'KHYTH'M A,l{''-EHOCHIIMa rrpl1AHKOM I-bHXO-
BHX ITOCeTa HOP'I1H, ON{;OOHO CYATaiHOiB'OM ABOpy.
TypoKa ynp3lBa iHaA 3etMfoaiMa eBporrCKor jyrOH'CTOKa OCTaBIiAa je
BeAiI1JKJH 6pO'j rrpeA'Mera, rroHaj'BHWe TB0'PeBHlHa l'YP'OKor y:vteTI-IH'-lKOr
3aiHaTCTBa, K,ojH cY yrrpKOC YIUbeHHl.J)H Aa cy .I-bHX''BH HOCHO'l-ur 61L\H
H'3a3HBaYlH Te1l.l:KJHX H AyroTpajlHlHx 60POH H parO'Ba, Te Y3pO'l:HlH'UH
BeKOBHlHX rraTl-MI ili CTpaAaI-ba HapOAa Ha OBOa"1 TIOAPyyjy, YAenwaBaAIl
)KIIIIBOT AOMOpOAHOIr CTaiHBHHllITBa y rpaAOBIIIMa, MY IHerrOCpe,6JHo
CAY)fNfAH Y CiBa'Ko;.\HeB'HUH. TM npeAMeuf cY aCToIBpe:I.1eHO :npeACTaiJ-
/'aAH Tpajl-fO H3BopHwTe rroAcTHuaja YMenrHUHMa H AOManHM Maj-
cTopHMa H'CT'HX BAH CpOA'l-:llHX 3aIHaTa 3a iHO:Ba ACKopaTHBHa peweI-ba
HC11HNCKe CHHTe3e, Kao H 3a BOBe rrocTyrur<e y TeXiHoAowKoj o6PMI1.
Ha BHWBM CTerreHrY 61HAH cY MHpO/ny6HBiH cycpeu1 yrAeABHx AHYiHO-
CTH 'Ha IlopTH, OAHOOHO cYATaHuBoM ABOpy y U;apHrpaAY, rAe je rrpo-
MeT OHO /KilIlBH 'KOHTHHlynp3lH, HapO'lIIH' AlHrrAOMaTOIX npe,,CTaE-
HHiK'a 3eMaib'3 eBporrrOKor jyroHcTOIKa 'lfl\JH yorrUlTe EBpone, rAe cy 1'0-
rBOpeHe CAallKOpeya-I.lBe rrpOTOKOAapI-Ie iby6a3HocTH H H3MeI-bil11BaIHH Bn
ille HAH Ma'I-be oKyrrOl\eHiH AapOBI1, Meby 'KojlH'Ma je ca l'YPCKe CTpaa
IlOyaCI-lH, L\epeMoHHjaAHH Ka<pTaH npeACTaBfoao CIlel\H<plf'IHOCT, a
lf,J1iI+H ce Aa je yonwTe 6HO jeA3IH 'Meny TYp':JKior YMCT-
J-IIH''-TiKOr 3aHaTCTBa I(,j'H je IHajBH'We I<pY)f"no no eBpOTIOKHM npeCTO-
I-lHua'Ma.
lb Kpyra Typc'Ke YMeTH'CUr, l\eBTpai\l!f30BaiHe 'Ha cYATaHBo,"1
ABOPy npOH3Hwl\JH CY'H rro OHA'H 6H'yaja H Ha OOHlOBY rrpaBHAa lIpO-
TOKOAa Ba>KenHX Ha DOPTH 6HMI Kao AapOBH Aefo0HH !MHOrH npH-
.\WPl\H l\epeMiHH'jaNHe 'OAene, OBe'-IalHOr Ka<pTaiHa KOjHM je, Aa ce H3-
pa3H'MO C3IBpeMeH'HM TepMHHOM H3 pe'-IH'H:Ka rrOA'H'J1HYiKJl1X nojlMana,
BpweHa Ao6po OMHllllneHa H AeAOTBpHa 'KYATypHo-nOi\'WlillYiKa npo-
rraraI-fAa nOlllTO je Taj crrertH<pHY3IH npeAJMeT
IlAeHiao OUWT'Y rra>KI-bY OBOj'H1M I31HOO'KJl1'M l<rBaAHTeTO'M. Taj IK:BaAIHTer
ce rrpe OBera OTAeAao 'Ha OKY'rrOl\etH'OM Te'KCl1HAY MaAoa3HjoKe npOH3-
BOAI-be OA .Kora cy Ka<pTaiHH 611AIH oKipojeH1H, 3al'H'M Heo6HYlHiHiM OPIHi-
MeHTaAHHc\1 iM'OTI1BHMa, lllapeHilfAOM H /KiWBiOlllhY A06po YCKAaneH'HX
60ja, oja'jetM /K.lfl\a:DA nAeMeHHl'HX M'-T0p:wjaAa KojlHIMa je 6HAa npoT-
K3IHa OCHOBa 1'Ka'HI1He, nAH je 6H!0 1lI3BetAetH lBe3eI-fH Y'Kpac Ha HMMa.
YBepeHH OMO Aa je jeAaH OA Ba/KiHHX tIiJ11H1HA,al\a, U\1/K.Aa '-T3IK 'H npe-
cYAaH npH AOHOWeI-bY oAAYKe - y npBH Max He06HYHe, 6H3apHe -
Aa ce 'OA TY'pCK:H'X l\epeM
i
<YHil1jaAIHlHx lKa4T3IHa H3paAe 0Ae>KAe 3a XPH-
rnn:aHCKY AIH'f\npm}y, 6no npe clBera I-bHXOB BHOO'K 3aHaTOKO-YMeT-
Hll4IQH IaAHTeT.
I-bHXOBHrM Y C3IKpaAiH13 oAeAa HAB: l\pKl3eHe i.rpo-
Cmj)Ke H niKpHiBKe, nOyaOHlHM Ka<pTaHHMa je npO\A'Y)f<.eH BCK Tpa-
jaI-ba, rra je peAaT'HBHO BeAlIIK 6poj THX rrpe,lllMeTa caY',!,BaH Y npl<l:le-
I-fHlM H A'aHY'KHM plf3H
'
.H l\alMa, Te Y npHIBaTHHM 36npK3IMal1iMYDHHKa,
Y Koje cy AocneBaAH Ha pa3He HatIlHlI-le, Aa 6'11 aaj3aA IHeKH IMeny I-bH.\la
TYPCKH nOlWCHH KaqnaH y CAY/I(H XpHWnaHCKe J\liTypmje 287
IHaWi\11 6e36e/.\a'H cMewTaj y MY3ejil1
1
Ma WHpOM CBeTa !Kao iKpajI-hoj
CTamI OBor II 3aBpmHHUiH c/Bojnx HeKaA lHeo6H'lIHHX npo-
Mena BJ\aOHl1!K'a H jorn Heo6I.f"4'HlHjIHX MeHa CJB<Yje ynoTpe6e Kp03 He-
KOAlfKO cToJ\ena.
Verena Han
TLJRK!SH FESTAL CAFTAN IN THE SERVICE OF CHRISTIAN
UTURGY 'IN THE BALKANS (XVI - XVII CENTURIES)
Summary
Festal, i.e. ceremonial oaftan as a luxurious and costly piece
of artistic craftsmanship of Turkish origin served, particularly in
course of the sixeenth and seventeenth centur,ies, as a gift offerred
by the Porte or in the towns of European part of Turkish Empire
to individuals of foreign nationality, and first of aIl 1.0 diplomatic
representatives of European royal courts and governments, then to
Christian princes and other members of contemporary high society.
The festal caftan as a substantive proof of respects and a sign of
benevolence by the sul tan or sorne high official of Turkish admi-
ni.stration power was at the same bme an appropriate tool of rpoli-
tical propaganda. Donated caftans, namely, due to their obtrusive
beauty and excellent craftsmanship, were accepted with pleasure
and used in variUs ways. Particularly 'nteresting was a solution
for their practical use 'applied by the Dubrovnik government. Fes-
tive caftan, in other words, as the sign of the hierarchial social
symbolics at the Porte, was remodelled into priest's vestments for
performing catholic church
Rich funds of the Historical Archives in Dubrovnik contain
numerous data on Turkish festal caftans brought by the envoys of
the Republic of Dubrovni.k from Istanbul or fram the towns of
European part of the Empire, after receivLng them on the ccasion of
deEvering annual tribute. After returing to Dubrovnik diplomatic
represen:tatives were under a dutY to submit caftans they received
to governmen's chamberlain. The chamberlain then evaluated these
garments, often rather high (even fifty ducats a piece on sorne occa-
sions) and deposited them in the s-tate depository where they were
at free disposaI by the government.
The inclination of the citizens of DubrovThik toward rational
way of life and their capacity for practical settlement of problems
of any kind foundits particular expression in designing the pur-
288
BepCI-Ia XaH
pose for thes2 Turkish festal caftans. In arder ta meet the applica-
tions by the representatives of churches in the territory of the
RE:public for resources needed fair purchasing rather expensive l'--
presentative church garments, carpetry and covers, the Senate of
Dubrovnik granted them the possession of caftans from its de-
pository. Degree of ornamentation on the caftans depended on the
significance and size of each church, since there were differences
in the richness on the caftans. Thus, for instance, in course of more
than a century the cathedral church in Dubrovnik received more
than twenty pieces c.f caftans_ These caftans were remodelled into
or pl uvialia, thE:n they were used !to .build c'anopies
of decorative type, or for decorating church spaces for specific pur-
poses (reliqua.ries). We have no data on any pice of remodelled
Tu.rkish caftans from sixteenth and seventeenth centuries preserved
in the territory of Dubrovnik. However, on sorne paintings of Du-
brovnik school there are examples of saints' garments which may be
deemed as being painted on the ground of the original textile pro-
ducts from Turkish Asia Minor workshops, or, probably, of already
made, i.e. remodelled caftans.
As fllr as Dubrovnik documE:nts shaw, it seems that in cour5C
of processing Turkish caftans, i.e. of their dividing or remod.elling,
there were no reluctance or expressing animosity towards that lu-
xurios Turk.ish layman clothings as the sign of speoi.fic social hie-
rarchical symbolics. There are several factors which could influence
that tolerant attitude towards these visually effective abjects and
their use ,in the catholic church. They can ,inc1ude, fst of aIl, est-
hetic and technological qualitiE:s of these caftans, which attracted
attention of observers and were pleasant ta their eyes. There is no
doubt that economic grounds were also of importance, sa that
church had ta accept the caftans, since luxurious dothes fram any
source were exceptionally expensive. Finally, it should be empha-
sized that, in course of the sixteen,th and seventeenth centuries,
the renaissance and baroque Dubrovnik was full of various abjects
from Lev.ant, specific -in form and purpose, which gave to the town
that characteristic atmosphere typical for a great number of Bal-
kan urban ce-nters under Turkish direct rule.
In addition ta Dubrovnik, the,re is mention of sorne other exam-
pies of secondary use of Turkish festal caftans or, in general, of
some other textile products of Turkish origin (casula, stola and ma-
nipulum from the chapel of St. Peter Veliki Zdenci in Slavoni!a);
there is also menon of relate-d fine a,rts source (the fresco of "Ado-
ration of Icons" from 1608 in the church of the Hopo,vo monastery
in Fruska Gora - Vojvodina).
In course of the sixteenth and seve-nteenth centuries in Wa-
lachia and Moldavia oaftan has served, obviously under the influ-
ence of Levant, as a characteristic object of festive court attire. It
was manufactured out of luxurious fabrics of Itali'an and Turkish
TYPCKH nOyaCHH KaqHaH y CAY:>K6H XpillllnaHCKe AHTYpmje 289
(Asia Minor) production. These caftans, just as those in Dubr.ovnik,
Slavonia and Vojvodina, and undoubtedly also in other areas and
towns in the European South East, found their secondary use in
the church. The examplEs from the churches of Walachian and Mol-
daVlian monasteries are characteristic to that conclusion. Recently
the experts and research workers of the Fine Arts Museum in
Bucarest succeeded to restore into primary form and shape some
examples of church attire (felons) which were remodelled from the
caftans or from some blankets and carpets in mentioned monasteries.
CA. 1. Ka3VAa, npeAI-bH Aeo, cKpojeHa OA "CI<VTapH" nOKpHBKe, ca rrpe-
Cebel-lHM opl-la,vlel-ITaAI-IH:M i\\OTHBI1Ma, rrpBa rro,\. XVII BeKa. MY3ej
EpOACKor TIocaBloa, CAaBOl-lCKH EpOA
(no TIaBeAI1n-Weinert)
Fig. 1. Casula, front part, cut out from a skutari cover, with
interrupted ornamental motives; first half of the XV1lth ntury. Mu-
seum of the Brod Sava Basin, Slavonski Brod
(By Paveli - Weinert)
CA. 2. naKoH y .1l,8AMaTHUH ca MOTJIBHl'vla "TypCIzor" u.Bena, eppecK8, 1608,
Haoc upKBe M81-JacTHpa XorroBo
Fig. 2. A deacon in a dalmatica with motives of "Turkish flowers,
frescoe, 1608, naos of the church of Hopovo monastery
CA. 3. Ka<jn311, MaAa A3l1ja, XVI neK, KacHHje npeTBopel-l V <jJeAoH,
lIeAaBHO peCTavpHcaH. YMeTl-IHCJKI1 ~ v e j CP PVilIVHHje, bVKvpewT
(no K. HHKoAecKV)
Fig. 3. Caftan, Asja Minor, XVIth ccntury, transformed subsequently
into a felon. recently restored. Art Museum of the SR of Rumania,
Bucarest
tEy C. Nicolescu)
MapHjaHa rVWHR
POINT DE RAGUSE - AYEPOBAl..JKA l..J11I1KA
I10 YCBojeHoM MllWJoeH>Y, '1llIIKa je AjeAo HajBlliller AOMeTa
TeKCl'HAHOr YMHjena CBHX BpeMeHa. Y rrpoQBa11Y eBporrCKe '1llTIKe, y
XVII cT010eny jeAHa OA Haj601011x '1HTIKapCKllX TBop6a HOCH Ha3HB
Point de Raguse. KatKO cy ce Bpcre '1,HTIa'Ka Haj'1ewhe 3BaAe TIO 'Mje-
Cl'Y CBor TIOpHjeKAa, 1'0 He Tpe6a CYMH>aTH Aa je Ta '1llIIKa AOHeTa
TIOTjeQaAa H3 Ay6poBHHKa (OTTIaAa CBaKa TIpllIIaAHOCT rpaAY Pary-
3H Ha CHQHAHjU). 113 cPpaHQ'YCKHX BujecTH XVII CTOloena A03Ha-
jeMo Pia je Point de Raguse 6HAa caBpweHa '1HnKapCKa TBop6a,
npBa no pacKowHoj loenOTIl 113Meny CBHX TaAaWH>HX 'lllTIaKa. Y
H3BopHMa ce Point de Raguse jaBtoa '1eTH;pU rryia,l
OA '1era AB3 TIYTa y EAHKTIlMa KojllMa MHHHCTap Colbert HaeTojH Aa
3aYCTaBH rOAeMe paCXOAe 3a Ha6aBKY lliH03eMHHX '1llIIaKa. CTora
KpaloeBCKHM AeKpeTOM H3 1665. OCHHBa '1HTIKapCKO cpeAllllTe y
Alen'onu, AOTaAaWH>eM cpeAllwTY )KeHOKHX Be30Ba y <I>paHuyeKoj.
,AeKpeTOiM je oApeneH0 Aa Point de France no IKIBaA!HTeTH Mopa 6WtH
paBHOTIpaBHa '1HllKaMa "Point de Venise, de Gnne, de Raguse...
Ty AaKAe Point de Raguse CTOju paBHonpaBHo C TaAaWH>HM Haj-
60loHM Y.HIf]K13IMa 'H O'1HTO je 6HAa COOB'HIM rrpBopa'3peAiHa '1UiIlKa. Kao
caCBHM H3HHMHa, Point de Raguse ce jaBloa y noeMH pyraAllQH 0
IfHHKlIMa. Y oBeMonHoj MOA:H '1lHlnaK'3, Ta njecMa je 6HAa rAacHH YC-
TYK Ha 3a6paHY '1HnaKa H3 1660. rOAHHe. CaTH;pH'-ma noeMa je pe-
QHTHpaHa y caAoHY Mme de Svign, a 3a!1J1'M llITaM1Il3Ha.
2
Y TOj
aAeropHjH HacTynajy CBe TaAa 1l03HaTe BpcTe '1HnaKa. 3a Hawe TIH-
TaH>e je Ba)KHO Aa BeHeQHjaHcKa '1HTIKa, Koja BOM fAaBHY pHje'1 y
onneM 360py '1HTIaKa, omTpo npeKopaBa Point de Raguse 3aT0 WTO
OHa CBOjOM pacKoillHoM nojaBoM YHHWTaBa APYWTBO H Ap)KaBY.
Point de Raguse, Ka)Ke ce, CBaKaKO je "OA cPHHor CBI1.jeTa" H Kao
1 M. Deanovi, Anciens canIac/.{ enlre la France el Raguse, Zagreb
1950, 105 Il Aa",e; M. Schuelce, Alle Spilzen, Braullischweig 1963
4
, 124-125.
2 IloeMa Revolte des passements, y 36HPllH Recueil de Pices les
plus agrables de ce Temps, compo'$s par divers aUlheurs, IlapHc 1961;
f
M. Schuette, Ha8. oe,lO, 120, 223, Han. 35.
1.
292
MapHjaHa fYWHn
kYKCY3HY Tpe6a .le ymullTHTH, H3arHaTlI H3 Ap)K,aBe. A KaA TO roBO-
pH Ia dentelle de Veniise Koja .le TaAa cyBepeHO BAaAaAa Ha cBjeT-
OKOM TP)KHillI1Y tJ
J
Hfl1Ke, TiJA'a HY)K'H'O 3a
l
KibY'lyjeMo Aa .le Ay6poHa'-W<l
'HmKa 6HAa Cl'OBIHIM oco6II"ra. Jep rrpe..'v1a TaMe rroAaToKY, KOA'llKO rOA
MO)KAa rrpeTjepaHoM, Point de Raguse .le no CBeMY 6HAa tJHnKa BH-
COKe WIjeHe, jow pa<pHHHpaHHja OA cBoje MonHe cynapm1ue H3
BooeUHje. MH '0 TOM HeMlJMO fl1UCaIHHX BH'jecTH HH MaTepHjaAJHHX
CrrOMtlliHlKa. rrOKymaT neMO rrocpeAHO A03HaTH H Il!piHanH IKaJK'Ba .le
TO 6HAa TeKCTHAHa TBopeBHHa Koja .le HMe CBora rpaAa rrpoHHjeAa
cBRjeToM y A06a HajBener UBaTa tJHrrKe. MO)KAa neMO HanH H rrpHM-
jepKe aHTHKHe tJH:I1Ke KojH 6H MorAH oArooopaTH TOj BHCOKOj Ou-
jeHH Point de Raguse.
Kao yorrne Ha AeBaHTY, TaKO .le li Ha HCTOtJHOj 06aAH JaApa-
Ha y o p e ~ v BHjoKY rrocrojaAo rrpoqmlhelH'O )KeHOKO 'PYJKO>I1BOp-
CTBO li3 Kojer ce y peHecaHCli OKO 1500. rOAHHe H3ABaja npaBa tJHrr-
Ka y o6je TeXiHHIKe: Ha HrAY H Ha 6aT'Hne. epHHe Mpe)KHue OA 3A:.I-
THe H cpe6pHe HHTH rrOTHtJy H3 CTapOXJpBaTCKHX rp06HHX HaAa3a, a
AaTHpaHe cy y IX cToibene.
3
OtJHTO .le TO 6HO y06H'IajeH AeKOp Ha
BeAHKalllKoj orrpeMH. l-I3paneHe cy y ABHje TeXHHKe )KeHCKOr pytJ-
Hor paAa - macram H filet. 06je TeXHHKe cy CAY)KHAe 3a pa3He
cyrrrHAHe TeKCTHAHe TBop6e li y CBOM apXeTHTIY cy rrpeTetJe paHHX
tJImKaHHX TBop6a. KacHHje rrpaBa tJHIIKa HarrYWTa 06je apxaHtJHe
TeXHHKe. Y MeAHjeBaAHHM TeKCTOBHMa ,'ll3 jY)KHe HTaAHje cycpene
ce jeAaH OA Ha3HBa 3a TaKBe paHe AeKOpaT'HBHe paAOBe. fOAHHe
1181, y cAY)K6H npMlAjooa Ka tobalea trinata4 caAp)f{3JH .le oHaj
06AJHKK!0j-n .le KaoHHje Kao trina CAIY)KH'O 3a rrpaBY YiHrrIKY. Kac-
HOMeAHjeBaAHH rrpHMjep AeBaHTCKor AeKopa .le H rrepH30M In
MonHMa CB. CHMeOHa y 3aApy,:; OBaj YHHKaTHli npeAMeT .le y CBOM
YI<ipaCHOM rrOibY caCTaBibeH OA MOTHBa. 3BHje3Ae y TeXHHUH crreUli-
jaAJfl1ar K'PY)K;/-IOr macrama. rro HaT'rruoy OA KpY'fDHOT 6Hcepa A03'Ha-
jeMo Aa .le HaCTao y ocaMAeceTHM rOAHHaMa XV cToibena. rro jeAH-
HOM MOTHBY 3BHje3Ae, Taj jeAHHcTBeHH rrpeAMeT .le cyrAacaH C rro-
AaLJ;HMa y HlJ-iBeJITapy <paMHAHje Sforza y MHAaHY H3 1493. rDAHHe.
6
Meny OCTaAHM, TV .le IIi peza una de tarnete d' argento facte a
stelle, AaKAe 'flKaHa TBop6a caCTaBlneHa OA MOTHBa 3BHje3Ae y
cpe6pHoj HliTli. A KaKO A. Merli, jeAlaH OA Haj60ibHx rr03Ha<BaAaua
8 M. Apanf"lleBHn, l.J eTUpu cj:JpaZJueHTa TeKCTWW U3 CTapoxp8a'CCKUX ZpO-
608a, CTapoxpBaTOKa npocBjeTa III/e, Cni\HT 1981; HcrH, HeKOIIUKO cj:JpazMe-
HaTa TeKCTUlla U3 zpo6oea HeKpOl1OIIe C8. Cnac y cellY aeTuHu Ko BplluKe,
CTapoxpBaTcKa npocBjera III/12, CnMIT 1982.
4 G. B. de Rossi Nitti H T. Nitti di Vito, Coc/ice diplomatico Ba/ese,
l,' Bari 1897, III; Monopoli 1181, y '\mpa3Y: ... et unam tobaleam
trinatam...
5 M. rYlUHn, flepU30AJ y pmal ca. 1lI1IMyHa y 3apy, Ba\canica, VIII,
EeorpaA 1977.
6 F. Bury Pallisser, Histoire de la dentelle, Paris 1892
2
, 37.
293
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa<iKa <iHnKa
XHCTopHjcKe '-IIillKe, H3pa3 tarneta H3jeAHa'-lyje C Ha3HBOM trina,7
1'0 ce ynpaBo y TOMe o'-lHryje npeAa3 H3 MeAHjeBaAHHX AeBaHTIlH-
CKHX Mpe)KaCI'HX TBop6a npeMa paHoj nojaBH peHecaHCHe '-IHnKe.
y HameM epOAKAOpHOM TeKCTHAY ce 3aAP)KaBajv 06je apxaW-IHe
TexHHKe, macram H fiilet, ycnopeAo C nojaBoM apaBe peaecaHcHe
'-IIillKe. Ben y CnOMeH'YToM HHBeHTapy Sforza, Ha nOCTetoHoj py6e-
HHHH ce 'HaAa3H AeK'Op C Ha3J1B0:\1 reticella. HaK:O y p<l'3Ml''-Inro'j
rpaepHjH (H3 '-Iera cy HaCTaAa pa3AH'-IHTa TYMa'-leI-ha OBe puje'lli),
TV je AOHCTa pHje'-l 0 reticeHi, 0 OHoj '-IHTIKaHoj TBOp6H H3 Koje je
HenOOpEl,lllHO HaCTaAa caMOCTaAlHa '-IHHKa nOA .J{CTIfM iHa3H1BOM. Y
Ay6poBa'-lKHM cnHCHMa, reticella ce jaBtoa Ben OA 1504. r O e ~
na HaAatoe, a H TY HajnpHje Kao YKpac Ha 6HjeAoj KynaHcKoj py-
eHHHH, na je Tel( y XVIII CTO/benV y Ay6pOBHHKY nOCTaAa caMO-
CTaAaH YKJpac Ha )l(eHCKOM KOCTHMY. PaHa nojaBa reticelle je O'-lHTO
y epaKTYPH jow 6AHCKa pa3BHjeHoM AeKopaTHBHOM paCilAeTY, Mit
je Ben 060raneHa '-IHnKapCKoM TeKcTypoM H3paoeHOM Ha nOMonHoj
Mpe)l(HI..\H. TaK:Ba Mipe)KHI..\a - reticella A06HBeH'a je V nAal1HY OA
HHTH H3OCTaBtoeHHX OA OCHOBe H nOTKe, aAH C HHAOAaHOM nOMon-
HOM AHjaroHaAOM. To je AaKAe npHMapHa rel:Jicella Koja oCTaje y
nAaTH'Y caora npeAMeTa. Ha AatoeM crynI-hY, nOMonHa Mpe)KUI..\a oc-
TaBtoa nAa'PHO, Ta'KO Aa je rrpHI.JIBplllneHa Ha np'HBp0MeHoj nOAN03H
(OA nepraMeHa HAH nanHpa). Ha TOM CTYIII-hY HacTaje CaMOCTaAHa
<IIillKa y epaKTypH Koja H HaAatoe 3aAp)K,aBa Ha3HB reVicella. Hcnpaa
AHKOBHO y dessinu ONOBapa npHMapHoj, HecaMocTaAHoj reticelli,
aAH ,1lOCKopa eaMOCTaAHa reticella nocTaje npare '-IHnKa y Texmn.ur
lllHBeHe '-IHTIKe Ha HrAY. Y XVII CTOtoeny AOCTH)l(e paCKOlIlHe AH-
MeH3Hje BeMme 6apOKHe '-IHilKe.
AaHae ce Ha TAy HeKaAalIlI-he Ay6pOBa'-lKe PeTIY6AlIKe HaAa31t
IICKOA'HlKO npHJMjepa'Ka x,HCllopnjcKe '-l'IffllKe; H1aj'flpHje, 1'0 je OA1'ap-
J-I'HK y I..\pKBHL\H foone OA llIYI-ha Ha OTOKY AonryAy.
9
OBaj YJHlHlKarraH
npeAMeT npOHaoeH je 1950. Kao oA6a'-leHa KJpna, pa3pe3aH V ABa
I<OMaAa. PeCTaYPHpaH HcaCTaBtoeH y I..\jeIH1JHY ITOIKa3aO ce Kao He-
BeAHK CTOAI-ha,l( HAH oATapHI1K HaMHjeH>eH 3a oATapHY MeH3V IIOA
I..\H60pHjeM. CpeAHHa MY je OA TelllKor CBHAeHor AaMacTa y T'PH rra-
CTeL\He 60je. Py6HH YKpac je V ABHje 6oje, )KynKacTa je OA CHpOBor
AaHa, a HeTH KOHaI..\ je o60jeH y cBHjeTAH HHAHro. OA Tor AB06ojHor
KOHL\'a H3paDeH je illl1ipolK'H PYOH'H Y;K'pac IKOjH ce CacTOj'H OA epHAerra
H py6He '-Illl1Ke. llIHpoKH epHAeT HoeH opHaMeHT H3pa3HTO lllIIaI-hOA-
CKor CTHAa XVI CTOtoena, aAH no AeTatoH'Ma y H3BeA6H BHAH ce Aa
7 A. Merli, Origine ed llSO delle trine a filo di rete, Genova 1864.
~ XH'CTOpHjCIGI apXHB y Ay6pOBHHKY: Diversa cancel1arie Rhagusinae
(Aatoe: Div. canc.), 97, f. 118, 1505: entemelle con bottoni et rechielle, bone,
numero 5,,; 98, f. 2v., 1509; due entemelle con la retella et con le loro bo-
tone"; 109, atergo f. 2v., 1519: uno fazolo de tell a cum rechtiela, doi fazoli
de fachiello cum rechticlla; 109, f. 41, 1519: capezali con reticel1a;" 114, f.
35, 1525: fazoli dua di lela suriana lavorati con li reticel1e 3; 121, f. 25,
1534: Item dua intimelle lavorate con la reticella, nove, da bombasin.
9 M. rYUJHn, Y3 nu:ralbe y6po6a'llCe 'lunlCe, AHa!l.H XlfcToplfjcKor IfH-
CTHTyra JA3V y Ay6pOBHHKY, II, l, Ay6pOBHHK 1952,
MapHjaHa fylll'Hn
294
je TO paA AOMafll1:x )KeHa. lJHnKa je y HCTe ABHje 60je, )Kyl1KaCToj
11 MIOAPO:j, a H3paneHa je Ha 6aTHI1e y palHOM XiBaTY AHKJ'B'a, Te no
CBOjOj nOAHXpOMH:jH H no paHoj nojaBH OBe TeXHHKe nOTH'-Ie TaKO-
nep HajKacHlfje H3 cpeAHHe XVI cToibefia. Apym HaAa3 XHCTopHj-
CKe t.JH:nKe y Ay6pOBHHKY cy y.HnKaHe rrpyre Ha jeBpejcKHM Topa-
Ma.
JO
H 1'0 je paA Av1.al1Hx )KeHa. One OKpOMIHe l.J.lHf1\Ke Ma IKa'l<O He-
BjelllTo H3paneHe Ha 6aTHfie, ynpaBo no CBOjOj HeAoTjepaHocTH
cBje,A:o"Y.e Aa je Y.JH'ITKa 'l1 y Ha 6aT,Hl1e Befi paHO YlllAa y lllH-
poroy ynoTpe6y rpanaHCTBa y Ay6pOBHHKY. KOHay.HO, TpeillI Ba)KaH
HaAa3 aHHfKHe "Y.HIlKe y Ay6po13HHKY cy TpH y.HiIlKaHe npyre Koje
nonItly H:3 OCTaBI:UTHHe nOpOAHl..\e COpKOy.eBl-II1-Sorgo. CBe 1'pH cy
rroAjeAHiaJKe, a 1I3paneHe cy Ha HrAY y MaCHBHOM AaHeHOM
AOMane np01I3BOAlhe. HaHMe, y OApeA611 0 paCKOllilI H3 1624. no-
ce6Ho ce }{arAaWaBa Aa ce AeKopaTHBHH )KeHCKH paAOBH He CMHjy
paAH:TH: ArpyrHM che di filo Raguseo.ll Y dessinu 3aAp)Ka-
HOM jorn H:3 reticelle, aAH Befi C npaBHM 3pay.HHM 6oAoM y.HnKapcKe
H3paA6e IH C MOl1l1'BlIMa NYAOK!lIX 1\'l1'K013'a y CI1HAH3aI..\HjH rnnalhOAKor
KOC11HIMa, OBa 1'pH 'K!Ma,A.a nOTHy.y TaKonep H3 XVI CTiJbe'na. K:a
py6Ha y.H:nKa OY.lITO cy npHIlaAaAe 6HjeAHM nAaTHeHHM oATapHH-
LUL\fa, HelllTO Bel1a Ha rAaBHOMY oATapy12 H ABHje nOAjeAHaKe Ha
ABa Malha nOKpajHa oATapa.J3 Ho AOK je AonYAcKH OATapHHK jow
rroARXpoMaH, AOTAe je 6HjeAa y.HIlKa Ha nAaTHeHOM OATapHHKy Ben
y AYXY TpH:AeHTCKor 0 6HjeAoM upKBeHoM npH60py OA
AiaHeHOr TIAa1'Ha. THMe y.HnKe COpKOy.eBlIl1-Sorgo CTaBibaMO y KaCHO
XVI cToibene, na cy CTUACKH H TeXHHy.KH 3aKaWl-beAe npeMa Ta-
AaIDlheM pa3Bojy 3anaAHe y.l-illKe.
IlpeAcTaBHHK AaAMaTHHCKe reticelle y Haj60ibeM H3Aai-hY 6HAa
je a1\.6a y eppalheBay.KoM oaMocTaHY ApHAY Ha OTOKY lJHOBO Kpaj
TpoI'Iipa, caAa Ha )KaAOCT H3ry6ibeHa. Taj npeAMeT je y CTPYY.HOj
AH:TeparypH OI..\HjelheH Kao BHCOKa penpe3eHTaTHBHa renicella XVI
cToibena
14
jOlll y npHMapHoj, y f1AaTHY ypaheHoj AaAMaTHHcKoj Ba-
pRjarlTli. Y KpOjy H YKpacy, 3HaTHO CKpoMHHjeM, OBOj MHCHOj KO-
ruyibli oAroBapa oHaj npoepaHH habito schiavonetto KaKO npoc-
TpaHY )KeHcKY KOWYt"y rrpHKa3yje MAeTay.KH KocTHMorpaep C. Ve-
cemo, roao ibe'J1HY Kyl1HY xaibHHy15 epacoHHpaHY npeMa oAjenH ,L\aA-
Mal'H1HClK,HX )KCiHa.
10 M. fyulHn, lfw'l/,'a Ha JlcuoaCICUM Topa.Ma y Ay6poalUllCY, foeTOIlllC
JA3Y, 71, 3arpe6 1966; HCTa, IlelCu I1puA-tjepl1u 1'elCcnUla y 36ujJLfU CLiHawlC
JeepejclCe onnuHe y Ay6p06HUICY, JeBpejcKH HCTOPHjCKH MY3ej, 360PHHK, l,
EeorpaA 1971.
Il XHCTOPlfjCKH apXHB y AYPOBHHKY: Acta consilii rogatorum (Aa/"c:
ACR),89, f. 21v, 1624, oHpebyje ce Aa )KeHe H3pabyjy Be30Be "di alto filo,
che di fila Raguseo.
12 N. Bruck 'Auffenbcrg, Aa,uwl1uja Il I-bel-la' YMjeT/-IOCf, EeC!
1910, r. XXII: l.JHrIKa COpKOyeBlfn-MltpoWeBun.
13 OBe YHrIKe cy 1950. Ha nocre-
AOBaJi:,e OTKYrIkeHe 3a fpaACKH MY3ej y Ay6pOBHHKV.
14 N. Bruck Auffenberg, Haa. e.1o, 1'. XVII; M. El1ll\!ic1</L/11-
gsgeschichte der Spitze, Wiell 67, t. XXVIII.
15 C. Vecellio, Habiti anlichi el l1lodemi, Venezia 1590, .N'<! 119.
295
Point de Raguse - tlHnKa
rrO OBeMY, AaKAe, YilllKa y <PaKTYPH reticelle y u
AYOPOBHHKY je ClIHxpOHa C HajpaHHjoM nojaBoM reticelle y jry)KHOj
IhaAHjH. TaKBa rrpHMapHa HecaMOCTaAHa reticella y AOCmeAHOM
H3A:aH7Y je CaYiYBaHa Ha y U;pKBH CB. EYCTaxHja y Ao-
6POTH y OOKiH KOTOpCKOj.16 Taj CBOj CTapHHCKH paA, y
A06pOTH, H caAa 30SY caMO "Be3", Ao6pOTCKH Be3. 11 y Ay6POBHHKY
ce y XVII CTOmeny 3JHaA.orHa AeK!OpaTU'BHa TBop6a jaBma K!ao nica-
mi detti vess, AaKAe Be3.
y Ay6pOBaYKHM CIlHCHMa HanH neMO 6HjekH AeKop )KeHCKe
Jl3paA6e y pa3HiHlM cepnja!MIa.
17
HajnpHje y KllhH-
raMa DiveJ:1sa cancellariae y nonHCHMa p06e KOjH cY
npweHH y KynaMa J]pHTOAOM OCTaBWHma, HHJBeHTapa H APyrHx npaB-
I!HX nOCAOBa, HaAa3H ce rOAeMO MHOWTBO KynaHcKHx H oAjeBHHx
TKaHHHa YKpameHHx pa3AHYHTHM Be30M H TKalheM. YrAaBHoM ce pe-
,1\ajy coperte - rrOKpHBaY'H, fazoli - tovaglie - If
YOPYOH, aAH 'If O'cTaA'ay;rroTpe6Ha If At'K!Opa'I1H'BHa TeKCllUi\JH'a p06a.
Apyry rpyrry cnOMeHnKa OO)KHHX 3a Hawe rrHTalhe YlIHe OApeA6e
o 3aOp3JHiH A'YKcY3a 'KaKO HX je m:mpeMeHO AOHOOHAO BHjene Yu\10-
meHI-ix.
19
fOA:HHe 1624. YCTaHoB/oeHa je cepHja Prammatica y KOj,y
cy Y3 OApeA6e H nporAa.wefba ycnopeAo 3anHCHIlaHH H
rrpoTHB npeK!pWHTema.
20
rroIlHce p06e y KlhHraMa Diversa
cancellariae rrpaTHT neMO OA J]OyeTK'a XVI CTOmena, a IKaJKO OApeA-
6e H nOYHlhY ca 1624. H TeK'Y AO 1661. 1'0 neMo Ao6HTI1 Bpe-
MeHCKH npocjeK 0 nOCTojawy 6HjeAor AeKopa H3 Kojera y TOM Pa3-
AOomy y )KeHCKOM PYKOTBOPCTBY HacTaje npaBa YHITKa. TaKO CMO
Ben 1504. HamAH reticellu. MepryTHM, )KeHe cY H nocAHje nojaBe
npaBe YHnKe H HaAame H3paPHBaAe pa3AIIYHT YKpac y TeXHHKaMa
K.:oje oY ce 'K!()iH3epBaTHBHo npeHocIfAe II YWAe y Ha'me <l?OkKAOpHO
A06po, rAje oy ce 3aAp)KaAe AO AaHac. JeAaH OA TaK-
BHX eAeMeHaTa je H pa3BlljeHH pacnAeT KOjH ce y Ay6pOBHHKY ja-
16 M. fYWHh, EujeJlu TCl(CTU.1 y 4pu:eu ce. CTacuja y Ao6pOTU, SOKa
KuropcKa, fAacHHK 1J;enHbcKHx MY3eja, XIII, 1J;enu-be 1980.
17 3axBatoyjeM APYI'OBHMa y XHCTOPHjCKOM apxHBY y Ay6pOBHHKY,
;\HpeKTOPY apxHBa MaTH KanoBHny H apX1IBHcTy 3ApaBKY IIlyHAPI-ll\H WTO
cy MH oMorynl1AH paA y apXHBY. TIoce6HO 3aXBatoyjeM AP BHHKY <Pope-
THhy WTO je Ha MOA6y a 3a nOTpe6e OBor paAa eKcuepnHpao HajBa)K-
HHje 113 OApeAa6a Acta consilii Rogatorum 11 Al1jeAoM 113 Klbl1ra Pramma-
lica, 1 11 II.
18 fpana 113 Div. canc. ICKop"WTeHa je OA Kl-bl1re 95 (1500) AO 3a-
J<toYYHO 125 (1545).
19 fOAI1He 1624. npHxBaheHo Providimenum super pompis, ACR, 88,
L, 25Iv-252v, a HaAonYHaMa HCTe roAI11-1e. 89, f. 21v, f. 28v-29v; 1636. je
npHxBaneH HOBH 3aKOll, .ACR, 95, OA 'Jera 3a HaUle nl1Talbe f. 88-92v.
20 fOAHHe 1624. YCTaHoBtoeHa" je cepl1ja l et II OA 1624-
-{)I; Y 1 KIbHry YHeceH je TeJ<CT jaBHor nporAawelba YpeA6e OA 1. HOBeM-
6pa 1638; HOBa OApeAoa je npHxBaneHa 1661. 3601' CBe Bene paCKOWH,
Prammatica II a tergo, f. 1-2.
296
MapHjaHa fywHn
Biba y jeK1aooKOM <PCllHeMY, H'ajt.Ieillne y rpa<pwjH ""paOnAHeT".21 H
YKpaC KOjH ce AaiHac 30Be "H3PH3" HAH "H3pe3aHau", y Ay6poSHHKY
ce jaBiba Kao "HCTPHC", AaKAe HelllTO lllTO je IlCTpIDKeHO, H3pe3a-
HO, a TO OArosapa H TaAHjaHcKoM tagliato.22 Y OApeA6aMa ce 3a-
6pafflYje )KeHlaMa Aa Ha pyiKaJBH:M.a palBHe TIAa'l1HeHe 'Kornyibe ('l10 je
yn:paBO hahito schiavonetto!) HMajy pacnAeT lllUpH OA Asa rraAua,
a Ta YKpaCHa npyra rro AY>KHHH pYKasa 30se ce AOManHM Ha3HBOM
traciaz, 'J1pat.Iau.
23
AAH Tpat.Iau cMHje 6HTH H3paneH caMO y jeAHO-
cTaBHOM pacnAeTY, a HUKaKO Kao altro lavoro ad ago, AaKAe He y
reticelli HAH Apyroj t.IHUKH Ha HrAy.
24
OA pacnAeTa H H3p.H3a pa3AH-
KYje ce ricam-vess,25 AaKAe 'BeG 'KOj'H nOA OBo:j.HiM X'PBal'OKiHIM HroH-
BOM OAfOBapa Be3Y y A06poTH, na je TO H y Ay6pOBHHKY Ot.IHTO npH-
MaipHa HecaJMOCTaA'Ha reticella.
MenYJlHM, H BeA'H'Ka caMOCTaAJHa recella je n03HaTa y Ay6-
pOBHHK.Y. Y OApeA6aMa ce jaBiba y Haj60ibeM 06A>H'KY 6apOKHor
oKoBpaTHHK.a. fOAIlHe 1624. je oApeJ)eHO Aa TaKaB oKoBpaTHHK CMH-
je 6HT'H caMO OA jeAHocTPYKe reticelle 6e3 HeK'liX Apyrnx AOAaTaKa
y t.IHTIKH.
26
TaKaB oKoBpaTHllK ce y Ay6POBHllKY 3sao "t.IHXOpHL\a",
a TO oAfOBapa HTaARjaHcKoM lattughe ,2 KaKO cy ce TaAa y po-
MaHCKHM je3HL\JHMa Ha3llBaAH BeAHkH oKpyrAH OKOSpaTlilllUi, MY-
IlIKH H )l(eHCKH, Kao T06o>Ke HaAHK Ha AHcTOBe caAaTe. YOCTaAOM,
amiAorne oApeA6e 0 jeAHOCTpyKOM t.IHnKaHOM n;pH60py nocTojaAe
cy H Ha 3arrawy, noce6Ho y <Pp3!HUYOKOj. AMi He caMO recella 'Hero
H OCTaAH t.IH'IlKaHH AeKOp Morao je 6HTH oaMO jeAHocTpYK, a TO ce
21 ACR, 88, f. 253, 21. MapT 1624: "Item si prohibisce l'uso delli rasp
glieti e degl' istrisL ..; 95, f. 88, 1636: .,. si prohibisce l'usa del1i ras-
pglietti e dei li istrisL. ,; Prammatica l, f. 5, 3, jYA 1624: .,' ili rasplet.. ,;
f. 29, 1. HOBeM6ap 1636: , .. tagoghier sabragnuiu se liste i istrisi od koie-
mugodi drago varste i raspliet isvan mire .. ,
22 Mero, Ha6, MeCTO, ynop, M, Schuette, Ha6, jeolO, 28, CA, 14; A, von
Henneberg, Stil und Teehnik der alten Spitze, Berlin 1931, T, 1.
23 ACR, 95, f. 88, 1636: . , e si concede il raspliet camise detto
traciaz, largo due dita al pi... non vi sia fatto altro lavore ail' ago, ..
24 MeTo, Hao. AteCTO.
25 ACR, 88, 21. MapT 1624: III) Item si prohibisce l'uso deI recami .
detti ves; '" IV) Item... si prohibisce l'uso de' detti recami detti ves :<;
Prammatica II, 1661, 3a6paH.yje ce 3aHaTAHja .. tutti le ricami e
vesi ...; 1660. 3a HeKH crropHH YKpac y npouecy mua ce Aa AH je 0 vess,
o istris.
26 ACR, 88, .. V) II) 1tem si, prohibisce l'uso delle cihorizze da
colletti con ricami e lavari, infuori delle' cihorizze con reticella sempliee
senza diversita di lavoro...
27 G. Brio. Diziollario del dialeffo veneziano, Venezia 1856; S.v. lal-
tughe - tripete de la camisa.
297
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa'lKa 'lHIlKa
npOTHBHAO pacKolllHoj MOAH Koja je <popCHpaAa 60raTe 4HnKaHe
BOAaHe Ha MYlllKOj, )KeHcKoj, na H Aje4joj oAjenH. 3a npHAHKe y
Ay6pOBHMKY nOY4aH je 0 TOMe CYACKH npOl..lec lllTO cy ra 0<plli.I;H-
jaA'H 3lJAiY)l<eHH 3a OApeA6e 0 paKlllH BOAHAH OA 1648. AO 1651.
npoTHB HHJK:OAe 5ypneBHHa-Gi'rg.
28
I-heI'OBe l'pH KnepH AjeBoj'-IH-
I..le, HaJMAanoj je 6HAO ocaM roAHHa, BabeHe cY y I..lpKBH Ha HOBY
rOAHHY y KOIUYibHl..laMa <paCOHHpaHHM no 3anaAlba4Koj MOAH, C 4H-
nKaHMM BOAaHHMa OKO BpaTa H Ha MaHllleTHltaMa PYKaBa. Y on-
lllHpHOM 3anHCHrHlK'Y orAeAa ce 3HaT3IH VTjel.\aj KOj'H cy A'ClIMane )fWHe
H3 Ay6jJosalIKe nOKpajHHe, H3 KOHaBaAa ri PHjeKe Ay6posa4Ke,
CAY)KClllt: y .naTpHltH'jcKHM KynaMa YHOCHAe y rocnOACKO Pyxo npH-
MjeH7yjrynH 6HjeAH YKJpac H3 cBoje TpaAHLIHjcKe oAjeneP Ynpaso
je 1'0 6HO nYT KOjHM ce AesaHTHHCKH 6HjeAH TeKCTHA cse SHilIe YHO-
CHO y peHecaHCHH habitus, HacynpoT MeAHjeBaAHoj nOAHxpoMHjH
lwja ce y H'aIIl1HiM <j>OJ\lKA'Op'HHJM se30tBIHIMa jY)KIH'HX saplljaH'aTa 33-
Ap)KaAa y apxaH4HOM M03aH4KOM pacnopeAY. y Ay6posa4KHM cnH-
CHMa cY 4eCUI xpsaTcKH Ha3HSH 3a TeKCTHAHH YKpac: pacnibeT, HC-
TpH3, se3, l'pa4aq, 3aJl1'a'KHlIl..le,30 OIllHHl..le,:l1 neTibHl..le,32 KHl'Ju.\e,:33 se3
Ha MHlllje 04H.
34
fipaBa 4HTIKa jasiba ce Kao reponti,35 trina,30
Prammatica II, f. 11-14v, 1648-1651: ... le figlie di Nicolo di Gi-
orgi siano state presente... COn le camise... fatte a nova faccia, 3aTO ce
OTBapa npouec.
29 Hero, Ha8 .Mjeero: ... Zvieta serva di delto Nicolo di Giorgi. .. dis-
se. " che Le tre figlie di detto mio patrone ". sono state... in fatte et
piegate a crespe a modo di gremiali et io 10 feci di spontanea mia volon-
ta senza ordinamenti di alcuno altro et di pi delta Zvieta... porto al
Officio uno priliepco di nicdhra fatlo a crespe... gl' altre camilse a
pli1iepzi.
.0 Hero, Ha8. ,wjeero. .. le maniscetli videlicet sasciacnicze...; ACR,
95, 1636, A03Bo!oaBa ce .,. rasplet. .. per gli orli manichetle cio sascia-
cnicze... .
31 Hero, IWB. Mjecro, A03Bo.'oaBa ce ... osviZie aile donne di' Canali.
Terre nove et Ponta .
2 Prammatica J, f. 5-5v, 1624, y npouecy ... pizzelli COn le pet-
glizze...
3:1 ACR, 89, 1624, A03Bo/\,aBa ce ... le chilize semplioe di filo... cio
pod skutom...
Prammatica J, f. 44, 1640, Y Ilpouecy ... la camisa... con raspliet
ct con certo Javoro aile manichette zoe na missie occi ...; I-l3pa3 "Ha Mlunja
oKua" CAY)K1f y bocaHcKoj KpajlfHH 3a AOMahy BYHeHY TKaHHHIj ca CIfTHHM
upHo-6HjeAHM dessinom.
35 ACR, 88, 1624, 3a6palbyje ce .. l'usa de' reponti e recami ad
ago...; '" l'usa dei reponti e recami ail' ago.
36 Hero, HaB. ,wjeero, 3a6p'clfbyje ce "... l'uso delle trine; ACR, 89,
1624, A03Bo!oaBa ce una semplice trina; una sola trina, che non sia dop-
plicata; Prammatica II, 1661, 3a6pafbyje ce 3AaTO 3a trine, pizzilli, mer-
Jetti, bottoni. .. (OCHM 3a HeBjeCl'e); 1665. y npoqecy "trina sopra rasa re-
camata; 1639. V npouecy due trene di seta.
298
MapHjaHa fYWHn
merliJ H OA THX HTaAHjaHcKHx pHjetIH, "nHL\Hib" ce y AyG-
pOBHH:KY YAOiManHo H AO AaHaJe ocrao AOKaAIHH Ha3H'B 3a npa'13Y YHn-
Ky.
39
Ha3HB trina, n03HaT y Ay6pOBHHKY y XVII CTOtoeny, TY ce li3-
ry6lio, a merli, merlett-i, "MHpAHlin"40 3aAp)Kao ce y AaAMaL\lijli li
EOKlf KOTOpCKoj 3a 6apoKHY YHnKY 3anaAHliX, HajBHwe MAeTaYKHX
BapajaHaTa.
rro oGliAaTliM apxilcKHM nOAaL\HMa A03Hajell:l Aa je y Ay6-
POBHHKY y TOKY ABa cToibena, 3a L\BaTa peHeoaHcHe 'H GapoKHe YH-
nKe, Y3 OCTaAe pYYJHe pLAOBe Kao Ba)KIHO )K5H'OK'O 3l1HJ11Mltlf>e
nocTojaAo H YHTIKapCTBo y HCTOM HHTeH3HTeTY Kao H Ha YHTaBOM
3anaAY. MenYTHM, AOK je tlHnK3JpCTBO Ha 3anaAV y BplijeMe Haj-
Bener rrpOL\BaTa YHTIKe 3aXBaneHO y KOMe.pL\HjaAHY eKoHoMcKY
CTPYKTYPY, y Ay6POBIDIKY je YHnKapCKa AjeAaTHocT OCTaAa y aHO-
HHMHoj APyllIiTBeHoj n03aAHHli. AAli Aa cy ce H y TOM CKpOBHTOM
OKBHPY npOli3BOAHAli HeKli caCBHM HCTaHyaHH paAOBH, 0 TOM A03-
lfajeMo ynpaBo ,",3 AOKaA'H'HX OAlpeAa6a npOTI1B paOKOI11lH.
OCHM lllTO ce Ha )KeHOK1f1M. 'KomytoaMa 3a6pa
'
Hiyje mlfipOII{jH pac-
nAeT, HCTpH3, Be3, a rrorOTOBO nHL\Hto, y )Ke.HCKOM npH60py je yeCTa
ynoTpe6a "KonpeHe" H "KOnpeHHL\e". Ben y nonliCHMa po6e ce KO-
npeHoM 30Be <j>HHO np03HpHO TKalf>e y cAY)K6H He.njecTHHcKe no-
KpJ11BaYe.
41
AOAYllle, y HCTOj cAY)K6H ce yemne cycpene Beo.
42
Y
CTapoM AyGpOBHlWKY je pa3MFKa H3MenyaBa AlBa AaralHa TeKiCl1HAa
6HAa liCTa Kao H MlHac. Beo je TaHKa TKaHHHa OA AaHeHe HAH CBH-
AeHe npene. CBHAeHH Beo je H3panHBaH OA ABuje BpCTe npeAHBa,
H TO HAH C paBHO onpeAeHOM HHTH Kao M'yceAHH, HAH C HHTH npe-
npeAeHOM H YCYKaHOM OA yera ce Ao6Hja ra3a. OGa opHjeHTaAHa
HaYHHa GHAa cy y AyGpOBHH'KY npOlf3BOA A'OManHX /KeiHa H 3aAp/Ka-
Aa cy ce y cj>OAIKAOpHOM TeKCl1HAY, Hajm1'llIe y nOKpHBaYlHIMa H3 Ku-
HaBaAa. KonpeHa ce pa3AHKyje OA BeAa, a OArOBa-pa AaHaWlf>eM
;37 BHA. HanOMeHY 36, merletti.
as BHA. HanOMeHY 36; Prammatica J, 1634, Y npouecy ... li pizzelli
grandI aile manichette... .li pizzelli attorno le manighe... .li delti pizzelli
largi tre di ta...; ACR, 1636, A03BOIDaBa ce CBHt\eHl-L nojac AjeyaUJ1,\IU, at\H
senza pero alcuno lavoro, 0 ricamo, 0 pizzi1. ..; Prammutica II, y npouecy
ricamo pizuI...
39 PjeYHIIK JA3V nOA oApeAHHum,1 nHUHA,; n. CKOK, ECltMOflOZUjCKli
pje'lI-tuK Xpf/aTC1COlQ /l,lU cpnCKoza je3uKa, II, 3arpe6 1972, nOA oApeAHHUo,\\
40 M. fYWlll'i, Euje,lU TeKcnlfl, 58.
41 Div. canc., 109, f. 2v. 1519, y hony/-w lre copriene, duc fruste d
una nova; 114, f. 35, 1525: fazolo uno da koprina; 121, f. 25, 1534: ".
una copriena de seda virga de bianco, brazza 4 1/2.
42 Div. canc., 107, a lergo, f. 13, 1518: ... UIlO fazol de velo, uno [azo-
lcto de velo turchescho lavorado con oro, una pocrivaza longa (npel\pTaHo)
nova de velo, UIlO fazol de velo grande ; f. 18, 1519: item uno velo...;
115, f. 73v, 1526: UIlO velo da ducatum 5 ; 120, f. 24, 1532: pocrivaze dua
da done ide vero...; 122, f. 24, 1534: De tela sQtile brazza unrlecim et mezzo
cioe de vello, uno fazoleto de vello de seda..." etc; y OApeA6aMa je Beo
cynpOTCTaB/beu l1AaTHY; ACR, 1624: cihorizze di velo e tele, 3aTHM ce )Ke-
HaMa A03BoibuBa velo per gli ubrusi da testa, per Je ogernacize e colletri
di done ..
299
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBa<JKa <HfTIKa
np03pa4HOM tulle - TMAY. Taj TeKCTMA je A06MO Ha3MB no MjeCTY
Tulle y ueHTpaAHoj <l>paHUYCKOj, rAje je 6MO UMjeaeH npoM3BoA
)1<eHCKMX Pywy. KacHo y XVIII cToibeny, y pa3A06ibY pOKOKO <mn-
Ke, 4MnKa OA PY'mo M3paneHof TMAa 6MAa je Tpa)I<eHa Kao rrOMOA-
HM apTMKA TaRO Aa cy 4MnKapMue y Tulle jeABa cHa6AEjeBaAe Tp-
)KMI.lITe cBOjMM cJ<,ynou;jeHMM npJ13BOAOM. Ho KaA je y paHMM ro-
AMiHaMa XIX cToibena npoHaneHa MaI.lIMHCKa M3paA6a TMAa, PY4HM
TMA je caCBMM Hecrao. flpaBa KonpeHa - tulle H3panMBaHa je y OHe
/\BHje TeXHMKe Koje CMO 3aTeKAM y MeAMje.BaAHOM AeKOpy. To je HAH
macram - Y3Aaae MAM filet - MpeI.lIKaae. OA 3A'aT'He IMAM cpe6p-
He HMTM Ha o6a Ha4:MHa nOCTM3aHa je <pMHona 04Hue ca 2 AO 3 mm
\/ npoMjepy, M TO TaKO Aa je y macramu OCTaBibaH MeKaHM nOAY-
Y3ao, AOK je y filetu aY)KHO AOAa3MAO AO 4:BpCTor 4:BOpMna. flpeMa
TOMe, TaKBe cy Mpe)Iue M3pabMBaHe y MaaeM <popMaTY, KaIM cy
AOMCTa M cnOMeaYTM <pparMeHT<H ID CTapOXPBaTCKMX HaAa3a.
y Ay6pOBHMKY je OApeA6oM H3 1624. rOAMHe (noHoBHo 1631)
A03BOibeHO )KeHaMa Aa MM 3a nonpCHMUy Ha xaibMHM CAY)I(H Konpe-
HMua 3AaTHa MAM CBMAeHa.
n
HrraK Ha 06a Ha4MHa M y macramu
M y fiiletu, Mpe)KMua oCTaje peAaTMBHO MaCMBHa H He AOCTM)Ke <pH-
Hony HajTaaer TUA,a. HarrycTMBI.lIH 06je CTapMHCKe TeXHMKe, Haj-
<pHHHljM TMA-KorrpeHMua ce HY)KHO npeHMO y HeKY A:pyry TeXHl1'KY.
Aa ce nOCTHfHe 04Mua y HajcMTHMjeM <popMaTY a <HnaK COAHAHO
rrOBe3aI-la, 3a TO je n'OCAY)I(.H'O 3pa
L
nm 60A npaBe qHUKe y TeXHHUI-:
Ha HrAY. AaKAe, HajTaaa M r-r.aj<pHlrnja KonpeHHUa MorAa je Hac-
TaTM TeK OHAa I<aA je npaBa 4MnKa H:CKOpHCTMAa npeAHOCT 3pa4Hor
60Aa, a TO 3Ha'IH y TOKY KaCHor XVI cToibena, MO)KAa He paHlfje OA
BpeMei-ia OKO 1600. TeK I.lIMBaaeM jeAHoAMKMX 04Mua npaBHAHo Ha-
HH3aHHX y 4HC1'KM 3pa"lHHM 60AoBHMa nOCTMfHYTa je TeKC1'ypa Haj-
Taae, Ha'j'lbe)I(HHje 'K'OnpeHuue. Taj iHa411IiH y H3pa5HBal'bY THAa-KO-
npeH'Hue Morao ce nOCTMnM TeK Ha pa3BMjeHoM cTymf>Y Haj60ibe I.lIM-
BaHe 4HI]Ke, KaA je caMOCTaAaH 3pa4HH 60A 3aY3eo rAaBHY YAory
y 4HllKM Ha MrAY. Y 6MTM, H3panMBaae TaKBe TeKcType je BeOMa je-
AHOCTaBaH nocao M He Tpa)K'H HeKa TeI.lI'Ka pjeI.lIeaa y CAO)KeHJl-Ht
X'BaTOBl1'Ma KaOBHCOK'a 4IMITKa 3anaA'HMX CT>HAOBa. J
3pa4HHM 60AOM 06aMeTa M3pabyje ce TaKaB TeKCTMA y peAOBMMa nO
)KeibeHoj He npeBeAMKoj mHpHHH. flocao ce H3BOAMO Ha rroMonHoj
nOM03H OA eAaCTM4HOf BeAHHa, Kao I.lITO je TaKaB TaHKM nepraMeH
C1\Y)KMO 3a CBe BpCTe 4MnaKa Ha >HfAY. To ce MorAO paAMTM H ca CBM-
AeHOM HHTH KaKO je )KeHaMa 6H1\0 A03BOibeHO "per uso delle parsi
la coprenizza d'argento et altri drapetti di seta. AKO je 6MAa A03-
BOibeHa 3AaTHa, cpe6pHa M CBHAeHa KOnpeH'Hua, OHAa je 6e3 CYMae
3a 06M4:HY \moTpe6y CAy>IAa H I<onpeHMua OA AaHei-ior KOHua. A
4;l AeR, 2..\-!apT 1624, cap. VI, A03BOibaBa ce "per uso delle parsi la
coprenizza d'argenta ct altri drapetti f1i seta senza altri lavori; HeTO, 1636,
cap. II, si concede anco solamente per uso delle parsi la copreniza di arg
ento et altri drapetti di scIa senza altri lavori sopra...; Hem, 1661, cap.
13. possono le donne zitelle portare le lol'O parsi falte da copreniza
slalna
300
MapHjaHa fYUlHh
3anpaBO ce OA TaHKor AaHeHor MorAa A06HTli HajTaI-ha KO-
l-he)K;HHja H OA CBHAe>He. HaHMe, CBHAeHa HHT je MeKaHU-
ja, aMi 'HHje T'aK'O nOAeOHa 3a 'CaCBJHM TaHJKY a <..fB'PClY Te>KCTYPY lKao
AaJHeHlH Bevta TalHKO u:crrrpeA,eH. Ho TaJKBJB KOIHa'u ce Mopao
\j'HOOHTH y Ay6pOB'aM'K. HaillAH 'OMO Aa je O:A.peneHO Aia 'ce >KeaCIKH
paAOBH 1i3BOAe caMO OA AOManer KOHua, R/\.H ynpaBo H3 Te OApeA-
Se rrocpeAHO A03HajeMo KaKO je l'y Ben KOAao ,H KOHau; YHeceH :113
cjeBepHe IhaAJlije MAH H3 <PAaHApHje, a Taj je n03HaT Rao Haj60ibH:.
44
AaJKAe, Ka,A 3H<l'1vtO Ml je y Ay6pOBHHIKY KOIITpeHHu;a cAY>KIH::Aa
>KeHaMa CTaAHO Kao H3 Tor eAeMeHTapHor )KeHCKOr paAa
MorAa ce pa3BHTH HajTal-ha 't.JHIlKaHa TBop6a, li 1'0 Y pYKaMa .>KeHa
Koje cY BH'IHe TaKBOM rrpexPHl-heHOM rrocAY. JeAHHO TaKBa M3HHMHa
tIHrrKa MorAa ce IlAaCHpaTH Ha 3arraAHOM rp,)KHlllT'Y. IIpeAYBjeT 3a
rrpOH3BOAl-hY HajTal-he nocTojao je y Ay6pOBHlIKY
nOlllTO je l'y 6HAa Ha paCIlOAaral-hY ){HCKa paAHa CHara BH'lJHa HC-
TaHLfaHUM PYLfHUM paAOBUMa, na H HajTalboj KorrpeHUUU. I1rraE
je HellK' Mopao npeY3eTHH'HH1vrjaTUBY Aa CT'aB'H y nOTOR TaJKJBV
U3Y3eTHY A,jeA'3THOCT, a OCHM Tora je Tpe6aAO cHa6AjeTu
Haj60ibHM cPAaHApujCKHM AaHeHHM KOHueM. I>YAynlI A3 TaKBor KO'H-
HHje 6MAO nOTpe6HO MHoro, 1'0 cy npeH:OUJIeHe Mal-he KOAlI'lJHHe,
Y3 3ao6lIAa3aK uaplIHe, na cy oCTajaAe 6e3 clIrHaType TproBa'lJKe
p06e. HaHMe, y Ay6PO.aaYKHM cnlICHMa HeMa HlI nOMeHa 0 TO.Me.
OClIM TOJ1a Tpe6aAO je Ha6aB'HTH cPHHH BeAHH H YlInKaHe npeAAollI.Ke
KOjH cY oAroBapaAlI 3axTjeBliMa TaKBe tIlliIKaHe TBop6e. CBe cy TO
MorAlI Ha6aBHTH Ay6pOBtI3Hll y CTaAHOM KOHTaKTY ca 3arraAHHM
3eMibaMa, lllTO cy HCKOplICT.HAH OHM A06plI Il03HaBaOUH tIHllKap-
Cl1Ba KOjH cy ce Kao YI y OYCje>A'H''j I1TaAMj'H OIAaJ31Ha 6PHlHYAllf 0'.1<.0
npOH3BOAl-he 6HjeAliX Be30Ba H 'lJHnKe. IIpBY BHjecT 0 TOMe A03Ha
jeMo H3 cycjeAHe Puglie; HajpaHlIja BHjecT 0 tIHIIlKH reticelli jaB-
iba ce 1513. y MjecTy GioVlinazzo y Pugli,45 a pHje'-I je 0 6MjeAoM
OATapHHKY oon 10 friso de reticelle. AAJH Ta npyra reticelle Ben
je npeHeceHa C jeAHor cTaprrj er npeAMeTa, IllTO 3HaYH Aa je paHH:ja
OA 1513. OATapHH:K C reticeUom cnaAa y 60raTH HHBeHTap MHCHor
Pyxa, a 1'0 je nocjeA 6paToBlllTMHe Tpener peA,a y MjecTY Giovinazzo
Kpaj Molfette y PugH. II03HaTO je Aa je AaHYKlI TpenH peA jeA,Ha
OA ApylllTBeHux CrpYKTypa y OKBHr'Y cPP3J-beBaYKllX caMOCTaHa;
OCTaBibaMO no CTpaHH MYlllKY Hac 3aHlIMajy .>KeHe
TpenOpeTKHl-he.
46
OHe ce y HTaAlIjH H KOA Hac y rrpHMopjy 30y
"f]lfouaKape"; l'aj Ha3HB je A'aHaC IT(meWTO rrOiA'Pyr/blI'B, aAiH TaJ-<'O
44 A. von Hennebetg. l'iae. J jeJ1.o, 25, T. 76 a), ca HHAeKCOM AaHeHHX KO-
Haua AO 6poja 1500.
4" F. Carabellese, La Puglia nel secolo XV, Bari .1908, 227, HHBeHTap
A06apa 6paToBillTBHe Sancte Marie de Nova, IlOi\..O)i<.eHHX y I(pKBB cn. <t>pa
ffie y GioviJll.azzu 1513, Meny OCTal\.HMH: Idem un.o rnandile bianco de altare
con 10 friso de reticelIe quale friso 10 ha levato Leuci da la panno de bon-
bace et postolo a quisto mandiIo.
4ti H. DHBaHoBHl1, Cl'al'ioeu U Tpehoper/(w'ba y crapoj}! Ay-
6poaH[l1cy, Ay6pOBaYKH AHCT, 6p. 47, 1926.
301
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBaYKa YH11Ka
Huje 6HAO paHHje. Kao Aa y nOBHjecHoM CMHCAY CaAp:IKH OCHOBY
plije4H pizzo, AaKAe 4HnKa, na Kao Aa je TO caCBHM n04eTHH Ha3HB
3a .>KeHe Koje cl' ce npseH'CTBeHO 6aJBHAe H3paA6'M Be3a H ll'HnaKa
3a Pyxo. TOMe Kao Aa cBjeAo4H H HaCAOB jeAHe OA Tpe-
nOpeTKHI-ba y CnOMeH'YTOM CaMOCTaHY <ppaI-beBaQa y He
MO.>Ke 6HTH TeK CAY'faj Aa je .>KeHa jeAHor 6paTa TpenOpeMa Angi-
lella de Angelo Pasciullo, la piczicoccha.47 Kao YAaTa .>KeHa )IBe
Aa je y CBOjOj o6HTeJ'oH, a AaH4KHM 3aBjeToM je 6HAa Be3aHa Y3
<ppaI-beBaQa Kao H CBH OCTaAH rpabaHH y TOM MjeCTY.
Ha3'HB YKa3Yje Ha TO Aa ce 6aBHAa H3paA6oM pizzi-4HnaKa jep je
04HTO Taj I-be3HH Ha3HB npBoTHO H3BeAeH OA pizzo, llITO ce KacHHje
npaKTH4KH npeTBopHAO y "ffilQoKapa". 3a paHY Be3Y C jYfKHOM HTa-
AHjOM rOBoPH H paHa IIojaBa reticelle y Ay6pOBHlIKY, Kao H TO Aa
ce ynpaBo H3pa3 pizzo oAoManHo Kao jeAuHH Ha3BB 3a npaBY 4JinKY.
Ay6poBa4Ke cl' ce AO HallIlIX AaHa 6aBHAe npeTe.>K-
IrO paA'BHMa OKO TeKCTHA'a. OOI1'M nOPYUOHJHa H3 rpana'HKHX Kyna.
IIAeTeI-ba '-mpana, BY'HeHe oAjele, KpnaH>a H llIHBaI-ba KylalH'OKor nplll-
60pa, cl' TKaAe H Ii3panUBaAe QpKBeHO H MHCHO PYXO.
Haj6AH:lKa caMocTaHY MaAe Epale je H caAa Kyla y KOjOj cl' AO-
HeAaBHa IIpe6HBaAe TpenOpeTKHI-be, a CTOjH Y3 QPKBHQY Transfi-
gurationis, na ce H Ta Kyla 3BaAa "OA CHrypaTe".48 Kao Il OCTaAe
AaJf4'Ke Kyle, TaKO je H OBa npBeHCTBeHO 6HAa 3aAYJi<.eHa 3a pa3'He
TeKCTHAHe paAI-be. AYTopHQa N. Bruck Auffenberg je AO npHje l
cBjeTcKor paTa C BeAHKMM 3aHllMaI-beM npaTHAa Tl' I-bHXOBY AjeAaT-
ROCY. OHa J.LVI je YMjecTo CTapor llKaAa'l.JKOr CTaHa Ha6aBHAa 0 OBOM
TPOIllKY HOBH,49 BenH, a ja caM I1X npuje TpI1AeCe'I'aK rOAl1Ha 3aTe-
KAa Aa Ha TJ.LVI KpOCHaMa TKajy MI1CHY nAaHHTY OA AOMane nOAY-
CH'pOBe CBHAe y MacHBHoj Kenepa. 3Ha ce Aa cl' HM :lKeHe
H3 KOHaBaAa AOHOCHAe HenpeAeHY CBHAY CBOjHX 4axypa, a Tpeno-
pellKiH'I-be Cl' CBHA'Y 'H'eJ1!UpaAe, HcnpeAaAe H OA Hoo6ojeHe OTK'HBaAe
CBHAeHe HeBjeCTH'HCKe IIOKpHJBa4e. CBBAY CV H 6ojaAl1CaAe 3a Be30'
Be KojH'Ma cl' ce CllaAHo 6a'BIlAe. Ha KOIHaBOC'KH'M nOiK:pH'Ba4a..Vla cl'
00l1HI1 YKpac H PYC'PlI'IHa lJill1JKa y 06je TeXHllKe, 1llJ1 cl', KalKO ce
naMTH, jOIll KpajeM npollIAor cToJ'oena paAl1Ae Ay6poBa4Ke nHQO-
Kape.
Aa cl' ce <ppaI-beBQH 6paHYAH OKO 4HllKapCTBa y XVI cToJ'oeny
YKa3yje H TO Aa je jeAaH OA npBI1X npHpyqHHKa 3a 4HnKY caCTaBHO
H H3Aao YBafKeHH <ppaI-beBaQ oncepBaHT.
50
ffieroBa KI-bHra je H3AaHa
47 T. Carabellese, Hae. jeJ1o, 212.
48 H. bHBaHOBHn, Tpu eeoJlw CTape caLlyew y6poea
L
llce -
lJ,plCeul1a "Sigurata", fAaCHHK Ay6pOBaYKOr yyeHOr APYWl'Ba "CBeTH BAaxo",
l, Ay6pOBHHK 1929, no 11 Aa,be.
49 TIoAal'aK AoGHjeli 1949. 0;-\ JeAKe MHW, n03Ha-
Bal'eloHl.le <pOAKAOpHOr TeKCHiAa; 11>e3HHOM 3acAyro:l1 je TKaAaYKH Cl'aH, 0,1\-
AO)KeH 113 Kyne "ad Sigurate, cMjeUlTeH y MV3ej y PynaMa.
W "Triompho di Lavori a fogliami de i quali si pUO far Ponti in aere.
Opera di Fra Hileronimo da Ciuidal do Frioli. deI' Ordine de i Serui de Os
seruantia. Padua M. D. LV" (l.lHl'HpaHo no M. Schuette, jeJ1o, 80, 221,
HaIT. 18.
302
MapHjaHa fywHn
y TIaAoBll 1555, a y npeAmBopy je HaiBeo KaKIO Ao6po n03'Haje qB-
I1KY KOjy oH caM .:ma paAHT'H. y AaA'MaUHj'H ce y IlIanYWTeHOM ah'VI:O-
CTaHY <ppafbeBaQa BaA;lfjH Ha KopqyAH HaWAO OKO we3AeceTaK
rrpeAAO>I{aKa 3a trH:rIKe.'H OA jeAlHOCTaJBJHe py6He q:mrKe Ha 6aTHnc,
TV ce H<Ua3e H npeMOW.QH 3a Haj6oloe 4HnKe y CTHAY H TexHHQH
MAeTa4Kor 6apOKa. Ty cy ,fi 4euipH BeA'HHe 3a 4HTII<Y Ha HrAY, H TO
3a npBOpa3peAaH Point plat de Venise H 3a npaBH Rosallino. AKO
je, AaKAe, CHl'YP'HO Aa cy ce eppal:beBQH y pacnoHy OA 1500. rOAHRe
na HaAaloe rOTOBO AO Hawl1X AaHa 6PllHYAH 0 4HiI1KH Y IhaAHjH H
MAera4Koj AaAMaQHjH, TO BHllIe cy ce MOrAH HeCMeTaHO 6aBHTH
THMe y CA06oAH'<Yj A'Y6pOBal.fK'O'j Perry6Mf'LIK Y eppaH>eBQ'HiMa C []jpa-
BOM rAeAaMO 'HHH.QHjaTope 4HiI1KapcTBa y Ay6poBHllKY; OHH cy AMK-
THpaAH CTHA 'HiHAHreHe Ay6poBa4Ke 4HllKe H TO av 3HaAa4KH ynpa-
BHAH 'Y TeXHH.Q:H IKOjOM je )KeHlOKa pal,d)Ha Ha'ra y lbHXOBY OKPRIoY
Bjeliitro pacnoAaraAa. A TO je ynpaBo H3paA6a HajTafbe 4HllKe Ha
HrAY y epakTYPH KonpeHHQe-TJUa.
TIo CHeMY, H3 apXHBCI<HX nOAaTaKa 0 6ajeAoM Be3Y a trHllKH Y
CTapOM Ay6pOBHHI<Y A03HajeMo Aa je Y TOM npeBAaAaBaAa TeXHHKa
WHBaHHX Be30Ba H OCTaAHX paAOBa H3BeAeHHX lllHBaHHM 60AOM,
AaKAe Y nYHoj MjepH H 4HTIKa Ha HrAY. Mopa Aa cy BenH AHO noc-
AOBa y TOMe 06aBloaAe ynpaBo TpenOpeTKHl:be. HaHMe, 3a H3paOH-
Bal:be BHCOKO npoepHI-beHOr TeKCTHAa, Kao WlTo je TO Haj60loa 4HllKa,
HHije. AOCTaTHO TeK 3aHHMafbe AOManHX KliepH HH KOAYAipHQa Y ca-
MOCTaHHMa Y3 H>HXOBe CBaKOAHeBHe AY)KHOCTH. Be3 CYMl:be, H Y
)I{eHCKHM CaMCTaHtHiMa je 6HAO BeOMa BjewTHx 4HnKapHQa, aAH
OHe cy palAiHJAe 3a Y)I<H H'I-UepecHH K'Pyr clBoje I.\IpK'Be H C'BOIj'HX 'HC-
nOBjeAHHKa, He 3a Bal:bCKO Tp)I{HWTe. MeOYTHM, 3a Haj6oloY 4HnKY
je nOTpe6aH H3pa3HTO CneQHjaAH3HpaH OAHOC npeMa TOM nOCAY.
QHllKapHQa Mopa 6lITH oCAo6ooeHa CEHX KynaHcKHx nOCAOBa, 4aK
H OHHX OKO OMH1oeHor QBlIjena, Mopa IIMaTII l:berOBaHe pYKe, ocjeT-
IoHBe II 3a HajTaH>Y AaHeHy HHT. TIoce6HO jow Mopa TIOcjeAoBaTH
Y pYKaMa oHaj caCBHM CneQHepH:4aH nOTe3 KOjaM KOA 3pa4Hor 60Aa
jeAHaKoMjepHo 3aTe)I{e HUT, a KOjH je eAeMeHTapHO O,HTaH 3aXBaT
Y H3paA6H 4HnKe Ha HTAY. OCRM Tora, qHllKaCe He paAH Y3aCTonQe
Y 3aAaHOM PaAHOM BpeMeHy, Hem nOBpeMeHO Y3 OAiMapalbe OqHjy
H 'PY.KY, a nnaK 'HlHTeH3H,BHO T<()IM Aal:be IC'l3IjeTAOC11H. Y jeAIHO'CTaIB-
HOj CpeAllHH Y Ay6pOBHHKY, Y KJynaMa 'DpenOpeTKHl:ba HiHje 6HAO
OHHX nOMonHHX HanpaBa Kao Ha 3anaAY, rAje cy qIInKapHQe paAMAe
Y noce6HiHM npocTopajaMa, C npHYAeweHoM MHKpOKAHMOM H Hapo-
,"-IHTHM oCBjeTloel:beM. MeoYTHM, HacynpoT paAHiHM Y3aHQaMa Ha 3a-
naAY, Ay6poBaqKe HHCY OHAe nOABprHyre KOMepQHjaA-
HOM paqYHY 0 YTpoweHOM BpeMeHy H paAHOM eepeKTY. 3aTO cy je-
51 KaT3Aor ca 59 llaflHpHHx npeAJl.O/KaKa li 4 BeAHHa KOH3epBHpaAa H
pecTaypllpaJl.a HHr. B. XplllaK y XHCTOpHjCKOM apx;HBY JA3Y y 3arpe6y;
caCTaBHJl.a caM KaTaJl..Or H H3BplllHJl.a MY3eOJl.OWKY 06paAY Ha 63 i\}{CTa ca
opHrJOfHaJl.I-1HM npeAJl..Ollll\lHla, onHCHMa, BaJl.opH3aUHjoM H epOTo-cHHMKaMa, a
1967. npeAaJl..a y APXHB caMOCTaHa MaAe Bpane y Ay6pOBHHKY
303
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBa4Ka 4lffiKa
AHHO OHe pacnOAaraAe HeMjeploHBOM CTpnibHBolllny y 06aBibaH>Y
BeOMa jeAHOJ\ilP-lHOr nOCAa KOjH ce cacTojao y MOHOTOHOM HH3aH>Y
CHTllliX OqHLJ;a y qHnKH-THAY.
V TOMe Ae)KH OCHOBHa pa3AHKa H3Meoy q'HnKapCKe HRAYCTpHje
y 3arraAHHM 3eMibaMa 1'1 paAHe CHare Koja je y Ay6pOBHHky 6HAa
AOKaAHO aHra)KHpaHa y TOj AjeAaTHOCTH. OA caMe nojaBe 6ajeAor
TeKCnfAHor AeKopa, BeHeLJ;Hja je Ha CBOjHM nocjeAHMa Ha i\eBaHTY
OpraJffi3HpaAa scole-paAHOHHLJ;e )KeHCKor PYKOTBopCTBa, Koje cy y
XVII cToibeny YKibyqeHe y MepKaHTHAHH OHCTeM. )KeHcKa paAHa
CHara je nOBe3aHa y Mpe)KY AeLJ;eHTpaAH3HpaHe MaHy<paKType. 3aTo
ce qlli1KapCTBO Ha i\eBaHTY oAlmjaAo ycnopeAo Ha ABa KOAocjeKa:
C jeAHe CTpaHe, 11paAHLJ;HjoKH 6HjeAH Be3 H apXaHqHe qlli1KapCKe
TBop6e (pacnAeT, npHMapHa retlicella 1'1 CA.) OCTaAH cy pe3epBHpaHH
3a AOManu npH6op, 3a py6emrHY y LJ;pKBH, Y KynH II 3a BAaCTHTy
o.Alieny. C Apyre crpa'He, BHCO'KY qIIDKY paAHAe cy )KelHe npe'Ma AO-
6JeHHM Y30pLJ;HMa 1'1 npeAAOlllLJ;HMa l'l, AOCibeAHO, y MAeTaqKHM CTH-
ACKHM 1'1 TexHlfLIKHM BpCT3Ma. H3patlHBaHa no Hapyu6H, Ta po6a je
OAAa3HAa Ha cBjercKo Tp)KHlllTe nOA MAeTaqKOM OHrHaTypOM. Vn-
paBO TaKaB ABOjHH caCTaB nOKa3yje OJfjeMl TeKCTHA CaqYBaH y
I>OKlH K01'OPOKlOj, HajB'H'We y 3&1Jpl.\H Y Up'KBH OB. EycTaxH'ja. Tv
ce Y3 npHMjepKe BHCOKe '-IID1Ke OA XVI AO KaCHor XVIII cToibena
ycrropeAo HaAa3e 1'1 npeAMeTH AOManer Be3a 1'1 reDicelle, Te OCTaAHX
npHMapHHX qHn:KapoK,HX TBop6a. AOMane )KeHe 30BY ouY rpyny
cBajHlM Ao6pOTOKHM Be30M, AOK 3a BiHOOKlY qH!l]KY Ka)Ke ala vene-
ana. V TaKBHM qlli1KlIpCKHM CpeAHlllTHiMa, MAaAe )KeHe cy ce
ycaBplllaBaAe AO npo<peCHOHaAHor 3aHaTCTBa, a nOCAOAaBLJ;H cy no-
CpeAOBaAH H3Meoy )I<.eHCKe npOH3BoMbe 1'1 TprOBaqKe Mpe)Ke y
MAeLJ;HMa. V TOMe je BAaAao KOMepLJ;HOHaAHH OAHOC, qUMe je HY)KHO
ynpaBibaHa npOH3BOAH>a rro YCBojeHoj MepKaHTHi\Hoj HOpMH C n03-
HaTHM 1I3jeAHaqeH>eM BpeMeHa 1'1 HOBl.\a. V qHTaBOM nOCAOBaH>Y BO-
DeH je paqYH 0 YAO)KeHOM paAy 1'1 BpeMeHY C KOHaq;HOM OLJ;jeHoM
<pHHaAHor npOAYKTa; Ha l.\HjeAoM 3arraA:Y je npeBAaAaAa npo<p0CHO-
H3AHa qlli1KapcKa HHAYCTpHja. OCHM paAHHLJ;a lIJlffiKapllLJ;a, y TO cy
6HAH y ~ 1'1 "lfMjeTHHl.\H l.lPTaqH, rpa<pHqapH, Cl1BapaOLJ;H H AO-
HOHOLJ;H HOBHX opHaMeHTaAHHX npeAAO)KaKa, a OHH cy II HaA3H-
paAH H3paDHBaH>e CBOjHX qJIDaKa. Y HCTO BpHjeMe CV ce 1I3AaBaqlI
lIelJTjeLJ;aAIH y 'llITaIMIII3
'
H>Y KH>'HTa, I1ipHpyq1H1H!Ka 3a OBe IBpCTe qIflnaIK3 1'1
6HjeMlx Be30Ba. OCHM Tora, 3a BeOMa CAO)KeHe 1'1 npo<pHl-beHe npeA-
AOllIKe 61'10 je Y3 nojeAHHH npeAAO)KaK rrpHAO)KeH 1'1 PYKonHCHH HAB.
llITaMrraHH KOMeHTap KOjHM ce qlli1KapllLJ;a CAYIKHAa npH paAY. 41'1-
nKapHLJ;e cY 6HAe BjelllTe nHCMeHOCTH 1'1 BAaAaAe cY 6oraToM CneLJ;H-
jaAHoM TepMHHoAomjoM Koja je Ha 3anaAY CAY)KHAa 3a paAHe 3ax-
BaTe 1'1 nojeAHJHCTH y 'Jl3paA6H l.IHHKe,52 MU Ta'KiBe TepMHIHOA''llJIje
3aq,HIJl:KJY 'Yonne HeMaMO. V 3aTIaAHIJIIM paPiHOHIHLJ;aM3, 1.iIHIIKapaue qr
y TOK:Y paAa npaTHAe 1'13 nlICMeHOr HanYTKa 1'1 HajM3H>H 3aXBaT y
H3paOHlBa
l
H>Y OBar AjeAa. TaKO je 6HAI0 3a o6je TeXiHHlKe, na oTYAa
52 T. Frauberger, Handbuch der Spitzenkunde, Berlin 1894.
304
MapHjaHa rYlillIn
CAO)KeHiOCT rrojeJ,AUHliX rrpHMjepa'Ka X!HCT.oPH'joKe YHIlKe.
53
q,lII1JKap-
CKa CpeAllIlITa cy 61IAa rr03HaTa, HeKa BeOMa rAaCOBlITa, a jaBHocT
je rrpaTllAa J-bliXOBY AjeAaTHOCT. lIoce6Ho cY ce lICl'Hl\aAe MajCTopa-
L\e Koje cy rrpeABAHAe YlillKapcKe IlIKOAe-paAlIOHlIL\e; rr03HaTa cy
J-bliXOBa :HMeHa II aKTlIBHOCTlI.
54
CBera Tora Haje 61IAO y AyOPOBHHKY. Ty je )KeHOKa TeKCTHAHa
paAlIHOCT OCTaAa 1I3BaH MepKaHTHAHe Mpe)Ke, 3arnopeHa 'liAH y Kyn-
HOM KPYJ1Y 061ITeibli HAll y )KOOCKHM caMOCTaHliMa. tIH11Ka ce MorAa
Y3AlInH AO caBprn.eHCTBa jeMIHO y rromYHOj rrpeAaHOCTlI OBOM rroc'
AY, a TO je 61IAO Moryne, KaKO CMO HaIIIAlI, ynpaBO y KynaMa Tpeno-
peTKlIJ-ba. KaKO y TOM CKyYeHOM OKBlIP'Y Hlije 61IAO KOMepl.\!l:lj a A-
Hor HOpMlIpaJ-ba 0 paAHOM YAory II YTporneHOM BpeMeHY, TO cy
YlillKaplIL\e OHAe rrourreneHe )Kyp6e II 6pHre y KpaTKOM BpeMeH-
CKOM POKY, aAH cy 3aTO MorAe rrOCBeTliTtli BHIlIe rra)K'lbe KBaAliTeT-
HOj 1I3paA61I CBor AjeAa. Y MllpHOM II OA cBjeTCK:HX 3aAa 3aIIITIie-
HOM 60paBKJY, OHe CKpOMHe )KeHe cy ce AKpaja rrpeAaBaAe CBOM
rrOCAY KojeM je 4ujeHa 6II.Ml HeMepibllBa y OAHOCY Ha YAO)KeH TpYA
II BplIjeMe rrOTpe6HO 3a lberOBO AOBpmelbe. JeAlIHO Ha Taj HaYHH
MorAa ce 1I3 AOMane KOrrpeHlIL\e pa3BlITlI tIlirrKa HajJ-be)KHaje H Haj-
60ibe TeKCT'Ype. AOK cy y CBlIM BaCOKHM YlITIKaMa Ha lIrAY HY)KHO
rrocTojaAli rrpeAi\OIlIL\lI, OAHOCHO HaL\pTlI Ha BeAlmy rro KojlIlMa ce
'LlHiIIKa'PlIL\a ynpaBibaAa 'Y CBH'M Ci\:O)KeHH1M 3aX;BaT.lfIMa, KO\6, YlIIllKe-
-KOrrpeHlIL\e rrocTojao je caMO jeAaH paAHH 3aXBaT. HaIIIAH CMO Aa
ce Taj jeAlIHlI Ha'lliH caCTojao y rrplIMjeHH 3paYHOr 6oAa; TOYH'Hje,
TO je 60A 06aMeTa 1I3BeAeH y CAo6oAHOM rrpocTopy 6e3 HeKHX rro-
MonHllX HliTli. AAli Ma KaKO Aa je TeXHllKa jeAHOCTaBHa, Taj jeAHO-
AHYaH rrocao Tpa)KlI BeoMa BjellJTY PYKY H HeMjepibllB YAor TpYAa,
paAa II BpeMeHa. Harne )KeHe Ha ceAY cy II AaHac jorn rr03HaTe rro
1I3BpCHllM PyY'HHM paAOBlIMa, OC061ITO y <plIHHM Be30BHMa. Y CTa-
pOM Ay6POBH'lIKY, rrorOTOBO y Kpyry TpenopeTKJHlba, BAaAaAH cy
APYIlITBeHli OAHOCli KOjll cy MorAlI 3aAOBOibHTH TaKBe paAHe npe-
Mlice. MAaAe )KeHe, OA KOjlIX cy MHore Kao AeBojYHL\e ClIIIIAe y
rpaA 1I3 CBor cypoBor rrAaHlIHCKor 3aBHYaja, HaIlIAe cy YTOYHIIITe y
AaHYKOM 3aBjel'Y. OClirypaHe y CKpoMHOM )fBOBaJ-bY, rOTOBO 6e3
AlIYHiIiX rrpoxTjeBa, Y3 MOAlITBY H rro6o)KHY MHCao rrOCBeTHAe cy ce
rrpeAaHO CBOM rrOCAY. bHAe cy BjeIlITe HrAlI.l\:lI Ben OA AjeYjax AaHa,
K'a!A cy KM rraCl'lIplIL\e lIIAYOO 3a paAlliAe cBoje 'rrpeJ<,paCHe
Re30Be y 61IjeAoM KOHL\Y HAH IlIapeHoj CBHAH. Y3 TO je KOrrpeHlIL\a
TaKO jeAHocTaBHa y TeXH'HYKoj 1I3BeA6a Aa TV HHje 61IAO HeKHX
TeIlIKO CXBaTiblIBllX 3axBaTa HH rroce6Ho CAO)KeHHX rrocrynaKa Kao
KOA 3arraAHHX BIICOKllX YlillaKa. HaIIIe jeAHoCTaBHe )KeHe Hacy ce
Hli orrTeplinUBa,Ae HeKliM CAO)l<eHHM YlirrKapCKHM rrOCTYIlL\lIMa. lIo
5:1 A. von Henneberg, Hae. jello, 27, TeXHHKY 'lliIlKe Ha HrAY npHKa3yje
y CBera 10 peAaKa TeKCTa, AOK TeX'RHKy H TepMHHoAomjy 'lliI1Ke Ha 6anie
o6pa15yje Ha nYHHx 8 CTpaHa TeKCTa ca OAHOCHHM Ta6AaNla.
54 Ynop. F. Bury Pallisser, Hae. jcllo, 123, H Aah>e; A. von Henneberg,
Hae. jello, 41.
-------------------- --
305
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa1.JKa 1.JlffiKa
CBeMY, AaKAe, jeAHHO je y TaKBOM paAHOM OKBHPY MOL-\a nocTojaTH
il HreKO BpHjeMe l'pajaTH OiH'a YHJIlIKapoKa TBopeBHlHa ce no <piH-
HOnH H H>e)KHOCTH MorAa TaKMHYHTII C BPXYHCKIIM YHTIKapCKHM AO-
CTlIrHynlIMa BeHel(lIje II <PAaHAPuje. IlorOTOBO je TaKBa qHTIKa-Ko-
npeH1lIl(a OIITHO YAatoeHa OA CTIIAa II TeXiH'J11Ke BilI'COKe 'MAeTa'YK
YHTIKe. MAeTaqKO YHTIKapCTBO yonne YCBojlIAO H3paA6y YIIn-
m-TIIAa, na ce Ta AjeAaTHoCT HlIje MorAa YKtoyq,IITII y <pHHaHUHj-
CKY CTPYKTY'PY MAeTaYKOr YIITIKapCTBa. C HeHanAaTIIBHM CTpIDbe-
TLeM y nOAaraHOM paAHOM oABlIjaH>Y, '-mnKa-KOnpeHIIl(a HlIje MorA,a
6HTH YKtoyqeHa y nOCAOBHe HopMe lfoHTeH3lIBHe YlInKapCKe IIHAYC-
'lpHje. JeAHHO y ApyrnTBeHo nOTIICHYToj cpeAIIHII, caMO y aHOHIIM-
HOj MaptolIBOCTII Ay6pOBaYKlIX nlIl(OKapa MorAa ce YIITIKa y CTIIAY
TIIAa-KOnpeHlIl(e BIIHYTII AO TeXH'HYKOr CaBpnIeHCTBa II TaKO 3aA061I-
TH cyneplIopaH aTplI6YT Point de Raguse <ppaHl\.ycK.IIX BlIjecTII. Yn-
paBO TaKBa YIITIKa no CBOjOj KBaAIITeTII II noce6Hoj BpcHonlI HaA-
MalllHAa je Ha 3anaAHOM TP)KlflllTY CBe TaAa n03HaTe qlInKapCKe
TBop6e. HnaK je no KBaHTIITeTY, no 06yjMY npOII3BOAH>e, Ay6pOBaY-
Ka YIIJTKa HY)1('HO OCTaAa y Mai\oj oKy'-reHoj I1'pOH3BO'A'H>'H. Ho ',\110')1(-
Aa je l'lIMe 1I3a3BaAa jOlll Bel.y nOTp<DI(H"y li BlIlilY l(lIjeHY Ha cBjeT-
CKOM TP)KllillTY, rAje ce TaKBa AparOl(jeHa YHnKa HCTIIl(aAa Kao
AYKCY3Ha nOTpe6a nOBAalllTeHIIX MonHIIKa.
MeOYTIIM, no OBOM l(lIjeAoM HarneM TeOpeTeKOM pa3AaraH>Y He
MO)KeMO AOKa3aTII nocTojaH>e Point de Raguse y cTBapHocrn. IlOT-
pe6Ha je H MaTeplIjaAHa AOK'YMeHTal(Rj-a. Y rOAeMOM norAaBtoy XIl-
cTopHjcKe YHnKe Koje je rrOXpaH>eHO y cBjeTcKIIM 36lIpKaMa Tpe6a
nOTtpa)J(,IITII MaTepHjaAHY rroTBpAY 0 rrocTojaH>Y YlInKe-KOnpeHHl(e.
IloKymaT neM' Y'Ka3aTil-I Aa AOHCTa rrocrojlI crHTI-IIKJHa Y'U[1'K'a Koja Y'
cBeMY, y CTHAy II TeXHHl\H, oAroBapa npeMlIcaMa 0 Ay6posaYKoj
YlllI-KonpeHHl(II. AOHcTa, npHMjepl(,H KOjlI TIIM npeMlIoaMa OAro-
Bapajy . HaAa3e ce y HeKHM nplIBaTHIIM 36lIpKaMa. l..J:HnKY Koja no
CBHM CBojcTBHMa, rro CTIIAY II TeXHIIl(II, no OC06lITOCTlI y CBeMY OA-
rOBapa npernOCTaBtoeHoj '-mnKII-KOnpeHHl(1I nocje.iyje y HeKOAIIKO
npHMjepaKa rocnOAHH Mario Levi Morenos y BeHel(HjlI.
55
BAacHIIK
jeAiHe OA Il10(JHaT,IIX MAeTallKJHX 'lHHKapOl<'HX pa'A'I-IOO1Hl(a, OH nOlCj-
Ayje 60raTY 36lIPKY YHTIaKa; HeKe cy 1I3BaHpeAHlI nplIMjepl(H Haj-
<pl-I!Hl-Ije YHTIKe-TIIAa. Ao caAa cy cTpyqH>al(1I OBe YIffiKe More-
nosa OApdJHIBaA.H KW '-l'HJl1KY Ha 6aTiHne y jeAHmYl jOlll HeAe<PHHlIpa-
HOM caCTaB'Y OBe BpCTe. MeDYTIIM, H3B8.H cBaKe. CYMH>e je Aa cy OBe
YIDIKe 1I3paoeHe y TeXHHl\1I Ha IIrAY, II 1'0 yrrpaBo OHIIM jeAHocTaB-
HHM 60AOM KojH OMO onlIcaAH, rAje ce npaBIIAJ-Ie H>e)1(He OYlIl\e HH)KY
y 60AY 06aMeTa. lhe>KaH <pAopaAHII opHaMeHT cBjeAOY,lf 0 6apoK-
HOj cTHAII3al(lIjH. Ao caAa HIICMO rOBoplIAH 0 TOMe Aa je Ay6pOBaY-
5G TI pHroAO.\1 CTYAuja lllTnKC y BeHcUHjl1 1959. IlMaAa caM rrpHAHl(Y
Aa yn03HaM OBe lBHlKe y 36upl\H MapTlja i\eBH MopeHoca; TaAa jow HHca..\ 1
AOBeAa y Be3Y OBe lJI-U1Ke C Point de Raguse; TeK Ha OCHOBH AaloHX HCTpa)KH-
Bal-ha epOAKAopHe' lJum<e H apXHBCKe rpal3c ,L\eTepMIIHl1paM 1.JHfIKe i\eBH Mope-
Hoca Kao aYTeHTHlJaH Point de Raguse,
306
MapHjaHa rywHfi
Ka 6IIAa AeCIIHHpaMa C opHaMeHTOM Ha CBOjOj n03aAH-
Jill. MeI5YTHM, nOHOBHT neMO Aa KOnpeHHIJ;a no OApeA6II ID 1624.
MO:>Ke 6Hl1H OBHAeHa, aAH je Y3 1'0 HarAameHO senza altri lavori
sopra ,56 AaJKAe oe3 HeKor AOAal'Ka IHa OBO'jOj TeK:CT'YpH. AKO ce H-
lIITO 3a6paI-hyje, 3HaqH Aa je y :>KHBOTY rrocTojaAo; a Taj HeKJ1 la-
voro, AOAaTaK Ha Konpemuw, Morao je 6HTII caMO qHrrKaHII dessin
RcaKO 1'0 HMajy qJffiKe Levi Morenosa.
y Ay6pOBHMKY II AaAMaUlIjH HeMa TaKBIIX qHIIaKa. Y Ay6pOB-
HHK:Y je q,HIIKapCKa rrpoH3BOAI-ha, Kao H MHOro Apyror TeKCTHAHOr
A06pa, 6e3 cyMlhe nporraAa y KaTacTpoepaAHoM nOTpecy 1667. KOAy-
AiplIue'Y 6pOjHlHM :>KeRCKHIM CalMOCTaJHJHIMa cy I1OfOOlBO H3rHHyAe; Ma'AII
6poj HX ce cnacao H npemao y AHKOHY. A 0 TpenOpeTKHl-baMa HHllITa
.
ce He 3Ha - Ta OHe c:y H 3a :IroHTBOTa OHAe HeBIIAlbH1Be y JaBH'OCTH.
lhije BIDI.Ie 6HAO HII MaTepHjaAa 3a eplIHe :>KeHCKe paAOBe, a TaKol5ep
ce H HHTepeCOBaI-he 3a TaKBY AjeAaTHoCT l13ry6HAO y 6op611 3a eAe-
MeHTapHO crramaB,Ube :>KHBOTa. II caMOCTaH MaAe Epane 6HO je OIil-
TeneH, na ce Tpe6aAO cnam8BaTH 113 pymeBHHa. BeAHKe 6pure HaA-
BHAe oy ce HaA PenyAHlKoM CB. BAaxa, y je,AiHoj npe<plIH>eH''j Aje-
AaTHOCTH Huje BHme 6MAO orrcTaHKa, y CBeMY TOMe.
y IIp01.UAOM cTolbeny, je y Ay6pOBHHIKY H qHTaBoj AaAMaUHjH
AOIllAO AO BeAHKe pacnpoAaje 6allITHTheHHX A06apa.
51
HarAo je rro-
pacAo HHTepeCOBaI-he eBporrcKe jaBHocTH 3a cTapHHY H epOAKAOpHO
6Aaro, rra je OCmmaI-heM MY3eja H jaBHHx fi rrpH.IilaTHUX 3upaKa Ma-
COBHO caRcy:nlb'aIH' CBe 1llTO jeoHAo BplIjeAIHO. AaAMaUHjolM cy KPY-
:>Kll..i\M KOjH cy Kao rrOCpeAHHl.{H xpnlIMlIue HaoaBlbaAII CTa-
pHlHe 3a C1'paHe 'KOAeKUHOHape. &HA' 'IIX je MHOrD, aNH jeA!H'or 1'110-
:>KeMO nparnrn y CTOny y TOM rrOCAY; 3HaMO MY lIMe II rropHjeKAO.
To je Ernesto Jesurum pOAOM H3 CnAIITa
58
rAje ce epaMHAlIja Je-
surum HaAa3H Ben Y XVIII cTolbeny, II 1'0 Y rrOCAOBaI-hY C TeKCTIIA-
HOM p060M.
59
Ernesto Jesurum je rro npe3HMEJHY y CpOACl1BY C Jesu-
rumima 'Y PIHMY II BeHeIJ;Hj II , 'KaKO cy Ben epaM'lIAlIjapHe 'Be3eMeny
JeapejlHIMa 'Y :MeAiHTepa'HJOKIHIM 3eMlba
l
Ma. Y Apyroj rn'NOiB'II-
H'H npOllJAOr cTolbena, Ernesto Jesurum je rrYToBao no AaAMaU;lIjlI II
Ol1Kiyrrlb'JIiBaO cTape oH HOBe qH'I1Ke no UpiIa,lI 'JI CaJMOCl'aHIHMa. To ce
y ilICTO BpHjeMe KaA ce 1.IIHrFKapiCTHO Y 'JI3HOB>a rro-
AH3aAO. HaJHMe, MAeTa'IKO QlInK3ipCTBO je y XVIII CTolbeny HarAO
Y3MaIKiH}'AO npeA iKOHiKypeHIJ;Il1jM, a:\II ce y APYI10j no-
AOBHHH XIX cTolbena rrOHOBHO Y3AHrAo. Y TOMe cy rAaBHY aKUlIjy
BOAHAa 6pana Aldo II Michelangelo Jesurum.
GO
OHII 06HaBlbajy npo-
!i6 BIlA. HanO,vIeliY 43.
!i1 N. Bruck Aufflenberg, H.aB. je/lo, 10, 27, H Ha BMwe MljecTa.
liB F. N. Jackson, A Htory of Handmade Lace, London 1900, y rrpeA-
rOBOpy 3aXHaibyje Ernestu Jesurumu 3a I-iH<PoPMallHje 0 cTapoj 11 HOBOj
<IilllKH 113 aAMalll1je.
50 r. HOBaK, )KUOBU y CnJlUTY, CITAHT 1930, 47, 49.
co N. Bruck Auffenberg, H.aB. je/lO, 34, Ae3l1H<popMHPa 0 aKTMBHOCTmla
nojeAllHalla c rrpe3HMeHOM Jesurum Te Je\Surume y BeHeU;Hjn,
6pal.y Alda H MicheIangela c Ernestom Jesununom, TproBlleM 113 CITAHTa.
307
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBallKa llHIIKa
H3BOAlbY tUIITKe 'Ha OC'H'Bli TpaAliJ..UIjoroliX Y3'OpaJKa, KopHCTen1H y TOM
BjeIlll'HHY Koje cy ce y Ay6oKoj MAeTatl'J<:oj IlJOiKpajwHlll JOUI
cjenaAe AaBHllX tUmKapCKllX BpeMeHa. Y HenyaHx AeceT rOAHlia,
Michelangelo Jesurum npecrmKe Hajjaq,y 6eArujoKY npOH3BOA-
I-LY eBporrCKe l.Il:lUKe Apyror 6apOlJ<.a.'H Y3110 oBoje neAiHiKO AjeA li 'He-
npOAa3HY 3aCAVry 3a peBHTaAli3aJ..UIjy MAeTa'IKOr 'IffiN(apCTBa, 6pa-
na Jesurum ca6HPY aH1il:lKHY 'IHnKY y CBOjy 60raTY 36liproy. A KaKO
je Ernesto Jesurum Ha6aBLbaO 'IHrrKe no 3a pa3He MY
3eje, H'n.p. li 3a KeHCltHITOHOK!H M'Y3ej Y AOHlA:ly,62 1"0 je 'BeOiM'a IBje-
pojaTHo Aa je 'IHIlKe Ha6aBLbao li 3a cBoje HMelbaKe y PliMY li BeHe-
THM rrYTeM je Kp03 pyKe MHOrHX rrocpeAHHKa OAHAa3HAO Haille
KYATypHO 6Aaro Y Tyne 36MpKe rAje je AaHac rrOA CHrHaTypOM MAe-
TalJ)Ke 'IUIliKe AliIlleI-iO OBor nopujeKAa. HOTOMa'KMAeTa1.JlfX J esuru-
ma, rOCnOAHH Mario Levi Morenos rrocjeAyje 'IHrrKe H3 36HpKe
Michelangela Jesuruma,a y moj oy YlIlipaBO H OHll rrpwMjepUH YKO-
jllMa rrperro3HajeMo aYTeHTli'IHH Point de Raguse. l.J,IIDKe Levi Mo
renosa Koje cY AO caAa 6HAe HeOApeneHO XUCTOpujCKO Ao6po, YTBP-
nHB<UheM aYTeHTli'IHOr Poirrt de Raguse Ao6HBajy nyHY
ca CTliACKHM, BpeMeHcKHM H lIIUpHM xrnCTOpUjCKHM caAp)KajeM Kao
Ao6po li3 y6poBHuKa Y A06a
LtBaTa Perry6AHKe Y XVII cToLbeny AO rroTpeca. rro CBeMY, AaKAe, ca
'IHIlKaMa LevJ Morenosa pjeIllaBa ce 3arOHeTKa Ay6poBa'IKe 'tJ:HIlKe,
Point de Raguse, A' caAa Herro3HaTorK'YArypHor lo6pa '11'3 Harne
rrpOlIIAOCTH.
Marijana Gusi
POINT DE RAGUSE - A DUBROVNIK LACE
Summary
According to French seventeenth century reports most pre-
cious on the relev,ant Western market was the lace point de Raguse,
under the denomination of its origin, which remained until today
an unknown. The author resolves that historical unknown on the
ground of data found in Dubrovnik Archives, and of substantive
remnants from the wide chapter of lace-making. The manufacture
of laces in Dubrovnik is mentioned in competent literature only
occasionally and in relation to the denomination of point de Raguse.
At the time of flourishing of Renaissance lace in Greek archipe-
Gt M. Jesurum, Ce/mi slorici e stalislici sull'induslria dei merletli,
Venezia 1973; HCTH, Sull'industria dei merletli a Peleslrina, Venezia 1978,
nOBOAOM H3AO)f(6e MAeTay.Ke 'IIWKe y TIapH3Y HCTe rOAHHe.
62 F. N. Jackson, Hae. je/lO, ITOTBp15yje Aa je Ernesto Jesurum HaOaBHO
LlliIlKe H3 AaA.\IaI:(Hje 3a Kensington Museum y AOHAOHY.
308
MapHjaHa fYllllin
l,agos, then in southern Haly, and in Boka Kotorska, there exists
in Dubrovnik tao sever,al objects whi0h are the .ones in situ as re-
gards their origin on that terr1tary. This is, for instance, the altar
cover from the smaIl church of OUI' Lady of Sunje on the island
of Lopud. A quadrangle out of silk damast bears a wide filet-laci.s
which is edged with clappers lace, which is in tJwo different co-
loUiI's - i.e. raw flax and indigo blueness, namely still in the po-
lychromatics of the early Mediterranean Lace. Three lace streaks
too originate in the sixteenth century, from the patrician house of
Sorgho-Sorkocevi, and they are preserved in the descendant family
of Miosevi. In the provincial weft of Teticella, that lace is made of
tick flax thread as was determined in Dubrovnik for w.omen, namely
they had to make their fancy-works by using Dubrovnik thread
(namely, "de fila raguseo"). Mo'dest laces in Jewis.h thora's witnes.s
ta the fact that the technique of clappers lace found its early and
wide application in Dubrovnik.
Pri10r to the appearance of the Renaissance lace, decorated tex-
tile did exist in Dalmatia, just as in the Lev'lJnt. Thus, findings are
unique the old-Croatian gr08.ves made of golden thread ,in the
fi1let and macram techniques. Later 011, the most beautiful rele-
vant example is the perizoon on the relie of st. Sjmun in Zadar.
Although dating back to the end of the fifteenth century, that ob-
ject j1s enfiirely preserved. Hs adornment i5 a field of stars made .in
a circle macram. The Zadar perizom fits a.nto data from the inven-
tory of the ISforza family IIl MiJano, komtihe year 01 '1493. T\hat
rtich textile treasury contains MOO the "tmnete facte de stelle", in
other words, fancy-works Wtith star-like motives made obvd.ously in
ciroular pattern. That same contains also a reticeIla, alt-
hOUigh i,n an alm'OISt ,invi'S'ilble ,gmphics, while ilt is rto be found already
in the first years of the sixteenth century ,in its regular form in
southem Italy and in Dubrovnik too.
At the break of the epoch, lace becomes a permanent deco-
ration of white linen, but rather soon it reaches 'independence, but
as an addition to the costume of aIl sooi,al classes. The techniques
predominantly applied are the lace-on-the needle, as weIl as the
clappers. However, the macram technique ois still predominant in
the ,sixteeruth :century, the relevant evidence -being the gre.at altar
cover in the white textile collection in Dobrota, in Boka Kotorska,
We know from the inventory lists and from house inventories,
from the Regulations on Luxury that in Dubrovnik the costume had
an acessory in the form of reticella, namely collaI' which was ter-
med "cihorica", <Ybviausly according to the Ibalian word lattughe.
However, neither even the b'S't reticella nor 'sorne other high quality
could compete to the exqui&ite Venetian l08.ce-makIing, so
the point de Raguse had necessamly to be different from the Western.
laces.
309
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa4Ka '1HI1Ka
Women of Dubro'vnik moSit frequently used the on-Lhe-needle
technique, sa that the same technique most probably was applied
also in case of the point de Raguse, and in the which was
considerably different from the Western laces. Dubrovnik records
do not mention the lace industry. The lace-making centers on
Greek islands, in the southern Italy, and even in Boka Kotorska
were included by Venice in its system of decentralized manufacture,
butin Dubrovnik there were no commercial lace-making industry.
The lace is made in families and most frequently in monasteries,
but everything done is kept for one's own use, while i<t does not go
ta the market. However, a high quality lace requires permanent
employment. Evidently, the point de Raguse in a mooest produc-
tion scope was manufactured by women wO!rkers not registered in
written records, but that production was cleverly organized and
placed on world market. There existed in Dubrovnik a certain num-
ber of such able anonymous lace weawers. That number of women
is of the layman Third arder in our areas as were in Italy those
called picokare. That term seems ta follow the ward pizzi - meaning
lace, which suggests that lace came ta Dubrovnik at the time it
did in southern Italy, where - as we found - there was the ea.rliest
mention of 1'eticella undr that genuine denomination. The picokare
women manufactured the lace in the texture of gentle tulle, since
only such lace could compete ta the exquisite Venetian products.
Under the protection of Franciscans, modest picokare manufactured
the most expensive lace which does not require eithe,r the know-
ledge of complicated terminology or of diff,eult lace-making appli-
cations, although sewed tulle is but a job requiring utmost patience.
Rere one finds the difference between the Western sewed lace with
ar1Jistic applkations and the simple but utmostly refined texture
of tulle. Dubrovnik written records contain the term coprenizza,
namely koprenica (small veil) which is a product of hand-made
tulle. Only a lace made out of finest tulle could cornpete against
Venetian style and technique.
All this would be just guess-work if we were not supplied
with substantive evidence tao regarding the existence of lace of the
style and texture of the koprenica-tulle. Rowever, there exists in
Venice, in the inheritance of brother,s J esurum, really such a lace
which by an of its properties corresponds ta koprenica, but also
ta French informations. The owner of these laces, a descendant of
the Venetian family of Jesurum, mister Mario Levi Morenos, has
several examples of these very laces which were not yet examined
by experts as 1:0 their technique and style. That lace is made by
'lpplying the on-the-needle technique and in the 'Procedure of the
most gentle tulle-koprenica, wi th a light lace dessin. Alitogel1lher,
according to all these elements we do recognize in those examples
the authentic point de Raguse - that cultural rem-
nants of the past of Dubrovnik Republic.
Maplija BAJAi\OBHFi - XAIJH-IIEWHFi
HAi\A311 TYPCKE KEPAMIiKE 113 113HllKA Y CP.511Jll
DpOH3BOAH TypCKHX Y'Mel1HiH'-IKHX 3aIHaTa C'J:1H3aAH cv V Gp6lljy
Il rrpe TypCKOf oCBajalha .5aAIK3JHa, H TO K'ao rrpeAMem pa3rpaJHaTC
TprOBIIHe C AeBaHTOM, K3JO rrOKAOBlH KO'}HM'a CV TypOKH CYATaiH'H II
ApynI MYUSJJ:I13JHOI<JI BeAlHIKOAocrojlHiHLU1 AapHBaAH XpHWn3JHOKe Be-
NH'KaWe, a AOHOOHAe cy HX H 33JHaTAHje ca CBO}HX rrYTOBalha rro .5AI1-
OROM HCTOT<:Y. BenH rrpHAlHB OBHX rrpe,AiMeTa OA TIO'lel1Ka XV BeKa
orAeAao ce y CBe '-Iemnoj rroj3JEiH I1CAaL\10KHX eAe.\leHaTa YJKpama-
D<1.lha y CTBapaH>mla AOManHX Majc110pa.
1
_
Ha 00IIOBV TmCaHI1X H3Bopa, ;\JocaA cV paCBeTi'oeHe MH<OfC CTpa-
Be rprOBaLJKHX OAHoca H3Meny .5aAKaHa H AeBaHTa npeKO o6jan-
.'aeHe rpabe, cT'YAlI1ja H CWHTe3a. JeAaH OA HajCl'ap'I1jHx IlI1CaJHHX
IJ3BOpa H3 Iw'ra ce ca3Haje y I<;OM1lKOj cY Mepll 6HNH QelhelHH OBH
npeAMeTH V HajBH'WH'M cprrCKJIM <peYAaNHffi\l[ l<JpVroffiilMa jecTe AeAo
Eberharda Windecka C nO'leTKa XV BeKa. CaBpeMeHllK AecrroTa
CTe<paHa Aa3apeBHna, Windeck y CBOjHM 3anHCHMa 6eAe)KH rrocery
cprroKof AeCTJ\OTa yr''PoKOIM KpaA:>V, H.lBoAenH rrpH TOM 6pojHe li Apa-
rOQe'He rrOKAOBC (HOOHAO HX je 26 NYAH) Kojl:l1!Ma je AeorrOT Aapl1-
Bao Kpa/na ClIrHcMYH/a. OHO lliTO je 3Ha'lajlHo 11 360r 'lera cc
O'Baj nOTIH'C rrOMHJ:-be :Ha OBO"1 MeCl'V jecTe 110 Aa je Ben'lIlHa npeAMeTa
I1Aa T'ypoKor rropeKAa, lliTO je }'IBeR lHarAaUIaB3JHo.
2
Meny 6POjlHI1M rrpe,Ai"1el'I1!"1a TypcKor ITOpeK/\a, KOjH cY CTH3aAH
Cp6Hjy Ha pa3AH'mTe Ha'lI1!He, HaAa3HAa ce 11 YKpaCHa KepaMIJ1Ka
y TeXHioAorHjH <pajaHca, HaCTaAa y 'lYBeJ:-JII1!M aHaAOACKiH'M pa/wo-
1 E. PaAojKomi, TYPCKO-llepcujclCu YTULj.aj Ha cpHCKe y.JIolenlll'tKe 3a-
H(I7'e XVI LI XVII (JelW, 360PIlHK 3a AMKOBHe YMeTHocTH, 1, 1965, 117-140.
>. Jalil\, HClZaA'ICI(U e,leJHerrru y C[J11CI(Oj KI-bU3U, My3ej npHMellieHe YMeTHO-
eTH, 36opr-II1K, 5, 1959, 27-45. V. Han, Les courants des styles dans les rn-
/ iers d'art des artisans chrtiells au XVle et durant les premires dcennies
du XVIIe sicle dans les regions centrales des Balkans" Balcanica, J, Eeo-
J pa,,,- 1970, 239-271.
W. Altman, ElJerharl Willdeckes DenkllJiirdigkeilell ZlIr GescJchte
des Zeita/lers Kaiser 5igrnltl1ds, Berlin 1893, 177, 183,
312
Maplfja EajaAoBlfh - XaI)H-Ilewl1ll
HiHL\aMa y il3HlI'KY, KYTaX1HjH H Ao caAa je HaAa3HMa OBHX
rrpO!H3BOA:a Ha HallieM TAY rrOKAaI-b3lHO cpa3MepHO MaAO rra)KlhC.
fIpH o6jaBibHBalhY 31pXHBOKe l'pane, KepaMWI'Ke rrOCYAe opHjeHl'ak
Hor rropeKAa cY pa3Mal'paHe y OKBap'Y OUlllTer rrperAeAa npeA;J\1eTa
MaTeplIjaA'HE' KYAType.
3
ilCf1IIIl-IlH 3a B.'\:>Y, nOAaL\H 1I3 apXHBOKe rpa-
ne I-IH'oY HH A03BOi\>aBaMl HeKe 011111HpHHje KOMeHTape 0 U3rAeAv,
CTHAY 'IKpama'Balha U ApynHlM OBHX rrpe,A!MeTa rrpHMt'-
IbeHe YMeTHOC11H. fIOCAeAlliHX rOAI1Ha, MenYTHM, apxeOAOlliKa HCTpa-
)KHBalha rrojeAHIHHX AOKaA'HTeTa y Gp6rrju rrpY)KHAa cY HOBY, HE'-
yeKHBaHO Aeny H AocaA iHerr03HaTY CAHIKY 0 BpCT3IMa IH KBaAHTeTV
YBe3eHe po6e O'Be BpCTe, K3IKO Y rpaACKHM Ope,M-IlHaJMa TaKo H Ha
UPKOOI-IlfM rrOCeAlI'Ma. y rrpI1KynibeHoM aJpxeOAOillJWM 'MnepH!jaAV
HaAa3e ce H3Y3eTHO AerrH rrpOH3BOAH TypOKHX MaAoa3ujcKiHX rpH-
'-Ja:pOKlIX p3lAHO'I-DHL\a KOju cy OA XVI BeKa rra Ha,L\3Iibe npHcTH3aAH
y Benoj '\1epH, rrpeKo U'aJpHrpaAa, Ha TepHTopIfjy IHe caMO Cp6Hje
Bel'O Ha L\eAO EaA:KaJHOKO nOAYOCTPBO H y cyceAHe KpajeBe. fIo-
ce6HiO IMeOTO rro Ha3H Y1MeTHHY:KJOr H3pa3a H K'BaAllueTHoj H3paArr
3aY3HMajy rrpOH3BOA!H jeJAIHor OA Ha}BenHX ,Kepa'MIlYiKHX L\eHTapa
AH3AoAHje - il3HiHKa. OBaj paA ce yopeACpe,L\lHO IHa H3HHYIOI
MaTepHjaA, Hajrrpe JlIpeKO apXIIIBCKHX A'()!KYMeHara, a 3al1I1M IKp03 ap-
XeOA'OillKe H<lAnJe.
HajBenH Aeo I10AaTaKa 0 Y'B03Y KepaMHLIK;or MaTepHjaAa H3 Typ-
CKe IHa EaAK'aJH y XVI H XVII 'BeI<cY caY'Y13aH je Y
6pOBaYKOr apxHBa, Y cepHjaMa Diversa cancellariae, Diversa nota-
riae H Testamenta notariae. fIoAaL\H ce jaBibajy Y rromICHMa HH-
BeHTapa Ay6pOBaYKHX AOMOBa H TproBHHa OHor BpeMeHa Kao pe3YA-
TaT ll1HpaKO pa'3B'HjeHe rprOBHHe AyopOByaHa TIJlI1H'-IHM opHjeHTaA-
HOM P060MH3 MaAoa3HjoKIHX H ApvrHX rpaAORa AeBaHTa. Y AOKYME'J[-
THMa KOj'H ce OA;Hoce 'Ha IKep3lMIIIKY CTpalHor rropeKAa, UMe L(apfl-
rpaAa ce yeCTO jaBto<l K<lO ca6apHlOr 'cpeAHllITa OBe po6e ca rrpa-
CTpaHeTana TypoKDr UapcTBa.
4
y rrpHAOJK6Hoj Ta6eAH np!H'I\3a'H!H cV
apXI1BOKH rrOAaUH 0 L\apHrpaAcKoj y Ay6pOBHHIJ(Y, 6eJ
npeTeH3uja Ad je TIOmIC 'IIOTTIYH. MO/Ke 'Ce ca AOCTa HfY'pHOCTH npeT-
](OCTaJBHTH Aa je Meny O'B.IIM rIOOYAaMa 6HAO H rrpOH3BOAa 1I3HHY"KHX
Maj110pa. il3 rrp.IIKa3aJHHX apXHBOKHX rrOAaT3IKa MO/Ize ce H313yliH
lTeKOAH'KO YlflheHHL\a: BpeMe KaA cy rrOCY'Ae CTHrAe Hi\JH OOAe rromI-
caHe y Ay6pOBHlfIKY, lliHXOBO rropeKAO, 6poj, lhIHXOBH 06AHl\H. IIlro
ce TIlye rrOAaTaJKa 0 BpeMeHY, OI-IH ce He Mory Y3HC\1allH KaJO AOKa3
o yYeCTa'HOCl1H YB03a no nOIlJTO je y BenHIHH cAyYajeBa
pey 0 J11peA:Mel1IIMa KOjiII cy IHajBepOBa1'l-JoHje KopHUIneHH y iKylH MIIU-
3 Ha Kepa,\lHLJKe oplijclI'laAl-lor nOpeKL\a, np[]a jc 6paTH,\a
na)IUbY V. Han, Orijenlailli prcdnzeli LI renesan5110171 Dubruvl1ikLl, rIpl!-
L\0311 3a 0pl1jeHTaAHY cj;HAoAorHjy Il HCTOPlfjy jvrocAOBeHcKHx Hapo/\a flO,\
lypCKOM sv. VI-VII. 1956-57, 115-137.
1 B. XaH, HCW. dC/lo, 123, Han. 75-82.
313
HaAa3H rYPCKe KepaMHKe H3 H3HHKa y CPOHjH
1'0 l'O,&;lfHa ITpe nOI1'H'Ca. IbY3eJ1a'K npe,A:CJ1a'Biba AparOJ4eHO ITH'CMO yny-
neHo 19. AeJ4eM6pa 1603. l'OAHiHe H3 Uap:HrpaAa y Ay6po'BHHK. y I-bC-
MY 6ep6epllH Giovanni de Josepho jaBiba CBOM npajaTeibY K,pojayy
Piero de Marino Aa ce y 6POAY BAaCHHKa Giovannia Colende KOjH
liAOBH H3 IJ,apHrpaAa \! AYOPOBHHK HaAa3H Kopna C MajoAHKoM, YKyn-
HiO 88 KOMl!Aa TalbH'Pa pa3He 'BeAiH'YHHe, 3AeAa, 3AeAHJ4a, 60KaAa (n.
Ta:6eAY). OBO je yjeA'Ho H HajnomYHlUjH AOKy
r
\1eHT He caMO 0 BpeMe-
ay YB03a 'Hero H 0 BpCTaMa H 6p()ljv nOCYAa K'oje cV Y 'Kapry
1603. HAe rrpeHeTe Y Ay6po'BH'MK.
5
\j\Be3eHH [13
UapHI'paAa 0'1 ce CBa'Ka'KO C'BOjOM <PaiKTYPOM 'H HarylHHOM YKpallll-
na'lba pa3AHlKOBaAIH Oi. OCTaJ\JHX nooYAa y AOManlH'HCTBY HAI1
AynaJHY, jep je KO,&. pa3HiHX 06AHKa TTOCYA:a (J1a'I-bHlpa, 60KaAa, 3AeAa
H 3AeAHJ4a) yeCJ10 HaBHayeHO H lliHXOBO flopeKAo (I4l1pH'JlpaACKH, T'YP-
CKH, H3 TV'HH'Ca H CAIH'Y!HO), lllTO nOlKa3yje A:a 0'1 Ay6pOB<.Ja
I
HH pa3AH-
I,OBaAIH 06i\'H'Ke H HaY'HlHeY;KpaillaJBa'I-ba Kepa'A1'W,N<lHX nocYAa nojeAH-
HiHX 3eMaiba.
Apym, Nli-IOrO nOTny;HJHj'H HsBOp nOAaTaKa 0 <pajaHCY H3 I13!HJWKa
IlaAa3H ce y apxeOAOWKOM MaTepJljaAY ca HeKHX HaAoa3HwTa Y Cp6H-
jH. I1a'KO <ppllf'lI1eHTa'PHO 0'YYR8
I
He, 0J1KpHBeHe nOOYAe, ce Tl'pen03Hajv
no oc06eHoj AeKopauwjiH, H3IBeAeHoj BeIUTIF.\1 pYKaMa HlfeHTH'BiHHX
y pa3H1H':l1 CJ1HA:'Bill\oIa K'Olj'li cV ce C1\ref-bHSaA[l
TOKOM BpeMeHa. OCTaJ4HOBHX n:OOYAa W3A:Bajajy ce no I<:BaAHTeT'y ri
oc06eHOCTH YKpalllalBaJ-La OA OCTaAor 'KepaJM'HYKOr MaTepH'jaAa 'CTpa
Hor ITOpeKAa. Ta H 06jaWH:.aJBa 03!HaKY "J4apH'I'paAoKY!"
Kioja ce y apXHBC'KH'M nOA:aJ4HMa H3 AYpoiBHlFKa ja'B/t>a '13 nojeAlJtH
nocYAe Aa 6H 'MX 0ABojHAa Oi. GCTaAHX Y'B03HHX
IIpe iHero WTO ce npHKa)K'! HaAa3H 1H3HlH'-l.Ke Kepa-M:HKe y Cp-
6H'j:H, eBO HeKOMIiKO pe'-l.H 0 OBaM IHaJjrro3HaTH'jeM K0paJMH'-l.KOM J4eH-
TPV AiHaAoA'Hje, <.JlHjHce np.OH3BOAiH 'Ka' H3Y3eToHiH np'HMepQ:H rrpIl-
,VlelbeHe YMeTHOCTH y 06AaCTH 'KepaJMHiKe HaAa3e A3'HaC Y
MY3ejHMa H CBeTCKH l.W13eHHM KOAeKJ4HjaMa. Y onlllToj HCTOpHjH Kt>
TYPCKa je 6HAa jeAiHO 0.<-\ 3Ha'YajI-l'H'jHX ITOAiPyqja l-beHe npo-
H3BOAl-be. rpHYapH cy npalSHAH rAeoO'caJHeM'033nK-nAO-
YtHJ4e jOlll y XIII BeKY. MenYTH'M, lI'Me 'OBOT nOLIeAO cc
npOCA3Bibal1H TeK ca OCHlH'Bal-beM pa,p;HlOHH'l\a y I13HiHKY ITO'-leT.K''M XV
BeKa. PaHIH npOH3BOAH 'H3HHl.j,KHX 'MajCT'Opa HHCY H'MaNH BiHCOK 'KBa-
AHTeT CBe AO npeMeHa KaA je ,A:BOp Y I1cTaHYAY npeY3eo naTpOHaT
p-aA 1'lf1\1 paAHOHHJ43'Ma 'KpajeM XV 13eKa. I13HH'l.lKH MaojeTOpH cy 'CJ1Ba-
paNH c'Soj CTHA nOCTeneH'O, 'KOpilCTenJH I-1eKa YMena H3 BH3aHTHjoKor
HaCAena, 3aTeyeHOr y O'BOj CpeAHHH CTape HHiKeje, il AOAajynlH MY
YMel'HH4Ka AOCl'HI'Hyna CTapHX 'KYAJ1ypa I(.HHe, IIepoHje 'H 3e-
Maiba Dt\'l-fCKOr YfCTOKa. HajcTapil-fj-H npOH3BOAH 6HA!H cy YJKpameH:H y
AYXY CTHAH30B3HIHX 'KOM'I103HUl1ja, y nAaBo-6eA.oj raMIH, y KojYFMa cy
;; V TaOei\ll cV Kop"whemr oojaBioeHH H 'Heo6jaBiDeHHX rroAaTaKa
li'
Koje Mil je ycrynH.\a .L\P B. Xall, lia yeMY joj H OHOM np"JlHKO,\[ TonAO
3aXlJaiDvjeM.
314
MapHja EajaJ\OIHlh. - XaJ.IH-IlewHn
ce "xaTajH" MOTlI'BH npeY3eTH H3 K'HJHe'!<:or nopu'YAaHa MelllaAH ca
"PYMH" eAeMeHTHMa, KomrpaHHM H3 HCAaMCKiHX HAYMHHHcaHHX Py-
Iwnllca. KacHHje ce OI3aj CTHA MeH>a: rrpeA OllHMa rrOCMaTpaya nojaB-
:"yjy ce pa3HI'paHH 6YKeTH OMHiheHor UBena AHaAoAHje y HaTYpaAll-
CTRY:KOM MaHHpy H )1(IIBibeM KOAOpwry, ,Kao H reOMeTpHjoKe KOMno-
oneT HaAaXHYTe MHHlIjaTypaMa.
6
I1pOH3BOAH tPajalHca 'H3 H3H1lIlKa AOCTH'rAH cy BH'COIK CTerren Te
XCHOAOlllKor 3HaI-ba H YMeT-lHY:Ke 3peAocm TOKOM XVI II XVII BeKa II
nOCTaAH BeOMa ueI-beHa pOOa, Tpa)1(eHa 'He calM y aaj,BHuH11M TYP-
CKHM KpyrOBH'Ma Hero II iBa'H rpaHIIu;a Typc'Kor
KepaM'l11Ka 'H3 H3HiHlKa ooAa je rr03HaTa lll'HlpOM EBpone; no Y30'PY Ha
IbY npaBibe!Ha je HTaAl1'jaHoKa 'MajoA'lfiKa y naA'8H, BHeUHjH 'il !PH-
peHUH. Y E'HrAeCI<:oj ce nOM'Hlhe KpajeM XVI BeKa, a y XVII BeKY
TIen l1IHnHpHll1e eHrAecKe AOK'aNHe rplflIaJpe.7
Ha OOHOBy aiHaAH3a cBojeBpCHOC11H lH pa3All'Ka y Y'KpalllaBaI-bY,
y AHTepaTypH je 'CTBopeHa KAacHlj>ITKaunja nrnOBa AeKopaU'Hje 113-
HlliY'KHX nO'OYAa. H3,1;BojeHiH cy TH'IlOBH A6paxaMa 1H3 KYTaXH'je, 3AaT-
Hor pora, Aa'MaCKa H POAoca. Ta KAaoH<IHiIKaUH'ja je Kopu1UIheHa II
npH OBOM npHlKa3Y 'H3HiHllKH'X nOiOYAa oilKplIBeHHx y Cp6HjH, y OK-
mIpy H'ai\a3a y l'paAOKHJM H UpKBeHH'M cpeAHHaMa.
HajBenH H360p rrocYAa H3 H3H'HI<a y CPDHjH rrpY)1(HO je Eeo-
rpaAoKH rpaA TOKOM oHcreMa'J10KllX apxeoAoillKHX paAoBa y VIry-
TparnH>eM Y'J1BpneIDY Hi\:H 'J1ypOKOM HapHlHY y fOpH>eM 'YI y
aanaAiHoM f1JOArpany. HajcTa'P'H'jeM BpeJ'vwHY CT'Ba:paI-ba 'H3HHYXHX Maj-
CTopa npanaAa <pparMeHT nocYAe (AHJMeH3Hje 9,3XS,S cm), ,",C'KU-
lIaH Ha C'J1paHlH 6eOl'paJAOKor AOI-h'OrpaAOKor 'HaCeiba (CA. 1).8
VII<:parneJH je ryC'J10M KOMrT03HU\HjOM 'Y'KprnTeHiHx l'paiHa C UBeTOBH'Ma
pY)1(e II AiOTOca. )KuBa,XlHY 'Mpe)1(IY Ap'lllKIH MeCTH'MlllYlHO npeKJHJAajy
IleAHKH CTHAH30BaJI-lJH i\'H'CTOBH H MaAe i\IH'OKe CaBH'jeHe y BllAY '-l'BOpa.
Ho KOAOPHTY (6eA<H Ha IlAa'Boj n03aA:H1H'H) 'HM'aJI-mrpy CAH-
KaI-ba (OHJ11HH H'3Y'KplllTaH'H "PY'MH" IH "xaTad\H" MOilHIBH), oBa'j <ppal'-
MeI-lT rrpHlnaA;a rpynH rTOoYAa y T3B. A6paxaIMa H3 KYTaxHje
KOjH je Tpajao OA nocAeA;I-be ,L\eu;eHH'je XV AO Tpene AeueHllje XVI
Belza, KaA je 3<l'Me.l-heI-J HOBOM KOMIl03HLCIIOI-tOM H KONOp.J.I1CTH'Y'KOM CXC,
}.1JOM.
9
IlpeMa Ae6MH'HH 3H,L\OBa Il'OCYAe (6 mm) 11 I-bHXOBOM 3ao6ibeH>V
H3rAeAa Aa je peY: 0 OCTaT'/<Y MoaYMeHTaAIH''r penpe3eHTaTHBHor cYAa
6 A. Lane, Ottoman Poltery of IvLik, Ars Oricntalis, II, 157, 268-281;
The Arts of Islam, London, 1976,211-212, 265-270.
7 A.Lane, IWB. eJ1o, 278-281.
8 HCKOrraSatba 3a 3aUlHrry CrrOMeHYlKa KYI\Type rpa,J.3 Eeo-
IpaAa 1972, He06ja131beH MaTcpHja", HHI3CHTap MY3cja rpaAa EcorpaAa (y
l\a,bCM TCJ,CTY MfE), op. II, 1890. l'OfIAO 3aXBatoyjeM r. MapjaHoBllh-Byjo-
rml, PYKOBOAHOUY paAOBa y 3ana,J.HoM nOArpany, Ha YCTyntoeHOM MaTepH-
iaAY H3 3anaAHor nOAfP'ana.
9 eTH" je Ha3BaH 00 nOMeHY 01301' lJMeHa y HaTOHCY ,13 1510. rO,L\I1l1e
lIa jeAHO,\! 60KaAY, Tite Ails of Islam, 265,
HaAa3H TypCKe KepaMIiKe 113 lf3HHKa y Cp6HjH
315
y 3HAY nYlIla, CAWfHor OH0L\1e H3 MY3eja BHlKToplfje H At\6epTa y
AOHAom;.I rro CThfA'H30B3Ilha l\:BerOBa, C HarAallleHtIIM )KHAH-
naMa HallleM rrplIlMepIKY je iHajCAtlIl.JIHuj:HCTHA KOMrr03Ul\:iHje
Ha 3AeAH 113 MY3eja 'Kep3JMTlJKe y CeBpy.l1 Ben je pe'IeJfO Aa
je C1'HA A6paxaMa H3 Kymje r3lKO 'C06eH Aa Ce jaoH'o H3ABaja OA
CTaAHX, KacHlfjHx ClllIAOBa H3HlNK!HX Majcr:opa. Orp3lHJH'IeHO BpeMe
J-bCrOBOr TpajaJ-ba (1490-1525) YKa3yje Ha TO Aa je nyrr H3 6eo-
rpaACIQOr Am-ber rpaAa YBe3eH BepooamlO y rrocAeAlliHM roAHHaMa
yrapcKe ynp3lBe H3'A oeOI1paAOM, H:AiH HajlKaOHH'je y np&HlM rOA'HIHa.vr3
1'y:pcKe BAaAaBHHe. V CBaKOM cAY'-lajy, 6HAO Aa je pe'I 0 VrapHM<l
HAH TYPUHlMa, OBaKO peIlpe3eH1WI1HiBaH 'KOO,taiA HIHje 6uo Ha:MelheH
CKpOMIHlHM rpanaiI-IOK'HlM CpeAI-IHaMa.
V jeA;Hoj OA OTrraAHHX jaMa 113 T'YpOKor BpeMeHa, y VHyrpaurlhC,\1
Yl1BpnelhY roplhcr rpaAa HaneR je He3HaTHO OlllTeneH 60KaA BI-IClfHC
t2
16,5 ,cm, npe'IHHKa 01'BOpa 7,5 cm, npel.JlHI-IKa AHa 7,7 cm. Meny l'O'
MHAOM nOAOM,\,eH'I-IX TOCTI-IJa, 6dK'3'A je 3a6AI-ICTa'O AenOTM AeKopa-
l\:Hj e (CA. 2); no Cl1HAy YKpal.Il3lBaJ-ba flipeACT3IB,\,a H3Y3eTaH npI-IMepaK
OpH3IMeHT!HKe l1Hrra 3AaTIHor pora 113 llpBe llAOBiHHe HAB OpeAll-IHe
XVI BeKa.
13
];oKaA HMa Ayr H AocTa lllHpOK BpaT KOjlI llpeA33H y
3a06,\,eH, HHCKI nOCT3JB,\,eH 'Jlp6yx, a 33JBpm3JBa ce rrpCTeHacToM (;1'0-
nOM. H3BHjeHa ApillKa je Ha AOlheM AeA-y nA8CI'I-l"-rHO 3a:Ae6,\,aHa.
K:oMn03I-ILtuja YKpaca OA CJlllpaAlH'O ca'BHjeHlHx TaiHKHX rpaHa, C ny-
UBeTHnI-IMa H Y3aHHM AHOKaMa y TIAaBoj 'I-IT'l1'PKI-I3HOj 6oj-n
JTOHaB,\,a ce Ha BpaTY l-I Tp6yxy cyAa. V 3alHa TpaKa Ha AHY BpaTa ca
0PH3J'\-IeHTO""t pHO.ibC l-I 'Hlf30M llAYK:pyroBa oABaja rro XOPI-I30H-
TaAI-I YK-pace Bpara OA YKpaca Tp6yxa. Ha ,AiHY Tp6yxa je H3JCA!J-lJKaHa
rroce6Ha TpaKa 1-I3BI-IjeHHx AI-IHI-Ija, y06H'-IajeHa Ha 6oKaAI-IMa OBor
uma. Ha Bpary l-I Ha Tp6yxy cYAa, npeKo He)KHHX I-I pa3I-IrpaHHX cm1
paAHI-IX rpaH'Ulqa, KPYTIHHM apancKHM nHCMOM y l\:pHOj 60jH Hcml-
caHa je ABa mJTa lIeTa neCHI-I'IKa ,,03Ap-aB,\,eI-be cpl\:a je y ca-
cTaHKy ca Bo,\,eHHM."14 Oc06eH CTI-IA 3AaTHor pora 3a6eAe)KeH je AO
caAa Ha lI,rai\06pojHoi rpynl-I nOCYAa pa3AI-I'II-ITI-lX BpCTa. oOKaA H-1
10 A. Lane, Hue. eJlo, fig. 3.
Il HcTO, fig. 9.
HCKOl1aBaI-ha MY3cja rpaAa EeorpaAa 1972, Hco6janA>eH ,\t3TcpHjaA,
11H11. 6p. II 1585.
1:1 CHi,\ OpI-IaMeJ-ITHKC 3AaTIIor pOra I1pBo6l-fTHO je Be3HBaH 3a rpH'lapC
Ha nOAPY'ljy 3AaTHor pora 'If Uapl1rpaAY. npeMa nOAmKY li3
1547. li OHO,\! KOII. E, '4eAe6:-Tje 113 1631; KacHHjH HCTp3)J<HBa'!H cy 'iTBPAlIAl-f
Aa je TaKBa CTHAl13aU;Hja 6H/\a cBojCTBeHa H3HHKa, K. Otto-Dom,
Das IslamiscT1e lznik, Berlin 1941, 190-191. HajpaHl-fjH rrpHMepaK onor CTH-
Aa I1peACTaBi\,a 6ou;a 1I3 KOAeKl\l-fje rYAMaH, EHrAeCKa, Ha KOjOj je HaTI1HC
113 1529; \,Kpac ce cacTol1 OA rpaH'll-fu;a C L(BeTOBHMa. l1ynOi\,U;HMa H ;\lfCKa,\la
C\l['-JHo Kao Ha 60Ka;\y 113 YHYTpaWI-her yrBpneI-ha, A. Larre, Ha8. oeJlo, 270,
fig. 33, 34,
14 TeKCT npO'lIlTa/\a ,\P E. Eojat-IHn-AYKa'l, Ha '-IeMY joj Il onOM npIL\ll-
),OM neOMa 3aXBai\,y
316
MapHja EajaAoBHh - XaUH-I1eilll1n
------.
YHYTparmber yn"pneI'ba YHHH ce Aa je 3acaA jeAHHH rrpllMepaK rro-
CYAe YKpallleH y CTlIAY Ilirra 3AaTHor pora ca OBaKBOM rroeTCKOrvl.
rropYKOM, ABa rrYTa lfCI<:a3aHOM. THMe oTlaj 6KaA 060ranyje cmrcaK
;\laA06pojHHX rrocYAia OBe rpyrre y CBeTCKHM MY3ejHMa H npHBaTHHM
jWAeKUHjaMa.
1
.)
:&OKaA Y'KpaUIeH UHeTHHM cmrpaAiHO 3lJBIfjeHIHM rpaHYHualMa HH-
je ycaMtoeH npH'MepaK nocYAe ca OB11'M THirrOM AeI<:opaUHje HaneH y
Y'HYTpaIllI-beM YTBpneH:lY. I-beMY ce rrpH:.A:PY)Kyje Mal-ba, <ppaI'MeWIO-
Ba'Ha 3AeA,a (BlICHJHa 7,5 cm, rrpe'lHHK ropl-ber AeAa 9,2 Icm, -rrpe'lHHK
AHa 6,5 cm) y rrAaBo-6eAoM 'KOA'OpHl'Y, ca Hey06lfl,IajeHOtV1 OpH'aIMeH-
TH'KOM (CA. 3 H 3a).IG Y:H'YT,paUIl-ba Cl'pa!Ha 3AeAHIIe .ml'l'a Ha AHY U'BeT-
HY p03eTY OK'PY)KeHY ca .A:Ba K'OHueH1'pHY<Ha Kpyra, OIA KOj;HX ce Bep-
THlKaA'HO l'pa'Ha opHaMeHT y 'BiHA'y 'J1paJKe OA neT eMi[],COiH'AiH'HX o6pYQa
C 'MaAJ.LV1 p03eTaMa IHa KpajeBHlJ\'1a. Cpe,A;HlHOM TpaJKe Teye 'HIli3 crrH-
paAa 'Koje ce OMaI-byjy npeM,a HIBH1.{H nOO'lAe. OK'\jIll'HlHe 'OA rro TpH
Kpyra C TaYKOiM y cpeAH'Hlli TIOHaJBtoajy ce YeTlHpH n'lTa iH'3Men'l op-
Ha'MeHTaAHHX Tpa'Ka. OBoaKiBe CK'Ynl-l':I-re ce 'HaAa3e H Ha onot\>H'oj CTpa-
HH 3AeAIHue, norrOA IJ;BeT(}Ba Ha I<:pal1KH'M rreTeibI<.aMa, C AHCl1Hn;H'Ma I-l
OI!HpaA'M YMeCllOTyqKa. KpaTI upnrue y B'HlA'Y 3alJ1eTa, I<>oje Aony-
I-byjy UBeTOBe :H cKyrrH'He K'pyroaa, KapalKTepiHC'PHCI\He cy 3a rrperro-
3HaBal-be CAHKapeBe PY'Ke. TaJI<Ba oc06eHa 'OpHa'MeHTHKa HaAa3H ce
Ha cTapHjeM OTMaJHCKO'M cPajalHOY lf3 rr'PBe rrOA'O'BHHe XVI IBeKa. V
AHT0paTY'PH 'Koja MH je oHAa AocryrrHa 3ana3HAa caM peTKe llHaAO-
J'Hje OBHX MOTHBa C MOTJ-l1BHMa 'Ha <ppaI1MBHTl-f,"ta KepalMIHKe 'HKO-
nalHe 'Ha KpHMY (CCCP)17 H CO<pHj1li (Ey'rapCKa).lH KlJKO je y 06a
cAyy.aja 'pey. 0 C\fAOBH\.lvla KOjH no ViKpalJJaBaH>'\j IJ1punaAajy llli'ny
3AaTHor para, TO 611 ce MorAO npeTrIOCT<LBHTII je 11 3.L\eAHua H3
YHY'l'paUHber YTBpnelba rrpl1lITaAaAa jeA!Hoj OA J\lal-be fI03HaTliX 'BapH-
jaHaTa -aBOI' TJ-l1na YKpaWaBaI-ba.
rpYIrH nocYAa 113 apBe 1fl'0AOBI1;He XVI 'BeKa rrp<l-lnaAajy jOli :.L\l3a
npe.L\MeTa H3 YHYTpaUII-ber yTBpnel-ba. To je Ilia'jnpe MaA/H
(,; I1pHMepw'l MaA06pojHHx 1I0CYAa y OUOi\! Cl'l1AY HaAa3<:: ce If 1'01'OBO
CBlnl. paAOBHMa KOjH aHaAH3Hpaliy rrpOl-J3BOAe H3HHL[I.<HX 1\laiCTOpa; HaBOAHi\!
caMO HeKe aYTope: A. Lane, I-La8. e/w, 270-272, pl. la. fig. 35; K. Otto-
-Dorn, Ha8. e/w, Taf. 48; K. Erdman, Neue Arbeilel1. 'lUI' Trkischel1 Kera-
111ik, Ars Orientalis, V, 1963. Tar. 20; O. Aslanapa, Trkische Fliesel! mzci
Kera711ik in AnalOliCl1, Istanbul 1965, Abb. 69-73; M. CTaH4eBa, TypclCu
r!>ajaHc or Co(fnlfL, H3BeCTI-f1'l Ha apxeOAonl<leCI<I-I HHCTHTY1', XXIII, 1960; T.
XIII; J. MHAAep, Xyo:J/cec'C8ola /(epa.M.UlCa 1\eHHl-Irpa.A 1972, 31, 33.
16 I1cKonaBalba 1979. rOA1111e y opraHH3auHjH ApxeoAoull<.or HHcTH1'yra
(I1pojeK1' 3a 6eorpaAcKY TBphaflY, KapTOH C, 6p. 37) PYKoBOAI1Aal.( M. Eaja-
AOBI1I'i - XaUH I1eulHl'i.
17 J. MI1Aep, e/lo, 134; rroAVAapHocT ce orAeAa y p03eTaMa H
cKymfl-llf KPV?KHna.
18 M. C1'aH4el:la, e/70, 121-122, T. XIII; Ha nOAe}jJ-lHH 1I313al-lpCA-
lIe 3AeAe HaAa3H ce "(paC Hcmx l.(Be1'OBa H CKYOHHa Kpy)!<.HI'ia I<ao Ha npl!-
;l'lepKY H3 YlfVTpaLUI-bCr VTBpher'ba; aHat.onrie V pacnOHY XVT-
-XVII Bel<a, M. CTaH<leBa OCT\B,ba O1'BopeHO mlTal'be AaTOBaI-La nmODa
3AaTHor pora.
317
HaAa3H TYPCKe KepailmKe H3 IbHHKa y Cp6Hhl
(npe4HlfK 7,5 cm) A tPajaa-fCa Habel-l y llCTOj OmaAH'oj jaMH y KOjOj
je '01lKpHiBElI-l Ben npUKa3aHH OOKaA 3AaTIJ-lor po,ra (CA. 4) .19 HaK10 je
paneH y HcrO'M rrAaJBo-oeA'OM KOAipH'l'Y C AOlil.aTlK'JM rnpKJW3IHe
oBaj fTOKAOnaI4 ce pa3AHKyje OA OOKaAa no Ha4HHY CAHKaI-ba H rro
rrpuMefbeH'HM 'MOTHB'H,'vla. OKO MaAe A;ynvlaCTe ApWKe, y rrpeQH3IHOll'l II
<pHlH1()M I4pTe)l"Y 'HaCAHKaHe cV CTHAH30BaHe AaAe nOBHjeHe y H;CTOM
cMepy. Apym npeAMeT je <p-par\1eJHT 3AeAIHI4e HAlH Ta'fbH'pa (6,5 X 5 cm)
ca YKpac:\l rrojaca BpeiKe H 14Bel'On'a CAHKaHHX orreT y oeAo-nAa-
Boj OOjIH, Y3 He3HaTHo KopHwl1e}he TlipKH3He 6oje. Bpe)Ke ce nOHaB-
kaijy Ha 'ooe nOCYAe (CA. 5) .20 CT!IA npelfIJ\lJHmna rpaHa CAU-
CTHnHiMa,IKOAHIIW ce 1'0 MO:iKe 3l'KA:>Y4Hl1H no iOIBaJKO 'MaNO,\<{ <p-pa:n.'vleH-
l'y, nOAcena Ha KONlfI03HQuje Ha I1BHY'HH'M 60PAypaMa 3AeAa ca
rp03A''Bll'Ma BHiH'Be A03e 'H3 aJMepH4iKHx iK'OAElKI4Hja.
2J
y ,AOJf,OllXl'ACI<'OM HaCeA:>'Y EeO'I"paAa IHabe'H je jw jeA3lH oO'Ka,\.
H3 IH3HH'Tl<liX paAHOHHI4a, AeKOplfCa'H 'BeOiMa HIJ-l!l3ElHTHIBHO, ca ([-lcraH-
'JaJHJHM oce1.aJ:-beM 3a I<OAopHT, 4iHje cy AHiMElH3i.Hje: BHC'I1Ha 19,2 cm,
npe4HH>K oOO'Aa 8 cm, npe'-fHIHIK AHa 8,5 cm (CA, 6),22 E''KaA je 'Y[(pa-
IlleH HH30'M 'HaJH3,'vleHll'4HHX CflJHpaAa H nYJHUX IKpyroBa Ha :BPXY 'Epa-
Ta. CpeAH1HOM BpaTa YI l1poyxa paOfl'OpeneH'H cy oeAH 'MeAaibOHH cp-
I40A'llKOr 06AHII<a , HcnYfbElHH OYJKeT''M OH11I-rHX 'HBeOMa ynpoillne'HHX
Q'BeTO'Ba C neTeMI<3JMa. Y !H3Meny MeAaA:>OiHa
cv, y ABa rrojaca, rpyrre OA no l'pH cnojelHa oeAa IKpyra ca OKI4'HMa li
AYPYibaCTH 3eAEll-lH AliCTOoBlI TaAaca:Cl1HX H:B:HI4a, c Ha'fAaWeHOiM cpe-
A;UillHM )KHA'M. AHCTOBM cy nOCTaJBlbeHill KO'OO OiKO Me:A'a/hOlHa H
rpyna Kpyrona. Ha OOHOBlf nooYAe TlIMIHHje IlAalBe ooje, 'OBe oeAc
floBpillHHeMeAaA:>O'Ha H KpYl'OBa, ca IHarrAaCI4IH1Ma 3CAeHe 60je Alli-
CTOBa, AeAyjy BeOMa YCKAaneH iH npecPHfbelJ-lo. Ilo 06AIHiKV nocYAe JI
C'II'TMY CAarafba oeAHx nO/ba 'MeAaMolHa, Ha'weM OOll<aAY je CAH4M-I
OKaA 113 COcPHje, I<ojn je onpeA,elbeH y Tan AaMaC'I<.23 IlpaTenu onH-
CaJRe apHaMelne Ha AocaA nyDAUIKonaiHHlM U3HH41J(HM IlpOH3BOAHlMa
HB pa3'H'HX 1<0Ae'l<lIMja MO')J<ece AonH AJO He!KHX onllll1Hj'HX 3aK:bV'laiKa.
OBjKO CTHAH30naHH MeAaIdOHH, lJ(pyrOBH H A1HCTOBM jaJBlbajy ce y
APVro'j nOAOB'I1f11H XVI BeKa y pa3A:H4HT'HM '!<0M'6J11HaI4lijalMa. Kpy-
fOBM ca OKI4eM, KOjH 'l\o[.Q)KAa OHlMOOAIHWY naYH'O'BO OK'O, jaBloajy ce
10 HCKonanaJba MY3eja rpaAa BeorpaAa 1972. rOAHHe, P'iKoBoAHAau
AP M. BajaIlOBJj-Xa\JHn-DewHn, Heo6jaBA>eH MaTepHja!\, HHB. 6p. II 1585.
HCJWnaBafha 1979, rOAHHC y OpraI-lH3aUHjH APXCollolllKor HI-lCTHTY-
Ta, KilpTOT-T C, 6p, 23.
E, Grube, Masterpieces of Turkish Pottery in the Metropolitai/
Museum of Art and in the private Collection of MI' James 1. Rorilner in
New York, First International Congress of Turkish Art, Ankara 1961, 168,
fig. 160-162.
HCKonaBilIb3 1979. rOAHT-le y opraHH3aUHjH ApxeoAolliKor HrICTlfTY-
Ta, PYKOBONM31( ,\;p r, MapjaHoBHn-ByjonH1, KapTOH C, 6p. 170; r. Mapja-
HOBHn-ByjOBT-In, Hacelba y zpay 6eozpacr:.:e T6pna6e, Apxeo.\OlliKH
I1perAeA, 21, 1980, ]43, HanOJ-\lf A3 ce y HeKHM a Me!)y T-bllMa je H
jaMa p. 22 -Y Kojoi je Ha13eH 60Kall, l-IaAaJllO MaTepnjaA XVI BeKa,
23 M. CTaH<Jena, Ha6, oeJlO, 143, T. III.
318
MapHja SajaAOBHD. - XaJ,J:HI1eillllh
KaOH'BH\.{lHa 60PAypa IHa Ta'J-bH"pHIMa. Pa3AnlJHTO CY
MAIH oy pa!36al.l,aHlI-l no l.l,eAoj nOBpurnHlH nOCYAe y KOM6J:al.l,HjH ca
ARa AHcra.
25
i\ncr:OBH ca Ka'PalKTe<p'HCI1HItiHHlM TaNacac11Kt\1
jaBlt>ajy ce YBeK rrojeAH.lHa4HO, y K'PC1X)AIHlK''M rropeH<y26 HAH nOCTaB-
lt>el-LM paAMjaAHo.
27
fIp'H nOOMaTpaJ-bY ClliMX OB!HX KiOMaAa A06uja ce
ynrca'K Aa cy npOMaBeAeHiM 'Y H'CTOM rpH4apoKOM OpeAHlllTY, a Aa c Ij
MajcTopWOAMKapM KOM'WH'OBaAIH 'OHe MOTHBe no OBOjOj IllHBeHl.l,'HjH.
EO'I<a:A 113 6eOrpa:A'CKl(}r AO'I-be,r rpaAa npeACTaBib'a jorn j eA(lJH YCiI1eo
AOKa3 J-bHXOBe MarnTOBHTOCTH.
y APyroj nOA'BH\H1H XVI BeJKa j3lBMtljy ce Ha 6eoflpaAOI<OM no-
Apy4jy 'MOBM 06A'H'lUi OTOMaHCKe IKepaJMHJKe. <ppaI1MeH'11H 3AeAe 'M "lJa-
Ille ca ApillINH1 pa3AI.myjy !ce OA Ben npi1lKa3a
l
HlMX npeA"'leTa rro KO-
pHrnneHiHlM 60jaMa iH Ha\ffi!HY C:MI'Kailha. ViMecTO CTH1Mf3OB3IHe l.l,lBeTHe
opHa
'
MeHl1HlKe jaBlt>a ce Harfl\{paAH'CTH'YIKlH CAlHiK3IHlO y 60raTH-
jeM, JlIytHiHjeM KOAOpHTI\{. KQMfl'03H'I..Ufje cy O>llBJ'oeHe 'HOBOM 60jOM,
l.l,iWrAa l.l,'PBeHOM, 'H 1'0 Y petoe<pHOM 'H'aH'ooy, a'AH ce H AaA:>e KopMCTe
llAaJBa H 3eAe'Ha 6oja; IKOHTy:pe cy Ha'fAanJeHe l.l,pHO.\1 6aJOM. H3Me-
J-heH je ,M opHalMeHT TpaJKa Ha tHiBHl.l,H o60Aa. HalBeAeHe lOo06H:I-ie OBOj-
Cl1BelHe cy M3J-Nf'l'KOj IKepaMI{l.l,iH H3 Apyre .IfOAOBHHe XVI BeKa, 60ke
rr03HaToj Kao THlll POAOC.
28
<f)paflMeHToBaJHa 3AeAa H3 3anajHor nOAr.pana je l'.HII1H'laiH npeA-
CTaBHHK O'Bor HOBOr 'CTHAa y .li:3HM4
t
KOj npOHBBOAtHM.
29
OqYJBatHIM Ae-
AOBH npO<PI-lAJl'ca:H1O'r o6oAa IIi AeAa T.p6yx'a A03B'Olt>lJBajy X!l-NIOTeTiH4-
HY peK!OHCl\pY,Kl.l,Rjy nOCYAe (CA. 7). Tocy OOpOBaTHO ocral.l,H CJKAaA-
HO 06AHKOBalHe 3AeAe K'Oja je cTa'jaNa 'Ha BHCO'KOj B'IH1KOj H03lH. Ha
OOHOBY rrpexpHAal.l,J.1!je o6oAa, AeKopa IH nOAMXpoMlHje, lJ-llajo.Mi>Ke na-
06AHI<a JlllAa3e ce y :H3Y3e11HO eCTe'I'OKM OOi\Jl-lKOBaJHOj 3AeAH
C LIlOKAOI1'l.l,eM 113 EpHTaJHcKr MY'3eja, Kiojla je Aa110BaJHa 'Y apeMe 1560
-SO. flO,AIHHe.
3o
Ha cPparMeHTHMa cy paCll'BeTaJHe pY)Ke pelt>ecP!HiKi\1
Aal1Hl.l,aMa l.l,'HrAa 6aje H IlNaB!H <apaH<pliAH Ha AI\{ITh'\1 AP-
illKa'Ma ca ,3eAeHIHJM AHOK'aMa. Ha np0<pMAm::lJHOM py6y nOOY:Ae je
VU\lpa'OHa TpaKa nAaBe 60je ca 6eNHiM nONyl.l,tBeTtBHMa AlHlBtoe 'PY)Ke.
GBH MOTHBH cy 'OHBHlIefilH l.l,'PHOJ'v1 AIHlHUjQM. Y IfCTOM MaJH'HrPy je 'Pa-
neRa 'H '-lailla -Ben rr03HaTor THlna C paBJ-llWM 31-l,A,OIBoHMa H Hlb'O'OHaTOM
24 TaJ-bHp 113 3611pKe MY3eja BHJuopl1je H r\AoepTa, Turkish Pottery,
London, 1955, fig. 9; TaJ-bl1p H3 KOAeKrmje EpwiTa*a, J. MHAep, ItaO. e,lO,
76; Taful1p oH3 3HpKe J. Soustilla; Cl. Kiefer, Les Cramiques musllimanes
d'Anatolie, Cahiers de la Cramique et des Arts du feu, 4, 1956, pl. 11.
25 Dol\a 113 My3eja BIIKTopHje fi AA6epTa, Turkish Pottery, fig. 4.
26 TafuHp 113 MY3eja BIJJ<Topl1je H AAoepTa, Turkish Pottery, fig. 21.
27 Dol\a H3 30HpRe EpHTaHCKor MY3eja; O. Aslanapa, HaB. eJlo,
Abb. 90.
28 POAOCKI1 THil opHaMeHTHKe pa3BHO ce 113 CTHAa Aa.\-laCK OKO 1560.
roAHHe, The Arts of Islam, 268, fig. 414.
29 HCKorraBafua 3aBOi\a 3a 3allITHTy crrOMeHHKa KYArype rpaAa 1972.
'-OAHHe, pyRoBOAHAal\ AP r. MapjaHOBJ-flj-ByjoB'lm, He06jaB",eH MaTepujaA,
HHB. MrE, op. II 1888.
30 R. H. Pinded-Wilson, The Turkish Potlery of Iznik, H3A. EpHTaHcKor
:\lY3eja, 9.
HaAa3H TypcKC KepaMHKe H3 113HHKa y Cp6HjH
319
APUNW<M Koja je y 'BepTlH'KaMIIOiM rrOAo*ajy npwmpmne:Ha Ha ope-
AHiHiH 3HAa; JbeH <ppaIlMeHT je OTKpI-EBetH y YtHyrpaillJbeM yrBpnefuY
(CA. S).:ll IIpeY'HiH'K t.Iame H3HOCll je 12 cm. Ha Oat.Iry'BaJHOIM ,fOPfueM
AeAlY ITDCYAel1'CT'Ht.Ie ce pY/I<a paC.l(BeTaNllX AaTiHqa .l('pOOHe 60'je, Be-
pOtBallHO Ha Ayroj neTelol..\H, IKao Hia npHIMepl.\iWMa ,QB!(}f Tlma
H3 OpeAJHlHe XVII BeKa.
32
JI 31AeAa H t.Iallla ce rroYIKpaOHMa 'YKAa-
najy y 60raT 1H36op 1H3IHIH'IlKHX npOIH3BOl6.a rIma POAOC, rr03lHia'I1HX
H3 MIHOIlHX enIJorrcKJfx H BaH enporroKJHX IKiOAeKI..\Hja IKepaJMIH'Ke. Ta cy
pa3HT'paHe Ko,\mo3H1.\!Hje I..\BeTHHX apaIlDK'MaJHa, IlY'H'Of IK'OAOpIHTa, C
n<YceooHIM OCenaJbe!M 3a HeKammaJbe AeTaloa nojeAHlHllX 'Bp'CTa
Ao6.IJ1ja ce ynrcaiK Aa cy CA!H'I<apH, nOlHe11l1 neaHlll"I'IillM
)l(eAeAll p;a lUTO BepHI1je AO\.Iapajy rrOCMaTpat.Iy OBIY AerroTY 1'yplOlX
6alUTa. JI AQK cv Ha paHiH'jllL\1 Il'pOOBB:JA'HiM'a 030'f l'pHyapcKor .l(eHTpa
O'IlHfAeAlHH YTHl..\ajJ1 KliI.HeoK'or ITOpVI..\YAaHa H O1'OMaJHCKllX W.A!Y(M:HB'H-
caHiHX PYKOTIHCa, y OB'j l'pY'ml ce jaloa I..l)Ben'e AH'aAA:Hje - py*e,
... \'HB1'oe PV)Ke, .I<apaJH<pHAJH, AaAe, 3Y:'.16yMI - Y )K'HlB()'JlliOHOiM Hl-
TYPaAiHCTH''IlKOIM 'MaJrmpy H <pHlHOM l.\'pTe*y Ha ro1'OBO CRHM 06A:I1LU1-
Ma KepaM<li'Ke rrpaBloffile TaAa V TYPOKioj.33
y npBoj nOAOBH'HM XVII IBeKa, Ha 6eo:rpaAOKO nOAPvyje CV II
,laloe YBO)KeHe nocYAe H3 TYPOKe ca .l(BeTHIOiM AeI<Opau;HjOM, aMI
ynpoillneH'HjlHx :o6AHlI<.a fi A'a6:Hjer I..\pTe)Ka,Ben illa6AOIHH30BalfiOJr II
MaJbe eepeK'l'HOr lHeBO je 6HO cAyyaj <Ha Il!p0'J13BlAlI'Ma Te 'BJPcTe
y XVI BeKY. JeAaH Ta'KaB npIl'MepaJK je .IJ1CKOnllH y 6eorpaAoK
i
oM
YHYllP'aillH>eM Yl1Bpnel-By.34 Ha OOHOBY lHeKOAHlKO <ppaI1MEmaTa '061Aa
Il :A/Hia T<lJJbHpa MO)l<.e ce ca A'OICTa OH'IlypHilCTH npeTnOCTaJBiH'I'il Aa je
OpesAH'illHH rrpocrop 3ay:m,MaAa oa AaAaJ.Ma, TYpaKiHM
KapaH<pI1i\!OM, PY)KOM H jOllll lHeKHlM, 3acap. HeAecj:>arHlHcaJHHM
M01'fliBiHMa, AOK je rro illHlpOKOIM OOOAY 6Il'0 HaH3ME'JHMt.IlHO !HCAH!I<alI
'}lH3 H nynOlo<lJI<a (OA. 9).
Y rpaAcKiIDVl opeAH<HaMa Cp6Hje XVII iBeK'a :H3rAeAa Aa cy np;H-
KOpH'illne:'H OBIH IKaoHfijH rrp:aH:3!BOiAiH T'YpOK!HX Kepallv1H'lJ:apa,
TeXlllOAOillKH cAa6Hje M3paAe. Y Mry3ejy JllpHMeJhelHe YlMe'I1HOC'I1H y
'Hill\a3e ce jOlll TpYI TaJlhHlpa <paJjaJHca JK'jH rrparoaAajv
OBOM BpeMeH'V 11 CTH'Ay, a IKlOj'H oy Ben 06jaBloE'JH!H.
35
CBa T'pH 1'aJHMJpa
nplinaAajlY HCTOM I\lilI1Y. 0601A je 'AOICTa J.llHpOK, BOI6.0paBaH, All-l'o je
3aOOloeHo, Hora BeaMa KipaTKa fi npCTeHaC1'a. HpMI Ta'H>Hp je yu<.pa-
Weill IKO'MifiOOHI..\IH,jOM O'A pY)Ke, AaAa IH KapaJH<pHAa. CTa61bHll<.e UJBeTO-
Ba cy Ca!KynloeHe flpU ,.1JJ-i1V, a IlIa cpeAH'HH n:QJBe3aJHe H3'BHljeHHIM AMC-
:ll HCKOnaBai-ba MY3eja rpaAa Eeorpa,L\a 1971. l'O,L\lolHe, neo6jaBA:>Cll
MaTepl1jah, Tep. l1HB. 6p. 478.
32 J. Muhep, na(J. deJlo, 103; The Arts of liSlam, fig. 419.
33 Y Be311 oa IJ,BeTHOM ACKOPaLIHjOM Ha ITAOtJUl.\aMa H nOCYAaMa, 3aJUlM
A,l1Be nOAaTKe 0 lby6aBl1 TypaKa npeMa l.\Behy H3HOCl1 Tahsin Oz, Turkish
Ceramics, 21; E. Grube, '-WB. eJlo, 158, Taf. 17-26, Aaje pa3HOBpCHe KOM
JlO3Hl.\uje C l.\BeheM Ha Tal-bBpHMa H3 aMepH'lKHX KOi\.eKllHja.
34 HCKonaBal-ba MY3eja rpoaAa EeorpaAa 1972. roAHHe Heo6jaBA:>eH Ma-
TepHjah, Tep. HHB. 6p. 192, 405. -
3.; P. AOHCmp, TYPClCUra/-bUpu U3 KyTaxuje, MY3ej rrpHMel-beHe YMe-
THOCTH, 36oPHHK, S, EeorpaA, 1959, 123-128.
320
MapHja EajaAoBHo - Xal,lH-IIeulHo
TOM 3YU'4aCTHX HlB'HQa, TaJK03BaJHOM ,,'KOn<JOM" Koja je yeCTO KOp'HW-
n't'Ha 'Y KOMill'03lfJ..(HjaMa OBe BpC1'e. HBlH'YIHa TpaKa 'ce CacTO'j'H OA
TpoyrA'Ba <popMH'pa'HHX [(IHiK-QaJK Ai.HIHJH'ja 11 HcnYlbelHHx nO'AOBI1-
HOM QBeTa AM'BJ'oe PY)Ke (OA. 10). A'P'ym TalliHip IHiMa 'lfCTH opHaMeHT
IHa 060AY, a cpeAHHY K:pa'H 6YKeT 'OA AaAa H iKapaHqml\'a, IfllpH <JMY
cy IKapaJH<pHNH 'Ha:cNHlKa'HlH caMo KOIHl'Y'PHO (CA. Il). l'penH TalbHip ce
H3AiBa!ja rHe06H'YIHoM KOu\1/Il'3HQH'jOM 'Koja je Ca:CTaJBJ'oeHa KOM6H1HOBa-
lheM cPA'OpaNHHx 'H 31OMOpqJIH'HX MOTH'Ba. CpeAIHillHlH Aeo 3aY3UMa
pnrypa )K1H<BOTH'lbe :K:oja CTOjlH, Ayror je 'BpaTa H 'MMe l'AarBe, CA'H'4Ha
ra3eAH. TeAo je HcnylbeHo l'a'4'K:acTHM MpJ'oaMa, a iHa rAaJBH ce HCTH'
YY l'pH pora. ITpOCTOp 'OKO )KHOOT1.\1)!he je 'JfcnY'lbeH AiaAaJMa H lKapaH'
pHAOM, 'a no HBlHQH o60:Aa Te<Je nojac HarH3MeHHYiH' nopenaHll1x Q'Be-
TOBa H rry:II0J'oaJK:a (CA. 12). Ha T3JJhH'pH\Ma oy IK:OP:lllllneHe QiH,rAa QP-
BeHa (y peJ'oe<pHOu\1 HaJHOCY), 3e!AeIHa, 'lTA:aJBa, 'K06aA1' IIAaBa 'l1 QpHa
60ja (3a KOHTY'Pe). yCAeA i\'Ollle TexHoJ\:om:je, npH'AHiKOM TIe<Jetba je
AOIliAO AO 'l13BeOfilOr pa3AHiBalba 60ja 1'a'K'O A;a je OOHOBa TalblHpa AO-
6HAa 3eAeHJKaCT l'OH. HaCYITp'OiT CHl'ypH'OM H LlHCTOM QPTe)KY Ha pa-
HlHlje rrpeAMeTHMa H3 EoorpaAOKor ffilb'HipH H3 My-
3eja npHiMeJheHe YMeTHocl1H AeAyjy lKao PaA APyrOpa3peAlfllH'X CAHrKa
pa
J
KepaMH'43ipa. OBO 33Jl1'a)Kafbe ce noce6H:0 O,AiHOOH 'Ha l'BipA H AOCTa
HeBeU.LT QPTe)K Ha TpeneM TalbH:py.36
AH3AH3M M01'HBa H aJHaAornja, P. i\oH'4ap je 3aJKJ'oY'4HAa Aa cy
OBa l'pH TalbHpa rrpO'H3BeAe'Ha 1'OKO'M XVII BeKa Y KY1'ax:jH, je,<\-
HOM A 'Kepa'MHLFKHX QeHTapa AHa,AiOAlfj'e.
37
H3rAeAa MM Aa coy KO-
pHllineHe aHaAorHjeBHme HWAe Y IITpHAOr MlHilIJ'oelbY Aa cy npeA-
Me1lH HaCTaAH Y H3f11H1Ky.38 nNHKe rrOiAYAapiHlOCTH C Ha<J'l1HOM ([(OM-
HOHOBa1ha MOTH'Ba, QpTalba UBelna M ca H'BW1HOM 60ip.AJYPOM lHa rrp-
BOM oH A'PyrM Tal-bJfPY 3aeAe)KeHe cy Ha KaOH'Hlje 06j.3JBJ'oeHoj Ke-
111'3 H3HnKa XVI H XVII BeKa iKOj:a cy u<:paoHAa <pacaAe
oBe11o:ropoKior MaHacTHpa HBH'pOHa.:
J9
T'penH TalbHp, oHaj C l'pOpOf'O;\1
)K;HBOTHlb!M, HeAa'BHo je nOHOHO 06jaBHo J. MHAep, YIBpcnmllIlH ra
Y AeAa H3HH:<JKHX MajcTopa H3 Apyre nOAOBHHe XVII BeKa, Koja cy
H'aOTaAa '11'OA 'f"l"HqaJjeM 'MH'HrHlj.arryptHor CAIH'K:aJPCl1Ba.40 CNlfljjHa ,i(jOIM'IlO-
C ,AlBlpOrnM jeAeHOM HaAa3H ,ce lHa Ta'lliHip'y H3 Apyre 110AO
BH!Hre XVI BeKa H3 EeHaK'H MY3eja y AT'HIJ:fH.
41
ITpHlKa3a1HH 'KepaJMlHiKe 'AOHOoe IHi'Be nO:AaJTiKe 0 YB03Y
npe,L\iMeTa rrpH'MeJheHe YMeTiHOCTH 'H3 T'yp:dKe 'Ha HOAP'Y<Jje neOifpaAa
y XVI H XVII HeKY. q>pa'l'MeHrm rrOOYAa C AeK'paQHjoM lKapaKrre-
p.HICTHYiHOM 3a H3HHYiKe P3JAHlOIHiHQe iHaAaX{emr cy H Ha APYJTHIM ap-
xeoAOW.K'HoM A:OIKa,AHTe11H'Ma CpoHje, a'i\lH cyooa Ol'KpHna y Haj'Be-
:16 3axBa/PyjeM J. .6ypHn, KYCTOCY MY3eja rrpl-L'vletbeHe YMeTHOCTH y
oeorpaAY, lllTO Mn je O)\WrynHi\a Aa BHAHM OBe TatbHpe y 36HpU;T1.
37 P. AOHCIaP, Haa. eJlo, 128.
3H Uero, 124, CA. 14,
39 J. Carswell, Pottery and Ti/es Oll Mount Athos, Ars Orientalis, VI,
1966, 81, 83, 90, pl. 2/31, 46, 51.
40 J. MHAep, IW8. e,w, 108-109,
41 T. OZ, I-W8. de,w, pl. LXXIV, M 141.
321
HaAa3H TypCI<E KepaMHI<C H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH
neM 6pojy cAyqajeBa OCTaAa 3aHeMapeHa y 05jaB/beHHM pe3YATa-
l'MMa. IbY3eTaK rrpeAcTaBloa 1M3 et>e11IICAaMa, T'YP-
dKor YTBpneJ-ha KOA KAaAoBa iHa AYlHaBY, y K!ojoj je nOOBeneiHa AY-
./KiHa rra)KjJ-ha H OBOM MaTepHjaAy.
42
Y et>eTHCA'aMY cY 1976. Hanooe
T,pli <ppaflMeHTOIB3JHe rrocYAe lK'oje cc M'QIf'Y rrpHm-rcanr oJ.f3HIH'-lIKfHM
MaJjCTopHIMa. ITpBa je seOMa OlllTenffi 60!.KaA rOl'Oll3:0 IMeTar 06ARKa
K3JO OHM M3 6earpaAOKor HaAa3MlllTa YI X'BOOHa. OMO je Y'KJpallleH
l.Bel'HOM KOMIl3Hl.Hj'O"'I OA AaAa, IlAaJBIHX KapaJH<pHIJ\:a H
3eAeHHX CTa6IoHlKa, y AYXY PO\AlOOKO[ C11IIAa C Kpaja XVI 'H !fTO'4err'Ka
XVII ,Berea. flpH6AH)K!He AiHMeH3Hje cy 'MY: BHCHIHa ouw 23 cm, npey:-
!HHlK oTBopa OKO 8,5 cm (CA. 13).4'3 ApY:f1H npeA'MeT, rr,\:>OOHaT,
PyrAor 06A'HlKa ca OTBOpOM Y OpeAHHtH, M:Q)l(Aa je CA'Y)[(UO 'Kao
nO,A;MeTaY: 3a cBehH,aK. CaqYB3JHa je caMO nOAOBaHa, a npB06HT'HH
npeQHI1'K je H3HOCH'0 10,8 cm.
44
flpeAMeT je HCMIKaH ca o6e CTpaHe
y BnAY KpY)l(He 1'p3JKe. OCHioBa je Ha je;iiHiOj GTpaJHlH 6eAa C rrA a-
BHM IMO'flaBHlM'a, KynrHiHaMa OA no l'pH BONYTe oy O!l(PY)I(CiHe
i\IlfC1
1
J.IhlJlMa H TC npeAcTaBiDajy CTHAH30BaHe
Ha APyroj CTpa-!'H je nAaBa, a "xaTajH" Y CI1H,\Y
A6paxaM'a H3 KYTaXJfje OCTao je 6eo (CA. 14, 14a). Y 'Ha'tHlHY a<.OM-
IlOH'OB3Jlba MOT1HBa carAeAaJBa ,ce CAHlK!a'PCKM H3pa3 H3'HlHY:'J<.HX paA!J{O-
1H3 npBUX XVI BeKa. lb lICTor BpeMeHa je H cPpar-
MeHT C IlA3JBlJlM J.I,IBeTOBillMa y I1H1paAHiOu\1 >HH'3Y, KOAI-l'KO cc
1'0 MO)l(e 3aKibly<-m:nH IlO MaAOM cPp3JnlvIeHrry (OA. 15).45 Ha OCIH:OiBY
speMeHa Y 'KojeM cY HaCTaAa A'Ba rrOCAeAJ-ha npeAMeTa MO)l(e ce 3a-
KtdY'HiTH Aa je Y p3JHOM XVI BeKY Ben 6llAO opraJHtH3'Ba'Hlo clHa6-
I\eBaJ-he TVP0K'HX ra'P'HIIBOHa YB''.3IH1HIM 3a CBaIKOi6,HeBiHll
)l(Il1'gOT, H TO He caMO IJ:o:ca,LW Y BenJfM Y'I1B.pneHlHIM rpaAO'BHlM-a Hero H
y TeK rrOAIlJlI'HYTH'M rpa'HIH'I'HiH'M YTlBpneJ-h'!fIMa Kao UlTO je 6no et>eT}l-
CAGliM (H3rpaneH 1524.).
flocYAe OA Typ0K:Or nopeKAa HlJfCY KopIIlllheHe CaiMO
y rp<lJAOKH:1'1 OA XVI BeKa Ila HaAa3HMO HX H
rro KOM'!'IAe.K!CHMa y OB3JKlAiHeBiHoj ynO'Tpe6H, 'Ha Tprre3H,
HA'H Ka' YKpaOHe eAeM'eHTe Ha 3HlAOBI-lMa L\ipK<lJBa >H
3rpOJAa y Cne1'ij fOpH.
46
One H3Y3eTiHO AeK:0'Panfl,me
42 M. JaHKOBlJh Il 5. JalllwBHh, /JenIC/lGJII, K/laoeo - TypC/CO yrep-
hel-be, ApxeoAoillKH nperAeA, 18, 1976, 143; BeoMa 3axBaibyjeM Mp M. JaHKo-
BHn, I<YCTOCY MY3eja rpaAa EeorpaAa, Koja MIl je CKpeHYAa rra/Kl'bY Ha KC-
paMIlKY H3HHKa y <PeTHCAaMY, YCTYflHAa MH je 3a f1y6AHKOBal'be li Ha'iH!U1-
Aa l.lpTe)j<e.
43 EOI<aA je HaoeH y AOl'beM AeAY MaAor rpaAa, y nopeMeneHo.\,\ CAOjV
COHAe H, HHB., Ep. 136/76.
44 ITpeAMeT je uaneH Ha AOtLeM AeAIj MaAor rpaAa, Y COllAII II, HHB.
6p. 107/76.
45 <PpanleHT je HCKonaH KOA 3anaAHor 3HAa AYHaBCKe KanHje, y
MeneHOM CAOjy, HHB. 6p. 104/76.
46 Y HaBeAeHoj CTYAIIjIl J. Carsweil a (CTp. 78, Han. 3) H3HeTH cy no-
Aal.lH 0 yrpaneHIlM TaJ-bHpIlMa, 60KaAHMa H I1AO<lHl.laMa Ha cnOloHHM q,aca-
AaMa CAeAenHX CBeTOI'OpCI<llX MaHaCUlpa: KYTAYMYCHY, Kapeje, BaTorreAa,
HBHpOHa, CTaBpOHH\Te, ITaHToKpaTopa, L\aBpe, KapaKaAe, AHOI-HICOY,
CHJ\10rreTpa Il APYrHX.
322
Maprrja BajaAOBl1n - XaJ.lI1TIellll1n
KY'ITOBal\JH cy CBeTOrOpCKU KaAynep'H yrA3JBJ-lOM Ha L\ap(lirpaAoKoj
I1HjaLH Kao p06y OMUA>eHY Ha i\eBaHTy.47 YrpalJyjylui rrOCYAe Pa3-
rrm1X 6AiHKa JI rro:per(Aa y MaiHaCTUpoKe cPaClIAe lHiH oy y cTBapa
HaCTaBUAH cpeAlli'BeKoBHu 06WIaj YKpamaiBalha CIlloto>He apxH-
TeKTypeK'jiH je BAaAa'o II Ha H:::TlKY U Ha 3arra!\y OA XI-Xn
BeKa.
48
Y O'BO'M paAY ne 6HT'H peYiu ca'MO 0 Tpne3lHH'M rrocYAa:Ma H3
L\pKHeHux cpeNFHa y Cp6U:jH, jep ITOAaL\lI 0 1'aI-bH'pHIMa, 60KaA!HIMa li
ITAOQUL\aL\1a yrpalJeHHM y 3H,AOBe cprroK:Hx cBeToropoKHx
i\la KOAHKO 6UAU 3aHUMA>UB'U 3a TeMY 0 YB03Y TypcKe KepaMUKe Ha
EaAKaHY, j Oill lillOY y rrOTITY'HOCTH 3a6eAe)fWHU,lmTU je C3JKyrri'oeII
!\OKIj1MeHTapH'U MaTepuj aA.
IIpHA'HKOIM apXeOAOlll'KOr lIOOUllUBa:lha KYATYPHlHX cAojema OIKO
L\pK:Be TpO'HOllle HCKOITaHa je cPparMeH1l0B3JHa 3AeA'uua 3a''6A>emrx
3H:AOBa, C rrp'CTeHaCTOtM: CTonOM, YJKpalllema OpH3JMeH::rUKOM IKoja ce
jaBA>a 'Ha palHHM npH:MepL\H'Ma OOi\1a'HAHj'OI<.e KepaN[Ij,i'Ke..Jq AiHMeH3'Hjc
3AeAUL\e cV: BllC'HHa OKO 3,5 cm, rrpe"liH1HJK 060Aa 8 cm, ITpe'1iIlMJ(
AHa 3,7 cm (CA. 16) .I1,pTe)f< OKOIHL\eW[pH'Carfr Ha AHY rrocYAuue ca-
c'I1ojn ce OA rrojaca yrropeAHux Kpyr'Ba, YJHy>Tap KOjuX je llleCTO-
KpaJKa 3Be3Aa C 4Bel'HlM p03eJ1'M y CpeAHlI-UH J1 rroAY'K:pyrOBHtMa y
CA'OOPJHOM npOCT!py OKO 'Kp3JK'OBa 3Be3Ae. CAH'r<.atbe je H'3BeAeIr
rrAaBOM 60jOM Ha 6eAOj rrOAA'3U, AOK oy Taq,Ke y ITOAYKpyrolBHMa l{
1'YlfaK L\'BeTa y BUAY L\'PI-UUX Mp1'oa. OBaK:BH reO':VleTp'IIjCK'H MOTH'BH:,
oH::3BeAeHrH 'r<MYiUU;OM y jeA'HOCTaB'Ho.\1 L\pTe)l<Y, lreCTO ce jaBA>ajy y
MaTep'HjaA'Y KOjU je HOKorraH y H3IH'J1IKY 1964, a cBpCTalI-l y Tpel'ly
3Ha4ajHY l'pyny pllHe OOM3JHAuj;cKeKepaJMM'Ke li AaTOBaJH y cpe-
AHHY XVI BeKa.r;o BpeMe KopHmneH,a 3AeAHqe (APyra rrOA. XV [
BeKa) ,oA:pelJeHo rrpeMa aHaAorH'M apXeOAOlll:KOM MaTepHj'aAY, rro-
KA3Jrra ce ca lICTOpWjOKIH.M rrOAaL\HlMa 0 L\pl<BH TpOHO'lllH il ca pe-
3YATallH'Ma apxeOAOlllKiHX HCrpa)KH'BaJl-ba OBOf 1\;0!Ka1\11TeTa.
51
JeAa:H OA 'HajAerrillHx JlpHMepaKa YB03He TypcKe I<epailmKe yon-
une ca TepHTopuje He caMO Cp6H:je Hero U DaAKaHa, HaneH je Ha
]('()!M'rrAeKCY 'MaiHaC1'Hrpa CTYAeHiUL\e XBOCTaHOKe, jeAHor OA enH'OKon-
OKIUX opeAHlllTa cpe/.VhO'BeKOBiHe Cpouje.
52
To je 60KaA H3AY)f<.eHOr
JI 6Aaro npOllluopeJH'Olr BpaTa, Tp6yxa, C BHJOO'KOM 3a
'
KOllle-
HOMC1'orrOM; 'H3BHjeHa ApillKra ce 3aBiplllliBa MaA'M BOAYT.oM. IIo
pao.l\:ollIHj rroArAa3IYpH CAliIKaJHOj OpH'a:MeHTML\H U yrrol'pe6H: 3A<)-
47 J, CarswelJ, Hae. eJ1o, 78.
A. Mega\v, Glazed BOllh in Byzaillilles Clzurches, ils)"LO'l
Xl<HlCl.'llX'(iC; &'pzcU.O),<l'Ylh t'XlpEIrlt:, ',\O:r,"CH. 1966, 145-162. ca ,\Il-
0 onO,\1 nJnal'bY,
49 HCKOrranal-ba 1979, COH,.\a 11, Hlm. Gp. 30; 3a rrOi\aTl 11 JJ;pT){( 3AeAU'
lie TorrAO 3axBaloyjeM Mp M. JaHKoBHh, PYKOBOAHOllY paAOBa.
50 O. Aslanapa, H(la. ello, HHB. 63, T. 24, 25, Abb. 63.
51 TpOHOllla je rrOAHrHYTa 1559; 3Aei\HlIa je HaneHa I1CrrOA HHBet\eTe
npBor pa3apal-ba crrOMeHHKa 3aje;_\HO ca yrapcKHM cpe6pHHM HOB4Hc'leM H3
1551. rOAHHe.
52 M. BajaAoBHn - XaIJH-TIelll-Hn, Kepa.AtUlca, y MOHOrpa<pHjH B. Kopa-
ha, C-cyernllia XaOCTaIlCK(/, Eeo;paA 1976, 77-78, CA. 156.
323
HaAa3H TypCKe KcpaMHKe H3 H3RHKa y Cp6HjH
Ta,53 60KaA npHnaAa rpyrrH IUY3el'HO AY'KCY3HHX npeAMeTa TypoKior
rropeKAa. YKpaCH ce cacToje OA l'pH rrojaca epAopaMJ!Hx IKOMII103H-
KOJH oy Menyo06HO oABojeHH Y3aHHlM 0pHaMeHffaAHlfM l'pa-
'KaM'a. Y:K,pamaBaH>e rr01.JlH'lbe OA H'BliQe BpaTa ,l\JBOLJA3'HHM nperIAe-
TOM OWTPHX HBHQ13 y QpBeHoj 6oj'H ca 3AaTHHM HaJH'OOHMa. OOHOIBHH
M'OTH'B 'KOMn03HI..VHje oy H3BHjeHe l'paJHe ca ICTHMi30BaHIHIM. llEHJ'oa-
CTO 3aBpWeHJfM NH'CTOB'H'Ma ,H 6aOH'QaMa. rp3'He Ha iBpaTY oo!<'aAa
TeK'Y TaAacaCTO, a Ha Tp6yxy ce II1'perrAH'ny y HeM'H'p.HIOIM PHTMY. 1\.H-
CTOBH cy CAHKaHH 3eAeHo.\1 60jOM, a AeAH,MlfqiHO oy npeKipHBeHH
3Aa'J1(-JiH'M A:HcTlfnn.\la HOOepBa>KeHIH Q'pBeHoM 6oj'\\1 ,Kojace !pc-
J'oe<pHO lfCTHLJe Ha 6eAHLJaCT.oj ocaOBH nocYAe. Ha rrpeAa3Y 1J13 IBpaTa
y paMe 60l(aAa HaAa3Hce 'H'llOKa 6eAHx UBel'OBa 'Ha IIAl!Bo1 rrO'3a-
,AHHH, OJ-FBH4eHa ca roplbe cTpaHe nojacoM "S" opHaMeHaTa, a ca
AOThe 'HH30M cpnacl'o 'H3BHjeHHx AHOIGI 3eAeHe oaje. Ha A'HY Tp6yxa
je opHaMeHT !H3BHjeHlHx AHHlH'ja (CA. 17). TaKaJB Ha4fH1H 'K'OMftOlHO-
BaIba O'pHa'MeHTaA,H'HX T'p3lKa iH I1pynHlCaI-be CTIHAH30saHHX i\HCJ1OlBa
C '-IBopoBHMa, KapaKTepHCTHLJHH cy y H3H'J1LIKOj npoH3BOAI-bH y APY-
raj nOAOBHIHH XVI neKa.
54
To je BpeMe KaA cY n04eAH Aa ce tlICTH4Y
HOBH AeTaJ'oH f1o!AJ'Aa3ypHor CAIH'Ka'I-ba: KiOlHType QPTC)Ka, y'n:CYfpe6a
[(OBUX iHIH'jalHcH 3eAeHe 60je f10pCA nAaBe, 'Kao IH peJ\>CepHH lHaJHOOH
IJ,pBeHe ooje npaBJ'oeHe OA HaJpO'IHTe rNH'He. HajlBena IfI!OAYAapHo'CT
ca X:BOCTaH'CK'UM 6oK,aAO,\1 HaneJ-Ia je Ha 60IKa
l
AY 1113 'K'OAeKQIHje My-
3eja BH'K'I'Opnje H A:\6epTaY; IIpeNla ,HeKH'M noje/\IHHOCTHMa u,pTe)Ka
H3rAeAa Aa cy 06a Km<laAa paneHa V llCTOj paAHOHJHQH. Ha lfCTOM
AOKaMI1'eTY je OTJ<pHiBeH 'H OICTal'3IK 'M'HlHJfjaTYPHe 3AeAHQe, YKpa-
rueHe Ha paJMeHy HH30M CfmpaAa, a Ha Tp6yxy rrojaoHiMa T3B. pH6J'oe
KpJ'oYWTH, y HeKOAHIKO HHjaHcH CHBe 60je.
5U
IIpeMa YCAJOBIHIM3 Ha'Aa-
:;a, H3rAeAa Aa je H3 XBocHa KopHwfieHa y Apyroj rrOAOBH-
lm XVI BeKa.
Ona ABa AYKcY3Ha npeAMeTa KepaNtIH'-IlKor 3a'HaTa AOKa3yjy A<I
cy nYTeBH TprOBHHe opHjeHTaAHiHM rrpeAMeTHiMa Cl1H3aAH y APY-
l'oj nOAOBHHH XVIBeI H AO YAaJ'oeHHx QpKBeHHx OpeAI1WTa !IWO
IllTO je 6Hi\a CTYAeHHQa XBOCTa'I-1CKa. P.o6a je BepoBalrHo Cl'H3aAa
nocpeACl'OOM Av6pona'I'KHX TproBaQa <OjH cV HeAaAeKO O'AaTAe, if
"3 3i\aTO je ca4ynaHo; Tpe6a Aa nOCYAe C AO-
AaTJWM 31\aT3 npHnaAajy JlOCeoHoj npcHI 1<Oj3 je 3aXTeBai\a TeXHOAOU!-
KH nOCT\maK. 3i\3TO je CT3BlbaJ-lO npcKO nell rAe!'iOcaHe rrOBplllHHe li
Aa je rrOHOBO rre4eHa, ai\lf je npH TOM 6Jii\3 nOTpe6Ha Bei\HKa Ollpe3HOCT
rrOlllTO je MOpa,\a 6HTH neO.Ha 6i\ara Aa 6H AOlllAO AO lIAeaA-
Hor crrajaI-ba r,\eDH H 3i\aTa; CTora cy rrOCYAe ca A06po 04YBaHOM 3i\aTROM
AeKopaLlHjoM neOMa peTl; E. Grube, HaB. e,10. 162-163, fig. 26-28, RaBO-
AH rrpHMepe rrOCYAa ca 3AanlHM
54 The Arts of Islam, 268.
i)i) Turkish Pottery, C:\HKa Ha HaC\OBHoj CTpaHH.
[>6 M. Eajai\OBHn-Xal)H-ITelllHn, Ha6. eno, 78, CA. 155/21.
324
MapHja BajaAODHn - XaJ,IH-TIewlln
ITenH, HMaMI CBOjy TprOBa-qI<Y K'OAOHHjy jOlll DA !cpeAI-ber 'BeKa.:"
BpeMe yn03a 60KaAa Ilf 3AeAe rrpH6MDKiHO je ''ApeneIHO 'Ha OCH/OIBY
'YCAOBa 'HaA33a, IlOTK'perrloeHHX 'WOTOpHjCKHM o6H1o.Ba
IIen'Ke rraT'pHjapllllH1e 1557. H3rAeAa Aa 'je Aorrp'H'HeAa Aa
ce YM'aIHaCTHJpy 06H'Be H pa3He KYAl'YPHe aKT'lI'B'HOCTH. MalHaC11Hp
nOY3AatHO )j(lIBH A Kpaja XVI BElK'a. IIoicAeMba 'BeCT 0 lh0MY 3a-
6eA>e)JHa je 1635; rrpeMa cTafhy Ha TepeHY H3rAeAa Aa je 6HO Ha-
IJlYlllTeH IKpajm.1 XVII 'ReKa, y aycTpHjOKO-TvPCKHIM paToBHMa.
58
HoyAe DA <paj aHca TypCK;or rropeJ<Aa OTK'pHBeHe AO caAa y
Cp6Hj'li np0ACTa'Bloajy caMO He3HaTaH Aeo :HeKaAailllber Y,B'03a TaJK-
BHX IlpeAiVleTa. .f:ber'B rrpalB'H H'li'je 3aCaA J\10rynH'0 YTiI3'PAIH11H.
IltOiMffi-IYTO rrHCMO Ay6psaLIIKor l'pan.aHHJHa 0 6pojy O'A 88 iKOlMaAa
TIOcY'Aa lK'oje cy y je,AiHOM TOBapy CTHTAe 1603. y Ay6pOBHiHK, caMO
je IHaroB01lITaJj 0 KOAHt.IiHiHH Te po6e Koja je y jeAHaM TpeHyrKY
MorAa CTll1nH 'Y OBe KpajeBe. HeYBH HtaAa3'H 'KepaMlli'Ke :rrOMo'rAH cy
Aa ce OlH!pHO OApeAH 'BpeMe YB03a AY,KCY3IHe p06e y Cp6Hjy, rro-
peKA'OM IHe caMO :H3 IbHJllJKa :Bero ,If :113 ApryI1IIX AeBaiHTilIIHCI<!IIX rpa-
AOBa. Aonywyjyn'H np3.9H1HiHe y HCTOplIj'C'IiM rrlICaHIIL\1
apXeOi\lliKH tMaTepHjaA Y'K33yje IHa 1'0 A3 je Y'B03 TeKao OiA caM'or
rrOLIellKa XVI OBe AO K'paja XVII BeK,a,KaA oy nplI3BAe H3
HffiMKa 'li APYI'HX KepaJMIHLIap'CKiHx opeAHillTa 3aJMeHHAH npH3BOp.H
ID KyraxIfje, 'HIBOrr MaAoa3HjoKor rpHltlapoK'r cpeAlIlllTa, OA 'Kpaja
XVII BeKa iHaAaloe. MenYTIfM, atHaMI3a Tora 'MaTepHjaAa Ben 'H3Aa3H
H3 OKBlHpa OIBor paAa. Hpanajynn ce IHa TeMY H3H'Ht.IKIIX IlPOH3-
BOAa Ia TAY Cp6H'je l1pe6a 'HarAaCnl'H Aa 1'0 'HHje 6HAa CTaHAapAHa
p06a iHaMeI-be:Ha lUHpOKli'M CA'j eBm'vIa. CBaJKa 'A OiJUIClIHHX 'IlOCYAel
6Hi\la je 'IToce6HO OC'I'B3perbe 'HaMa H10II03Hal1IIXCA'H!Ka-pa. Y 'KOjOj
MepH oy K'BaAHTeT Ci\,il1IKaJ-ba 'YI YlMel1HWlIKiH H3pa3 61l-MIH
y TaAanUbHIM rpaAOKHM Ope,AiHiHIaiMa I1B'0Pl-l H errHTeT "peaAH" KOjH
ce jaBlba Y HeKiHoM apXIl-KJ1J.\1 AIK'YL\1eJHTHlMa Y3 rrO'CYlAe '113 IJ;apH-
l'paAa 6H 03Ha'lIHO Ci\HllHOCT ca iH3HH:'lfJKHIM npOilf3B'OAHMa 'Ha-
'MelheJHlH'M oyATaHOB'OM ,t.\'B<YpY Y IJ;apHI'paAy,09 iHiHaLIe rAa'BHOM IHapy-
LIIl10IW naoY'Aa pa3HHxBpcTa H3 OBOI[ iKepaMuLIapoKor Cpe,A;lIlllTa.
Typ.CKa Kepm\olMKa je H3 IJ;:a'P'wrpaAa Kao ca6HplH''r L\elHTpa A'O-
npeMaiHa Y HaJllle K'pa'jeBeBoAeHHM 'li KOfllHeJHlIiM rrYTeB'HlMa, Kapu-
'BalHHlMa, 3ajeAHo ca OCTaAOM 'P06oM opHjeHTaAiHor rrapeKA'a. Y'BOG
y Op6njy je iHaj:Ben'Hoi\1 AeAloM reKao rAlIBHH'M Apy,MOM H3 IJ;apH-
rpliAa, npeKio JeApeHa, IIA'BAJ1IBa, IIa3apUiH:Ka, OOKPH1je II-{ HHllla AO
EeorpaAa. OBa AYKcY3Ha po6a je CTH3aAa TpT()lBl.J'KlH'M TpaJHCIlDp-
'l'HiMa IHe Calt\1:0 'y AaAeKe TypoKe rrpOBHHl\iHje Ha EaAIKaJHY Hem oH y
MHOTe Tpa,AiOIBe EBparre. Aa:Hac ,Ben 3HatMO Aa je CBcra ropa oBoje-
BpcTl'H MY'3ej :H H3HWI'KHX rrpO/H3BoAa. Y EyrapOI,<'j Coy HCro TaiI<:
57 K. JHpe'leK, TPZ08a<-lKU nyre8u U pywulu Cp6uje u EOCHe y cpe-
/-heM 8ujeKY, 360pHHK KoaCTaIlTHHa JHpe'leJ<,a, J, EeorpaA, 1959, 284, Han. 233.
58 B. Kopan, Ha8. oello, 140-143.
59 B. XaH, Ha8. oello, 123.
325
HaAa3H TypCKC K e p a ~ K e H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH
3a6eAe)Kmn1 3HarqajH'H HaAa3H aBe spCTe. ITopeA Ben Il!pHlKa3a'HHX
rrocVAa H3 EeorpaAa, X'BOOHa'H TpHUle, y Cp6HjH cy 3a6eAe)Kmm
HaAa31I H3HWIKe KepaM'HKe JOUI y YTBpnel-bY oalla
GO
tH wlaJ-i3'CTH'Py
K3'CTaiDa'i-l'y.G1 3a Ca3Hal-ba 0 AaAJHl.M rrpo'CTopHMa rAe oy KopHlllneHM
11H rrpeAMeTH 3HallajaH je jeAaH I1HCaJHlH H3'BOp o11K'PHmeH y Ey-
AHMY, Y Koje.M je 1588. CaYHI-beH rr''TI'HC HHBemapa y KynH npeMH-
I-i.yAor rOCrrO,L\HHa AAH lIeAe6Hje, TvpcKor [(apHHHKa.
62
3aTe'-lemr
rrpeAMeTH cV nOAef'oeHH y rpyne: y rpymHcToHor nocyna 3a6eAc-
)KeHe cy BeAHKa 3AeAa H CeA3JM llliDa H3 H3H1HlKa, rro\peA 'KlHHecKor
ITOp[(YAalJ-ia, rrooYAa C nOKA'rr[(e;v{ 3a OO'I<!OIBe li Apy,ro rr:o'oybe 3a
Tprre3Y. Ha OOHOBY rrOfll1'CaIHHX cTBapH 'MO)l<e ce Aa'KO rrpernocTa-
BHTH A,a cY TaJKBH rrpeAMe'PH AO'B)l<.eHH y 'BeAHKHIM KAH'l.J'HlHaMa 3a
npoAajy. ApxeoAolllKHHaAa3H nOCAeAfhHX rOAH'Ha nOTBPAlHAH oy rro-
crojalbe TY'pcKor <jJajc\JHca v HeKH'M rpaAOBHIMa ManapoKe 'If Py-
'\1YI-mje.(j:1
KepaMHYKe rrpeAM.eTe H3 TYPOI<.e AO'HO'OHAH cy rprOIB[(H pa3HHx
lIapoAHocTH.
61
Melsy H,HMa 3Ha'l.JajHo MeCTO rrpHrraAa Ay6poB'-IaHH.M:a
K)ojl{ cy J-f,\'laAH 'HeMaAH 6p'j 11prOBaY'KH'X IK'oAOIHlHija 'Ha OaAK'aHy H
y rpaAOBHMa AeB3'HTa. P06a 3a rrpoAajry je OMelllT3JHa y 6e3HcTaHe.
y EeorpaAY, KOjH je Bela 3I-iayaja'H '110 'HaAa3HMa IKepaiMliYIKHX rro-
0YAa TypOI<.or nopeKt\a, 1'0 je BepOlBaT1I-IO 6uo 6e"3HCraH Mex!MeA-
-rrallle COKoAoBHna. Heinrich Ottendorf, lIAaH ayctpHjcKor rrOCAaH-
cl'Ba, orrucyje ra 1663. Kao rpanel3iHHY y KOjOj TYP[(H npoAajy
CBOjy HajAerrwy p06y.(j;; Mcny TaKB'oM P060M cy ce CBaKaKO J-iaAl-
3HAe H flIOcYAe OA <jJajaHca, oTKpHlBeHe KaOH'Hjc y HapHHY 'H 3arraA-
HOI.\1 HC)!Arpany, Tj. y OHH'M AeAJORH'Ma EeorpaAa y KO'jHMa cV )Im-
BeA'H npeACTaHI-m[(iH raA;aWI-be Ty'pcKe BAcrCToH.
KaA ce rOBO'pH 0' TypCKOM <p3JjaIHcy H3 H3H1fu<a He MO)f(e ce
3a06HnH jo'lll je,A:Ha BpCTa OBe p06e lKoja je BepOl3ial'HO 6HAa rpa-
)I<eHa Ha 0B''M rrO'Apyqjy, aAH Roja AocaA jow HHje 'HaneHa. To
60 Ill. Hab, Tephaaa Ea'l, PaA BojBobaHCKI1X MY3eja, 10, 1961, 95, T.
XIV/l, XV/7, 9.
61 HCKorraBafba 3aBO",\a 3a 3alllTlUY crroMeHHKa KYAType rpaAa Eeo-
rpaAa, PYKOBOAHAaI..1 f. MapjaHoBHh-ByjoBHn, HeoujaBloeH MaTepajaA, HHB.
MfE, 6p. II 1747.
82 L. FkUe, Das Heim eines trkischen Herrn in der Provinz im XVI
lahrhundert, Studia Historica Academiae scientiarum Hungarieae, 29, Bu-
dapest 1960, 6, 18.
83 G. Gero, Trkische Keral11ik in Ungam, eilzlzeimische und impor-
lierle Waren, Fifth International Congress of Turkish Art, Budapest,
rroce6rul onlCaK, 347-352; C. Nicolescu, Cramique ollomane des
XVe et XVIle sicles dans les pays roumaines, Studia et Acta orientalia,
V-VI, Bucarest 1967, 245-251; K. H. Gyrky, Venezianische und lrkisclze
Importartikel im Fundamaterial VOIZ Buda aus der erslen Halfle des 16
lh., Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientierum lhmgaricae 26 (1974), Bu-
dapest 1974, 413--423.
84 EpojHH rrOAaI..1H 0 nOCAOBaI-bY 1'prOBaUa pa3HHX HapoAHOCTH Ha Eat\.-
KaHY HaAa3e ce y paAY P. CaMaplJ11na, Eeozpa y MehYHapoHojrpweuliu
XVI u XVII ee/ca y Klf,H3H HCTOpuja Eeozpaa, 1, EeorpaA 1974, 359-376.
65 A. AHApejeBHn, Yeo Mex.Me-nawe COlCoJloeufa y nou3art>Y Eeo-
zpaa, 360pHHK cI>HA03ocPcKor cPaKYATeTa, XI-l, EeorpaA 1970, 434.
326
MapHja EajaAoaHI1 - XauH-IIeulHn
,cy YlKpaCHe OA <pajaJHCa H3 IblmKa - jom qyBeHIIje OA
nooyna - Koje CY 'KpaCHAe 3HAoBe U3JJ.vurja }{ Apymx TypCKlHX 3Aa-
lba illH'P'M TypCKe Lta'PeBHiHe. POOAHO 6H 6aAo Ol.IeKH'BaTcH MX Ha
TepeHY Cp6Hje y 'K'Ojoj cY oApeneHiH rpal\;OBH A0)l<'WleAH CBO'j a:PXH-
TeKTOHOKJH rrpeo6pa)Kaj 'I10A TYlPQKOIM yrrpaBM, npet'BapaJjynH ce y
HaCei\:>a ca 'H3pa3HTo HCM\i.M'OKlM apXlHTeKTypoM. JeAaH ll,AaTaK,
oneT lBe3aH 3a BeorpaA, npHBAaetIH na)Klby y TOM CMHeAY. 3H.:l'Me-
HHil1H TypCKH E'BAJHlja qeAe6H nOMiHI-he 1660. rOA'HlHe y
''BOM rpaAY qHH'HAcH-a:MaJM, Tj. 'aJMau\1 06Ao)l<jeH IlAO'LI'H-
Taj je A. Dypnn-3aiMAO HHAeHl'H<pHiK:OOOAa C IlepcHj-
CKH'M 'HAH llIapeH1HlM aJ.vla'MDlVI, I<:oj'lI ce y H3BapHIMa J<lJI3i\:>a 'KaCHHj,
oApenyjynH IberoI3 HaC'l'aUaK npe 1560. rOI.\llIIe.r.r. IloCTojal[,e aMaMU
06AO)KGIIOr rrA01..IIHI.(aMa, 'BepIlaTJ-I'O H3 H8H'H'l'KHX npl!-
)l(a n;OAal'aK B'Hllle 0 pa3H0Ml1KOCTYI Y'B03a 1'13 TYPOKe, a TaKone II
o lHB'OM BHAY ':HCA8;MOKe Y'MeruocTH 'Hia BameM l'A'Y.
IlpH pa3'M'3'l'palhV AeAa YB03He OOM3:HOKe Kepa'M'WKe HaneHe y
Cp6HjH IMO)Ke ce IHa Kpajy 3<lJKi\:'Yl.IHl'H Aa je <paJjaJHC '113 H:3iHHXa, 3a-
XBaMyjynH apxeOAOillKIHIM 'HaAa3H'Ma, Haj3<bA Ao6HO 3aCA'Y)KeHO Me-
CTO Meny npeAJMeTHMa 'K'YAType K:OjH cy YBO)KeHH ca
i\eBaHITa. MenYTliM, nOTpe6HJo je HCTanH Aa - 'HacynpoT Ben YTDp-
neHl1M YJ1Hl..\aJjllMa opHjeHTaA'He 'pH3'MeHl'HJKe Ha CTBapa'lbe AOIMa-
tllix 'Ma:jcTopa y AOMeHY YMeTHI-ftlKHX 331l1aTa - Ao caAa jom lIe-
MaJ1\10 A'Ka3a Aa cy Aenocra, 11 TeX'HIOAOrHja 'H3PaAC
H3HH'-IKiOT <pajllHca 6HAH rrpHX'BaneH'1l y OCTBanelhlfM.a AOKaA'HHX
rpHtI'apOKHx y Cp6UjH.
Ta6cJ\a
APXHBCKH nOAAUH 0 UAPHfPAACKOJ
KEPAMHUH y AYEPOBHHKY
fOAHHa OAaKAe je
KOMaAa BpeTa rroeYAe H3BOpHH AOKYMeHT
po6a
1565. "Turchese 1 OKaAH* Div. Cane., 151, 15-15'
2 TaI-bHpH*
"maioliea
Turehesea
1603. UapHrpaA YKYJJlIO Div. de Foris, 12,
Tal-bHpH 27. anpHA 1604.
88 Tal-bHpHhll
- eae i\JajOA.
1616. UapHrpa,.\ 1 3-,-\eAa* Div. de Foris, 32. 158
1626. UapHl'paA 5 Tal-bllpH Div. de Foris, 45,
fol. 191'
1626. UapHrpaA 2 Ta.bHpn Div. de Foris, 32,
1 3AeAa fol. 152
"di ereta
6U A. EypHh-3aMoAo, Eeozpa v::ao opujel1TQllHa aapoU/ 110 TYPlfuMa
1521-1867, EeorpaA 1977, 116.
327
HaAa3H TypCKe 113 H3HHKa y Cp5ajl1
1627. Uapl1rpaA 5 Tal-bl1pl1 Div. de Foris, 45,
101. 262
J62/. Uapl1rpaA 3 Tal-bapH I..\a Div. de Foris, 46,
parpaAcKI1* toI. 112-112', 113
1
14
MaMI Tal-bHp
TmbHpi-I
ny AlaAHX H
CpeAl-bl1x*
5
2 60Ka1\11 ca 110-
KAOnL\HMa*
1 BeA.3AeAa*
1627. Uapl1rpa,\ 6 OOKZli\If Div. cie Foris, 46,
101. 266
1627. UapllIjXl.\ "plitize Con- Div. de Foris, 4
s tan lino] itane
1628. 6 '] al-bHplI "di Div. de Foris, 47,
creta
1629. Uaplu'paA 2 lalcGllpH Div. de Foris, 48,
fol 64'
1629. 3 60KaAI1 Div. de Foris, 48,
foL 65'
1630. Uapll1'pal\ 6
S
T<ur,II]J1I cpe.,,-.
1rO,\MeTa\.{ll*
Div. de Foris,
fol. 221'
50,
6 :<.leAe*
l :3,\C,\lllll
16'lU. Uaplll'j1<l,\ 1 TUbllP - ,\Ia Div. de Foris, 62,
.ioAHKa loI. 183'
1651. "di TllllislI 7 6 Div dc Foris, 85,
di Constan iol. 122
tinopoli
Uapllrpa/\ 11 TalbHpl1 Div. de Foris, 85,
"di TUlliso 2
Cpe,L\IGH*
ral-bHpH*
fol. 122
Div. de Foris, 85,
di Cons lan- foL 122
tinopoli
1664. UaparpaA 2 lal'bUpl1* Div. de Foris, 100,
"piatti re- foL 114'
ali
1664. Uapl1rpaA 2 Tal-bBpH Be-
,\I!KH*
Div. de Foris,
fol. 12'
100,
MajoAHKa
1666. IJ;aplIfpa,\ 1 THGI!P Div. de Foris, 103,
"Constanti- i\1aAH* loI. 92'
nopoli tano
1666. UapHrpa,\ 1 GOKa;\\.{l1h*
"Constanti-
Div. de Foris,
203'
102, fol.
nopolitano
3 TaI-GHpl1 BC-
i\HKH*
MajOAHKa
* 05jaBIIAa Bepena XaH y paAY OpujeHTQIlHU l1peMeni y peHecaHcHo.H
Ay6pofJHWCY
328
MapHja EajaAoBHn - Xat.lH-ITellmn
M. Bajalovi - Hadzi-Pesi
FINDINGS OF TURKISH CERAMICS FROM IZNIK IN SERBIA
Summary
The products of Turkish fine arts handicrafts reached Serbia
even prior to the Turkish canquering of the Balkans, as abjects of
developed tmde with Levant, as well as gifts offered by the Turkish
sultans and othr dignitaries to Christian lords; such objects were
also brought by artisans after their travelling ta Middle East.
Among many objects of Turkish origin arriving into Serbia
in course 'of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there wre
decorative ceramics in faience technology created in the famous
workshops of Anatolia, i.e. Iznik, Bursa, Ktahya, and other pottery
centers. Archaelogical explcrations af various excavation sites in
Serbia provided in recent years a new, unEI now unknawn, a pic-
ture of characteristics and quality of imported merchandise of this
kind. Among those an outstanding position is held, in terms of the
force of artistic expressiO!I1 and quality of manufacture, by the pro-
ducts of one of th greates't centers of Anatolia, Le. Iznik. They are
described in this .study through the use of archivaI data and archa-
eological findings. The factson ceramic dishes imported from Istan-
bul, found in Dubrovnik Archives, are presented in a separate table
in this study. In analyzing archaelogical materials, the existing chro-
nological classification is applied of types of arnamentation within
the framework of findings in c'ity walls and in church environments.
The richeS't choice of dishes from Iznik was offered by the
Belgrade Fo,rtress Complex in cours of the archaeological works
in the Inner Fortress and in the westren supporting walls. The
oldest creations of Iznik potters is represented by a fragmnt of a
jug, decorated by the composition of crossed branches with rose
and lotus flowers of Abraham from Ktahya style (fig. 1). The same
patterns are found on the pottery from the London V,ictor,ia and
Albert Museum, as well as from the Museum of Ceramics lin Svres.
A pitcher with exceptional ornamentation of the Golden Horn
type from the first half of the sixtenth century is discavered in a
pi1t in the Inner Fort,res's. Over the comipo'Siltion out of the .spi-
ral-'shaped thin branches with buds,small flowers and le"wes
runs the following Arab inscription: "recovery of the heart is in
joining the beloved one" - which is found both on the belly and
neck sides of the piJtcher (fig. 2).
The style af the Golden Horn includes also three more objects
from the Inner Fortress. These are the following: fragmented small
bowl, which has its analogy -in the bowls from Crimea and Sofia
(fig. 3), then the lid with fin drawing cf stylized tulips (fig. 4), as
weIl as the fragment of a small bowl with a motive of interlaced
vines in the blue-white-turqoise colouring, as in previous examples
(fig. 5).
HaA33U TljpCKC KCp3Mlll<C U3 I13HHK3 y Cp611ju
329
In the Lower Fortress settlement of Belgrade an exceptiona11y
interesting pitcher is found of the Damascus type, which is deco-
rated withinvention and refined feeling for colouring (fig. 6). By
comparing the motives applied on other objcts from the relevant
literature the author elaborates on the possibility of origination of
aIl these abjects in the same rpottery center.
In the second half of the sixteenth century there appear in
Belgrade area new form of Ottoman ceramics. The bowl on the ta11
leg and the glass with flat wa11s and one vertica11y fixed handle
(fig. 7, 8) belong 1.0 the new style, i.e. th one better known as the
Rhodos type, and which is characteristic by naturaIistically painted
flowers and richer scale of colours where brick red outstands.
In course of the seventeenth century the importing into Ser-
bia ccntinued of dishes from Turkey with flower-type deco,ration,
but with simpler forms and with already stereotype and not so ela-
borate drawing. One such plate was excavated in the Inner Fort-
ress of Belgrade city wa11s (fig. 9). There are three plates mo,re in
the Museum of Applied Arts in Belgrade which belong 1.0 that pe-
riod and style (fig. 10 1.0 12). One plate among them is particularly
worth of attention since 't is decorated with an unusual combina-
tion of floral and zoomorphie motives, namely with a three-horned
gazelle-like animal, which fills ur the middle of the plate (fig. 12).
The Turkish origin faience dishes are found, since sixtenth
century on, also in the church complexes in Serbia. At the Tro-
nosha Church a sma11 bowl is excavated which belongs 1.0 early
examples of the Ottoman ceramics c1ating back to the second half of
sixteenth century (fig. 13). One of the most beautiful examples of
imported Turkish ceramics in the Balkans is found in the complex
of the Studenitza Monastery "Hvostan". With its under-glazed
painted ornamentation and the use of gold, this obiect belongs 1.0
the group of exceptionally luxurious bowls of Turkish origin (fig.
14). Very simil al' pitcher isexihibited in the Victoria and Albert
Museum.
Turkish ceramics was delivered 1.0 the Balkans from Istanbul
by waterways and by roads. The importing 1.0 Serbia was effected
in the most part by the main road which l'an from ]jstanbul, via
Edirne, Plovdiv, Pazardzik, Sofia, and Nis 1.0 Belgr'ade. However,
this trade did not .stop in these far-away Turkish provinces, and
reached instead through the trade network - which was in the
hands, besides merchants of other nationalities, of tradesmen from
Dubrovnik - even the far regions of Hungary, Ruman'a, Eastern
and Western Europe. Due 1.0 archaeological findings the faience from
Iznik obtained the place it dserves among the objects of material
culture imported 1.0 Serbia from Levant. In contrast 1.0 already es-
tablishedinfluences effected by oriental ornamentation in the
sphre of the national artistic craftsmenship in other areas, the Iznik
ceramics was nolt accepted in tlhe reahs,ation of IIO'cal poHery work-
shops in Serbia.
Cil. 1. <1Jpar,vleHT l1yna, EeorpaA, 3a-
naAHo lloArpaoe AOl-ber rpaAa (MY3ej
rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 1. Fragment of a jug, Belgrade,
\Vestern supporting walls of the Lo-
\Ver Fortess. Belgrade Town Museum
Cil. 2. EOKall, EeorpaA, VHYTpaWl-be YTBpbeJ-be (MY3ej rpaAa
EeorpaAa)
Fig 2. Pitcher, Belgrade, Inner Fortress. Belgrade Town
Museum
CA. 3, 3a. <PpanleHT 3AeAe, EeorpaA, YHYTpawlbe VT13pl)el-be (MY3ej rpaAa
EeorpaAa)
Fig. 3, 3a. Fragment of a bowL Belgrade, Inner Fortress. Belgrade Town
Mus,eum
CA. 4. ITOI<AOnau, EeorpaA,
YHYTpawl-be ymp])el-be (My-
3ej rpaAa
Fig. 4. Lid, Belgrade, Inner
Fortress. Belgrade Town Mu-
seum
CA. 5. <PparMeHT 3/.\eAHue,
Eeol'paA, YH\rpaWI-be YTBpne-
the (MV3ej rpaAa
Fig. 5. Fragment of a small
bowl, Belgrade, Inner For-
tress. Belgrade Tm.vn Mu-
seum
CA. 6. EOKaA, EeorpaA, 3anaAHo nONpaoe
AOl-ber rpaAa (M i'3ej rpaAa Eeorpal.\a)
Fig. 6. Pitcher, Belgrade, western sup-
porting ,valls of the Lower Fortress.
Belgrade To,vn Museum
Cil. 8. <PparMBHT 'Jawe, Eco-
rpai-\, YHi'TpaWH>e YTBpOel-be
(M i'3ej rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 8 Fragment of a glass,
Belgrade, Inner Fortress.
Belgrade Town Museum
C\. 7. <PparMeI-lTH 3Ael\e, EeorpaA, 3anaAHo nOArpal5e AOI-ber
rpaAa (MY3ej rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 7. Fragments of a bowl, Belgrade, western supporting
walls oE the L\ver Fortress. Belgrade Town Museum
CA. 9. <PparMeHTH TalhHpa, Eeorpa4" VHYTpawlhe YTBpnelhe (My-
3ej rpaM\ EeorpaAa)
Fig. 9. Fragments of a plate, Belgrade, Inner Fortress. B:,:lgracle
Town Museum
CA. 10. Talhl1p, MY3ej npHMelheHe YMeTHOCTH, Eeorpa,L\
Fig. la. Plate, Mu:eum of Applied Arts, Belgrade
CA. 11. Talbllp, MY3Cj EcorpaA
Fig. 11. Plate, Museum of Applied Arts, Belgrade
CA. 12. Talbllp, MY3ej rrpHMel-beHC YMeTHocTH,
Fig. 12. Plate, MuseuID of Applied Arts, Belgrade
Ch. 13. <PparMeHTOBaHH 60KaA, YTBpneli>e C/;leTlK"aM
Fig. 13. Fragmented pitcher, Fetislam Fortre,ss
CA. 14, 14a. TIoAMeTaq 3a CBenl-baK, YTBpneJ-be ct>eTl1CAaM
Fig. 14, 14a. Coas ter for a candlestick, Fetislam Fortress
....'[. ..
,"l----____ -
CA. 15. ct>parMeHT 3AeAHI..\e, YTBpneJ-be ct>eTHcAaM
Fig. 15. Fragment of a small bowl, Fetislam Fortross
CA. 16. ct>pan'vleHTH 3AeAHI..\e, MaHaCTHp TpoHowa
Fig. 16. Fragments of a small bowl, Tronosa Monastery
CA. 17. EOIWA, XBOCT3HCKa (ct>Jl-
A030cPCKH cP3KYATeT, 13eorpa,l.j
Fig. 17. Pilcher, SlueniLw lVIonastery "Hvoslan.
Faculty of Phylosophy, Belgrade
A,HBHa BYPHR-3AMOAO
I)AMIDE Y Y)KOJ CPEIUli 113 XIV-XIX BEKA
OBa IICTpaJKHBaJ-ba 06yxBaTaj'Y TepHTopHjy CaAalllJ-be y)Ke Cp-
6Kje. licnHTaHo je 28 BenHx Haceiba: AAeKCIIHal..\, EeorpaA, "tlayaK,
fiynpHja, KJ-ba)KeBal..\, KparyjeBal..\, KpaloeBo, KpYllleBal..\, AeCKOBal..\,
HenoTHH, HUllI, HOHa BapOlll, HaBiH II3.3aJp, na'pa'nHlH, II'HpOT, IIo)Ka-
peDal..\, IIpH60j, IIpujenoJbe, IIpoKynibe, CjeHiHl..\a, CMeAepeBo, Onem-
3apeBo, lIIa6aq, TIIT1O'BO Y/Ku,ne, Bai\,eJJo, Bpalbe, 3ajel..Jap u 3e,wyJH.
TIojC,LI:H'Ha J\1CCTa cy y l'YpGIZO BpeMe 6HAa 1\'laAa ceOCK3 IllaCCiba 'Y Koja
cy TYPlHI perKa 3aAa3HA'H, na ce y HMMa He ItOMHI-bY U3JMH'je. Ta
cy HeroTHH, 3ajeyap H KIba)KeBal..\ y AOAHHH TUMoKa, Haceiba Koja
3a BpeMe TypaKa HUCY HMaAa Bel.H 3Hayaj, 3 33THM fiynpHja II Kpa-
ibeBO, KOjH cy ce HaAa3UAU rropeA Benax MeCTa, rra cy ce pa3BHAH
TeK KacHHje, y XIX H XX BeKY. MenYTHM, MeCTa ca cTpaTelllKHM
;a-IaqajeM, Ha paCKpCI-lHl\aMa nyTeBa HAH 06aA'aMa p e ~ a 6HAa c':'
3Ha1'Ha Hace.'\:>a H 3a BpeMe TypKe BAM3BH'He Cp6HjOM, Ta.KQ Aa ce
y lbHMa tHaAa3HJO BenH P,QIj I,.la!lvIHja, a y ocraAH.M MeC"PH'Ma rrOMHH>C
ce BenUHOM caMO rro jeAHa.
A3JHaC uaMwje yrAaBiH,'I'l rroCl'oje y joyr033Jrra'AHiOM AeAY Op6Hje
rAe ,ce 3aAp)I(aO -M'YCAH!Ma'HK'H )l(WBaib H 'rAe ce -HaAa3e 'Bena MeCTa:
HOBH IIa3ap, IIpHjenoibe, IIpH60j, HOBa Bapolll H CjeHHl..\a. OA
OCTaAHX BenHx Haceiba y Cp6HjH, uaMHje cy caqyBaHe jOllI caMO y
Eeol'paJAY H HHlllY. OBAe )IceM:J1M IIcTanH ;Jo[ l..JlH'fbeHHI..\Y Aa je MlTepa-
Typa Koja roBOpH 0 npOllIAOCTH nojeAHHHx MeCTa Cp611je BeOMa
HeyjeAHayeHa. HeKH rpaAOBH, Ha npHMep EeorpaA H IIIa6al..\, Den
cy A06po npoYl..JHAH CBOjy rrpollIAocT H 0 TOMe 06j3JBHAH 06HMHe
MOHorpa<puje, AOK Apym 1'0 HUCY YYHHHAH. li MOHorpa<puje KaKBY
liMa HOBH IIa3ap nm10rAe 6H y rseAII{l(oj MepH Aa ce AOiHecy onllITa
3aKibyYI..\H y Be3H C pa3BojeM Cp6uje y rrpOllIAOCTH. Tpe6aAO 6H ca-
YIIHHl'H 6H6AHorpa<puje 3a HCTOpHjy CBaKor Haceiba TIOce6HO, a 3a-
THM HCTP3)KllTH omIDe H AOKaAHe apxHBe H AHCTOBe. OBaj paA HMa
OrpaHlll..JeH 06HM, rra ce CBH OBH HeAOCTalU'l y AHTeparypu HHCY jal..Je
OApa3HAH rrOlilTO ce H HaBOneJ-be rroCTojene AHTeparype MopaAO
orpaHHl..JllTII. KaKO je TeMa OBor paAa llllipOKa, 1'0 6H ce 06HMHHja
cryAHja 0 OAHOCHOM nHTaJ-bY MOrA!a HarrpaBHTH TeK rrOCAe TIOAP06-
332
AHBIIa 5YPHh-3aMOAO
HHjHX HCTpa.IKHBalha npOIllAOCTH CBaKOr MeCTa. V TOKY paAa HaH-
Aa3HAa CilM Ha ITOAa:I'Ke '0 UaJMllIja:Ma y M<l'lhHM MeCI'HIMa, lllTO ca.VI
TilKone opeAHAa H H3A')KHAa IJl:OCAe 06paJAe I,.IaJvmja 1IDBenHM Me-
CTHMa.
Haj3HCl
c
tajHuje nocTojehe
HHjeAHa OA nOCTojenHx uaMHja y Y.lKoj Cp6HjH HHje ynHcaHa
y cnHcaK cnOMemIKa KYAType H3Y3eTH01' 3Hayaja, a ABe ce HaAa3e
Ha cnHCKY ojeKaTa BeAHK01' 3Hayaja: EajpaKAH uaMHja y Eeo1'paAY
H AATHH-AAeM uaMHja y HOBOM Ila3apy.l KaKo cY 1'0 AaHac Haj-
3HayajHHje uaMHje y Y)KOj Cp6HjH, 1'0 je nOTpeHo Aa HM ce nOCBe-
TH noce6Ho norAaBibe I-Ia nOlIeTI<'Y OBor paAa.
EajpaKIlLl l;laMuja (CA. 1) je jeAH!Ha AO AaHac 04YBaHa ua:MlHja V
Beo1'paAY, a iHaAa3H ce y focnoAap-JeBpG,VIl'Boj YAHQH 6po-j 11. IlpeA-
CTaBiba cTapv 1I0'KaUH XaJJI1-AA'Hje UaMHjy, IlITO ce ffifAH U3 IBaJI<.YcP-
HaMe 0 J:beHOj 06HOBH H3 1741. KOjy je H3Aao XYCeHH-nexaja. Ca-
rpaneHa je H3Meny 1660. H 1688. V pa3A06ibY aYCTprrjcKe oKI,malUIje
1717-39. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa y KaTOAHl.IKY KaTeApaAY. IlOA HMe-
rroM Ea1jpaKAll jaJBllAa ce 'OII{iO 1780, KaAa je 6HAa IApenHa Aa C
Ha J-boj HCT1l4e 6apJaK KOjH je 03Ha4aBao nOlJeTaK MOAllTBe y CBllM
uaMHjaMa y BapOllill. fOAllHe 1830. nomYHO je onpaBibeHa jeAHa
6eorpaAcKa UilMllja, WTO je OB<l!KaK:O 6uAa UllMH'ja "Koja
je KacHHje Kao A06po ol.IYBaHa 6HAa oApeneHa 3a 3BaHHYHY 601'0-
MOiby npeOCTaAHX MYCAHMaHa. UaMHja npHnaAa y06HyajeHoM jeA-
Honp.'cTopHOIM nOIJ1I<.YiI1oAHOMNHl'Y 'K<lJMElHe l'paneBHlHe ca KBlJApaT-
HOM OCHOBOM, 4Hje CTpaHe HMajy AYJlHY 12,80 m. JeAaH nyTHHK
je 3anHcao Aa je uaMHja y oCMOj AeQeHHjH XIX BeKa lliVIaAa TpeM
KOjH AaHac He nocTojH. '[ka3 ce HaAa.3H Ha ceBep03anaAHOM 3HAY,
a AeCHO OA ae1'a Ha Y1'AY je nOCTaBibeHO Jv1HHape y06HyajeHor H3-
1'AeAa. Ilp030pH oy 3aBpllIeHH IlIHibaTHM AJYQHMa. Y YHYTpallIJ-bOCUr
uaMHje je ApBeHa 1'aAepHja H3HaA YAa3a, HacnpaM YAa3a je AOCTa
nA'HTKa IHiHwa MHxpa6a, a y jyr03ana
I
A'HOM yrAY je MHH:6ep. VIHY-
l'pawI.ha AeI<opaL\Hja je BeOMa CKpOMHa.
2
A/1TUli-alleM l,uv,wja (CA. 2) je AaHac HajAenllla H HajcTapHja
uaMHja y HOBOM Ila3apy, y YAHQH IlpBor Maja, Ha Kpajy CTape
4apwHje Koja ce npOAYJKaBaAa y 1'AaBHH APYM npeMa CKonibY. Ua-
MHjy je Kao CBOjy 3aAYJK6IIHY nOAHrao MeBAaHa MYCAHXYAHH y ne-
TOj AeQeHHjH XVI BeKa; tbe1'OBa BaKyqmaMa 0 3aAY.IK6HHaMa y Ho-
BOM Ila3ap'Y CaYYBaHa je AO HallIHX AaHa. UaMHja je Ha3BaHa no
3AaTHoj l.IeAeHQll Ha BPXY MllHapeTa. 6jeKaT npHnaAa y0611yajeHoM
jeAHonpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THny rpaneBH'iHe C KBaApaTHOM OC-
1 CAY)f(6eHH fAaCHHt{ CP Cp6Hje, 6p. 14 OA 7. IV 1979,777-783.
2 A. 5YPHn-3aMOAO, Eeozpa IWO opujel-tTaJzHa aapoul 110 TYP4u.Ha
1521-1867, ApxuTeKToHcKo-yp6aHUCTU'llW cTyuja, MY3eJ rpaAa EeorpaAa,
EeorpaA 1977, ,23-26 (ocTaJ\a AHTeparypa HaAa3H ce y OBOj KtbH3H y HanOllle-
HaMa TeKCTa 3a EajpaKAH
Ua,\1Hje y Y)Koj CPOHjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
333
HOBOM, cTpm cy joj Iwre 11,5 m, a OYYBaHI--I TpeM HMa nOBpW-I-IHY
OCHOBe 11,5X5,5 m. 3-I-IAOB-I-I MOA-I-ITBeHOr npocTopa cy rpaIJeHH OA
Ha-I-I3MeH-I-IYHHX peAoBa oneKe -I-I KaMeHa, a TpeM caMO OA K,aMeHa.
TpeM je npHA-I-IYHO B-I-ICOK; HHaye je, Hey6-I-IyajcHo 3a Ha!lll,e KpajeBe,
nOKp-I-IBeH ABeMa KynoAaMa Koje Hoce Tp-I-I cTy6a C npeAOMA>eH-I-IM
AYLV1Ma H3MeIJy I-b-I-IX. JeAHa Kpana CTpaHa TpeMa je 3a3-I-IAaHa -I-I Y3
I-bY ce HaAa3H M-I-IHape, lllTO je TaKoIJe Hey06HyajeHO. 3aH-I-IMA>HBO!
je Aa ce y apXl-I-ITeKTYp-r-r IJaMH'je 'Memajry eAeMe.HT-I-I cTapuje 6pYoalU-
CKe H CT-I-IACKe
IjaJlwje y Eeolpay
BeorpaA je Kao Ba)KHO TprOBa'IKO -II ynpaBHo cpeAlillJ:re rrOA.
-I-IMaO -I-I -I-I3Y3eTHO BeA-I-IKJI 6poj IJaM-I-Ija y OAHOCY Ha OCTaAa
MeCTa y Cp6-I-IjH. TIOlilTO caM 6eorpaAcKe IJaM-I-Ije 06paAHAa BeOMa
nOAP06HO y MOjOj AOKTOpCKOj 1'0 fiy 3a OBY np-I-IAMKY
H3AO)K-I-IT-I-I caMO 6-I-ITHe eAeMeHTe, aA-I-I ne OH-I-I -I-InaK AaT-I-I rrOTrrYHY
CA-I-IKY 0 -I-I3rpaAI-b-I-I 6eorpaACK-I-IX IJaM-I-Ija, I-b-I-IXOBOM )K-I-IBOTY -I-I rroc-
ryrrHOM HeCTaHKY ca OBor TAa.
BeorpaA je nao nOA TypCKY BAaCT 1521. rOA-I-IHe. TIpBe IJaM-I-Ije
cy 6-I-IAe npeypeIJeHe Xp-I-IlllnaHCKe jep ce EeonpaA H-I-Ije npe-
Aao Hero je 6-I-I0 oCBojeHa Bapow, na cy MorAe 6-I-IT-I-I rrpeTBO-
peHe y LlalM.'-I-lje. Hajn03HaT-I-Ija MeIJy H>-I-IMa 6-IfAa je cm:pa oprroKa
MHTpOnOA-I-ITCKa .qpKBa Koja je rrOCTaAa BeA-I-IKa IJaM-I-Ija y AOlbeM
rpaAY. HHTCH3-I-IBH-I-Ija -I-I3rpaAlba IJaM-I-Ija nOyeAa je nOCAe naAa Ey-
A-I-IMa 1541, KaA je EeorpaA npeCTao Aa 6YAe norpaHwa Bapow.
H3 jeAHor TypcKor norr-I-Ica B-I-IA-I-I ce Aa je EeorpaA Ben 1560. -IIMaO
llleCHaeCT IJaM-I-Ija, OA KOj-r-rx AeceT y BapOW-I-I -I-I llleCT y TBpIJaB-I-I.
MeIJy I-bHMa cy 6-IIAe -I-I Tp-I-I HajBene H Haj3Ha'IajHHje: cYATaHa Cy-
AejM<tHa BeA;-I-IyaHCTBeHor y fOpI-beM rpaAY, MexMeA-nawe Jaxjana-
l1l-I-Ina y AOlnoj yaplll-I-Ij-I-I -I-I EajpaM-6eroBa y fopI-boj 'IapwIljH.
IjaMuja cy/rcaHa CY/lejMal-la BeILU
L
tClHCT6eHol y TOpl-beM lpay
3aY3HMaAa je AOMH'HaHTaH nOAO)Kaj y naHOpaM-I-I EeorpaAa. E-I-IAa je
HajBena -I-I HajAenwa, a I-beH rrpojeKTaHT je npeMa n-I-IcaI-bY EBA-I-Ije
qeAe6-I-Ije 6-I-I0 HajBenH TypCK-I-I apX-I-ITeKT C-I-IHaH. Ta'IHa rOA-I-IHa -I-I3-
rpaAH>e HI--Ije n03HaTa, aA-I-I ce MO)l B-I-IAeTIl Ha CBHM rpaB-IIpaMa
BeorpaAa C Kpaja XVI -I-I Y XVII BeKY Kao jeA-IIHa y fOpI-beM rpaAY.
CpymeHa je 3a BpeMe aycTpHjcKe BAaCT-I-I y EeorpaAY 1717-39. fpa-
IJeHa je Kao jeAHonpocTopHa nOTKynoAHa LlaM-I-Ija KAaC-I-IYHOr
p-I-Irp3JACKOr CTUAa, C 'B--I-ICOK'IfM -I-I B-I-ITK-l-I'M M,lfHaperoM.
3 A. AHApejeDHo, Cllo,\/-lu/.{u y,l1eTHocTu. H06U na3ap II
OKOIlU/-lQ, KlhIDKeBHe HOBHHe, EeorpaA 1969, 197-200.
4 A. I3YPHo-3aMoAo, /-laBo ello, 17-70; y OBOM OAemKY 0 uar.IHja.Ma y
EeorpaAY Hehe ce n03HBaTH Ha AluepaTYPY nOlino ce OHa MO)Ke Hahl1 y
nOMeHYToj Klh1l3l1.
334
AIIBHa EYPHn-3aMoAo
IJa.lvluja MeXMe-naLUe JaxjanaLUuna (HAH HMapeT-l,IaMHja) ca
rpaneHa je 1548-49. Ha npOCTOpy KO'A AopnOACKor yrAa, H3Meny
AaHaII:DlhHX IJ;apa AywaHa, Ay6pOBaYKe, CKeHAep6erOBe JI
KmdlaHHHOBe. I-heH KTHTOp je MeXMeA-narna JaxjarraWHn, CMeAe-
peBCKH caHl,IaK-6er. oHAa je jeAHa OA HajBetinx H HajAenllllHX l,Ia-
MHja y sapOWll, a HaAa3HAa ce y KOMIIAeKCY jaBHHx rpaneSHHa
Koje je MeXMeA-naWa nOAlfrao Kao npBY CKynHHY jaBHHX 3rpaAa
naOAe 1521. UaMHja je 3a 'BpeMe aycl1pH'joKe 1717-39.
CAY)IAa Kao eppaI-beSa'4lKa Qp>K'Ba. 06H1'BibetHa je 1741. Kao Jaxja-
-naWHHa l,IaMHja, a nopymeHa 1878. ApxHTeKTypa npBo6HTHe l,Ia-
MHje pa3AHKoBaAa ce OA apxHTeKType o6HoBibeHe l,IaMHje. IIpeMa
EBAHjH QeAe6HjH, HMaAa je rAaBHY KynoAy OA AaKor MaTepHjaAa,
lIeTHpH 60YlIe KynoAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM, npeABopjeH 60YHe Tpe-
Mone C KynoAaMa Koje cy TaKone 6HAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM. 06HOB-
ibeHa l,IaMHja je 6HAa yo6wJajeHor THna, rpaneHa OA KaMeHa, C
KBaApaTHoM OCHOBOM H 3HAaHOM KaAOTOM. AY)IulHa KBaApaTHe
CTpaHe OCHOBe H3HOCHAa je OKO 14 MeTapa.
EajpaM-6ezoea (CA. 3) je carpaneHa H3Meoy 1557. H
1560. Ha yrAY AaHalliI-bHX YAHQa AOCllTejeBe Ii opane JyroBHna, y
6AOKY HapOAHor n030pHWTa. HaAa3HAa ce y cKAony jaBHHX I1pane-
BHHa Koje je nOAHrao oajpaM-6er, cMeAepeBCKH CaHl,IaK-6er. 3a
BpeMe aYCTpHjcKe BAaCTH 1717-39. cAY)KHAa je Kao MaraQHH H Kao
3rpaAa 3a CTaHOBaI-be. UaMHjy je nOCAe 1739. 06HOBHO pYMeAHj-
CKlf AeepTepAap XaUH-Mycraepa EepeHAH ATHep-3aAe. H3rpaAI-bOM Ha-
pOAHor n030pHwTa 1869. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa y nAHHapy 3a OCBeT-
ibaBal-be n030pHwTa. IIOI.llTO je nOQpHeAa OA AHMa npo3BaHa je
Kapa-l,IaMHjoM; cpyweHa je H3Meny 1897. H 1900. IIpHnaAaAa je
yo6HYajeHoM jeAHonpocTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM TImy rpaneBHHe OA
TecaHor KaMeHa YHja je AY)KHlHa KBaApaTHe CTpaHe OCHOBe ll3HO-
CHAa OKO 15 MeTapa.
UaMHje cy rpaneHe H Aaibe TaKO Aa je oeorpaA y 1688. HMao 51
J.!a'M!H'j'Y H 22 'MecUHAa.
5
Haj3Haya:jH1Hja nOCAe 1560. 611'Aa je Ej1--
xaH-6ezoea lfaMuja (CA. 4) Koja ce HaAa3HAa Ha AalHaWl-beM 0YAe-
Bapy PeBOAYQHje, y 6AH3HHH paCKpCHHQe ca BAajKOBHneBOM YAR-
QOM, HeKaA y OKBHPy MaAor na3apa, Tpene 6eorpaACKe YiapI.llHje.
UaMHjy je OKO 1585. carpaAHO EjHexaH-6er; y I-boj ce 3a BpeMe
aYCTpHjcKe oKynaQHje 1717-39. HaAa3HAO CKAaAHWTe YHHepopMH.
IIpHAlil.JHO je c1'paAaAa y 6op6aMa 1789, na je OTaA Ao6HAa ID'le
oaTaA-l,IaMH:ja; cpyweHa je 1869. rpaneHa je OA TecaHor KaMeHa,
MOHYMeHTaAHHje OA OCTaAHX 6eorpaAcKHx l,IaMHja, 6HAa je 60ibe
OCBeTibeHa oH HMaAa BenH 6poj npo30pa. IIpHnaAaAa je yo6HyajeHoM
je,A;HOnpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THOY, a AY)KHHa cTpaHe KB3ApaTHe
OCHOBe H3HOCHAa je OKO 15 MeTapa.
IIpHAHKOM npBor naAa oeorpaAa nOA aYCTplljcKY BAaCT 1688.
H TaAaI.I1,I-bHx )KeCTOKHX 6op6H cTpaAaAa je 6eorpaAcKa Bapow, a
:; YTBpl5eHo nOAP06HoM CTYAl1jOM OBor nliTaI-ba y HaB. eJlY, A. E'l-
62---63.
1,IaMHje y Y;KOj Cp6HjH 113 XIV-XiX BeK3
335
ca .f:bOM il I-beHe I,IaMuje. TIocAe 1688, opoj oeorpaAcKliX I,IaMuja je
TaKO orrao Aa HX je OCTaAO CBera rreTHaeCTaK, lUTO caMO rro ceOH
rOBopli 0 CTpaIJ..n:HUM pa3apaI-bliMa Koja je BeonpaA rrpe.IKlIBeo.
OCHM rroMeHYTlIx, Kao rr03HaTH.je U 3HaY:ajHlIje I,IaMHje, Koje
cY ce yrAaBHoM II ca'-IYBaAe rrOCAe aycTplIjcKo-TYPCKHX paToBa y
XVII II XVIII BeKY -YI oliAe oOHoBibeHe rrOA APYfHM HMeHOM cV:
IIIeXHTi\:YK-I,IaMHja (KacHlije AAH-rrallIHHa) HcrrOA AaHaI.l.lil:be Y AllI..\e
I.\,apa AYllIaiHa (CA. 5), X'aI,Ill-IIiH'p'HjI11Ha ('K'aoHlllje Aeq>TepAapoBa)
Ha OOHAHneBOM BeHI.\Y, TypryT-6eroBa (KacHlija KH3Aap-afHHa) HC-
nOA CTYAeHTCKor l'pra, XaI,IH-MYCTa<pe CKonibaKa (KacHlija Aa3
OrAHje) y YAHI.\;H I.\apa Aym3'Ha, <I>ePXaiA-neXaj'HiHa (Ka'CIfl)Ifje GYA-
TaHa MYCTa<pe) Ha rroY:eTI<Y HCTe VAllI..\e, UaMHja XaOHA-e<peHAHje
(KaCl-IHje Typoe-uaMHja) HcrrOA Tpra Perry6AHKe, AXMeA-arITHa (Kac-
HHje PeHc-e<peHAHjHHa) KOA paCK,pCHlII.\e YAHI.\a IJ;apa AvmaHa u
Ay6pOBaY:Ke, IJ;apena (KacHlije Ha CaBH, <I>aKHp
Xauu-AAuje (IcHHja cI>YKapa-uaMHja) rrpH AHY YAlII.\e TaAeywa
KomnymKor, Tup-H-oaAa (KacHuja 3HpyoaAa) KOA yrAa YAHI.\e CI<eH-
AepoerOBe u 3Maj JOBHHe. OA OCTaAllX uaMllja Koje cY pa30peHe
KpajeM XVII BeKa Mory ce rrOMeHYUI HopaxuM-oerOBa KOA yrAa
KHe3 MllxauAOBe YAHI.\e u OouAuneBor BeHl\a, KOCKH-oerOBa OAH3Y
KOHaKa KI-benU-be kYOHI.\e H KarrHUlljHHa Ha yrAY YMII.\a IJ;apa Ay-
waHa u <I>paHl\ycKe.
AycTpHjaHI.\H cy AO 1867. l'pH rrYTa BAaAaMI BeorpaAOM. Y ABa
Max,a KpajeM XVIl II KpajeM XVIII BeKa OCTaAH cy rro ABe rOAHHe,
a Tpenli rrYT, 1717-39, 3aAP)KaAH cy ce 3a AY.IKe pa3Aooibe. Y .f:bHXOB
rrorrHC 3rpaAa H3 1728. yrrlicaHo je y Bapowli 17 I,IaMHija H OHe cy ce
yrAaBHoM OAp)KaAe AO XIX BeKa, C l'HM llITO cy y XVIII BeKY ca-
rpal5eHe l'pH HOBe, AOK cy HeKe OA ca'-IYBaHHx cpyweHe. 3a BpeMe
aycTpujcKe BAacTH, HeKe oeorpaAcKe uaMlije oHAe cy npeTBopeHe
y l\pKBe. TYPl\1I cy caY:YBaHe uaMHje yrAaBHoM OOHOBHAH rrOCAe
1739, aAH oy OHe CTpaAaAe 3a BpeMe rrOCAeAI-ber paTa ca AYCTpHjaH-
I.\HMa KpajeM XVIII BeKa H 3a BpervIe Kapal5opl5eBor oCBajaI-ba Beo-
rpaAa rrO'-IeTKOM XIX BeKa. BeKe I,TaMHje cy Orrp3'BibeHe, a HeKe cy
u Aaibe rrporraAaAe. Apyra rrOAOBUHa XIX BeKa 3HaY:UAa je Kpaj
)](HBOTa OeOI1paACKliX I,IaMuja; rrOCAeAI-ba je cpYllleHa BajpaM-oero-
Ba, a AaHac OY:YBaHa Bajpa'KAli uaMlija je OHAa oApel5eHa 3a 3BaHHY:-
HY MYCAlIMaHCKY OorOMOibY
I,1aMuje-,y OCULflUM A'/eCYUMa
TIpe Hero WTO ce rrpene Ha pacnpaBY 0 I,IaMHjaMa y rrojeAHHHM
MeCTlIMa rrOTpeOHO je penli - Aa ce He Oli rronaBibaAO 3a CBaKO Ha-
ceibe - y Koje BpeMe cy KpajeBli AaHaWI-be Y)I<e Cpolije rraAH rrOA
TypCKY BAaCT. TYPI.\lI cy AOAa31IAli Ha BaAI<aHCKO rrOAYOCTPBO li 3a-
Y3eAli HeKe OOAaCTlI Ben y XIV BeKY, aAH je HajBenli Aeo AaHallll:be
Y.IKe Cpolije rrao KOHaY:HO rrOA .f:bUXOBY BAaCT rrOAOBlIHOM XV BeKa.
336
AHBna Bypnh3aMoAO
JY)JH AeAOBH cy oCBojeHH 1455. KaA cY OCHOBaHH KpyweBa'lKH H
HeK'H APYfH C3JHl,Ial..liH, a CeBepHiH AeAOBoH 1459. 33'Y3eneM CMeAepeBa
E 06pa30BaJlheM oMeAepe'BOK'or calHUaJKa. JeA'lfIHO cy ce EeorpcrA ca
3eMYHoM H IIla6al..l AD 1521, KaA cy H OHH IIaAH nOA TYP-
CKe py:Ke. HnaK He Tpe6a 3a60paBHTH Aa oy nojeAHHa MeCTa 6HAa
nOBpeMeHO oCBajaHa H paHHje, na TaKO nOCToje uaMHje H H3 XIV
H npBe nOAOBH'He XV BeKa.<l
A!1elCcuHml je cTapo cpeAlhoBeKoBHo Hacetoe y KOMe cy y XVII
BeKY )JBeAH caMO Cp6H xpilllIfiaHH. JeAHHa uaMHja HaAa3HAa ce
BaH YTBpne'lha, Ha Crp31J-lJH rrpeMa EeoI'paA'Y. 3BaAa ce fa3H XaClJH-
-naUlliHa, BepoBaTHo no HMeHY TeMHII.1IBapCKOr 6erAep6era qHja je
6HAa 3aAY)K6HHa, Kao H jow jeAHa 3I1paAa y AAeKOllHl..ly.7
f.J-tal( je A)06no A31H3mlhe HMe rrOA TYPl..lI1'Ma; y opeAlheM 'BeKY
ce 3Bao fpaAaL\ H y lheMY je He1\lhHH 6paT CTpaL\HMHp y APyroj
nOAOBHHH XII BeKa nOAHrao L\pKBY nocBefieHY EorOpOAllL\H. EBAH-
ja qeAe6H je 3amrcao Aa je y qa'lKY nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa 6HAO
ceAaM uaMHja. JeAHa OA I-bHX je 6HAa Beha H 3HaqajHHja, a HaCTaAa
je npeypenelheM nOMeHYTe EorOpoAHqHHe L\pKBe y UaMHjy. I10WTO
je nOCAe 1718. 3a BpeMe aycTpHjcKe BAaCTH oneT nOCTaAa L\pKBa,
TYPL\H oy je rrOHOBO rrpeTBopHAH y UaMHjy nOCAe 1739. To ce AO-
rOAHAO H 3a BpeMe KapabopneBe Cp6Hje H nOCAe lheHor naAa. OBa
L\pKBa je 1826. jow 6HAa uaMaja, na jy je 06Hwao H JoaKHM By-
jUfiH HaJnt.Joa'o Aa je "OBO 3A3'HH'je AOCTa BHiCOK,o U WHp'OIK:O". YIHY-
Tpa.!llH>OCT joj je 6HAa BeOMa cKpoMHa, na ByjHfi HaBOAH KaKO je
HHAeo -Ca:MO MWI-l6ep 11 npocTe npOCTlHpKe Ha rroAY. KO'HaLDHO je 1834.
npeypeneHa 3a L\pKBY Iwja nocTojlH H AaHac, C THM WTO je TOKOM
BpeMeHa onpaBtoaHa H 06HaBtoaHa.
8
Y L\pKBH ce H caAa Mory Ha 3H-
AOBHMa HcnOA KynoAe BHAeTH npeAOMtoeHH AYl..lH, WTO YKa3Yje Ha
TO Aa je 3npaAa H 3a BpeMe TypaKa 6HAa npeypebHBaHa.
Kpazyje6a11 ce npBH nYT nOMHlhe KOA TypCKor reorpa<f>a XaUH
KaA<f>e nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa Kao M3AO I-Iacetoe. Y lheMY je noCTO-
jaAa caMO jeAHa uaMHja (CA. 6), aAH je 6HAa carpaneHa OA IMe-
Ha; y pa3A06toy aycTpHjcKe BAaCTU 1717-39. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa
y Q.pKBY BaBeAelha. UaMHja ce HaAa3HAa nopeA peKe AeneHHl..le,
6AH3Y cTapor KaMeHor MOCTa, AaH3Wlher AOlher 6eToHcKor MOCTa.
KaA je OBAe 1826. 60paBHo J. ByjHfi, I,IaMHja je 6HAa y cAa60M CTa-
lb.y H 6e3 MHHapeTa; cTpyweHa je 01<0 1870. I10CTOjH lheH He MHoro
6 lyzocfla6uje, VII, AeKCHKorpaepCI 3aBO,<.\, 3arpe6
1955-1971, 133 (CaHl,JaK); liera, J, 472---473 (EeorpaA0KH naIllaAYK).
7 O. 3HpojeBHo, l)apUlpaocv.:u oPYJl'l 00 Eeolpaa o Coc/mje (1459--
-1683), 360PHHK HCTopHjcKor MY3eja Cp6Hje, 7, 1970, 164---165; P. CaMap-
I.mn, Eeozpa U Cp6uja y CI1UCUAl ca6peMeWlIca, XVI-XVII
6ev.:, HCTOPHjcKH apXHB EeorpaAa, EeorpaA 1962, 197.
8 lyzocflC16uje, II, 514; E. '4:eAe61I, nYTOIlUC, J-III,
"CBjeTAocT", CapajeBo 1957, II, 141; M MapHIllI-in, l)plwa He-
Mal--bUna y T./aLll(Y U Jl1.aliacrupu cpnClCe Caere Tope, foplbl1 Mfu\aHOBaL(
1966, 5-10; M. B. MHAHoeBllo, /{r-teJ1Ce6UHa Cp6uja, EeorpaA 1876, 676-f:>77.
UaJ'<lHje y YJKoj Cp6njH H3 XIV-XiX BeKa
337
TayaH QPTe* KOjH je H3paAHO <P. K aHHQ9 I1peMa QPTe*y I,IaMBje
ca iOKOABHO:\1 M')J ce 3a
1
KibY'IMTH Aa je rrpHITaAaAa YOOHyajeHOI\'r
rroTKyrroAHoM nmy KaMeHHX I,I3MHja y HalllHM KpajeBHMa. HMaAa
je KBaApaTHY OCHOBY, a KyrroAa je Ae){(aAa Ha rrpHAH'IHO HHCKOM
TaM6ypy.
Kpyute6atf je Kao cprrCKH CpeAI-bOBeKOBHH rpaA nOCAe ITaAa y
TypCKe pYKe A06HO HMe AAaI,Ia XHcap. EBAHja LIeAe6H je 1660. 3a-
6eAe*Ho Aa y rpaAY HMa AeBeT MycAHMaHcKHx 60roMoiba y AeBeT
MaXaM\, lllTO 3Ha4H Aa je Meny J-bHMa OHAO H I,IaMHja H Mecl)HA3.
IIo HMeHY je nOMeHYO l'pH l)aMHje: XY/\aBeHAHrapOBY, AAaj6erOBY
H I,IaMHjy MypaTa II. XYa6ett()uzapo6a t,wMuja ce HaAa3HAa y
yaplllHjH, a oHAa je H3rpaneHa y cTapOM CTHAY. XYAaBNIAHrap je
HHaye HaAHMaK CYATaHa MypaTa l (1359-1389), lllTO 3HaYH Aa je
OH nOAHrao OBY l)aMHjy. IIOlllTO LIeAeOH Ka*e Aa je nOAHrHYTa Y
CTapOM CTHAY, 1'0 CMaTpaM Aa je MypaT l rrpHAHKOM HeKor CBor
ynaAa y KpyweBaQ rrpeTBopHo jeAHY OA rrocTojenHx ll,pKaBa y I,Ia-
MlJfjy. YOHIJil1:pajynH BeKe y CBOj'Oj HCTOpHjH KpyweBQa,
B. HAHn MHCAH Aa je XYAaBeHAHrapOBa I,IaMHja OHAa OHa Koja ce
HaA'33HAa HaCITpalM BeA1H'Ke YeOMe. AIla6jeZ06a l;laMuja je OHAa Ta-
Kobe jeAHa OA 3HaMeHHTHjHx rrOlllTO je EBAHja LIeAe6H nOMH}f,e.
CBaKaKO ce HaAa3HAa y BeroBoj MaxaAH, 3a KOjy EBAHja K3)Ke Aa
je jeAHa OA Hajn03HamjHx. 1).a/iofUja cYIlTaHa MypaTa II (1421-
-1451) H3Ap*aBaAa ce, npeMa EBAHjH, OA jeAHHor KpYlIIeBaYKOr
aMaMa KOjH je TaKone carpaAHo MypaT II H YBaKyqmo ra 3a CBOjy
I,IaMHjy. HAHn CMaTpa Aa cy ce Te ABe 3rpaAe HaAa3HAe Ha 3eMibHlII-
TY Ha KOMe je 1923. nOAHrHYTa <l>a6pHKa BarOHa. HajBepoBaTHHje
je Aa ce Ha J-bHX OAHOCH H rrHcaJ-be M. B. MHAHneBHna 0 pyweBHHa-
Ma HeKe CTape rpaneBHHe, rro AereHAH I,IaMuje HAH aMaMa, Koja ce
HaAa3HAa rropeA nYTa Ha ceBepHoj CTpaHH BapowH. MHAHneBHn je
3anHcao H AereHAY 0 OBOj 3rpaAU: I,IaMHjy je rrOAHrAa MHAeBa, nep-
Ka KHe3a i\a3apa, CBOMe MY*y CYATaHY y 3HaK 3aXBaAHOCTH IIlTO
joj je carpaAHO UPKBY rropeA ABopa. OBa AereHAa He 6H OAfOBapaAa
I,IaMHjH MypaTa II, Kao HH HMe hepKe KHe3a i\a3apa, jep ce HCTO-
PHjCKH 3Ha Aa ce i\a3apeBa li.epKa OAHBepa YAaAa 3a CYATaHa Baja-
3HTa 1. HAHn je 3a6eAe)JO Aa je nOCTojaAa jOIll jeAHa I,IaMHja Koja
je cpyrneHa 1925, a HaAa3HAa ce Ha HMa}f,y CMHibKa MHAeHKOBHna,
aAH HMe I,IaMHje HHje n03HaTo.
10
9 EHI1UlC/lOneouja IlUlCOOI-IUX yJHen'LQCTU, l-IV, AeKCHJWrpaqlCKH 3a-
BOA. 3arpe6 1959-1966, III, 237; EWlulCllolleouja JywClla6uje, V, 367; J. By-
jHn, {Jy-cetuecn;uje no Cep6uju, l-Il, CprrcKa KIMIJKeBHa 3aAPyra, Klb. 66 r;
72, BeOlpaA 1901. H 1902, l, 173; F. Kanitz, Das Konigreich Serbien und das
Serbenvolk, B. Meyer, Leipzig 1904, 295.
JO Er'll1uV::lloneouja Jyzocilaouje, V, 436; E. tIeAe6H, I-Iao. aello, II, 62;
EHtlwcJ1Oneouja .t1ev::culCozparjJclCoz 3aooa. l-VII, 3arpe6 1955-1964, V, 304
(MypaT l); licTa, l, 347 (Baja3HT l); B. HAHn, licTopuja f(pYUleOtla, HCTopnj-
CKH apxH8, Kpywel:lal\ 1971, M. B. MI'I,\nneBHn, J(HeJlceBuHa Cp6uja, 745.
338
AI1BHa .GYPl1h-3aMAO
je naJo y l'YPCl PYKe K'aA II OCTai\1I Hamli KpajeBu;
y lheMY je AO OCi\0601Jelha 1878. 6lIAO OCaM I.IaMlija. JeAaH 3anaAHli
rryTHIiK KOjlI je npornao Kp03 i\ecKOBal( AeceT rOAlIHa npe oCAo6o-
lJelha IUHile Aa HHjeAHa OA r,raMlija "HlIje AocTojHa na)Klhe". 0 H3-
ri\eA'Y i\eCKOBay.KHX JJaMlija HeMa nOAaTaKa OCIiM Aa ce ABe BIiAe Ha
Kailllil.(OBOM l(pTe>KY i\ecKOBl(a, a 3a jeAHY ce Ka)Ke Aa je 61Ii\a OA
ApBeTa. i\oKal(Hje 3a CBIIX ocaM r,raMlija Aao je C. Am.1lITplIjeBHh
KOjlI A06po n03'Haje i\ecKOBal(, a Hajno3HaTlije cy 61Ii\e qapWII-r,ra-
Mlija li CaxaT-r,raMlija. qapWII-r,raMlija ce Hai\a31Ii\a KOA AaHaWlhe
anOTeKe "CYTjecKa", a OKO lhe je 6Hi\0 BeAHKO APBene IIcnoA Kora
cY ce ca'cTajai\H BHneHilIjH TY'Pl(H. je 6Hi\a Ha AaH3W-
lheM Tpry AmllITplIja TYl(OBlIna, HeKaAaWI'boj ApBHOj mIjal(lI. Y
l-beHoj 6i\H3HHH Hai\a31Ii\a ce ApBeHa CaxaT-KYi\a nO KOjOj je 'II l(e-
i\a MaXai\a HOCHi\a HMe. Tpena r,raMlija je HajCTaplija y i\ecKOBl(Y,
a llOAmao jy je CYi\TaH Eaja3lIT l, KaKO je cTajai\O y HaTTIlicy HaA
YAa30M. IIoPYllllIAH cY je HeMl(1I 1942. Kao nOCi\eAI-bY y BapOilllI.
LIeTBpTa je 61Ii\a IIawamneBa r,raMlija Koja ce HaAa31Ii\a y HaceA:>Y
IIoABopal(, 6i\H3Y CaAaIDlhe LJeCMe. Mypr,roMai\CKa l)aJ\ja je 6HAa
KOA HeKaA'a1l1lI-be Ka<paHe "IIocAeAlhlI rporu", rneCTa ce HaAa3lIAa Ha
lL\1aH>Y BoplJa i\ewlhaKa, ceAMa KOA KacnapeBe Ka<paHe, a GCMa je
6lIi\a ApBeaa r,raMHja KOA Ka<paHe "flOi\,aHlIl.(a". OA OBHX ocaM, ABe
cy 61Ii\e 6e3 MIIHapeTa, na cy rrYTHIIl(1I y XIX BeKY yrAaBHoM 6ei\e-
)lAII llIeCT r,raMlija. IIoci\e OCi\0601Jelha cpyweHo IIX je neT TaKO
Aa cy OCTaAe caMO J1plI npBonOMeHYTe. flpeMa npeAalhY nocTojaAa
je H AAaj6eroBa r,raMIIj-a.
l1
HUUl je npe KOHaLJHOr naAa nOA TypCKY BAaCT 6HO HeKOAIiKO
nYTa y TYPCKIiM PYKaMa, na ce y TypCIM 1I3BopHMa Ben KpajeM
XIV BeKa nOMHlhe jeAHa r,raM.Hja Koja je cnaK3Ko HaCTai\a aAaIITa-
l(lIjOM cpeAlhoBeKoBHe l(pKBe. UaMlija je HOCHi\a liMe My.paTa 1
Cfa31I XYAaBeHAlIrap), WTO 3HaLJlI Aa je l(pKBa npeTBOpeHa y r,ra-
MHj-y rrpe 1389, IA je MypaT 1 rromHYo. OBY r,raMlIjy y VXII BeKY
nOMHH>'Y KIIKi\e H EBlliIja qei\e6H. KHI(i\e je 30Be XYHrjap-r,raMHja,
llITO 3HaLJlI IJ;apeBa, a qei\e61I Ka>Ke Aa "HHje TOAIiKO Aena, aMI je
rpalJeHa y CTapOM CTlINY" , a 1'0 nOTBplJyje rrpeTrrOCTaBKY Aa je no-
CTaAa npeypelJelheM l(pKBe. BepOBaTHo je 1'0 6Hi\a IJ;pKBa CB. HII-
KOi\e, 3a KOjy M. B. MHAlineBHfi nHlile Aa je 'rpli nYTa npeTBapaHa
y r,raMlIjy.
12
KpajeM XIV BeKa nOMHlhY ce H ABa MeCJJHAa, jeAaH
A6,6!H-AeAe H Xa'3pa je 6HO nopeA 'Mona, a A'Pyr,H XaUH-Eai\a-
6aHa. AaA:>e ce 1516. nOMHlhe Mecr,rHA Xar,rH-AYPMywa, a HellITO Kac-
HHje Mecr,rHA JeApelhaHHHa Eai\lIa. Y jeAHoM TYPCKOM AOKYMeI-:ITY
HaBOAlI ce "Maxai\a MeCl]IIAa l(pKBa", WTO 61I ce MorAO OAHOCHTH
Ha jeAaH OA MeCl]HAa C Kpaja XIV BeKa I<jH je paHHje 6HO l(pKBa.
11 C. AI1MI1Tpl1jeBl1n, fpaCKa l1pUGpCa cmpoz lice/QMla, HanpeAah.,
AeCKOBal.l 1952, 116-117; A. TpajKoBHli, HCJlWI-bUlLG Ay6o'lW4G, 13eorpaA 1961,
88; M. n. MHAHlieBHn, [(pa,eG1uw Cp6uja, 13eorpaA 1884, 115.
12 EHllWCJlOl1euja lyzocJlGaujc, IV, 296; O. 3HpojeBIlo, New. e.lO, 172; E.
Y:eAe6H, 1-laB. e/lO, J, 71; P. Cao-la pt,lHn, HaG. el1o, 197; M. n. MyJ,\HhcB!-rh,
[(pa.JbeaUHa Cp6uja, 104-105,
-- --
339
1,IaMHje y yxwj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BCKet
y APyroj nOJ\OBHHH XVI BeKa, 3a BpeMe cYATaHa MypaTa III, y
HHllJY ce no HMeHY nOMHl-be ceAaM MeCIJHAa, AOK EBAHja .!)Ke Aa
HX je 6HAO "BHwe", na ce lbHXOB TaqaH 6poj He MO)Ke YTBPAIHH.
TaKone ce He MO)J(e YTBPAHTH HH 6poj lJaMHja. Y APyroj nOAOBHHH
XVI BeKa, Y3 ceAaM MeCIJHAa nOMHI'be ce no HMeHY caMO jeAHa lJa-
MHja, aAH ce Ka)J(e Aa HHW HMa AeceT MaxaAa, WTO 3HaqH Aa cy
TaAa MorAe nOCTojaTH l'pH lJaMHje Y3 OHHX ceAaM MeCIJHAa. li EBAH-
ja "YeAe6H HaBOAH TpH lJaMHje 3a cpeAHHY XVII BeKa, a 1'0 6R ce
nOAYAapaJ\O C npeTxOAHHM 06aBellJTeaeM. IlpBa je nOMeHYTa lJa-
MHja MypaTa l, a Apyre ABe cy MYCJ\H-eepeHAHje, "yrOAHa H npHB-
AaqHa Kao orJ\eAaJ\O", H XyceHH-nexaje, "cBHjeTJ\a H A06po noce-
neHa". I1pH6J\H)I<H0 y HCTO BpeMe, KHI{J\e HaBOAH HMe H 'lIeTBpTe
lJaMHje; 1'0 je Jycyep-6erona. MenYTHM, 3anaAHH nYTHHK je Morao
norpeWHTH H MeC]"JHA Ha3BaTH l,laMRjoM. KHI<J\e HHa'lle nOMHlbe caMO
lbY H lJaMHjy MypaTa l, AOK cy "OCTaJ\e Malbe". fepJ\ax je 3a noc-
l\eAlby 'lieTBpTHHY XVI neKa 3anHcao ~ a HHm HMa neT Aem-IX lJa-
MHja OA KaMeHa,1'l WTO 6H Tal<one MorJ\a 6HTH rpewKa y pa3AHKoBa-
J-bY lJaMHja H MecIJHAa.
AaJHa'C y HHwy fl'OCToje PiBe lJaJMiJ.tje: jeAHa y TBpnalBl-i, a APyra
y BapoWiH, 06e nOAHfHYTe nOqeTKOM XVIII BeKa. 3aHHMA>HBO je
Aa je 6poj UaJ;vlHja y HHwy y XIX B6KY BenH Hero y XVI IH XVII,
na je 3anHcaHo Aa HX je OKO 1840. 6HJ\0 jeAaHaecT, a 1878. TPR-
HaeCT. IlocAe paTa npOTHB TypaKa H KOHaY:He 'caMOCTaJ\HOCTH Cp-
6Hje 1878, OHe cy peAoM nopyweHe TaKO Aa cy npeMa M. B. MRAR-
nemJl1Y 1884. OCTaJ\e caMO l'pH, OA KojRX je jeAHa 06aBA>aAa 60ro-
cJ\Y>Kelbe. MenYTHM, HHje jacHo Aa AH je MHJ\RneBRn YiPaqYHao R
lJaMRjy y TBpnaBH. IlpeMa OCTaJ\oj AOKYMeHTal.l,RjR, nOCAe 1884. y
BapowH cy nOCTojaJ\e l'pH LlaMHje, OA KOjHX je jeAHa OBa AaHac ca-
qYBaHa, Apyra je OHa Koja je npeMa li. 3ApaBKoBHny nOCToj.aAa AO'
nOCAe Apyror CBeTCKor paTa, KaA je cpyweHa, a OA Tpene je OCTaAO
MHHape Koje je nopyweHo OKO 1960. 3ApaBKoBHn HHje Aao nOAan<e
o Apyroj lJa'M1HjH, aJ\lH npel'nOCTa'DfuaM Aa 6H 1'0 'MOfAa 6RTR OHa
Koja ce BHAH Ha epOTorpaepHjH HHwa C Kpaja XIX BeKa. Ha CJ\Hl.I,R
cy CTapa HHWKa 'lIa-pwHja H y lbeHoj 6J\H3HHH jeAHa lJaMHja Koja
HMa oY:YBaHo MRHape H TpeM ca TpH AYKa. liaKO ce He BHAH AO-
6po, HTIaK ce I1peMa H3rAeAY TpeMa i\W)Ke npeTnocTaBHTH Aa uaMH-
ja HMa KynOAY. HeAaBHo nopymeHo rpolUHo MHHape HHje MOrAQ
nprrnaAaTR OITHcaHoj lJaMHjR nOWTO ce HaAa3RAO y cnopeAHoj YAR-
JJ;H, KaKO je 3anHcao H. 3ApaBKOBHn.
J4
IlOAP06HHje ce Mory npHl<:a-
13 O. 3HpojeBJ-il, HaB. ello, 172-174; E. 'LfeAe6H, I-WB. (JeIlO, l, 71; P.
CaMapUHo, I-ta6. ello, 197; 1\0BpHl, Rcwpuja Hwua, HHw 1927, 47.
u EHLluKlloneuja lyzoclla611je, VI, 296; M. D. MHAHtieBHh, KpalbeaWltl
Cp6Llja, 107; H. 3ApaBKoBHll, Ih60p zpahe 3a npoY'laeal-be C1WMeJ-iWca UC,1a.Ai-
CKe apXLtTelccype y lyzoclla6uju, JyroCJI,oBeHcKH HHCTlITYT 3a 3awTHTY cnO,\l-
HHKa K\'AType, BeorpaA 1964, 27, 35; e p o o r p a e p ~ a naHopaMe HHwa ca uaMH-
jOM KOjy je aYTop KynHo y HapoAIlOM MY3ejy y HHwy; epoTorpaeplija W1Ha-
peTa cpyLUeHor OKO 1960. Koje je CHHMHO H. 3;.\paBKoBHn.
340
AHBHa BYPHn-3aMOAO
3aTH ABe nocTojene HHWKe I,IaMHje: npBa je /JaJl1uja y Tephaeu (CA.
7) Koja je BepoBaTHo nOAHfHYTa y BpeMe KaA je TBpnaBa rpaneHa
OKO 1723. Ca'lJYB3H je jeAHHo MOAHTBeHH npocTop. fpaneHa je OA
KaMeHa H oneKe Koje YOKBHPyjy recaHHK, a npHnaAa yo6H"lIajeHoM
THny nOTKynoAHe rpaneBIme KBaApaTHe OCHOBe, "lIHja AY)KJIHa CTpa-
He H3HOCH Il m, nOKpHBeHe nOAYAonTacToM KaAOTM. H3rAeAa Aa
je TpeM KOjH je nopyweH 6HO nOKpHBeH KpcTacTHM CBOAOM; npo-
30pH oy 3aBpweHH npeAoMloeHuM 3 y YHYTpaWlhOCTH je
nocTojaAa raAepHja. UaMuju cy, BepOB3THO y XIX BeKY, A03HAaHe
60"llHe npocTopHje Aa 6H nOCTaAa cTaM6eHH o6jeKaT.
15
Apyra je
/JaMuja HCAaM-aze Apeeula (CA. 8), oarpaneHa 1720, WTO CTOjH
Ha cayYBaHoj I<aMeHoj nAO"llH Koja ce HaAa3HAa H3HaA YAa3a. HMa
npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY 15 X II,5 m, nOKpHBeHa je "lIeTBOpOBOAHHM
KpOBOM, OTBOpH y npH3eMA>Y ce 3aBpwaBajy apXHTpaBHo, a Ha cnpa-
TV nOAYKpY)IO; y YHYTpaI.lI;fhOCTH nocTojH raAepHja. I1omYHO je
06HOBA>eHa 1870. rOAHHe. CaAa ce y H>oj HaAa3H MY3ej MycAHMaH-
CIG:!X nOKpeTHHx cnOMeHHKa HHwa H oKoAHHe.
16
Hoea BapoUl HMa I,IaMHjy carpaneHY 1894. (CA. 9). EBAHja
He nOMHH>e I)aMHjy y HOBoj BapolIDl, aMI je paHHje MopaAa noCTO-
jaTH 6apeM jeAHa JJaMHja HAH MeCI,IHA. Kao KOHalJlllliTe Ha 3Ha"llaj-
HOM nyTY, HOBa BapOIli 3B3Aa ce CKeHAep-nawHHa I1aAaHKa, a Aa-
HaWl:be HMe je Ao6HAa y XVII BeKY. MycAHMaHCKo CTaHOBHHllITBO
Ha3H.Ba I)aMMjy CKeHAep-naWHHOM, lllTO 3Ha"llH Aa je Ha OBOM Me-
CTY nocTojaAa HCToHMeHa I,IaMHja, Kojy je nOAHrao CKeHAep-nawa.
I1ocTojena I,IaMHja je nOAHrHYTa OA npHAora npanaHa H BeAHKor
npHAora MaXMYA-nallle EajpoBHna. HMa npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY
17,8 X 13,6 m, nOKpHBeHa je "lIeTBOpOBOAHHM KpOBM, YHYTpaWl:bOCT
joj je CKpOMHO o6paneHa, HMa raAepHjy. CarpaneHa je OA AOMA>e-
Hor K3MeHa, nOTOM MaATepHcaI-Ia; npBo6HTHO je HMaAa ApBeH MH-
Hape, a CaAallll:be je OA KaMeHa. Y Aa3Ha BpaTa ce 3aBpwaBajy AY"ll-
HO, OCT3:AH OT'BOpH apXII-I'rpa:B'H. I10C'fojll-i 'IIA"lJa ca 3anH'OOIM 0 H3-
rpaAl:bH I)aMHje,17
Hoeu Jla3ap je rpaA KojH ce y Cp6HjH HaAa3H Ha npBOM Me-
CTY no 6pojy ca"llYBaHHX I,IaMHja KOjHX HMa OKO neTHaeCTaK. To
yrAaBHOM HHCY 3Ha"llajHH o6jeKTH OCHM AATHH-aAeM I)aMHje onHca-
He Ha nO"lleTKY OBor paAa. HOBH I1a3ap je OCHOBao Hca-6er HcxaKo-
BHh, y 6MI3HHH cTapor Paca, KpajeM XV BeKa, KaA ce nO"lleo H3rpa-
nHBaTH Kao TprOBa"llKO cpeAHWTe Ha 3Ha"ll3jHoM nyTY, a ca l:bHM H
H>erOBe I)aMHje. CBH nHWY 0 BeAHKOM 6pojy I)aMHja y
HOBOM I1a3apy, a jeAaH HCTH"lIe H TonOAe Koje CKAaAHO AeAyjy yno-
peAo C MHHapeTHMa. Ta"llaH 6poj I)aMHja je 1580. 3anHcao KOHTa-
pHHH H HaBeo Aa HX HMa weCHaeCT, AOK je EBAHja l.JeAe6H HaBeo
15 H. 3ApaBKOBi'i, Ha6. e/lo, 35-38.
16 HeTO, 27-31.
17 EU1.j.UK/lOneuja lyzoc/la6uje, VI, 304; B. IIlaAlmYPoBHn, flPU/103U 3a
UCTOpUjy zpahe6uHapcT6a y cpel-beJlt flO/lUM/bY y XIX 6eKY, HHCTHTYT 3a
HCTOpHjy YMeTHocTH, EeorpaA 1979, 161-165; rpyrra BepHHKa y lJaMHjH je
16. VI 1981. AaAa rrOAaTaK Aa ce I,IaMHja 30Be CKeHAep-rrawHHa.
341
y Y/KOj Cp6HjH ll3 XIV-XiX BeKa
Aa HX je 1660. OlL\O ABaAeceT TpH.l
8
Ha BPXYHI.J;y pa3Boja rrOA Typ-
U;HMa, HOBH IIa3ap je KaKO rrHIIIe EBAHja qeAeoH, OCHM ABaAeceT
TpH I.!aMHje HMao H jeAaHaecT MeCl)HAa. OH je TaKone HaBeo Aa je
Bapow m"IaAa 40-50 MaxaAa, IIITO OH MopaAO 3HaYHTH Aa je 6HAO
AOCTa H xpHwnaHCKHX MaxaAa rrOlIlTO je MYCAH'MaHCKHX 6HAO 34
cYAenH rrpeMa 6pojy 60rOMO!Da. EBAHja rrOMHlhe caMO 'leTHpH l)a-
MHje rro HMeHY: AATHH-aAeM, fa3H Hca-oerOBY, I,1aMHjy KOA KaMe-
Hor MOCTa H Xal)H-XypeMOBY. 3a rrpBe ABe je Aao H HeIII!To rrOAaTa-
Ka, rra 3a AATHH-aAeM Ka/Ke rAe ce HaAa3H H OTKYA joj HMe, a 3a
Hca-oerOBY Aa je HaCTaAa rrperrpaBKOM Taj rrOAaTaK 6H MO-
raD 6HTH AOKa3 Aa je Hca-oer rrpHAHKOM OCHHBalha HOBor IIa3apa
KOpHCTHO HeKO OMalhe CTapo Hace!De H lherOBY U;PKBY. l.leAeoH mI-
me 3a Hca-6erOBY l)aMHjy Aa je rrOKpHBeHa OAOBOM H Aa ce HaAa3H
Ha )KHTHOM Tpry rro KojeM HOCH HMe H u;eAa MaxaAa. IIpeTrrocTaB-
!DaM Aa je OBAe y rrHTalhY EBAHjHlfa rpeWKa, 3aTO WTO rrocTojH H
Hca-oerOBa MaxaAa. OCHM OBe ABe, qeAe6H HaBOAH HMeHa jom 'le-
THpa MaxaAe, KaKO OH ce MorAe Ha3HBaTH H l)aMHje Koje ce HaAa3e
y J-bHMa: Kapa-MaxaAa, Xal)H-HopaXHM-e<peHAHjHHa, 3YA<PHKap-3aAe
MaXMYA-arHHa H JeAe'l-MaXaAa y KOjOj ce HaAa3HAa AATHH-aAeM
l)aMHja. H3 HCTHX pa3Aora HaBOAHM li HMeHa rreT MaxaAa H3 1489.
roAHHe Koja je y jeAHoM AO!,YMeHTY Hawao X. IIIa6aHomi H Koja
ce He CAa)KY ca HMeHHMa EBAHjHHHX MaxaAa: I1awa-JnrHToBa, My-
paT-cy6awHHa, KaAHjHHa, MeHTeweAY AAHjHHa li Tepl)YMaHoBa.l
9
IIpeMa A. AHApejeBHny, AaHac rrocTojH rreTHaeCTaK I.IaIlmja y
HOBOM I1a3apy, AOK XOl)a Aparr-l)aMHje Ka/Ke Aa HX HMa ceAaM-
HaeCT. MenYTHM, OH HHje 3Hao HMeHa CBHX l)aMHja Hero caMO 3a Ae-
ceT: AATHH-aAeM, EOp-l)aMHja, AejAeK-l)aMHja, I1awHHa (CBaKaKO
Ejy6-rraWHHa), MeAajcKa, Aparr-l)aMHja, IIIapoBa (OAH3Y peKe Pa-
illKe) , AxMeA-BojBoAe, I,1aMHja Ha IIapmlIJ;e 'H IIIapolhcKa (6AH3Y
EOp-l)aMHje). Kao jeAHHH KOjH ce AocaA rroce6Ho oaBHo HOBorra3ap-
CKHM l)aMHjaMa, AHApejeBHn je oojaBHo rroce6aH paA 0 rrpBorroMe-
HYTOj l)aMHjH, 0 cAeAenHM TpHMa je rmcao y MOHorpa<pHjH HOBor
IIa3apa, a 3a MeAajcKY je Aao caMO <pOTorpa<pHjy. OOHOBHe rrOAaT-
Ke 3a Aparr-l)aMHjy A06HAa Cal\1 OA r1>eHOr XOl)e. TaKO 3acaA HeMa
OAIDlX rrOAaTaKa 3a YeTH'pH l)aMHje 'lHja cy HMeHa rr03HaTa. Sop-
je rropeA AATHH-aAeM jeAHHa rrocTojena KOjy rrOMHlhe EB-
AHj a. Y HaTrrHcy H3HaA y Aa3a y MOAHTBeHH rrpocTop MO/l<e ce H
AaHac rrpOYHTaTH Aa je l)aMHjy 1561. rrOAHrao Xal)H-XypeM, a TO
je HMe jeAHe OA l)aIl-lHja KOjy rrOMHlhe EBAHja. TaAa je CBaKaKO Aerro
H3rAeAaAa H HMaAa KyrrOAY. IIowTo je cTpaAaAa y paToBHMa, TO
joj je rrpHAHKoM 06HoBe CTaB!DeH 'leTBOpOBOAHH r<rpOB H A03HAaHH
TpeMOBH CBYAa OKOAO. OCTaAo je caqyBaHo caMO rrpBOOHTHO MHHa-
18 A. AHApejeBHD, HaB. eAo, 195, 200; J. AeAHjep, ROBa Cp6uja, CprrcKa
Kl-bH/KeBHa 3aAPyra, EeorpaA 1913, 290-293; K. KOCTHD, Rawu HOBU zpa06u
Ha jyzy, CpnCKa Kl-bH/KeBI-la 3aAPyra, EeorpaA 1922, 29; P. CaMapJJ!ID, Hac.
eAo, 138, 159; E. lieAeoH, H([(3. eAo, II, 12.
19 E. "lfeAe6H, Ha6. eAo, II, 12.
342
AHBHa Bypun-3alllOAO
pe, Aerro YKpallIeHO CTaAaKTHTHMa H CAerIHM a p K a m ~ a M a CAH4HO
IvlImapeTY AATHH-aAeM uaM'Hje. HaAa3H ce y KparyjeBa4Koj YAH1..(H.
AejJlelC-l,taMuja jc orreT jeMma rropeA AATHH-aAeM Koja je rrlK.pUBe-
Ha KyrrOAOM, a KyrrOAa Ae)KH Ha TaMOYPY oe3 rrp030pa; KaKO je
Mau,HX AHMeH3Hja, uaMHja AH'-IH Ha Bene Typ6e. IlocrojH rrpeAaI-be
Aa je I-bCH KTHTOp XaBaAa AXMcA-oer H Aa je HaCTaAa npenpaBKoM
u;pKBe. AaHac HMa 3a3HAaH TpeM Y.HjH cY CTYOOBH Aeno 06AHKoBaHH;
HaAa3H cc Ha yrAY HeMaI-bHHe H fiopoBHl1eBe YAHu;e. Ejy6-naUluHa
l;laMuja je Ha nepH<pepHjH rpaAa, y CBoj60py. lby je 1836. carpaAHO
HOBona3apcKH MYTeceAHM Ejyo-rrarna, llITO ce MO)Ke rrpO'-lHTaTH Ha
Cay.YBaHOM KaMeHOM HaTnHCY. IloKpHBcHa je '-IeTBOpOBOAH'HM KpO-
nOM Il{ fI1'Ma IHiH'CKO ,A;pBeH:O MiJ-UHape. Y'H'Yl'paWlhOICT je AeKp'H'CaJHa y
CTHAY KaCHor TypClwr oapOKa H nOACena Ha IliapeHY UaMHjy y
TCTOBY. CYAel1lf no <pOTorpaqYHjH, Mellajclca 4wMuja je caCBHM je-
!l'H;OCTa'UHa rpanCBHl-pa ca ,,\Ba 'H'H33 O'flB'opa H ca He3rpaIDH'l1M 'M'HlHa-
pCTOM OA TBPAor MaTepHjaAa. HaAa3H ce y Y AHU;H PHq,ara Eypue-
BlIna. Apan-l;la;ltuja (CA. 10) je TaJKone jeAHOCraBHa 3rpal,A;a napiBO-
yraoHe OCHOBe OKO 8X 14 ID, nOKpHBeHa y.eTBopoBOAHHM KpOBOM.
TaKone HMa ABa peAa oTBopa H He3rpanHo MHHape. IlpeMa npeAa-
I-bY, uaMHjy je nOAHraO HeKH BojcKoBolsa AparrHH npe 300 fOAHHa.
A06po ce OAP)KaBa nOllITO CAY)KH MYCAHMaHCKOM CTaHOBHHUlTBY,
a HaAa3H ce y u;eH1'PY l'paAa, y OAH3HHH MOCTa.
20
llapahw-l je 3a BpeMC TypaKa OHO 3HaTHBje I-laceibe, aAH ce y
I-beMY nOMlilbe caMO jeAHa uaMHja KOjy jc y XVI BeKY nOAHrao CYA-
TaH CYAejMau BeAHY:aHcTBeHH. CaY:YBaH je AOKYMeHT y KOMe CTOjU
Aa je IlroAHHe 1578/79 oApebeHa CYMa OA 1690 aKY:H 3a rronpaBKY
'-Ia:CHe Ua.\H-fje rroKjl-lol' cYl\TaHa CYAe}\1'3'H-XaHa V Kaca6u Ilapa-
lilIHy", EBAHja je TaKone rroMeHYo OBY UaMHjy, aAH Ka)Ke Aa je
ThY rrOAHrAa "MajKa fa3H CYAejMaH-xaHa".
21
KacHHje ce BHwe He
rrOMl-l/I-by uaMHje y Ilapanlmy.
llupo'C cy Kao CpeAI-bOBeKOBHo CAOBeHCKO Haceibe OCBOjHAH
TYPU;H oa OCTaAHM OKOAHHM MeCTHMa. 3Ha ce Aa je npBY JJaMHjy
rrOAHrao MexMeA II (1451-1481), rra ce Ha3HBaAa IberOBHM HMeHOM
HAll BeAHKa uaMHja. JeAaH nonHC 1I3 npBe rrOABHHe XVI BeKa oe-
Ae)KH jeAHY uaMl-Ijy, CBaKaKO OBY nOMeHYTY, H '-IeTHpH MeCUHAa.
IloAoBHHoM XVI BeKa IlHpOT je HMao neT MeCUHAa, a 1570. jOli
jeAHY uaMHjy, IfCKeHAep-oera 3aHMa. HeKH 3anaAHH rrYTHHl..\H no-
MHI-bY uaMHje y IlHpoTY Kao H EBAHja 1.1eAe6H) aAH He HaBOAe I-bH-
XOB opoj. JeAHHO je KHKAe 1658. 3a6eAe)Jo Aa IlHpoT HMa '-IeTHpH
uaMHje, y Koje je CBaKaKO YOPOjHO B Bene MeCUHAe. MHMlneBHn je
y XIX BeKY nHcao Aa je OHAO ocaM uaMHja, Illro je jeAaH 06jeKT
BHIlle OA YKyrrHO AocaAa nOMeHYTHx I.laAja H MeCUHAa. OBe uaMHje
cy cTpaAaAe y paToBHMa, a apx. 3ApaBKOBHn rraMTH nOCAeAI-bY nH-
POTCKY UaMHjy, KOjy Kao nOcAeAI-bY nOMHI-be H MHAHneBHn ca BII'le-
,
20 A. AHApejeBUD., Hae. e,IO, 200-203; E. '-IeAe6H, Hae. e;w, II, 12;
Kl3HBaI-f,e xoue Aperr-J,IaI>ll1je Ha ,L\aH 16. VI 1981.
21 O. 3HpojeBHn, HCU;. e>10, 158, E. '-IeAeoH, Ita6. e,w, J, 74-75.
343
UaMaje y Y)J<j CPHjH H3 XIV-X1X BeKa
HOM LJ;apeBa uaMHja. OHa ce HaAa3HAa 6AH3Y OCHOBHe IlIKoAe H pe-
qHl.\e THja6ape. CPYIlIeHa je 1912. rOA.HHe.
22
IloJtcape6aLj. je 6HO ceAO AO I10)KapeBaQKOr M.HpOBHOr yroBopa
1718. ca cprrCKHM CTaHOBHHIlITBOM, rra HHje HH HMao J,laMHjy. HeliITO
BHIlIe ce pa3BHO rrOA aYCTpHjcKoM yrrpaBoM, a KaA cy ra rrOHOBO y3e-
AH TYPl.\H pa3BHO ce y TprOBaqKY H 3aHaToKy BapOIlI Koja je KpajeM
XVIII BeKa oHMaA'a XHibaAY TypCKHX H CTOTHHY cprrCKHX Kyna. TaAa
je CBaKaKO rrOA.HrHYTa uaMHja Ha PH6iboj rrHjal.\H (MaAoj rrHjal.\H)
KOjy je 3aTeKao JoaIM Byj.Hn 1826. H 3a Kojy je HarrHcao Aa HMa
BHCOKO MHHape. UaMHja je 0pVIlIeHa KaA je 3HAaHa 3rpaAa OrrIlITHHe
Ha rrOMeHYToj rrujaq.H.
23
Ilpu60j ce rrpBu rrYT y HCTOpHjH jaBA,a y XV BeK'Y. Y TYPCKO
A06a je 6HO KapaBaHCKa CTaHHl.\a H MeCTO y KOMe oy )KHBeAH yrAaB-
HOM TYPllH. I1peMa EBAHjH, y XVII BeKY je HMao jeAHY UaMHjy,
KOAIHI<JO HMa H A,al[-IaC, rra je II'IajBep'Ba1'Huje Aa ce AaJHamtba uaJMlHja
HaAa3H Ha MeCTY Te HajcTapHje. I1pB06HTHa uaMHja je CBaKaKO
CTpaAaAa y aYCTpHjcKo-TYPCKHM paTOBHMa, rra jy je 1776. 06HOBHO
XacaH-ara, '-IHje je HMe HOCHAa. I-I3ropeAa je 1806. 3a BpeMe npBol'
cprrcKor YCTaHKa, a Ha tbeHOM MeCTY je carpaneHa HOBa Koja je rro-
cTojaAa AO 1875, KaA cy je 3arraAHAH yCTaHHUH npH 3aY3eny I1PH-
60ja. AaHaIlItba uaMHja je rrOAHI'HYTa KpajeM XIX seKa OA rrpHAora
rpal5aHa rra ce 3aTO Ha3HBa HapoAHa uallmja. HMa rrpaBoyraoHY oc-
HOBY 16X 14 m, rroKpHBeHa je QeTBOpOBOAHHM KpOBOM a y YHYTpaIlI-
tbOCTH HMa raAepHjy. I1pB06HTHO MHHape je HAO ApBeHo, rra je
Kacl-IHje 3aMeI-beHO
Ilpujel10fbe ce jaBiba Ben y XIV BeKY Kao Tpr ca Kojer rrOAa3e
KapaBaHI1, IIITO je Haceibe OCTaAO H 3a BpeMe TypaKa. EBA.Hja qe-
Ae6H rrHIlIe Aa je y tbeMY rrOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa 6HAO AeceT I.IaMHja.
OHe cy BpeMeHOM H YCAeA paTOBa yrAaBHoM CTpaAaAe TaKO Aa MX
je 1913. 6HAO caMO TpH, a AaHac QeTHpH. EBAHja rrOMHlH>e H MycaAY
ca BeAHKHM APBeneM:
25
Hajrrpe ny ce OCBPHYTH Ha uaMuje KOjHX
BHlIIe HeMa y I1pujerrOibY. XYCULH-naUIUHa je rrpeMa EBAHjHHOM rrH-
caFbY 6HAa YA06Ha 6oroMoiba H A06po rroceneHa; HMaAa je YAa3HY
KanHjy I-Ieyo6H:QajeHo rrO'CTaBA.,eHy rrpeMa jeA'HIoM yrAY ua:Muje. IIIa-
6aHOBHn CMaTpa Aa jy je rrOAHrao XyceuH-rrama bOibaHHn, KTHTOp
O. 3Hpo.iesHh, HO(J. CIlO, 186-187; E. Y"eAe6H, /-WG. CIlO, J, 69; P.
Ha6.c.10, 184, 198; Ka3HBal-be apx. H. 3ApaBKollHna; M. B. MHAH-
heBHo, Kpa.'bC6WW Cp6uja, 228
23 EHI1U/(1l011euja JYZOCJlCI6uje, VI, 578; J. ByjHh, Ha6. e/w, l, 51; T.,
IlocfaHalC 11 pa36U'ralC rrOAHTHKa, 6p. 7388 (OKO 1930); Ka3HBai-bi.:
Mora oua AAeKCaHI\pa BVPHna, pooeHor y rrO)lcapeBUY 1891.
24 EHrfWCIlOl1cuja JywcllaGujc, VI, 612; E. tIeAe6H, /-LC/6. ello, II, 10; .13.
llIaAHJIYPoBHn, Ha6. CIlO, 162-163; Ka3HBalf>e I.J;SHKO ACHMa, XOJ.le GEe ua;\ltr
je Ha AaH 16. VI 1981; OH je I13jasHo Aa je XacaH-afHHa BaKY<PHaMa 61"I,\a ca-
l.l:YBaHa, a A;a je AaHac
2,; EHI1UlCllOl1euja Jyzocllal3ujc, VI, 615; E. tIeAe6H, 1-La6. ello, II, 157;
J. AeAHjep, IW6. c/w, 294.
344
AHBHa nypHI'l-3aMoAo
HajBene l,IalvlHje y IIibeBibHMa.
26
Be3Heap-aZUHa ce HaAa3HAa nOpeA
ApBeHOr MOCTa rrpeKO MUAerneBKe. IIpeMa EBAlijUHOM nu-
CalhY 6H.Aa je npOCTpaHa U CBeTAa: "IIpeA lhOM UMa jeAHa 4YAHa
CaxaT-KYAa. fAac lheHa 3BOHa 4yje ce 4aK U3 rpaAa MUAerneBa".
IIo npeAalh'Y, Ta CaxaT-KYAa je 6HAa 3BOHapa npaBOCAaBHe I..\pKBe,
111110 6u MorAO 3Ha'4WI1H Aa je 'H Be3JHeAap-'arnHa l,Ia'MIHja y CTIBarplH
rrpeypeneHa npaBOCAaBHa I..\pKBa.
27
EBAHja nOMHlhe MeCl;lu COKO/lO-
BuheBOZ CUHa U Ka){ Aa je "KpacaH U npHBAa4aH", a HaAa3U ce y
OKBUPY HCTOUMeHor xaHa, U3HaA fberOBe Kanuje.
28
H eBa,Kay,
Muja je nopyrneHa 1943; no npeAalhY nOTU4e U3 XVI BeKa. HMaAa je
'l06UyajeH H3rAeA l,IaMHja npaBoyraoiHe O'OHlOBe, C 4eTBOpOBOA!HIH''\1
rc:P.OB'M, aAJ1 je 6uAa AefllO npoIllOpI..\UOH'H'eaHia. fpaooHa je IQIA one-
Ke, a MHHape OA KaMeHa.
29
CAeAene l,IaMHje U AaHac nocToje y IIpujenoibY: H6paxUM.-na-
WUHa je CBaK'aKO HajcTapHja jep je nOMUlhe jorn EBAuja QeAe6u, a
no npeAafbY je nOAUrHYTa y XVI BeKy. Ha OCHOBY EBAujuHor onuca
H AaH'aWH>er U3J'AeAa '&HA!H ce Aa je CTpaAa'Aa H 6HAa o6H.osibe!Ha.
HeKaA je 6uAa "BipAO YAo6Ha U npuBAa4Ha", BepOBaTHO C Kyno-
AOM; AaHac je caCBUM jeAHocTamwr U3rAeAa C 4eTBopOBOAHUM KpO-
BOM.
3
o CUHaH-naWuHa nOTU4e no npeAalhY U3 XVIII BeKa, a HaAa3U
ce y npujenoibcKoM HaceA>Y BaKY<P. Y lheHe TeMeibe H 3HAOBe Y3HAa-
HH cY pHMCKU HaArpo6HH cnOMeHHI..\H Ha KojHMa cy peibe<pH jorn
Y04ibHBU. Bepyje ce Aa je Ha BucopaBHU Ha KOjOj Ae){UI BaKY<P 6HAa
pI-J1M10Ka IHeKpOIITOAa. MaxMy-I1aLUUlia je npe,wa AereHAH nOCTaAa UA
I..\pKBe, WTO 3Ha4H Aa je BeOMa crapa. CBaKaKo je o6HaBibaHa TaKO
Aa joj je AaHaI..l.l.fbH H3l'AeA caCBHM jeAHocTaBaH. HMa npaBoyraOHY
OCHOBY, 3HAaHa je OA nepnH4a, KpOB je 4eTBopoBoAaH, a MHHape,
BepoBaTHO cTapHje, je OA KaMeHa.
31
BelltlKa l;laJl-luja je AaHac Haj-
Bena H Hajrro3HaTHja l,IaMHja y IIpHjenOibY, aMI je HCTOBpeMeHO H
HajMAana. HaAa3H ce y l..\eHTpy rpaAa y rAaBHoj YAHl..\H. IIpeMa JJla-
AHITYPOBuny, l,IaMHja je nOAHrHYTa H3Meny 1895. H 1900, a lheH'Y H3-
rpaAlhY cy HajBenHM AeAOM <pHHaHcHpaAH 60raTli BepH'UI..\U, aAH H
Typ:OKe BAacrH. MenYTHM, B. MeH3HAI.FHti. TBPAU Aa cy Ol3'Y l,IaJMJHjy
1909. rrOAHrMI lherOBH npel..\H, TpH 6paTa Me3HAl,IHna: XaJ,IH-H6pa-
XHM, 3YA<PHKap H A6AYAax; BepOBaTHO cy 6paha 6HAa Meny Haj-
BenuM AapOAaBI..\HMa. IIpeMa X. BjeAaKY, Ha OBOM MeCTY je H pa-
HHje nocTojaAa l,IaMHja, aAH Malha H ca ApBeHHM MHHapeTOM, a Ha-
3BaHa je no MaxMYA-6ery MaxaAecHjy. AaHarnlha BeAHKa l,IaMHja
je rpaneHa OA AOMibeHor KaMeHa, AOK cy COKA H HBHl..\e 3HAOBa OA
TecaHHKa. HMa npaBoyraOJ-lY OCHOBY 17 X 16 m H nOKpHBeHa je
26 E. l.JeAe6H, Ha8. eflO, II, 157.
27 MeTO; HanHC y "IlOAHTHL\H" 0,1.\ 8. VI 1971. 0 CaXaT-K\{AlI.
28 E. l.JeAe6H, Ha8. eflO, II, 157.
29 Ka3HBaH>e XOl)e BeAHKe X\{CHHje EjeAaKa Ha AaH 16. VI 1931.
30 E. l.JeAe6H, HClf3. eflO, II, 155; Ka3HBaH>e EeAPYAHHa MeH3HA1,IHha;
Ka3HBaH>e X\{CHHje .6jeAaKa Ha AaI-I 16. VI 1981.
31 Ka3HBaH>e EeAP\{AHHa MeH311AI,IHna; IJaMuja 03uaHa o
enO/vleHUlca, "nolluTuKa" 3. III 1966.
1,IaMHje y Y)Koj Cp6Hjl1 113 XIV-XIX BeKa
345
YeTBOpOBOAHliM KpOBOM. OTBOpH nocraBibeHH y ABa peAa 3aBpwa-
Bajy ce apxHTpaBHo OCliN! YAa3a KOjH je AY4HO 3aCBeAel-1. MHHape
je rpaneHo OA KaMeHa, a TaKone H TpeN! npeA YAa30M ca lIleCT CTY-
60Ba Koje Be3Yjy npeAOMA.,eHH AYU;H. YHYTpaWI-ha AeKopaU;Hja je
npHAHYHO 60raTa.
32
llpoKynlbe je A.o6HA'O caAawl-he H'Me IKpaje.M XIV BeKa; 3a Bp-
Me TypaKa je 6HAO Ba/KHO TproBa4Ko cpeAHwTe. EBAHja tIeAe6H
je Hey06liyajeHo 3a6eAe/KHO 0 I1poKynJOY caMO jeAHY peyeHHU;y 0
TOMe KaA cy ra npBH nYT OCBOjHAH TYPU;H. <I>paHU;YCKH nYTHHK Ae-
<peBp je 1611. nHcao Aa y I1poKynibY HMa AenHX uaMHja, aAH HHje
HaBeo I-bHXOB 6poj. I10cAe oCA060neI-ba OA TypaKa 1878, y rpaAY cy
ce OAp/KaAe pYllIeBHHe ABejy uaMHja: KOA cnOMeHHKa y napKY H
KOA I1olIlTe.
33
Cjemll1a je H y cpeAllieM BeKY li 3a BpeMe TypaKa 611Aa Ba)f<Ha
TproBa4Ka H KapaBaHCKa CTaHHu;a. <I>pal-IU;Y3 A. I1YIHib je 1807. nH-
cao Aa CjeHHu;a HMa AeBeT l,IaMHj'3. TpH cy jow: nocTojaAe 1913,
OA KOjHX ce jeAHa HaAa3HAa y YTBpneH>Y Ha BPXY yaplIluje, a Aa-
Hac cy OCTaAe ABe. JeAHa OA I-bHX je HajBena Ha u;eAoj TepliTopHjH
Y/Ke Cp6Hje, M O ~ a H HajAenwa, noce6Ho lUTO ce TH4e YHYTpawl-her
npocTopa. To je 1,IaMuja CYJlWHuje BaJluoe (CA. 11), MajKe cYATa-
Ha A3Hca II, carpaneHa OKO 1850. 3HAaHa je OA KaMeHa, nOKpHBeHa
KynoAoM, npH6AH/KHe AHMeH3Hje OCHOBe H3HOce 23 X 19 m. I1p030-
pH cy nOCTaBibeml y ABa H1133, a I1Ma HX H Ha TaM6ypy; xoua uaMHje
Ka)f<e Aa cy yrpaneHa YKynHo 33 np030pa, OHOAHKO KOAHKO Cl3aKH
BepHHK liMa AV)IOCTH. 11Ma Tpe.M nOKpHBeH ca TpH l<ynoAHl,te, a
jOllI ABe ce HaAa3e H3HaA npocTopuje HacynpoT Tpell'IY. Y3 uaMujy
je nOAHrHYTO AOCTa BHTKO MHHape. 06jeKT ce HaA33H Ha AenOM Me-
CTY H y npHjaTHoM aM6HjeHTY CTapHX /KaAOCTHHX I3p6a. 1,IaMuja
MYCTacfJa-naUle Fia[Q(nLl1.a carpaneHa je TaKone 0,-\ KaMeHa, HMa
npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY 12 X9 m H nOKpHBeHa je Y:eTBopOBOAHUM
KpOBOM.
34
CMeepe60 je CTapo Haceibe u nOTHY:e U3 BpeMeHa PHMibaHa.
I-beroBa BeAHKa TBpnaBa carpa!JeHa je 1430, a caMO 29 rOAHHa Kac-
Huje, Haceibe je naAO y TypcKe PYKe, lIlTO je 03HaY:UAO H KOHaY:aH
Kpaj cpncKe CpeAI-bOBeKOBHe Ap/KaBe. I104eTKoM XVI BeKa, Ha npo-
CTOPY TBpnaBe nocTojaM:l cy jeAH3 uaMuja u Y:eTHpH MeCUHAa. Ua-
MHja je HOCHAa UMe MexMeAa II OcsajaY:a, KOjU je H 3aY3eo CMe-
AepeBO, a cMaTpa ce Aa je 1'0 npeypeneHa u;pKl3a DAaroBeWTel-ha. Ao-
Ka3 3a 1'0 je H TBpAlba EBAHje tIeAeu Aa je uaMHja rpaneHa y "CTa-
palMe CT'HAY". JeAaH OoA MeCUHA3 ce 3'sa:o no MeXMeA-6eJlY OWH'y Mu-
32 B. IllaJUInVPoBl1h, /Laa. e,w, 165-166; J<a3HB3J-be EeAPYAHlIa ivleH3l1A-
l.m!a; Ka3l1BaJ-be XycHl1je Eje.\aJ<a Ha AaH 16. VI 1981.
33 EmtLLK,Wl1euja lywclla6llje, VI, 625; E. 'lJ.eAeoHja, Ha6. oe,w, II, 59---
-60; P. CaMapUHn, Ha6. e,w, 161; T. TaHacHjeBl1l, Haopujc,;;;e 311a,11eIlLLfocra
Li I1pOWIlOcr lpaoa npozeYI1/ba, TlpoKYUA:>e 1961, 78.
34 Em lUKilOl1euja lyzoc/w6uje, VII, 203; J. AeAHjep, Ha6. oello, 65, 296;
Ka3HBaI-be AXMeAa MeMHla, xoue Bai\llAe cYATaI-lnje l)a;YIHje, Ha A3H 16.
VI 1981.
346
AHBHa 6YPHh-3aMOAO
HeT-6erOBOM, npBOM CMeAepeBCKOM CaHl)aK-6ery. HaceJ'oe y TBpnaBH
ce rrOBenaBaAO TOKOM XVI BeI<a, rra je rropaCTao H 6poj l)aMHja.
l.IeAe61I je 1660. rropeA rrOMeHYTe l)aMHje 3a6eAe)KHO y TBpnaBII JOIll
ABe: ClIp MepAOBY (CIIH A6AYAaXOB) II XaI,m-BeAHjHHY. ITOAOBII-
HOM XIX BeKa 6lIAa je OCTlaAa jeAHa l)aMHja Koja ce BHAH Ha Ka-
HlIUOBOM upTe)KY TBpnaBe; aAH je H OHa rropyweHa 1867. ITOAfpane
HAll BapOIll rr01JeAa ce 1I3rpanHBaTlI TeK rrOCAe 1476. jep je cTapa Ba-
pOIll TaAa M3ropeAa. Y Apyroj rrOAOBHHII XVI BeKa, y BapowH cy
6lIAlI jeAHa uaMlIja II TpII lvleCUHAa, a EBAHja je 1660. 3a6eAe)KHO
24 l)aMlIje. Ao AaHac cy Ot.JYBaHH caMO TeMetoH jeAHor MHHapeTa.
35
C6eT03apeeo, paf-luje JarOAHiHa, ce y cpeAfueM Be'KY;
3Haqaj JarOA'HHe je paCTao C nOMepalheM cpnCI<e rrpeCTOHI1Ue npeMa
ceBepy. 3a BpeMe TypaKa DHAa je jeAHo 01-\ 3J-1aQajHHjHx I-IaceA)a
Ha IJ;aplIrpaACKOM APYMY, a rrYTorrHCUH Tora BpeMeHa je onHcyjy
Kao Aerro II BeAMKO MeCTO. Y APyroj nOAOBHHH XVI BeKa, y Jaro-
AIIHII cy 6lIAe ABe uaMHje, WTO rroTBpnyje II BenH 6poj rrYTonlIcaua,
a Taj 6poj ce 3aAp)KaO 11 KacHlIje. JeAHa ce HaAa3HAa npeKO nYTa
KapaBaH-capaja II 3BaAa ce AepBlIw-6erOBa (CA. 12), a Apyra Ha
Yka3Y y BapOIll aAII joj ce He 3Ha lIMe. AepBHw-6er je nOAl!rao CBOjy
UaMlIjy 1555, KaA jy je y H3rpaAlhH BIIAeo AepHwBaM. AepBHw-6er
je :mIIBeo y CereAHHY, aAIH ce 6PH'HYO 0 JaroAHIHH y K'OjOjCY ce Ha-
Aa3lIAe II If>erOne Apyre 3aAY)J,61me II capaj. ];HO je CHH ];aMI-6erou
J[ YiH}/IK Jaxja-mu.JJHH. HeKl1 nYTH'HWI cy flHcaAH Aa je AepI3'Hw-6e-
rOBa l)aMHja Aen 06jeKT, a Apym Aa je BeAHK. EBAHja l.IeAe6H Ha-
BOAl! Aa je 6HAa HHCKa, nOKpHBeHa oAonOM, "A06po nocjeneHa H
. l' c .
BpAO CBIIJeTAa , a 3aOeAe:>KHO Je H HaTnHC l-laA fueHHM BpaTHMa.
r AIIIlla EAe30BHn je 3arrlIcao Aa je carpaneHa OA TecaHor KaMeHa,
AOK ce Ha TlITeA6axOBOM upTe)KY H3 Apyre rrOAOBHHe XIX BeKa
BHAM Aa je IIMaAa BHCOKY KyrrOAY Ha TaM6ypy C np030plIMa II TpeM
ca TplI AYKa. KaKO nHwe M. ];e30AT, y fuoi cy (cBaKaKo rropeA If>e)
caxpalheHII jeAaH 6er II lherOB CIIH, lll:TO 6H ce MorAO OAHOCIITH Ha
AepBIIIll-6era. ITYTorrlICUII cy 3arra3HAlI H waApBaH OA 6eAor Mep-
Mepa rrpeA UaMlIjOM. MlIHape je cTpaAaAO y paTOBlIMa, rra ra je
1818. 06HOBHO KHe3 MHAOW. UaMlIjy je cpYWHAa orrWTHHCKa yrr-
paBa rr01JeTKOM TpHAeceTHx roABHa XX BeKa, a Aeo fueHor 3lIAa
nacToljM H 'A3IHa'C 6AH3Y KAl'HHue H 'CAymH K3J0 ,orpaAa.
3G
llIa6atf ce pa3BHO Ha MeCTY cpeAfuOBeKOBHor 3aCAOHa KOjlI cy
TYPUII 3aY3eAH 1370. H TY H3rpaAHAH YTBpnel-be Koje ce 04YBaAo
AO AaHac. TYPUH cy 1I3ry6HAH YTBpnelf>e nel1 1476, a IIIa6au cy KO-
33 EJ-nIUlUlOneouja Jyzoc/wouje, VII, 409; O. 3UPOjCIlHh, Hao. oe/lO, 124-
-125; E. "lleAe6H, Hao. oello, Il, 65-66; F. Kanitz, /tC/6. e.1o, 134; 11.. TIaB,\O-
mIll, MY3ej Li CllO,YleHWlu I,ym'ype CMcepeoa, MY3ej y CMeAepeBV.
1972, 211.
:)6 O. 3HpojeBHh, Hao. eJ1.o, 138-141; E. 'LIe,\e6lf, Ha6.' ello.' l, 76; J\'.,
HllKHh, l)uAwje y Seozpaoy, fONullI-baK MY3eja rpa.a.a Eeorpa,L\<1, V, 1958, 1.'jt;,
203 (rroA 135); B. KapHh, Cp6uja, Eeorpa,L\ 1888, 813; J. ByjHh, HU6. ello l, 128-
-129; I<.a3HBalbe CBelllTeH:HKa CTape upKBe y Ha .a.<:lH 26.
IV 1981,
UaMHje y Y)l<oj CPOHjH 113 XIV-XIX BeKa
347
Ha4HO OCBOjUAu 1521. Ao 1548. nOCTao je Kaca6a, WTO 3Ha4U Aa je
i\'1'pao UMaT'I1 5ap jeN:lY J.la}'jy; OHa ce HaAa311Aa y MyxjuIAIHIH-xa-
nI60Boj MaxaAU, aAU joj UMe lmje n03HaTO. BI1AU ce Kao jeAHHa Y
llIamw Ha rpaBUpu 'H3 cpeAuHe XVI BeKa. HaA33uAa ce y OKBUpy
311AOBa naAaHKe, y AOI-beM nOArpany, npeMa YTOKY pe'-IHl.\e KaMUYKa
y CaBY. HMaAa je KynoAy 11 BI1TKO BUCOKO MHHape; YTBpneHo je
A3 je AO Kpaja XVI BeKa np03BaHa TBpnaBcKoM, a Aa cy Meny lbe-
HI1M KTI1TOpl1Ma 611AI1 Jaxja-rr3wa U3 BeorpaAa H Xaul1-XyceUH.
Kao HajcTapuja je YBeK 6uAa 11 rAaBHa uaMuja y Hace,,:>y; AO Kpaja
XVI BeKa carpaneHe cy jow l'pH. JeAHa ce HaAa311Aa y Kapa-<PaT-
MUHOj MaXa"l1; APyra y XaUI1-PeuenoBoj, Tpel.a y MaxaAU Baup.
IlpeTnOCTaBA:>a ce Aa cy 11 lJ'3MHje HOCUAe UCTa HMeHa Kao U Maxa-
Ae. Xal,II1-PeIJenOBa ce HaAa3UAa 3anaAHO OA TBpnaBe, a Ha OCHOBY
jeAHe rpaBHpe MO)J<e ce 3aKA:>Y'-JHHi Aa je 'UMaAa KynOAY H MliHape.
IlocAe 1739, Hajnpe je 05HOBA:>eH3 rAaBHa I..laMuja y KaAe-Maxa"H
6AH3Y TBpnaBe H A06uAa HMe ExaAH-uaMuja. 3aTHM je 1767. jeAaH
MeCl)HA npeTBopeH y IJaMHjy; 1'0 je 6HO Capa'-I Ca"ux-aruH MeCIJI1A
y XaMaM MaxaAH. CMaTpaM Aa je 1'0 napa Kapa-<PaTMI1Ha IJaMl1ja
HAH MeCIJI1A nOWTO A. XaHuul. npeTnOCTaBA:>a Aa ce y Kapa-<PaTMI1-
HOj MaX3AH H3A33HO aM'3H (6aJ:-b3). UaJ\mja I-mje A06HAa Ml1l-1ape
!fero C8V1 1\'1'H'H6ep. Tpeha 1.I3.\t'JJj3 ce nO'V1HI-bC 1785. y
AH, a '10 6H MorAa OUTIl CTapa J.laMHja !Ja BaHPY; 33 IbY ce Ka,Ke Aa
jc 5UAa ApBcl:la. TIOCAC aycrpujcKO-TYPCKor pma KpajeM XVIII
neKa 05HOBA:>eHe cy ABe IJaMuje: jeAHa y KaAC-M3xaAU, Apyra (Ap-
BeHa) Ha BaHpy, a nOMHl-bC I1X 1826. II JoaKuM ByjHn, AOK ce 1846.
HaBoAH caMO jeAHa. ByjHh HaBoAu Aa je uaMuja KOA mpnaoe HeK3A
611Aa npaBocAaBHa
TUT080 YJ1CUI-?e, paHl1je Y>KHl.\e, 6HAO je CpeAI-bOBeKOBHO Hace-
A>e C TBpnaBOM, a noc"e naAa nOA TypCKY BAaCT noye"o ce pa3Bu-
jaTI1 Kao HCTOYH:>aYKa Bapow. Y XVI BeKY je 611AO ceAHWTe H3XI1-
je, a y XVII CeAI1WTe KaAI1AYKa. Y pa3A06A:>Y 0,<.\ I<paja XVII 11
rrOyeTKOM XVIII BeKa 6H"0 je npunojeHo BocaHCKOM nawaAYKY.
IlpeA npBH cpncKH YCTaHaK 6u1\0 je nopeA BeorpaAa HajBene MeCTO
y cMeAepeBcKoM CaHIJaKY, WTO CBeAOYI1 H BeAHK'H 6poj OYYBaHHx
l)aMl1ja y XIX BeKy - neTHaeCT 1846. rOAHHe. ED"Hja Y:eAe511 je
3a6eAe)J<Ho Aa cY ce y B3JpOWI1 nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa )-IH"a3I1Ae 34
l)aMl1je H 29 MecUHAa, Te y TBpbaBI1 jeAHa Ma"a uaMuja. IIH3Meny
CBI1X I1CTHye ce AHjena KaMeHOM 3u,<.\aHa A"aj-6eroBa IJaMHja, Koja
je y A06pOM CTaJ:-by. To je BpAO cDHjeT1\a, npocTpaHa H npHBAaYHa
uaMHja, a nOKpuBeHa je YHCTHM nAaBI1M OAOBOM". OH AaA:>e caMO
rrOMUI-be 11 CAeAene uaMuje: XyceuH-anIHY, XacaH-ecj:>e1-IAujHHY, IJ;e-
37' IYlOC;!(l6uje, VIII. 228; A. XaUl1h. l1la6ClLI lt fbl!106Ci
OKOIlWia y XVI 6ujelC}I, illa6au y npowAocTH, 1, HCI'OpHjCKH apxHD V lliaru\y,
1970, 138, 140-142, 153, 155-158; P. TpwIKoDHn, llla6m! U l-belOGa lIaxuja oc>
1740. 00 1804. ZOUHC, .llia6au y npowAoCTH, l, HCTopnjcKH apxHB Ij lllam..i\',
1970, 350-352, 389; J. ByjH!, IWO. e,1o, II, 89-90; J. fal3pHAoBHI, Pell/lW, 1,';'
ozparjJUjclCo-crQmCW'IHU Cp6ujc, EeorpaA, 1846, 512 - .
AHUHa Dypl1l.-3aMoAO
348
pH-6aIl.J!HHY 'H UaMHjy HaMHAH-3aAe. 3aTHM nOAP06HO onHcyje
y)K,H4!KY MycaAY yopeA BapOlllH, rropeA p0Ke EeTI{lhe, H !Ka>Ke AG je
CAY)KHAG 3a 06aBibaH>e 6ajpaM-HaMa3a H MOAHTaBa 3a KHlUY. BHAa
je BeOMa Aeno ypeneHa, TaKO Aa CAWlHY HHje BHAeo 3a 42 rOAHHe
nyTOBaH:>a no HCAaMCKOM CBeTY. HMaAa je npaBoyraoHY OCHOBY c
Karnrj<VMa Ha nOAOBHHH CBaKe CTpaHe, AY>KHHa je H3HOCHAa 2.000
KopaKa, a BHCHHa orpaAHor 3HAa OKO 1,8 m.Y I-boj je 6HAO 3acane-
HO pa3HOBpCHO APBene, TaAa Ben CTapo H BIiCOKO. MycaAa je CAY-
>KHAa H 3a llleTalhe Ii 3a pa3rOBope. Y>KHYKe uaw1Hje cy CTpaAaAe
TOKOM paTOBa, na ce OA nyTonHcau;a H3 XIX BeKa A06Hjajy BeOMa
pa3AwIHTH nOAaU;H 0 6pojy uaMHja H cTeneHY I-bHXOBe o"IYBaHocTH.
TaKo je J. ByjHn mlcao 1826. Aa je y Y)l{HIW BHAeo AO ABaAeceT
uaMHja, Meny KojHMa HX je caMO ocaM OT.IYBaHHX H ca MHHapeTOM,
AOK cy OCTaAe y PYIlIeBHOM CT3I-bY TaKobe H MHAHneBHn Ka>Ke Aa
je 1844. 6HAO y BapolIlli 35 uaMHja, AOK CTamcmKa H3 1846. 6eAe>KIi
Aa HX je 6HAO neTHaeCT. TYPU;H cy nOCAe 1862. nO"leAH npoAaBaTH
HMaI-ba y Y>KHU;y, a AO AaHac je ca"lYBaH cnHcaK l:bHXOBHX conCTBe-
HHKa y KojeM CTOjH Aa je ABaHaeCT npHTIaAaAO nojeAHHHM
uaMHjaMa. H3 CTI'HCKa ce Mory HaBeCTH H HMeHa uaMuja: UaMHJa
KOA MeApece (ABa HMaI-ba), UaMHja Tepa3ujcKa uaMHja,
BaTaA-uaMHja Ha KYKH, UaMHja Ha i\HnH, KAHcypCKa, 3MajeBaYI,
KOWTH"IKa H IIIeoBa. JeAlIOj I,.Iat-1HjH ce He 3Ha UMe, a ABaHaeCTO Me-
CTO y cnHCKY je caMO uaM'HjcKa 3eMiba. Apymx nOAaTaKa 0 uaMU-
jaMa H0Ma y CfHICKY OOH!M l\eHe 3a 'I<'OjV cy npOA:aTe, OAllK:\e 6H cc
MorAa npou;eHHTH l-bHXOBa BeAli"lHHa H OYYBaHOCT, aAH 6H Bena
u;eHa MorAa 3Ha"lHTH H Beny nOBpWHHY 3eMibe Koja je npHnaAaAa
uaMHjH. H3rAeA uaMHje KOA MYAHp-KOHaKa H3 1860. OCTaBHO je
KaHHU; (CA. 13), aAH ce He 3Ha Koja je TO uaMHja ca HaBeAeHor
cnHCKa.
38
Balbeeo ce nOA CBOjHM HMeHOM npBH nyT jaBloa 1398. Kao Ba>K-
HO TprOBa"lKO MeCTO Ha nYTY H3Meby Ay6poBHHKa H BeorpaA:a. EB-
AHja H3Y3eTHO HHje OCTaBHO MHoro nOAaTaKa 0 BaloeBCKHM uaMH-
jaMa; HaBeo je Aa HX 'HMa CBera AeceTaK C MHxpa60M H Aa je ua-
MHja y "IaplllHjH "nOBeAHKa". HewTO BHwe je 3anHcao 0 BaloeBcKoj
MycaAH: OHAa je npOOTpaJHa IH n'Y'Ha 3eA0HHAa, APBena rH ype-
neHa KaO BpT ca aAejaMa. BaibeBO je OAHrpaAO Ba>KHY YAory y np-
BOM cpnCKOM YCTaHKY, na je y MapTY 1804. rOTOBo y nOTnYHocTH
cnaibeHO. OTaA je H3rpanHBaHo HOBO BaibeBo, TaKO Aa je J. ByjHn
1826. 3aTeKao caMO jeAHY UaMHjy, H TO Ha APyroj CTpaHH KOAy6a-
6ape, HaoynpOT OHe Ha KOjOj cy 'H3rpabeHH cpnCKa upKBa, llIKOAa
H MarHC1'paT. H Ta jeAHiHa UZl'.MrHJa, nopeA!<Joje ce 'HaAa3HAa Myce-
38 EmtlllCIlOl1euja JyzocllaBuje, VIII, 339; I, 473; E. tIeAe6H, Haa. e.1,
Il, 147-148; J. ByjHI., HaB. De/w, Il, 20; M. D. MHAHneBI111, J(UCJ/i:C6U1.a
Cp6uja, 616; J. raBpHAOBl1n, liaB. ello, 298; C. HrlhHn, MYClllIJ1'laHCKa W'la/-ba
Ji YJ1CU4Y. OCIl060he/-be lpaoBa Y Cp6uju o Typm:a 1862-1867, 360PHHK pa-
AOBa, CprrcKa HaY.Ka li YMCTHOCTH, OAe'belhe APYWTBeHHX HaYKa,
EeorpaA 1970, 380-386; F. Kanitz, HaB. eiIO, 504.
349
Ua.Muje y Y)Koj Cp6u:jH ID XIV-XIX neKa
AHMOBa Kyna, OHAa je "CKOpO rropyweHa". BepOBaTHO je 1'0 AAa-
Oa-I,IaMHja Koja ce nOMHI-be y BalbeBY y XIX BeKy.
39
Bpmbe ce rrpBH rrYT rrOMHH>e KpajeM XI BeKa Kao TBpoaBa C
rroArpaoeM. 3a BpeMe TypcKe BAaCTH OHAO je 3Hat.IajHo 3aHaTCKO
cpeAHIilTe 3a KOBaI-be rBO)KOa H Y)J{apCTBo. OCTaAo je MaAO nOAarn-
Ka 0 I,IaMHjaMa OCHM 0 KpCTaToj l,IaMHJH, aAH ce OHH pa3M:lKyjy.
TaKo je M. B. MHAHneBHn nHcao y XIX BeKY Aa OBAe rroCTojH Kpc-
Tal1a I,IaMHja Ha MeCTY paHHje UpKBe CB. TIeTKe H Aa Ha BPXY MHHa-
peTa li'Ma MaAH KpCT. Y EHl1UlCIl0l1eJuj U IlUlCoeHUX YkteTHOCTU ce
HaBoAH Aa je 1'0 AaHac UpKBa CB. TIeTKe, a y paAY 0 TorroHHMHjH
BpaI-ba Aa cy 1'0 "OCTal.(H TypCKe l,IaMHje" 3a t.IHjH je Ha3HB Be3aHa
AereHAa. HaHMe, Ha MHHapeTY ce HeKaA HaAa3HO KpCT KOjH
je nOCTaBHO XOI,Ia rro HaAory MyxaMeAa jep MY ce OH jaBHo y CHY
TOKOM 3HAaH>a l,IaMu.je. OHa je AYro rpaneHa 3aTO lllTO ce CTaAHO
PYlll:HAa, TaKO Aa je 3aBpilleHa TeK oHAa KaA je Ha I-bY CTaBlbeH
I<.pCT.
40
3eJWYH je AaHac caCTaBHH Aeo BeorpaAa, aMI ce OH CaMOCTaA-
HO pa3BHjao CBe AO nOCAeAI-ber paTa. CpeAJbOBeKOBHY Bapolll 3aY3e-
AH cy TYPQH 1521. H AP)KaAH je AO 1717. 3a BpeMe TypcKe BAaCTH,
y 3eMYHY je H3rpaoeHa jeAHa l,IaMHja KOjy rrOMHlbY H EBAHja H KH-
KAe rOTOBO y HCTO BpeMe - rrOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa. EBAHja rrOMH-
I-be jOIll H meCT MeCI,lHAa, a KHl<Ae je 3arrHcao H H>eHO HMe: YHI,IH
XaI,IH-MycTa<pHHa l,IaMHja. BUAa je Aerra rpaoeBHHa, 3UAaHa Teca-
HU-FM 'H j,f'MaAa :I<ynOAY ITOiKpI1BeHY IOAOBO'M. KlIcHaje je 'Ha-
3BaHa MAHHapeBOM l,IaMHjoM. KaA cy AYCTpHjaHQH OCBOjHAU 3e-
MYH npeTBopHAH cy je y KaTOAUt.IKy QPKBY. CpyweHa je 1784, a
Ha I-beHOMe MeCTY je nOAHrHYTa QpKBa Koja H AaHac nocTojH rropeA
3eMiYHCKe rrujaI..\e.
41
Pa3AHt.IHTa MaH>a MeCTa y KojHMa cy rrocTojaAe l,IaMHje: Aealla
Ha KOjOj je HeKaA nocTojaAo YTBpoeI-be H Y3 I-bera rrOArpaoe C l,Ia-
SaTO'-lUI-iQ je 3a Bpe:-'1e Typ3JKa TalKOOe HMaA'a jeA:HY l,Ia-
MHjy.
43
Sella Ilallal-ilCa, paHuje Myoa-rraillHHa TIaAaHKa, HMaAa je
y TypcKO BpeMe TBpoaBY C l,IaMujoM.
44
Sp3a IlallaHlCa je AO t.IeTpAe-
cenu rOAHHa XIX BeKa HMaAa ApBeHY l,IaMHjy Ha TeMelbHMa OA
KaMeHa H rroKpHBeHY nepaMHAOM. CpyweHa je Aa OH Ha I-beHOM
39 EmlUKlloneuja lyzocllaeuje, VIII, 453; E. t.IeAe6H, Hae. ello, l,
110; M. 5. MHAHheBHn, !teJlceewta Cp6uja, 405; J. ByjHn, Hae. ello, II, 44; f.
EAe30BHn, TYPclw CI10,lteHLnIU, EeorpaAoKe OflWTHHCKe Homme, 1935, 690.
40 EmlwulOncuja l)'wclla6uje, VIII, 536; E!uluKlloneuja llu/(oel'iUX
IV, 550; M. 3AaTailoBHl, T zpaa BpaH>a, IlpHA03U IIpO-
V'WBaJ-!>Y je3HKa, [<lb. 12, HOBu CaA 1976, 89; M. 5. MHAHneBHn, KpalbeeuHa
Cp6uja, 300.
41 Er-UIWCllol1euja lywcllaeuje, VIII, 621-62,2; p. CaMapl)Hn, Hae. ello,
193; E. t.IeAc6J[, lIae. CliO, II, 110; Ka3IoJUaJ-be MHoApara Aa6mItia, KycTGCa
3aBH'mjHor l\IY3eja y 3eMYHY.
4.2 E. t.IeAe6u, HaB. ello, II, 86.
-13 licm, l, 77.
44 liCTa, l, 70.
350
Ar'lBua
MeCTY 6HAa H3rpaneHa L\pKBa.
45
IJen (KOA HHlIla) je nOyeTKOM XX
BeKa HMao l,IaMHjy YRje ce 3HAaHO Mlmape BHAH Ha jeAHoj pa3rAeA-
HHL\H.
46
rpOLf.lCa (KOA EeorpaAa) je Ha 6pe)KYibKY H3HaA fpOyaI-lCKe
peKe HMaAa TBpnaBHL\Y npaBoyraoHe OCHOBe V KOjOj ce HaAa3HAa
l,IaMHja carpaneHa H3Meny 1560. H 1572. OnpaBibeHa je 1582, a no-
MHH:>e ce H y XVIII BeKy.4i I<lla060 je y TBpnaBH <PeTHcAaM HMaAO
l,IaMHjy ca 3HAaHHM MlrHapeTOM Koje ce BHAH Ha jeAHoj rpaBHpH
KAaAOBJa.
48
y I<ollapUMa (KOA EeorpaAa), EBAHja qeAe6R je 3aTe-
Kao jeAHY MaAY uaMHjy y XVII BeKy.49 KOMapal-i (cpeAH:>e I10tHIM-
ibe) HMa UaMHjy Koja je carpaneHa OKO 1870. OA AOMibeHor KaMe-
Ha, c ApBeHHM npeABopjeM. Hajnpe je HMaAI ApBeI-lO MHHape, na
je OI-IO 3aMeH:>eI-lO 3H,I.\aHHM, aAH je He3rpanHor H3rAeAa. CarpaAHAH
cy je ceibaL\H.;'O I<ypUlYJWlluja je OKO 1660. HMaAa TpH uaMHje.;'[
AeumuLia je V XIX BeKY npeceJ'oeI-la Ha 06MI)KH::.U TepeH. Y cTapoj
AelllHHL\H je nOCTojaAa uaMHja YHjH cy ce TeMeibH MorAH BHAeTH
jOlll nOAOBHHOM XIX BeKa I-IacpeA jeAHe na je H::.HI3a H KaCI-IH-
je Ha3HBaHa UaMHHOBaqa.;'2 MU.rzeLUe6QLi (KOA I1pHjenoJ'oa) je cpeA-
H:>OBeKOBHO YTBpneH::.e (mje cV ce PYllleBYfI-le OAp)KaAe AO AaHac. He-
KaAa ce 3Bao XHcapr.IHK; TY je 611AO U nOArpane y KOMe ce HaAa3HAa
MaAa ApBeHa <PaTHxoBa uaMHja.;':J Huullca Ea/-ba je 3a BpeMe TypaKa
HMaAa UaMHjV Koja je Bell. 6HAa cpyweHa AO 1880. rOAHHe.
54
nllaU/-
he (cpeAH:>e I1oAHMibe); OBAe je nOqeTKOM 'XIX BeKa carpaneHa
uaMHja 6pBHapa OA xpaCTOBHHe, MaJhHX AHMeH3Hja, a carpallAH
cy je CeibaL\H. Kao AOTpajaAa, cpyweI-la je nOqeTKOM XX BeKa.
55
MaLi (cpeAH:>e 1l0AHMibe); oBAe je OKO 1865. carpaneHa uaMHJa OA
npHAora ceibaKa H3 MeCTa II OKOAIIHe. l:IJ\>IaAa je npaBoyraoHV oc-
I-IOBY lOX8 fi H ApBeI-lo M}lHape Ha TeMeibY OA KaMeHa. fpaneI-la je
OA AO.MibeHOr r<:aMeHa H nepnuqa, a nOKpUI3eHa qeTBop0I30AHHM
KpOBOM. CnaJ'oeI-la je 1943. roAllHe.;' PaJICaJ-b (KOA KpYllleBL\a) je 3a
BpeMe TypaKa HMao jeAI-IY uaMHjy.38 Pyl-lUK je I-IeKaA 6uo Bene Ha-
ceibe c TBpnaBOIM; y H,eMY je 6"'1.\0 jeAaHaecT MYCA;HM3HC'I<HX 60ro-
MOiba.
59
CMeepeecKa nallLlI-iKa je HMaAa TBpnaBY H y H:>oj ce HaAa-
4!i !(llaCUI4U3aH/ /w Cp6a. [paheaw/{/pc,'oo, Eeorpal.\, HapOAtlH MY3eJ TI
"npOcBeTa", 1966, 433. .
4r. Pa3rAe.MiHlla je cBojHHa aYTopa.
47 O. 3HpojeBHI., H.aB. ac,1o, 120; E. Y"eAe611, H.a6. el1o, l, 78.
48 <t>OTO'I<OIDrja rpaBHpe je cBojHHa aYTopa.
19 E. 1.J:eAe6H, Ha6. el1o, J, 78.
50 B. IlIaAHITYPoBHl1, IWO. eJw, 164-165.
!il E. 1.J:eAe6H, IW6. eJ!O, II, 61.
H E. MaI<CHMOBHn, Yp6awl3aoH y Cp6uju, EeorpaA 1938, 133, nOA 110.
,;3 JY20cl1aouje, VI, 110; K. KocTHn, /-laB. ae/w, 69; E.
1.J:eAe6u, IWO. el1o, II, 159.
(;4 M. n. MHAuli.enHn, Kpalbel3W-W Cp6uja, 107.
5:; B. IlIaMmYPoBnli, HaG. eJw, 164
[Io'Jlceza je nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa HMaAa AeceT uaMHja.56 llOJtCezpe-
(;ij E. Y"eAe6H, I-tao. OCI10, II, 142.
57 B. IIIaAHnYPOI3HI., HaB. AeAo, 163-164.
58 E. 1.J:eAe6H, l-la6. el1o, J, 73; M. fi. MHAHneDJ-ln, [teJlce6W-la Cp6uja, 809.
';9 E. 1.J:eAe6H, Ita6. aeo1O. II, HO.
351 UaMl.rje \' Y)Jwj Cp6Hjll 11:1 XIV-XIX
3HA'a uaMuja. Ha TOM 'MeCTY je y XIX BeKY ca l'pa bl:'1KI AaiHaWI'ua
l.\pKBa.
GO
Cmco (KOA BaloeBa) je 6HO Ba)KHO TypCKO YTBpneI-be y
KOMe je jow 1844. nocTojaAa Ap)I<:aBHa l,laMHja.
G
\ COlCo6atba je Kao
3HaTHHje TVPCKO Haceloe HMaAa ABe "HMn03aHTHe" l,laMHje C Kyno-
AaMa Koje cy 6HAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM H 'leTHpH MeCl,lHAa.
fi2
OmUTU npe211.eo u3zpadl-be l(iaJvnda y Y'JlCOj Cp6uju
TYPl.\H cy nOl.leAH paTOBaTH Ha BaAKaHCKOM nOAYOCTPBY H no-
BpeMeHO BA3AaTH HeKHM )-berOBHlv[ KpajeBHMa jOUl y XIV BeKY, KaA
cV ce OAYIfpaAe H ABe I-Iajn03HaTuje 6HTKe H3Meny Cp6a H TypaKa:
Ha MapHl.\H 1371. H Ha KOCOBY 1389. Y BpeMe KaA l-bHXOBa BAaCT
jOlll HHje 6HAa Y'-IBpwleHa, TYPl.\H cY BplllHAH aAanTal.\Hje l.\pKaBa
H npeTBapaAH HX y l,laMHje Aa 6H y illTO KpaleM BpeMeHY 3aAoBo-
J-bHAH cBoje BepCKe nOTpe6e. TaKo cy Ha TAY YJKe Cp6Hje 3a6eAe-
JKeHe ABe l,laMHje cyATaHa Mypara l (fa3H XYAaBeHAHrapa) KOjH
je nOrHHVO 1389, a HaAa3HAe cy ce y HBlllY H KpyweBl.\Y. To CV MO-
paAe 6HJlVl 'PalHHje upKse, IUTO CBeAo'm II nOAaT3JK EBAHje QeAe6u
A'a cy rpaneHe "y CTapOM CTHAY". OHe cy, AaKAe, HajCTapHje 3a6e-
Ae)l<.eHe l,laMHje Ha TAY y)Ke Cp6Hje H3 XIV BeKa. HaKo ce 3Ha Aa
cy TYPl.\H npeTBapaA'H l.\pKBe y l,laMHje, nOAal.\H 3a CBaKH rrojeAHHH
06jeKT HHCY nOY3AaHH y BenHHH cAY'lajeBa. OHH nO'lHBajy Ha npeT-
nOCTaBKaMa, npeAaI-bY H Ha EBAHjHHOM CBeAO'laHCTBY Aa cy rpa-
neHH "y CTapOM CTHAY". TaKO ce 3a CAeAel.e l,laMHje npemOCTaBloa
Aa cy HaCTaAe aAanTau,HjoM l.\pKaBa: <I>epxaA-naillHHa, 3ejHYAHH-
-arHI-Ia H AXMeA-arHHa y BeorpaAY, fa3H Hca-6erOBa H AejAeK-l,la-
MHja y HOBON! TIa3apy, Be3HeAap-arHHa H MaXMYA-naUlHHa y TIPH-
jerroloY, MeXMeAa II OCBaja'-Ia y CMeAepeBY, TBpnaBCKa y IIIanu,y,
KpcraTa Y Bpal-bY, BepOBaTHO CBe H3 XV BeKa H ABe nOMeaYTe H3
XIV BeKa. H3'13eTaK '-ume ABe uaMHje C n0'13AaHHM nOAal.\HMa. Up-
K'Ba BOTOpOM1l.\e fpaAaY![<e y qal.JKY je l'pH rryTa npel'Bapa:Ha Ij
l,laMHjy, Aa 6H 1834. KOHa'lHO 6HAa npenpaBloeHa y U,pKB'1 Koja YI
AaHac nocTojH. MHTponoAHTcKa l.\pKBa y AOl-beM rpaAY y BeorpaA'1
je y TOKY jeAHor AaHa npeTBopeHa y l,laMHjy jep je CYAejMaH Beilil-
'laHCTBeHH y lhOj OTKAal-bao 06aBe;3HY MOAHTBY y rreTaK cyrpaA'al-I
no oCBojel-bY BeorpaAa. ApYrH 6p3 Ha'-IHI-I Aa ce A06Hje npocTop 3a
BepcKH 06peA 6HO je 06pa30Bal-be M'1caAa, oTBopeHHx MeCTa 3a MO-
AHl'Be. H3a6paHa HeH3rpaneHa nOBplllH'I-la y HaceloY MorAa je 6p30
6HTH ocnoc06loeHa 3a oKyrr Bener 6poja IoYAH Aa 6H 06aBHAH MO,
AHTB'1. OHe cy CBaKaKO 6HAe H npHBpeMeHa MeCTa ca OApeneI-lHM
l.\HloeM, al\H cy ce HeKe MycaAe OAp)lAe Kp03 Ayra pa3A061oa TaKO
illTO cy 6HAe ypenHBaHe Kao caBpeMeI-lH oppaneHH napKOECKH npoc-
,;l) J1<..TO, l, 78; E, l-lcclopoBJ-il'i., npellle CIWAtel-uuca apXU'feKType y Cp-
6uju XIX IJeKa, PenyoAHYKH 3a JClWTl-lTY CI10MeHHKa J<YAl'YpC CP CPUH-
je, CaOnLUTCI-ba, X, 1974, 151.
6\ T. Bopl">eHlln, /13 HCar]llllX 6peMeHa Cp6uje, CprrcKH KlbH){<eBI-lH
rJ\aCHI1K, XXXIV, 1931. 203. _
02 E. Y:eAeH, Ha6. e.10, II, 107.
352
AHBHa DVPHt.-3aMA
l'Op rrpaBoyraoHe OCHOBe. Hap0l.fIITO AerrO CY OIiAe ypeneHe MycaAe
y BeorpaAY II YmHUY, a EBAuja MX ITO'MIHl:be jw y BalbBBY II UplI'je-
rrOlbY
KaA cy YlJBpCTIIAli BAaCT Ha TepuToplIjlI y)Ke CpoHje rrOlJeTKOM
APyre rrOAOBHHe XV BeKa, TYPUIi cy rrO'-IeAIi rpaAjIITIi HOBe I,IaIvIlIje,
y rrOlJeTKY BepOBanro MaI-bliX AIIMeH3IIja, a KacHlije II Bene MOHY-
MeHTaAHlije oojeKTe. Kao WTO 3HaMO, y pa3Bojy OCMaaCKe apXIITeK-
Type rrocToje lJeTUpn rA<1'BHa Cl
'
HAOKa pa3AOOlba: PYC<1'HCK'O, pa-
Hou;apHrpaAcKO, KAaCHlJHO u;aplirpaAcKO H TypCKIi OapOK. BpycaH-
CKH CTHA He OH AOAa31I0 y 003Hp 3a TepliToplIjy y)Ke CpolIje, jep
je U;apHrpaA rrao Ben 1453. MenYTHM, rrOWTO rpaHIIu;e 1I3Meny CTH-
AOBa HlfCY TalJHO oApeneHe Hero ce rrpeK.Aarrajy, 1'0 cY rrpBe I,IaIvIlIje
y CPOHjH MopaAe OIiTIi rpaneHe jow YBeK rrOA YTlIuajeM opycaHcKe
IllKOAe, WTO AOKa3yje II OlJYBaHa AATIIH-aAeM uaMHja y HOBOI"l
IIa3apy. Ha l:boj cy KyrroAliue 1I3HaA TpeMa rOTOBO IICTe BIICIIHe Kao
H rAaBHa KyrroAa, a 1'0 je jeAHa OA rAaBHIIX ocooeHocTII opycaHcKor
cnIAa. IIOA YTHuajeM Aja-Coq,lIje y IJ;aplirpaAY, ueH':DpaAHa KyrroAa
je 'OBe BlI:we HCT'lIuaHa Taxo Aa oy KynoAe 1I3HaA TpeMa nocTajaAe
HII)Ke, IllTO je jeAHa OA rrpBIIX OAAIiKa paHouaplirpaACKor CTIIAa KO-
jH je BAa,6iao AO rrOlJeTKa XVI BeKa. IIOWTO cy I,IaMHje y CPOlIjH
rpaneHe If y TOM pa3AOOlbY, 1'0 je MopaAO OIiTIi rrpeACTaBHHKa II
OBor CTIfAa. MenynIM, HajBenli opoj je 1I3rpaneH y KAaClIlJHOM u;a-
plirpaACKOM CTIIAY, 3a KOjlI je y OBIiM KpajeBIiMa KapaKTepliCTHlJaH
jeAHorrpOCTopaH rroTKyrroAHIi THrr KaMeHe I,IaMlije ca TpeMOM H MII-
HapeTOM. TYPCKIi oapOK npeACTaBlba AeKaAeHUlIjy OCMaHCKe apXII-
TeKType jep cy ce rrOlJeAIi rrplIMel:bIIBaTH 3arraAl:balJKII CTIIAcr eAe-
MeHTII. OH je KapaKTepliCTHlJaH 3a XVIII II XIX BeK.
y AyroM pa3AoolbY cBoje BAaAaBIIHe y I-IaWHM KpajeBl-lMa, Typ-
U;H cy H3rpaAliAli BeAliKH opoj I,IaMHja, rroceoHo y XVI H rrpBoj rro-
AOBHHIf XVII BeKa KaA je l:bIIXOBa BAaCT OHAa Ha BPXYHUY, aAIi HX
ce AO AaHac OAp)KaO BeOMa MaAH opoj. OHe cy npBH rrYT rrOl.feAe
Aa ce PYIlle y rrOCAeAl:boj lJeTBpTHHII XVII BeK'a, y rrpBOM BeAHKOM
paTY If3Meny AYCTpHje H TYPCKe, a 3aTHM y paTOBHMa KOjH cy CAe-
AlfAli. IIOCAeAl:be BeAHKO pyweI-be H3BpIll,eHO je y XIX BeKY KaA je
CpoHja AOOHAa CAOOOAHY Ap)KaBY H KaA ce MycAHMaHcKO CTaHOB-
HHIllTBO rrOlJeAO HcelbaBaTH. AaHac ce HajBenH opoj I,IaMHja OAP)KaO
y HeKaAallll:beM CaHI,IaKY, y jyro3arraAHoM AeAY AaHaIlll:be y){(e Cp-
oHje. HajBIDIJ;e HX HMa y HOBoM IIa3apy, ceAaMHaeCT, a 3aTliM y
BenHM MeCTHMa: IIpHjerrolbY lJeTlIpH, CjeHIIUH ABe, rro jeAHa y IIpH
60jy H HOBoj BapOWH. Y OCTaAHM AeAOBIiMa Cp6lIje, y HIIWY cy
CalJYBaHe ABe I,IaMlIje, y BeorpaAY jeAHa. y CPOUjlI caAa rrocToju
rreT I,IaMuja C KyrrOAOM: BajpaKAII-r,IaMlija y BeorpaAY, AATHH-aAeM
If AejAeK-I,IaMlija y HOBOM IIa3apy, I,Iai\mja y TBpnaBH y HlfIllY li
UaMIfja cYATaHlije BaAIiAe y CjeHIiUIi. Meny l:bIIMa je HajcTapuja
AATHH-aAeM U3 CpeAIIHe XVI BeKa, a HajBe11a je cYATaHlije BaAHAe
If3 rrOAOBIIHe XIX BeKa. CBe OCTaAe uMajy lJeTBOpOBoAaH KpOB;
Meny lblIMa je HajBena BeAIiKa I,IaI"IlIja y IIplijerrolbY.
353
y yxwj CPOl-ljll 1-13 XIV-XIX BeKa
TIHTal-be opoja HelAall1fbHX l)alVlHja AOCTa je TelliKO. fkaBHe
ITOAiaTKe HaAa3HMO y Dyronucy BBA'H'je lJeAe6H H K'A HeKJHX Arp y-
nue aYTopa. HajBena TelliKOna je y TOMe ll1TO cy HeKaA rrocTojaAe H
J,IaMHje H MeCI)HAH, na H caM lJeAeoH nOHeKaA rOBopH 0 l-bHMa no-
ce6HO, a nOHeKaA 0 YKynHOM 6pojy MYCAHMaHCKHX OorOMOlua. Me-
nyTHM, 3anaAHH rrYTOIl'HCQH HHCY pa3AHKOBaAH Te ABe BpCTe 06je-
KaTa, na cy fbHXOBH nOAaQH HeCHrypHH, YKOAHKO HX yonll1Te HMa,
jep H3rAeAa Aa 3anaAHe rrYTonHcQe BenHHoM HHCY HHTepeCOHaAe
l)aMHje. OBAe Tpeoa J-IanOMeHynl jOlli H TO Aa je CBaKa MaxaAa y
HCT04l-ba4KOM HaceibY MopaAa UMaTH npOCTOp 3a MOAHTBY, J,IaMHjy
HAH MeCI)HA, TaKO Aa ce npeMa 6pojy 60rOMOlua MorAa OQeHHTH Be-
AH4HHa Hacelua, MaAa opoj Kyna H CTaHOBHHKa y jeAHoj MaxaAH
HHje OHO oApeoeH. Y3HMajynH y 063Hp CBe H3AO)KeHO, C THM llITO
CBH nOAaQH HHCY nOY3AaHH, TO ny npeMa AaHallil-beM CTal-bY HaYKe
y OBOj OOAaCTH H3AO){TH peAOCAeA BeAH4HHe Hacelua Koja cy rro-
ceOHO oopaneHa y OBOM paAY, npeMa 6pojy l)aMHja H MeCI)HAa. Pa-
3YMe ce Aa je EeorpaA HMao HajBenH 6poj 60roMoiba (51 l)aMHjy 11
22 MeCI)HAa), Meny KojHMa cy H'ajBene H Haj3Ha4ajHHje 6HAe J,IaMH-
je CYAejMaHa BeA1l4aH'CTBeHOr y foplheM rpaAY, MeXMeA-nall1e la-
xjanall1Hna, EajpaM-6eroBa H EjHexaH-6eroBa. OAMax 3a EeorpaAoM
je Y){Qe Koje je HM<lAO 35 l)aMHja H 29 MeCI)HAa, a Hajn03HaTHja
je oHAa AAaj-6eroBa l)aMHja. 3aTHM AOAa3e HOBH TIa3ap H ClI1eAe-
peBo C npH6AH)KHO HCTHM pojeM 60roMoA,a, C UlM ll1TO je HOBH
IIa3ap 'HMaO BenH YKynaH poj 60rOMOlua, a CMeAepeBO l)aMHja. Y
CMeAepeBY je OHAO ABaAeceT ceAaM l)aMHja H 4enipH MeCI)HAa, OA
KOjHX je Hajn03Hamja 6HAa XaI)H-BeAHjHHa l)aMHja (He pa4YHajy-
nH OHY Koja je nOCTaAa OA QPKBe), a y HOBOM TIa3apy ABaAeceT
rpn ua.\1uje H je'AaoHaeCT MecLl'!{Aa, C Hajrro3HaTfl{jolM AATlHiM-aA'eM
l)aMHjoM Koja H AaHac nocTojH.
TIocAe OBe rpyne Hacelua C BeAHlM 6pojeM ooroMoiba AOAa3J-l
cAeAena rpyna ca 3HaTHO Mal-bHM pojeM, rAe ce y nOAaQHMa BHll1e
He pa3AHKyjy l)aMHje OA MeCI)HAa. HajHenOY3AaHHjH cy nOAaQH 3a
fhtll1, aAH ce M'naK ca 'pe3epB'OM MO){<e 3aJKibYLIHTH Aa cy
y l-beMY y XVII BeKY OHAe TpH l,IaMHje H ceAaM MeCI)HAa, a 1878.
rOAMHe TpHHaecT l)aMHja. IhY3HMajynH OHY Koja je nOCTaAa OA
l.(pKBe, Hajno3HaTHja je 6HAa MYCAH-e<l>eHAHjHHa l)aMHja. TIo Ae-
ceTaK l)aMHja HMaA'H cy BaibeBO, C jeAJ-lHOM n03H'aTOM no HMeHY
AAal)a-l)aMHja, H fIpHjenoibe ca I16paxHM-nall1HHOM Kao Haj3Ha4aj-
HHjOM l)aMHjoM. Y KpYll1eBQY H CjeHHQH 6HAO HX je no AeBeT, OA
KOjHX je y KpyrneBQY HAa n03HaTa l)aMHja MypaTa II, rropeA OHe
Koja je HaCTaAa OA QpKBe. Y AeCKOBQY ce HaAa3HAO ocaM l)aMHja
(lJapillH-I)<lJ\1Hja Meny Hajn03HaTHjHM), y lJa4KY ceAaM, y llIanQY
'leTHpH a no ABe cy HMa'AH CBeT03apeBO (n03HaTa AepBHlll,
c
6erOBa),
IIHipoT H TIpoKynlue. TIo jeAHY l)aMHjy HMaAH cy AAeKCHHaQ, Kpa-
ryjeBaQ, HOBa Bapoll1 (nocTOjH H AaHac), TIapanHH, TIO)KapeBaQ,
IIpHooj (nOCTojH H AaHac), Bpalhe H 3eMYH. OCl1M Tora rrocTojH He-
KOAHKO Mal-bHX MeCTa y Cp6HjH Koja cy HeKaA HMaAa Be1.H opoj
J,Iai\mja: PYAHHK jeAaHaeCT, TIO)Kera AeceT, KypmYMAHja TpH, Co-
354
AHBHa BYPHIi3aMi\
K06aHJa ABe J,IaMHje H tJ:enLpH MeCUHAa. OA MalHX MeCTa 3Ha ce Aa
cY BeKaA HMaA'U HAH H AalHac '110 jeAIHlY ua'MIHjy: ABaAa, naTO-
tJ:HHa, neAa TIaAaHKa, np3a TIaAaHKa, Uen, fpO.QKa, KAaAoBo, KOAa-
pH, KOMapaH, AeWHH.Qa, MHAeweBa.Q, HHWKa naHJa, TIAawne, TIo-
>KerpeMa.Q, Pa.>.l<aJ-b, CMeAepeBCKa TIaAaHKa H COKO. Ha OCHOBY Aa-
Hac npHKynibeHHx nOAaTaKa, y Cp6HjH cy HeKaA nocTojaAe YKynHo
304 MYCAllMaHCKe 60roMoibe.
KunopH uaMHja y Cp6HjH 6HAH cy HajqeWne BHCOKH npeAcTaB-
HH.QH TypCKHX BAaCTH y HaWHM KpajeBuMa. To cy nOHeKaA 6HAH H
cYATaiHH K'O}H cy yqeCT,BOlBaA<H y oOBa'j-aHJUMa; OHH c.y yrAaBiH',\f
6HAH KTHTOpH OHHX uaMHja Koje cy npeypebeHe OA .QpKaBa H HOBHX
npBOnOAHrHYTHX. Y MaHJHM MeCTHMa je MaHJe 06jeKTe qeCTO nOAH-
3aAO oaMO CTaHOBHHillTBO. fpaAHTeibH J,IaMHja HHC'Y n03HaTH OCHM
IIITO je EBAHja tIeAe6H 3a6eAe>KHO Aa je npojeKTaHT J,IaMHje CYAej-
MaHa BeAHqaHCTBeHor y fOpHJeM rpaAY neorpaACKe TBpnaBe 6uo
MHMap CHHaH. HHcy n03HaTH HH MajcTopH H3BOnaqH rpaneBHHa,
aAH ce MO.>.l<e npeTnOCTaBHTH Aa cy TO yrAaBHoM 6HTH AOManH ibYAYl.
AOKa.QHje nopYllleHHX uaMHja n03HaTe cy OA cAyqaja AO CAY'Iaja,
aAH je BenH 6poj OHHX qHje cy AOKa.QHje Hen03HaTe. 0 apXHTeKTypH
J,IaMHja y Y..>.l<oj Cp6HjH MO>Ke ce npe CBera rOBopHTH Ha OCHOBY
MaAOT 6poja CaqYOOHHX 06jeKaTa, 3aTHM Ha OCHOBY CaqYBaHHX <po-
Torpaqmja H I..\.pTe>Ka nopYllleHHX rpaneBHHa, yrAaBHoM H3 XIX BeKa,
li Haj3aA Ha OCHOBY aHaAOrHje ca CaqYBaHHM J,IaM'HjaMa Ha TAY Jy-
rocAaBHje. AHKOBHe npeACTaBe nocToje 3a jeAaHaeCT 6eOI'paACKHX
J,IaMHja, a 3a OCl'aAa MeCTa HMa HX MHoro lVIaHJe.
CBe 3HaqajHHje J,IaMHje Y Cp6HjH npHnaAajy y06HqajeHoM jeA-
IwnpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THny, rpaneHe cy OA TecaHor I<aMeHa
Y KAaCHqHOM .QapHrpaACKOM CTHAY npOBUH.QnjcKe BapHjaHTe. OBaj
THn je ycaBpweH AO Kpaja XVI BeKa, na ce no HJeMy rpaAHAO H
KacHHje. BapHjaHTe cy MorAe 6HTH Y AHMeH3HjaNla KBaApaTHe oc-
HOBe H BHCHHaMa rAaBHor npocTopa, TaM6ypa H KynoAe. BapupaAa
jeH BpCTa TecaHor KaMeHa, KOjH je CBaKaKO AOHoweH H3 Haj6AH-
>Ker KaMeHOAOMa. IbrAeAa Aa je oneKa peTKO ynoTpe6ibaBaHa, no-
neKaA 3aH3rpa'A'HJY 'K'Vn'Aa H y 'KOIM6HJHaqryrj'H 'C KaMeHOM 3a H3-
rpaAI-hY rAaBHor npOCTopa, Kao KOA J,IaMHje Y HHIIIKOj TBpnaBl'r.
HajTe>KH KOHCllPYKTiIBHH np06AeM KOA OBe BpCTe 05jeKaTa npeA-
CTaBiba npeAa3 H3 KBaApaTHe OCHOBe rAaBHor npOCTopa y KPY>KHY
OCHOBY KynoAe. To ce Y HallIHM KpajeBHMa paAHAO H nOMony TpO-
MflH H nOMony naHAaHTH<pa, Hajnpe Y oCMoyraOHY OCHOBY TaM6y-
pa, a 3aTHM y KPY.>.l<HY OCHOBY KaAOTe. Ha CTpaHaMa TaM6YP'a 06H-
qHO cy ce HaAa3HAH np030pH, AOK je KynoAa 6HAa nOKpHBeHa OAO-
KaJO IH TpoyrAa:CTH AeA'OBH Kpo'Ba H3'HaA na'HlAaJHTu<pa UAH 1'pOiMn.
TI03HaT je caMO jeAaH cAyqaj Ha TAY Y>Ke Cp6Hje Aa cy ce Ha OBHM
MeCTHMa Y yrAoBHMa HaAa3HAe AeKopaTHBHe YMeCTO
TpOyrAacTHX AeAOBa KpOBa. To je 6HAa Typ6e-uaMHja y neorpaAy.G3
<PacaAe J,IaMHja HHCY HMaAe nAaCTHqHY AeKopa.QHjy, aAH je
OHa 6HA'a Bem'vla CKpOM'Ha f A'a:BIH:.H YKpaOHH eAeJMeJlHU 6H1AH cy Bpa-
Ta H npoaopH, ca BHllle HAH MaHJe YKpallleHHM KaMeHHM OKBHpH-
Ua.MHje y Y)j(oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
355
Ma. Bpa1'a cy 6HAa jeAHa, Hacynpo1' MHxpa6y, a H3HaA I-bHX ce ca cno-
C1'paHe HaA33HAa npaBoyraoHa KaMeHa nA04a C nOAaUHMa 0
K1'H1'OPy H rOAHHH H3rpaAI-be. Dp030pH cy yrAaBHoM 3aBpwaBaHH
AYUHMa H HMaAH cy rB03AeHe pew;eTKe, a BpaTa cy ce
3aBipillaBaAa HAH WHtoa1'HM HAHapxwrp3BHO. fOTOBO CBe
uaMHje C KynoAoM Koje cy ca4YB3He H3 TAY JyrocAaBHje HMajy
YAa3HH 1'peM, BenHHOM ca T..JeTHpH cTy6a H nOKpHBeH ca TpH KY-
MeBYTHM, HeM3 nOA31'3Ka 0 TpeMOBHMa 6eorpaACKHX ua-
Nnrja. MO)Ke ce caMO npeTIIO'CTa'BHTH A3 cy ncTojaAH, a'A'H A3 K3-
cHHje HHCY 06HaBtoaHH. MHHape1'a cy 6HAa CT3HAapAH30BaHa, C
1'HM lllTO cy nponopUHje MeI-baHe Y MaI-hoj MepH. fpaBeHa cy OA
1'ecaHor KaMeHa, HMaAa cy nAHhe HAH Ay6toe KaHeAype, WHtoaT
KpOB H ll1epe<peT ca CKpOMHOM nAaCTH4HOM AeKopaUHjoM. HY3eT-
HO BHTKO 6HAO je jeAHHo MHHape uaMHje CYAejMaHa BeAH4aHCTBe-
Hor Y fOpI-beM rpaAY Y EeorpaAY, jep je H uaMHja 6Hi\:a BeriHX AH-
MeH3Hja OA y06H4ajeHHX. JeAHHa nOTKynoAHa uaMHja c APYK4HjOM
KOHuenUHjoM OA OC1'aAHX uaMHja Y Cp6HjH 6HA'a je MeXMeA-naWe
JaXjarrall1Hna Y EeorpaAY 0 I-boj je OC1'ao 3a6eAe)KeH EBAHjHH no-
A3Ta:K Aa je 'llMaAa rAaBHY KynOAY OA AaKor MaTepHjaAa H qe1'HpH
MaI-be KynoAe OA KaMeHa. JeAHHO ce oBAe Y Be3H C 6eorpaACKHM
uaMHjaMa nOMHI-bY YAa3HH H 60T..JHH TpeMOBH.
Hwj'BenH 6polj U3!MiHja Y Y)Koj Cp6'llj:H 6HO je OBaiKaIKO, li BeKaA
Kao H caAa, ca 4eTBopOBOAHHM KpOBOM 3a1'O lllTO je Taj Ha4HH
nOKpHBaI-ba 6HO H AaKWH H je<p1'HHHjH. fpaBeBHHa je 6HAa npaBO-
yraoHe OCHOBe, nOKpHBeHa paBHOM APBeHOM T3BaHHUOM, a KpOBHR
nOKpHBa4 KapaKTepHCTHT..JaH 3a 3HAOBii cy 6HAH OA AOM-
toeHor KaMeHa HAH nepnHT..Ja, 1'peMOBH OA Ap'BeTa, a MHHapeTa OA
IMeHa HAH Apne1'a. OCHM Tora nOCToje uaMlHje Y 4Hjy je H3rpaAI-by
YTpOll1eHO MHoro ApBeTa, na H uaMHje 6pBHape. I103HaTo je A3 je Y
Cp6HjH nocTOjaAo weCT ApBeHHx uaMHja: y AeCKOBU;y, lIIanu;y, Ep-
3aj I1aAaJHu"H, MHAeWeJBU;y, I1A3Wny 'H OO'K'AY. YHYl'p3111I-ba AelKO-
P3UHja nOCTojenHx uaMHja je BeOMa CKpOMHa, a 0 I-boj HeMa MHoro
nOAaTaKa HH 3a cpyweHe uaMHje. Ha OCHOBY u;pTe)J<a YHYTpawlhoc1'H
ABejy 6eorpaAcKHx uaMHja BHAH ce Aa cy MHxpa6 H TpOMne 6HAH
OHBH4eHH npo<pHAHcaHHM KaMeHHM BeHU;HMa. AKO je 6HAO 3HAHor
cAHKapc1'Ba, OHO ce CBaKaKO cacTojaAo H3 U;BeTHHX MOHIB3 H Ka-
AHTpaepoKIH HcnHlcaHHX u;aTaTa H3 KopalHa.
Ha Kpajy ce Mopa HeUJTO penH H 0 YA03H uaMHje Y <pOpMHP3-
fbY HCT04I-ba4KOr Hacetoa. OHa je y cBaKoj MaxaAH 3Ha4HAa Haj6AH-
)J(e Mec1'O 3a CBaKOAHeBHe MOAHTBe, aAH H npOCTOp 3a oKynto3ll-he
paAH pa3rOBopa, AorOBopa H 06aBeW1'aBaI-ba. I1pHjamH YTH-
caK KojH je caMa uaMHja Kao rpaBeBHHa OCTaBtoaka Ha nOCMaTpa-
qa rrOABAa4HAH cy 3eAeHH ja6AaHoBH Y3 6eAa MHHapeTa, nHTopeOKHa
C HHW!aHHMa H illaApBaHH Y3 npCKaI-be H )J(y60p BOAe. I,Ia-
MHje cy H Y onW1'eM H3rAeAY opHjeH1'aAHor rpaAa HMaAe BH3yeAaH
3Haqaj KojH je Y BeAHKoj MepH O)J-BibaBao yp6aHY CTPYKTYPY.
6:1 A. fiYPI-It1-3a.\IOAO, Ilaa. CIlO, 42.
356
AHBHa BYPHI.3a,\!OAO
Divna Duri-Zamol
o
MOSQUES IN SERBIA PROPER FROM THE 14tl1 TO THE 19th CENTURY
Summary
This study deals with masques in the a.rea of the present-day
proper (namely, not counting the autonomous
Sillce the bcrders of Serbia have been changing throughout the tlme.
The problems are treated of mosques in the tv:enty three
towns, namely: Aleksinac, Belgrade, Ca
cak
, Kru-
Leskovac, Nis, Nova Varos, Novi Pazar, Paracm, Plrot, Po-
zarevac, Priboj,. Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Sjenica, Smderevo, Sveto-
zarevo, T1tovO Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, and Zemun. that,
short reV1ew of masques is submitted in oHter towns of Serb1a pro-
per. The author emphasizes the factof considerable variety of sour-
ces and literature on the problem treated in this study.
Today there exist mosques mostly in the south-western part
of Sewia sorne Moslem population, as weIl as large,r
namely: NOV1 Pazar, Prijepolje, Priboj, Nova Val'OS, S]emca.
Out of the remaining larger towns ion Serbia ,there 'are ,shll preser-
ved mosques only in Belgrade and Nis.
In ,addition to the introduction truis studY contains the follow-
chapters: most significant exisng mosq (Bajrakli
ln Belgrade, and Altin-Alem Mosque in NoVI .Pazar); m
Belgrade; m.osques in other towns, genral reV1ew of the bU1ldmg
of mosques ln Serbia proper.
The ,oldest mention of mosques in the territory of
pel' two fourteenth century mosques of sultan Murat l ln N1S and
Krusevac. These were formerly Orthodox churches transformed into
mosques. Turks did transfer churches into plosques even later on,
.md there were many sources ta that respect. Still preserved
nf St. Mary of Gradac in Cacak has been tra-n:sformed three ttmes
into a m.osque. Fer prompt practising of relig.ious Turks
to estabhsh musals, 'namely open spaces espec1ally fit for gathenng
of large numbr of people -in order to practiose the prayel'S.
Hest knQ'Wn musals were in Belgrade and Ti t,ovo UZlce.
After firmly establishing their power i1'1 the beginning of the
fifteenth century, the Turks began to build roosques. Most probably
these :6irst mosques belonged to the BrusarJ. school of
Ottoman architecture, which is evidenced by st1ll preserved Altm-
-Alem mosque in Novi Pazar. Mosques built until the beginning of
the sixteenth century belonged to the elJrly Cons.tantinople style
school. In our areas they are characterized by .the sub-
type of a stone mosque with a porcl1- 'and th mmaret. The
and nineteenth masques w
ere
built, on the other
hand, ln the Turkish baroqu style.
357
I,Ia.MHje y y)/(oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
The largest number of mosques in Serbia proper was built by
the Turks in course of the sixteenth and the first half of the se-
venteenth centuries, when they were at the peak of their power.
However, small number of these mosques has been preserved, since,
firstly, they were demolished in the wars between the seventeenth
and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, while many of them
were destroyed when Serbia became an independent state and when
Moslem population emigrated. There is now five mosques in Serbia
praper with a cupola, namely: Bajrakli mosque in BelgI'ade, Altin-
-Alem masque in Novi Pazar, Lejlek mcsque in Novi Paza,r, the
mosque in the fcrtress in Nis, and Sultana Valida's masque in Sje-
nica. The oldest among those is the Altin-Alem masque in Novi Pa-
zar (first haU cf the sixteenth century) while the largest one is the
Sultana Valida's mcsque in Sjenica (middle of nineteenth century).
All the remaining masques have a quadripartite roof, while large.st
among them is the Great mosque in Prijepolje.
Determining the number of mosques in each tawn is rather
difficult, since much information is missing, while other data are
not reliable. However, taking into consideration aIl relevant sources,
the number of mosques has been determined acco'rding to the pre-
sent-day scientific achievements in this field. Belgrade had the
largest numbcr of places of worship - fifty one masques and
twenty two mesdzidas, while Titovo Uzice thirty five masques and
twenty nine mesdzidas, Smederevo twenty seven mosques and four
mesdzidas, and Novi Pazar twenty three masques, and eleven
mesdiidas. The number of mosques has been considerab1y smaller
in other towns, namely ten mosques each were in Nis, Valjevo, Kru-
sevac, Sjenica, and Prijepolje; there were eight mosques in Lesko-
vac, seven in Caak, four in Sabac, while in Svetozarevo, Pi rot and
Prokuplje there were two each. In the remaining towns elaborated
particularly in this .study there was one mosque each. AUogether,
there were some three hundred and four Moslem places of worship
in Serbia.
Most known and largest mosques in Serbia proper were the
follawing: Sulejman the Magnificent's mosque, that of Mehmed
Pasha Jahjapasi, Bajram Beg's and Ejnehan Beg's masques in Bel-
grade; Alaj Beg's mosque in Titovo Uzice; Hadzi Velija's mosque in
Smederevo. Altin Alem in Novi Pazar, Musli Efendi's one in Nis,
Alad7.a M.osque in Valjevo, Ibrahim Pasha's mosque in Prijepolje,
that of Murat the II in Krusevac, arsi mosque in Leskovac, and
Dervish Beg's in Svetozareva. These do not include masques built
by adapting Orthodox churches.
Most frequent founders of mosques were Turkish high officiaIs
in the towns and cities. Founders were a1so sultans, but mostly .in
towns conquered by them. In smaller towns the mosques were built
by local population too. The architeets of mosques are not known,
except for a written source through which we knaw that Sulejman
AHBHa 5YPHh-3aMOJ\O
'358
the Magnificent's mosque in Belgrade was designed by mimar Si-
nan. Contractors were, according ta aIl available sources, domestic
masters. Locations of demohshed masques are only partially known.
The architectonies of masques in Serbia proper is ascertainable
on the ground of the small Iliumber of preserved cbjects, then on the
balSis of preserved fine arts representations of demolished masque'>,
as weIl as on the basis of analogies with other preserved mosques in
the terri tory of Yugoslavia.
CA. 1. AATIHI-aAe.\1 vaMl1ja y HOI:l.'.1 TIZl3apy, VAI1U:\ TIpnor Maja (nOCTojH,
canpeNleHa pa3rAeAHHlp)
Fig. 1 Altin-Alem mosque in Novi Pazar, Prvi mai streel (now
existing, contemporary picture postcard)
j; fI p)a 11-,[(a.lI Il} oU i la.
(!..S...;,., li",
CA. 2. I3ajpaKAH-uaMHja y I3eorpa/_w, l'ocnoAap-JeBpc:VioBa VAI,ma
6p. Il (nocTojH, CHHMMO MHAaH J OBaHOJ3Hn OKO 1895)
Fig. 2. Bajrakli-mosque in Belgrade, Gospodar Jevremova street,
220
7[
..
9, *
XAH y KOCJEPHfiV
~
1 J J 1 1
1
1
..
f- ( c
1#
1- ----- ----
r
-
f- c' -
1-
8
KA<1l,\HA
,...;
I ~
..
Ir
~ CO.A
COb A
1 1 t 1 1 1 1
,T 1
-[
l -r
T
J,::
l
ttmI .-.-----.-
('2070
JI
v
o 5 II) M.
1-1 ~ 1 l" 1 1 1 1 1
CA, 5. XallODH If ConOTY li KocjepMny (XIX BeK) - CKliue OCHOBa
Fig 5. Inns (hanovi) in Sopot and Kosjeri (19th century) -
sk!elche,s of the base
CA. 6. CaBHneBa MexaHa y [pOIJ,KOj (APyra rrOA. XIX BeKa)
Fig. 6. Savi's tavern in Grocka (second haIf of the 19t11 century)
CA. 7. CCAaJ(oBHna MexaHa y Apart\HIJ,H (,.l.Pyra rroJ\. XIX Bel<a)
Fig. 7. Selakovi's tavern in the village of Drag!ica (second half of the 191h
century)
HOJ-lHlJ,A y TOnOAH
c I
KYXHIM
c c
~
nPEHOIiHWTE Te.
o
r")
r<i
l
....
CAhAMEXAHA
c
f-- 29.50
.11
",
o J5 10 M.
J l ~ ,t-J
1\. 8. fOCTHOHHl(a y Tonol\H (npBa nOI\. XiX BeKa) _ CKHl\a OCHOBe ca
rJ\aBHHM H3rJ\eAoM
19. 8. The inn in Topola (photo by 1. Vukovi) - before the works of
reconstruction
CA. 9. [OCTI10HHua y TorrOAH (cHHMaK H. BYKOBJoln) - rrpe rrpHcTyrralf,a
peKoHcTPYKuHjI1
Fig. 9. The inn in Topola (photo by 1. Vukovi) before the works on
TJ.-inCKH I1POJEKAT MEXAHE TPEfiE KhACE
(YPEA5A 0 MEXAHAMA, 1861.)
1 MEXAHA 5. C06A 3A TIPEHOfiHWTE
7. <l>YPYHA ::lA XAEE
2 KYXHI-bA ft> y AH HH)l(Er PEAA
8. fiETIEHAK
.1 C06A 3A PY'JAI-bE 6 KOMOPA 3A LPAWHO 9. RH!\EP
C06A 3A rOCTE
j',. XOAHHK
o
1II
ci
l
-
, 119.00 "*
o 5 10 M.
l , t J l:t '1 1 l , t
(nPEMA OBJABtoEHOM HAi\A3Y J3 CI1MOHOBHFiA, 1979.)
10. T IffiCKIl rrpojeKaT MexaHe Tpehe KAace (1861) - CKI1l..\a OCHOBe
ca r"aBHHM 113rAeAO:\1 (npeMa 6. CH.\lOHOBl1ny)
10. Standard plans of the third c1ass tavern (1861) - sketch of the
with the frontal view (corresponds to standard plans of the first
class tavern, 1861)
--
MAHACTHPCKA MEXAHA
KOA Jo YEOCTHI-bE
1
l T
1 -1
1
-1 j 1
1 J J
-
1
f-...
C C C C
____. ___..JI
i
1 ..
- -
./ 1
o
,.. 1 nPEHOfiHWTE
-
1-- CAhAMEXAHA
,- .--. nPEHOfiHWTE .
"':
1 .... 1
1 :1
C06A C C C06A
1:
1 .1 1
,
,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
., , .\ l
L........L.-. , [ .. 1, 1 1 '1
rv , . 2800 . 1 _ *
1
1
\111' 1 1 \
llUlll lIlJl\\ll) IlIl\\llllllll l\Jillluu_\illllill. Ioull
onan
o 5 10 M.
(OArOBAPA MEXAHI1 nPBE KAACE 113 1861.)
1 l , J Il lit
CA. II. MaHaCTHpCK:l Me:-:al-Ia npeA J'oy60CrHl-hOM (APyra nOA. XIX Be Ka) -
CKllL(a OCHOBe ca f.laBHHM H3rAeAOM (OArOBapa THnCKOM npojeKTY MexaHC
npBe KAace, 1861)
Fig. 11. Monasterial tavern in front of the Ljubostinja Monastery (second
haH of the 19th century) - (corresponds ta standard plans of the first
class tavern, 1861)
AparOCAan AHTOHHJ EBHfi
KAPAE03
Y60
llha je cne AeBaHT OCTa'BHO 6aAKaJHClKm"1 3eMib3lMa 'Y iH3CAe-
Ise, HaY'Ka jow IHHje rroTnyH HCTpa)l(HAa H OTiKpHAa. H OIHO lll:ro
je rr03iHaTO y 06AaCTH 'K'YATypHe 6awl1H1He, Y'rAaJB'H'OiM AO
CTerreHa AeOKpHlfIl1HBHHX 06H'-liHlO 6e3 AYLb:HX THIfTO-
AOlllKU'X H aHaAH'I1HlfIX 3aXiBaTa. Hajja'-l'H ryTHl\ajH ca HCTOKa AO-
rrpAIH CV, y pa3HiHcvI B'HAOB'HlMa C TY'POKHIM oOBaja']-bHMa 6aAiKaiHOKIlX
3ElMa/ba. OoHH cy ce HajBlIwe oceTHAH y aAKaHOKH'M rpaA'fYHMa,
Ha.pO'-l'HTO 'Metry CTa'HOB'HiHllll1BOM 'Koje je rrpelllAO Ha HCAaJM. HaKo
cy HCAaM H xpmlJnaUCTBO 3a OBe BpeMe TypOKe npeBAacT'H !Ha BaA-
K3IHY 6HAH yaHTarOH:HCTYP'!'KOM OAHOCY, HnaK cy ce 36ar Avre OH.\'!-
OHo3e j3JBHAiH Y3aja:\1H'H YTHl\ajH npH'CTaA1Hl\a je.AsHe li 'Bepe.
3ajeAH'H'-l'KH )K!ylmOT TypaKa YI xpHlllnaHa y 6aNKaHoKHM rpaAoBHlMa,
cy 061H'-lHH ib'YAH, TproBl\H, BojiH'Hl\H, CBeTOB'Ha II cA'Y>l<.6eJl-la
AiHl\a 6HM-! ynynmm jeAIHH IHa Apyre, :\1ryl1ao je cBOjeBpciHa rrpo-
)I(HMaI-ba H cTpyjalba y 'Ba'KOA;HeB:HOM >l(MIB'OTY H KYATyrpH. AOIMO-
pOllY! cy npHXl3aTHA'H Ha'-I'HlII OiAeHaI-ba, 'Hcx'Pa'He, Moy3HKY !H lfrpy,
06H'Iaje HHaBHKe. TaKo cy ce 'Ha'pOAH'a HC'KycTua H
TYPaJKa, 6e3 063Hpa Ha Herr03H3Balbe je3HKa, nOCTeneHO H HeoceT-
HO y'BAa'-lHA'H y >l(H!BOT Xp11ll1na'HOKOr C'HeTa.
y H3Y3el'HHiM IHCTOp'HjC'I(IHIM H OOl.\ujaAIHiHIM OIKOAIHOCffllMa, H-
MHHO'BHO je AOAa3111\0 AO cycpeTa pa3AWI'HTHX KYATypa oH rrOiCrerre-
Hor H A3r3iHOr np'Ol\eca aJKYATYp3l\'wje. Y'K,plllTaAe oy ce y:rAruBHOM
xeTeporeHe l\WBHA'U'3aUHje, rrpHX!BaTaHa cy 'HAH oA6al\HllaHa, YCBa-
jaHa HAH npHAaro531Ba
l
Ha M'HOra KoyATyp'Ha Ao6'Pa. JeAIH'O ffiHX
je 'H 'MapHOHerOKO rr030pHlllTeCeH'KH KapalsooJ, KO'Me rrooBenyje.Mo
oBaj paA. HoMe je Ao6lIAO no rAa'BHOM hilHaJK'Y To:ra n30'PnwTa Ka-
paOO3Y, 'lllTO 6H ,APCAOBHO y rrpeBOAY, a 1f y 'C1fMOOAJH''-lJHOM C'M'HCAY,
3Ha'-lHAO "IJ,pHOOKU" HAY! "IJ,PI-lO OICO". OBO ce n030pnll.lTe nojaB-
Jbyje y 6aA'KaHOKHiM 3eMAXllMa ca OCMaJHAlHjaoMa y XVI BeKY, a npaBH
npOl\SaT AO.iJ'Bibyje y nepHoAY OA XVI AO XIX Belca.
,
386
A. AtlTomrjeBHb
y OBOM paAY nOCeOH\! na)KH>Y nOCBenyjeMo HeKHM jow He-
aCTpa>KeHilIM MAlI HeAOBOMHO lfCTalKHiynlM nHTal-bW:VIa n030pHWTa
Kapan03, Kao 3ajeAHI1"l.]KOr Aoopa Oa,\KaIHCIX HapO;.\3, H3ABajajyhH
noce6Hio npOOAeM aJKYA1'ypa!..(il1'je I<:olja je AOBeAa AD crBapalba AU-
KaA'HI1X AHKOBa, jYoHa'!<a H oco-oeHe aTMO'CcPepe y no-
30P11W1'Y Kapa003,
JOW HI1CY I1Crpa)lH'H a-pXiHBCKH 113BOPI1 Aa 6HCMO HenOCpeA-
Il-I'l1je, BHwe H OOibe MorAH OCBeTAHTI1 noja'B'Y iH pa3Boj KaJpao03a
y oaAXaHOK'HM 3eMibaMa. IIorA3BHT0 ce 1'0 O'AH'OC11 Ha JyrocAaBiHdy,
Ha ByrapcKY H HajBerie Hanope y TOM
Y'IHHHAe cy TYPcRa 11 fpLIKa, IbYLJel-fH cy H3BeCHH rrpalBHH A'OK'V-
MeHTH H a-A'MIHIHl1cTpa1'I1BHe ypeAoe 0 perYAHCaI-bY )I<HBOTa y Oc-
MaHCKOM Uapc1'BY, y KojHMa ce MaKap H nocpeAHO Mory HanH
Becru 0 n030pHW1'Y CeHI<:H. 3a ca;la 3HayajHa 06alBeUlTelba nPY>Kajy
11 IH3Bewl'ajlH nOyeB .oA XVI BeKa na Ha;l:3ibe, KOjiH cy
Kao AHllAOMaTe, HA'H pa;l:03HaAUH ny-rO'BaAH GOMaH-
OK'HM UapCTBOM Ha HCTOIK, OeAe)lcenH Ha C'BOjlJfli\1 nYTOBaH>HMa no-
HeWl'O H 0 nOOOpH1llTY ceHKH. GA OpeNtHe XIX BeKa, H HOoBHHOK
BeCTH ca BaAiKaHa npeAc1'a'BMaj:y 3Ha'LIajaH H3BOp. IIIro ce MY3ej-
c..KHX eKCnOH>a1'a 1'Hye, caMO je MaAI1 opoj MapHOHe1'a OAOAeo Bpe-
MeHY, npe)l(lHBeO, H 1'0 yrAa.B!HOM OHe C ropaja XIX BeKa. BOBe Ma-
pHoHeTe cV npaBibeHe nOApa>KaBaI-beM paHJijHx MOAeAa, Te cy ce
Ha 1'aj Ha'llIH OYYBaMI CTapHij'l1 06AHUH. y Haj3HayajHHje MY3ejcKe
30H'P'Ke cnalAajv O'He H3 EliI-f''rpa<j>OKor MY3eja (Museum fr Vbl-
kerkunde) y XaMoypry, 3a1'HM 30npKa MeMopiHjaAHe cP0HA-aUHje
A. A. Mejep (Mayer) y JepycaA'HMY, 30HpKa y ABOpCKOM MY3ejy
TOIIKanH Capaja y HCl'a'HoVAY H 30np.Ka KpaloeBcKor MY3eja y
EAHH6ypry. Meoy BeOMa 3HayajHe 30HpKe MO)KeMO YOPOjHTH 3011p-
IKY oa OKO neT C1'01'11'Ha MapHO'He1'a MY3e-
ja y OO'A'YHY, C KOjiM .oMO ce H'enOCpeAHO Y1103'HaAH. fpaAOK'H M'Y3e'j
y C3JpajeBY YY'Ba Aeo 30HpKe MapHO'Hera HeKaAaWI-ber BAaCHIUKa
n030pl-lWT3 Kapa003 11 MajcTopa-AY1'Kapa MeXMeAa XacH6a PaMl-l-
na 113 CapajeBa, Ko'je OMO TaiKone npoy-..lHAiH.
AmepaAHl-l H3B'prH 0 rr030pHWTY Kapa!J03 13eO,\1a cy 6oranl,
a pa'3AMoKyjy ce no TeMaTHUH, 3iHayajy 'H 7<.BaAH1'eTY, Mory ce rpV-
I1l-lCaTol-l OKO HelKOAI1KO AYXO'B1HI1X cTpyjaI-ba (nopeKAO, HacAe13e H
BpeMe jalE/oalna) y KO'jmvIa HajoBHwe AOAa31i AO l-l3pa3a nAypaAH-
3aJM y rAe,MflllnUMa H 33lKibyyuHMa, a "l.lec1'' HaTAa-
lUeHlHM el'HtOueHTp'H3'MOIM, eIMIDIP?jOKiHM eTHorpa<i,Y.lf3MO'M H'WY'!Kil1.V1
0KonpecHoHH3MOM. "-
GA cTpaHaua, HeMa'lKH l-lCTpa>Kl-l'Ba"l.lJ{ cy HajBil-lWe HaIT'l-lCaMI
o ITOG0'PiHWTY I<!apaoo3, Meoy J-f:JII.\1a: f. Ja'K06 (G. Jacob), X. Piluep
(X. Ritter), T. Me:HL\eA (T. Menzel), 3ar.l-l'M, A, T'Hue (A. Thitze),
P. ETHHmY3eH (R. Ettinghausen) H Ap., a lA TypC'IX 'HaY"l.l!H'l1.'Ka,
J<jH cy I-IalM Haj'BHWe H n\10rAIH nplH nHlbY O'Bora paAa, lHaj-
UCTaKH'YTHja cy ABa HMeHa: C. E. Cl1jaBYWrHA (Sabri Esat Ci-
yavusgil) H M. AHA. GA rpYKl-lX HaYYiHl-lKa AocaA cy Ha:jnomYHHje
--------------
387
Kapa003
'PaAOBe AaAH: T. CimponYAOC, A. JaalH'oc, A. MHTaJpac, AHlH:A,a M'H'P-
CHaAec, B. fIyxHep (W. Puchner) H Ap. GA PYMYHCKHX HCTpa>KHBa-
ya 3HatIajHHjH cV: B. AHHeCKY (V. Dinescu) 'H E. fIoneCIl(y-JYAeT (E.
Popescu-Judet). lb JyrocAaBHje Tpe6a nOMeHYTH: T. BYKa'HOBHna,
A. XaJ)HOCMaJI-IOBHa, H. Ky,pcnaxH!a oH )K. HJ\lHna oa 3aI-lHMihHBHM HO-
BHI-ICKHM npHA03HMa, AOK je O. JeBTHn I-ranHcao Apar014eH ecejH-
CTliYKH 0 Kapan03Y y OOCHH.
nOpeK/W
y I-1aY14H jouI anje pamllHwheHo IlIHTal-be rAe Tpe6a Tpa)K]}JTH
nopcKAo "n03'OpnWTa Ce<J-lIKH" 'Ka:O 06A'H'Ka 3a6aBe. fI<ocroje IBHrue
HaY4lHwx XHDOTe3a 0 TOMe. ABe oy OCHQlBiHe. fIo jeA'I-loj XHIITOTC3H,
n03apm.uTe CeH!KH ce WHpHA' ca AaAeKor HCTKa 'Ha 3aill'a!A, nOlllTO
je Hajnpe 611Ao 3a6eAe)KeHO Ha Ja'BH, y Kl1'l-I'H 'H H'HAlHljH, na je H3
THX KpajeBa npeHeTO y TYPOKY. fIo APYI'O'j Xl}JflOTe31f, n030p1H'llITC
ceHKIf 'BOAlf nopeKAo H3 CpeA03eMiha, oAaKAe ce lllHpHAO Ha
Hcl'OK. ORa reop'Hja je ''A6a'4eHa, 6YA'YOH Aa 'HeMa If]}J'OaH:HX 'W3'Bopa
;) n030pHwTY ceH!KH y ApeBHoj fp41KOj 11 HIf3aI-lTH!jH. AaHac je
yrAaBHoM rrpH'XBaneHa YHfbeHiHl..\a Aa je lT030pHlIlTe Ce'HKH AocneAo
Ha 3arraA H3 A3Hje.
OH1\'O Aa je rr'30p1iWTe CeH'KH y TypOKY npeHel'O ca AaABKor
JlCTOKa, 'H3 A3Hje, HAH oa 3anaAa rrpeKO BH3aHTH'Ha14a, HTaAH'j alHa,
JUrraHaQa HNH npe6erA'HX JeBpeja, KOj'H cy, eBeHTyaMi'O, OB'H 'OK'YIl1a
OCTa'BHAHOIBO}1 Il'30pHWTY ITOHeWTO y HaCAene, IIfIT<l!K oCTaj'eMO
npH MHWiheJ-hY AaHac Ha'j6oJ'oer n03'HaB3'OQa 'OBor nH<TaJfba AHA Me-
THHa, Aa Kapan03 y Typcl<.Oj 03Ha'4aBa 60:raT IlIpeCeK 'Kp03 TypCKY
J<YATYPY, noe3Hjy, MHHHjaTvpHo CAHKapCTBO, MY3HK'y, HapOAHe
o6H4aje, y Y3ero, Kp03 fbHX'BY 6ora1'Y 1'paAHlIHj'Y, y KOjOj
cy Yl1HUaj 3aJnaAa 11 fberOB AonpHHOC caCOBmvl 3aHeMa'pihH-BH.
1
fIOyeneM! jeA'HOM y 1.\1Horo6pojlH'l'FM 'Ba!pW}<l!HTaMa BeOMa pa-
WHpeHm..l <pOA'KAOp'HOM AereHAM 0 HaCTaHKY IT030pH'W'J"'a COOKH y
TYPOKOj. fIojaBa rAaJBHiHX npOTarOHiH'CTa n030pHUlTa CeH'I, Kapa-
n03a H XaU'H'BaTa, Be3yje ce 3aBA'aAaJBHIHY (1326-1358).
TIpeM'a AereHoAiH, 'iHH cY y 1'0 B'PeMe )f(WBeAH y 0YpC:H. JCJAlJH je
6ao 3HAa:p a .'pym oKOBly. YqeCTBOBaAH cy y 3H'Aa:fbY jeAHe 1,I;l-
MHje, rpaneHe !lO cYATaHoBoj HapeA6H. MenYTHM, Beprut OBOjH\'l
YA'raMa BeceihaKa, 3lJA:HpK1lBaJH>eM IH 6p6ihaH>eM '3a-
AP)J(lJBaA:H cy y plJAryocTaAe paA'H'H'Ke, IIWj'H cy, OI\.fapa'H'H Hey'Kip0-
THJBHM A<l!KPAH'jamel-beM OBe ,tIIBOj'HUe, OCTaBII,ai\lt{ oBoje aAaTKe,
CYKyrIloaAH .ce Aa H'X cAywajry H rA:eAiajy. fpaAH>a ua:M'Hje ce TaKO
OTerAa y COKOHaYHOCT. HaJj3lJA je 0 TOMe C'DH'rAa BeeT A' CYATa!HO-
BHX YUlH:jy H, KaKO AereHAa Ka)Ke, OH je HapeAlHO Aa ce I(,apanOJ
If XaU.YfBaT no KpaJ'IKOoM lTOCl'YJ1lI<.Y nory6e. H TaKO 'By
06eWeJha:Ka OHane 'J1parufl.llalH KpaJj. Y MeOYiBpeMeHY1 Opxa'Ha OIlOna,1,e
1 M. And, Karagoz, Istanbul 1979, 40.
388
A. AHToHujeBJ,l!l.
l'pH)Ka caBecur, Te ce HOKpeHO rrO'Kaja 3:00r ClBoje lHenpalJ3eAlJ-Ie
AaA.,e Ka:tKe Aa je HeKH weHK KHCTepH, )KeAe-
hM Aa yrewR CBOTa rOoIr.oAapa, rrOIAHrao y jeAHolM yrAY I1AaT'HO TB
KOMe je nPJWKa3H'BaO oHAyeTe eplIrypa 'K.'oje cy rrpeACTa'BA.,aAe A'BOjH-
paAH'H'Ka (KapaB03a H XaU'HlBaTa), HCl'OBpeMeHO nOApaoKaBajyhH
JI I-bHXOB KOMHtIHH AHjaAor Aa 6H pa3BeCeAHO CYATaHa. C MaI-bHAl
Bapnjar..ur}aINla y norAeAY AeTai"a, Ta Aere:HAa je :tKH'Ba y Typ-
OKOj, rra JI Y,J-Ie'K'HM 6aAIKlIHCKHIM 3eMiba'Ma, noce6Ho y fpqKOj. HMl:
lUeHKa KHcTepHja Ka T'Bpna KapaBo3a YBeK ce nOI\lHlbe C rrOWTO-
'BaI-beM y OBHIM TIeBaI-bHMa npONo'ra.
2
IIITO ce XpOHoAorHje l'Hl-Je, AocaA jow Hl-!'CY 01'KpUBeHH AO-
l<a3H Aa cy MapHOHeTe rr030pHlilTa ceHKH rrocTojaAe y TYPCKoj npc:
XVI BeKa. KaKo TypCKH, l'a'KO iH e'BpOIJ1CKH I1OCMaTtpal.Jn oseAl..Je 0
H:JHXOBOj llIHpOIKOj nonYA'apHOCTH TeK OiA Tor BpeMeHa. Kao lllT
OtV10 a-rarAaCHAH, DA XVI BeKa f(Ia:OBlIMO llm'BOplI rromYJ-lIHje 'ITP'Y:tKaj y
o6aBellUeI-ha 0 06AHI4HMa H rrpeAcTaBaMa rro30pHwTa ceHKH. Y l'Oc"!
BeKY HCTOpIP--Ia:p MYCTaePa AAR nOMIHlI-be rr'3O!pHmTe CeH'KH
Ka,o ,,3ullu-xaja.n." H Ae<pHHHlwe HI'pe CeH'KH Kao "Hrpe C peqfiMa" ,
rrpe Hero 'HeM'Y nplAcTa
l
By.
3
JeAaH TypOKIH PYK:om-IC iH3 A'BopCKe 6lI-
6AHlOTeJKe TOTIKarry CapaJja, TlIKone W3 XVI 'BlKa, Aaje crfHClIr. rroje-
,AIHlHlHX 'H'rpaqa il{ T'pyna. PaoK'illHo HAYCTpoBa:Ha Cyp1-taMe-u Xy-
AWjYN H3 1585. roAHHe O'l1Heyjy CBe'l.JaHOCTH Koje ay rrpaTHAe 0YHeT
OH!Ha ,cYATlIHa MypaTa III. OHe caA:p)Ke IHlH3 'MH!HiHjaTypa Koje npH-
K'a3yjy cY1\,TaiHa fi H:JerOBY npaTI-bY K'3!KO rrocMaTpajy H3BOBaqe 'Ae-
BeHe y Apeqene 'KOCl1HtMe, C MaOKa'M-a H Of\pOIMHM'M IKanaMa, KO'jH 6[.-1
ce MorAH tHAlHTHePHKoBaur Kao KapaB03 H XalJ'HBaT, A'Ba rA'alJ3'Ha
AHI4a MapHoaeT0Kor rr030pHIII1'a CeJ-IIK'H.
4
HeK<H AOKa3H 'PBpAe Aa je n030pHWTe CeHKM XVI BeKa rro3aj-
MibeHO -H3 EIlliI1Ta. H3IH'Me, CYATa'H CeAiH-M l, KOj'H je rrpH'CajeAHIHH
EnmaT TYPOKOj UapeBHHH 1517. rOAHIHe, 3arrOBeAHO je Aa ce rroc-
Ae,A;H:JH MlIMeAY'1'KIH cYATa'H o6ecH. Ta je iHapeA6a H:Aa H3BpmeHa
H 0YATaIH TY"V1aH6ej II 6wo je o6eweH 15. anpHAa 1517. Y rraAaTl1
'Ha OC1'p'BY POAa y HHAY CYATa:H CeAHM je rAeAao rrpeACTlJo,,/
jeAHe 'l1rpe ceHKH Koja je rrpHKa3HBaAa BernaI-be nOCAeATher MaMe-
AYY.1KOr aYATaHa npaneHo 'KiH1A'a'I-beM 'Y)KeTa A'BanYT y TOKY H3Bp-
melba CMpT'He IK33He. I-beMY ce TOA!H'KO C'BHAeAa npeACTa'Ba Aa je
'HaJrpalAHO H3BoDaq,a ca OCaJM'HaeCT 3Aa'PHH'K'a H 'Be3eHMM 'K3'ePTaHO,"!,
PeKlJBillHMY: "KaAa MH OiAeMO y HCTlIH6YA, TH hem rron-u C 'HaMa
KlIKO 6lI H tMoj 'C'WH Morao Aa BlIAn iHrpy ceHKH". I-beriB CHa-I, Kac-
H'Hje n03HaTH CYAejMlIH BeAHYlJHCTBeHH, HIMao je y 110 'BpeMe A'Ba-
AeceT jeA'HY l'O,A)HIHY. Y CPBaprn, l.JHiH'H ce Aa je CYAHtH Ha rrOBpal'KY
ncmeo jeAIHY rAYMaqKIY TpY'rry y TypOKY"
2 S. E. Siyavusgil, Karagoz, Istanbul 1951, 6.
3 M. And, Haa. e/lo, 23.
4 J, M. Scarce, Karagoz Shado\V Pllppels of Turkey, Royal Scottish
Museum 1983, 3.
M. And, Hae, e/lo, 26.
389
Kapan03
Epa CYAejMaHa BeAHyaHCTBeHor je npHAWIHO 60raTa y rro-
3HBalhY Ha KapaD03a. XaJMep (Hammer) oeAe>KH Aa CI' 'Ha A,Be
'BeAHKe CBey,aHOCl1H OpraH'll3'BaHe 1530. H 1539. Y "YaCT cYiHeTa CH-
HOBa CYAejMaHa BeAWlaHCTBeHor H3BOneH'H 3BaHH Ka-
paD03,
Ao XVII BeKa Kapan03 je Il'OTITYHO HAeHTH<pHKOBaJI-t Kao rro-
30pmUTe nOA THiM HMa BJHllle A;01<.33a Aacy erHnaTCKH
rr030pHwTa ceHlKH A'Aa3HAH y TYPOKY 11 TOK:OIM XVII 'BeKa.
K3JAa ce 26. jYHa 1612. rOAH'He cecTpa AXlMeAa l, fe:BXepXiaiHa, YAa-
naAa 3a EKH3 IT3!wy, 3a TI' npHJ\JHlKY O'HJ\lH CI' rr03B3!HH HeJKH ern-
naTClJ<lH JlIrpaYH ceHKH. Meny '!-hUMa je OHO I1 'CA3!BHlH emnaT<.H
HrpaLI A3!BHA eA-aATap (MeHaBIH), 1-1iHjy je rrpeAcTalBY CYAT3H
AXMCA 1 y JeApeHY, IUTO je 3aOeAe)IceHo Y MeHBHjeBHM MeMoapHMa.