(ToanHocTHCS) ChuyenDeBatDangThucTHCS LuuVanTham

XEMINA TOAN S CAP
Chu e
1. Qlcl thlea mct sc dooq tcoo lot
ooq thae oo phacoq phop qlol
mcl, mct sc soeh lot ooq thae,
sa phot teleo eao tcoo lot ooq
thae tecoq thcl qloo qoo oq.
z. Coo looq eoe sc khl op daoq lot
ooq thae Coaehq.
+. Qlol mct dooq tcoo tim qlo te[
lco oho t, qlo te[ ohc ohot eao
hom sc.
o. 7oo oe lol tcoo hoq, eaco soeh
hoq, eoe eoeh eo e tcoo.

Nguoi bao cao: Lu Van Tham
Thi gian: 18h 20h, ngy 30 11 2008
Ti VP 40 Mc nh Chi, Q.1
Xemina Toan s cap trang 2 Lu Van Tham
1. Cioi thiou mot so dang toan bat dang thuc
va phuong phap giai moi, mot so sach bat
dang thuc, su phat trion cua toan bat dang
thuc trong thoi gian gan day.

The gii Toan hoc noi chung va vng quoc Toan bat
ang thc noi rieng kho co the dien at het ve ep kieu sa
huyen b, s sang tao tinh te, bat ng cua no. Khi a biet tha
mnh vao vng quoc nay cung nh ngi biet ng tren tam
van lt tren cac ngon song cua bien ca, vui ua, chinh phuc va
mm ci nhng chang ai co y nh i en iem tan cung cua
the gii huyen b nay.
Trong suot lch s phat trien , Toan bat ang thc a lam
me man tam hon biet bao ngi yeu Toan, t hoc sinh trung hoc
c s ti cac nha Toan hoc a thanh danh va nhieu nha Toan
hoc c lu truyen ten tuoi cung nh toan bat ang thc.
Rat tiec rang phan ong hoc sinh pho thong khong tiep
can c ve ep kieu sa huyen b va ay tr tue cua Toan bat
ang thc. Nhng cung rat mng van co nhng hoc sinh, gii tre
yeu toan khong nhng biet thng thc ma con gop phan a
toan bat ang thc phat trien len tam cao mi. ien hnh trong
so o la Sinh vien Pham Kim Hung (ngi Viet Nam) tac gia
cuon sach SANG TAO BAT ANG THC (ban tieng Anh la
SERECTS IN INEQUALITIES) c N.X.B GIL noi tieng cua
My mua ban quyen phat hanh tai My va nhieu nc tren The
gii (ta se tr lai noi dung cuon sach nay phan sau).
Manh at Toan s cap a c cay xi qua nhieu, sach
tham khao ve toan bat ang thc ngoai th trng cung nh sach
tham khao Toan s cap khac cung cung tran ngap, ngay ca cac
giao vien Toan cung khong de mua c cuon sach Toan tham
khao co chat lng, co the tm thay nhieu ieu can su tam, hoc
hoi. Thng sach tren th trng cac tac gia ch su tam cac bai
Toan + li giai, sap xep theo chng muc roi phat hanh. Thc ra
cach viet sach nh vay cung ap ng c so ong hoc sinh pho
thong nhng oi vi giao vien a co nghe th loai sach nay
khong ap ng c yeu cau tm toi cai mi. Tat nhien moi
cuon sach t nhieu cung the hien phong cach rieng cua tac gia
hay mot vai iem sang trong bai toan cu the nao o nhng so
bai tac gia t ra, t giai thng chiem t le rat t, nhng phng
phap giai toan mi ma tac gia t nghien cu phat minh ra
thng khong co va neu co cung ch co the ap dung trong pham
vi han hep.
Trong tam hieu biet cua mnh, xemina nay toi xin gii
theu mot so dang toan bat ang thc mi phat trien trong thi
gian gan ay va ba au sach toan bat ang thc tieu bieu:
Bat ang thc suy luan va kham pha cua Pham Van
Thuan va Le V
Sang tao bat ang thc cua Pham Kim Hung
Nhng vien kim cng trong Toan bat ang thc cua
Tran Phng (sap xuat ban).
I. Mot so dang toan va phng phap chng minh bat ang
thc mi phat trien trong thi gian gan ay.
Muc luc trong mot cuon sach bat ang thc ai so thong thng:
Chng I: S DUNG NH NGHA, BIEN OI TNG
NG.
Chng II: BAT ANG THC COSI (CAUCHY) VA
PHNG PHAP AP DUNG.
Chng III: BAT ANG THC BUNHIACOPXKI ( B.C.S)
VA PHNG PHAP AP DUNG.
Chng IV: S DUNG TNH CHAT TY SO, BAT ANG
THC TRONG TAM GIAC.
Chng V: ANH GIA , TONG, TCH HU HAN, PHNG
PHAP LAM TROI, ANH GIA AI DIEN.
Chng VI: GII THIEU MOT SO BAT ANG THC
THONG DUNG: BERNOULLI , TCHEBYCHEV,
HOLDER, MINCOPKI VA V DU AP DUNG.
Chng VII: PHAN CHNG VA QUY NAP TOAN HOC
Chng VIII: PHNG PHAP HAM SO (KHAO SAT HAM
SO, TCH PHAN, BAT ANG THC JENSEN)
Chng IX: PHNG PHAP TOA O
Chng X: PHNG PHAP HNH HOC, PHNG PHAP
LNG GIAC.
BAI TAP TONG HP, CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM
1. Bat ang thc co cac so hang bac thuan nhat va phng
phap chuan hoa.
Ta hay xem mot bai toan cung ap an trong ky thi hoc
sinh gioi lien bang My:
33rd USAMO 2003
Problem B2
Prove that for any positive reals x, y, z we have (2x+y+z)
2
/(2x
2
+
(y+z)
2
) + (2y+z+x)
2
/ (2y
2
+ (z+x)
2
) + (2z+x+y)
2
/ (2z
2
+ (x+y)
2
) 8
Solution
If the inequality holds for x, y, z, then it also holds for kx, ky, kz,
so it is sufficient to prove the result for x+y+z=3. The first term
becomes (x+3)
2
/(2x
2
+(3-x)
2
) = (1/3) (x
2
+6x+9)/(x
2
-2x+3) =
(1/3) (1 + (8x+6)/(2+(x-1)
2
) (1/3) (1 + (8x+6)/2) = 4/3 + 4x/3.
Similarly for the other terms, so the whole expression
(4/3 + 4x/3) + (4/3 + 4y/3) + (4/3 + 4z/3) = 8.
Tam dch
e: Chng minh rang vi x, y, z la cac so thc dng ta luon co:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
(2x y z) (2y z x) (2z x y)
8
2x (y z) 2y (z x) 2z (x y)
(1)
Giai:
Neu ta thay x, y, z lan lt bang kx, ky, kz (k 0) th bai toan
khong oi nen ta giai bai toan vi x + y + z = 3 la u. Khi o
bieu thc th nhat bang:
2 2
2 2 2 2
(x 3) 1 x 6x 9 1 8x 6
1
2x (3 x) 3 x 2x 3 3 2 (x 1)
1 8x 6 4 4x
1
3 2 3 3

Tng t cho hai bieu thc con lai va cong lai ta co
VT(1)
4 4x 4 4y 4 4x 4
4 (x y z) 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Suy ra pcm
Tai sao thay x, y, z lan lt bang kx, ky, kz bai toan khong oi
nen ta giai bai toan vi x + y + z = 3 la u ?
Ban chat la ta thc hien phep oi bien sau:
at x=ka, y=kb, z=kc vi k =
x y z
3
a+b+c = 3
thay vao (1) bai toan tr thanh:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
(2a b c) (2b c a) (2c a b)
8
2a (b c) 2b (c a) 2c (a b)

Nh vay qua phep oi bien tren bai toan khong thay oi nhng
ta co them ieu kien a+b+c=3.
Phep oi bien nh tren con goi la phep chuan hoa cho a+b+c=3.
Tng t ta co the chuan hoa cho a+b+c=1 (chon k=x+y+z)
Chuan hoa cho abc = 1 (chon k =
3
xyz )
Chuan hoa cho a
2
+b
2
+c
2
=1 (chon k=
2 2 2
x y z )
Chuan hoa cho ab+bc+ca=1 (chon k= xy yx zx )
Nhng bai toan nao ta co the ap dung ph.phap chuan hoa ?
Tat ca cac bai toan ma cac so hang cua no co bac ong nhat th
ta eu co the ap dung phng phap na y. Thc te nhng bai toan
co the ap dung th nhieu nhng nhng bai toan can ap dung th
cha nhieu.
Trnh chieu va bnh phan au chng 4 cuon Bat ang thc
suy luan va kham pha cua Pham Van Thuan va Le V
Phng phap nay co t bao gi?
Tai sao phng phap nay lai phat trien manh trong thi
gan gan ay : Thi g hoc nay, hoc g viet nay!

2. Bat ang thc Schur va phng phap p,q,r (con goi la
phng phap A,B,C)
Trnh chieu va bnh bai viet ve van e tren cua 1 HS
lp lp 11 Chuyen Toan

Quay lai cuon sach cua Pham Van Thuan va Le V ta
se thay van e nay c viet bai ban hn, tong quat
hn.
Trnh chieu them bai giang ve bat ang thc cua
Hojoo Lee (ngi cung gay c tieng vang trong c
dan Toan tren mang qua cac bai giang nay)
Trnh chieu ban thao cuon sach bat ang thccua
Tran Phng a c Bo GD lam qua tang cho HS thi
IMO 2007 Tai VN
3. Cuon sach cua mot sinh vien Viet nam gay c tieng
vang ln cho c dan Toan s cap tren the gii.
Ngi bao cao se gii thieu s ve Pham Kim Hung, s ra i
cuon sang tao bat ang thc.
Cuon sach nay ban tieng Anh la Serects in Inequalities c
N.X.B GIL noi tieng cua My mua ban quyen va chia thanh 2
volumes, volume 1 la Basic Inequalities. Volume 2 la Advance
Inequalities phat hanh tai My va nhieu nc tren The gii vi
gia moi volumes la 30USD.
Trong nc cung co hai NXB phat hanh la NXB Tri Thc va
NXB Ha Noi (trong tay ngi viet bai nay co 1 cuon cua NXB
Ha Noi ai muon photo xin lien he nha sach TRAC LAN so 65F
Nguyen Thai Hoc Q.1)

Trnh chieu ve muc luc cuon sach.
Gi thieu qua ve phng phap don bien
Gii thiu phng phap phan tach bnh phng S.O.S

4.Nhng vien kim cng trong bat ang thc mot ai t
ien ve toan bat ang thc.
Khi Pham Kim Hung viet xong ban thao Sang tao bat ang
thc, qua mai moi Hung tm ti mot ai s phu ve toan bat
ang thc nh xem giup. Xem song, S phu anh gia rat cao tai
nang cua Hung ac biet la phng phap don bien va SOS.
Nhng sau o S phu loi ra bo ban thao o so vit bng ting
Anh ta Collections of topics, methods and techniques in
algebraic inequality demonstration (tuyen tap cac chuyen e,
phng phap va ky thuat chng minh bat ang thc) dy 2222
trang a c hoan tat vao thang 1 nam 2005 va ch ra rang y
tng chnh cua hai phng phap o a c s phu trnh bay
rat tng minh trong ban thao nay ( ang cap cao hn). Men
phuc tai nang cua ngi tr tuoi nh Hung, S phu va Hung
cung nhau ky mot hp ong ac biet cong nhan ban quyen tr
tue cua nhau, cong nhan nhng phng phap nay do hai ngi
oc lap phat minh ra. S phu ve ba gii thieu ban thao cuon
sach cua Hung cho NXB Tr thc phat hanh.
S phu o la Tran Phng. Nha giao Tran Phng gay soc
cho d luan toan Quoc vao ky thi ai hoc nam 2007 qua viec
a 5 hoc sinh lp 6 cua mnh en Toa soan Bao Tien Phong
cho gii bao ch chng kien tan mat cac e t nh cua mnh giai
e thi ai Hoc mon Toan nh the nao. Ket qua hoc sinh thap
nhat at 7.75 iem va cao nhat la 8,25 iem.
Tran Phng hien la Giam oc Trung tam ho tr nghien cu
phat trien cac san pham tr tue Viet nam, la ngi a tai, hat
hay, an gioi, nhay nh vu cong, sang tac nhac nh nhac s
chuyen nghiep. Ban nhac chnh thc cua ky thi Toan Quoc Te
to chc tai Viet Nam nam 2007 do Tran Phng sang tac, ban
nhac nen cho ky thi hoa hau Hoan Vu to chc tai Viet Nam nam
2008 cung cua Tran Phng nay.
Tran Phng con la tac gia Gameshow truyen hnh Than
ong at Viet cua VTV, c giai thng Tinh hoa Viet Nam
trong dp trien lam dien an APEC va hoi nhap 12/2006.
Cac sach cua Tran Phng a xuat ban: Ky thuat chng
minh bat ang thc, Tuyen tap cac chuyen e ham so, Tuyen
tap cac chuyen e he thc lng giac, Tuyen tap cac chuyen e
tch phan, Sai lam thng gap va cac sang tao khi giai toan...,
ac biet cuon Phng phap mi giai e thi H mon Toan
c 3 nha xuat ban tai ban ti 15 lan .
Nhng vien kim cng trong bat ang thc ban rut gon
bang tieng Anh a c Bo Giao Duc in lam qua tang cho cac
hoc sinh d thi Toan quoc Te (IMO) tai Viet Nam nam 2007.
Ban tieng Viet cung a c Tran Phng hoan tat day tren
1000 trang kho ln d kien NXB Giao Duc phat hanh au nam
2009.

Chieu ban thao cuon sach a c bo Giao duc lam qua
tang cho hoc sinh thi IMO nam 2007 tai Viet Nam.
Chieu so hnh anh ve Tran Phng.

2. Can bang cac so(dai Iuong) khi ap dung bat
dang thuc Cauchy (AM CM).

VD1: Cho x, y la cac so thc dng, tm GTNN cua:
P =
2 2
2 2
x y xy
xy x y

Thay ngay P
2 2
2 2
x y xy
2 . 2
xy x y
.
ung nhng dau bang khong xay ra!
Giai ung: Ta co P =
2 2 2 2
(cauchy)
2 2
3 x y 1 x y xy
4 xy 4 xy x y

(cauchy)
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 x .y 3 1 x y xy
2
4 xy 4 xy x y
=
3 5
1
2 2

Khi x = y 0 th P =
5
2
vay P
min
=
5
2

Bai nay cung co the giai bang phng phap ham so bang
cach at t =
2 2
x y
xy
, P =f(t) = t +
1
t
, chng minh t 2 x,y>0 va
f(t) la ham ong bien suy ra P
min
= f(2).
Thc te rat t hoc sinh lam theo hng nay co le vi hoc sinh
pho thong khi gap bieu thc 2, 3,.. bien t khi ngh en phng
phap ham so hn na cach nay dai va khong ep bang cach tren.
Nhng tai sao tach c nh tren? Ta xet tiep hai v du na
roi tra li cau hoi nay.

VD2: Cho a, b la cac so thc dng thoa a+b 1.
Chng minh rang: P =
2 2
2 3
14
ab a b

Giai : Ta co P =
(Cauchy)
2 2 2 2
4 3 1 1 1
3
2ab a b 2ab 2ab a b

(Cauchy)
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 6
3.2 . 2
2ab a b
a b
(2ab)(a b )
2
2

(Cauchy)
2 2
6
2 2 12 14
2ab a b
2
(pcm)

VD3 (e thi H khoi A nam 2003):
Cho x, y, z la cac so thc dng thoa x+y+z 1. CMR:

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
x y z 82
x y z

Giai : Trc het ta chng minh bat ang thc phu:
Vi moi so thc a, b, x, y ta luon co:

2 2 2 2 2 2
a b x y (a x) (b y)

Bat ang thc nay chng minh de dang bang cach bnh phng hai ve,
bat ang thc nay co the xem la bat ang thc ve moun vect :
| u | | v| | u v|

vi u (a; b)
, v (x; y)

Bat ang thc tren cung co the xem nh bat ang thc tam giac trong
mat phang toa o, cung co the xem la trng hp ac biet cua bat ang
thc Mincopxki.

Ap dung bat ang thc tren hai lan ta co:
P=
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z (x y z)
x y z x y z

Ta lai co

2
2
1 1 1
(x y z)
x y z
=
2
2
1 1 1
81(x y z)
x y z
80(x+y+z)
2

2
(cauchy)
2
1 1 1
2 81(x y z) .
x y z
80 =
1 1 1
18(x y z).
x y z
80

(cauchy)
3
3
1 1 1
18.3. x.y.z. 3 . . .
x y z
80 = 162 80 = 82
Vay P 82 (pcm).

Chu y bai toan co the tong quat cho n so
Cho n so thc dng x
i
(i=1, n ) thoa
n
i
i 1
x 1.
CMR:
i
i
n
2 n
2
i 1
1
x 3 1
x

i vi hoc sinh bac THCS giai vi n = 2 la u kho

Nhan xet: Ca 3 v du tren thay ngay rang mau chot
thanh cong cua li giai la viec tach cac so trc khi ap
dung bat ang thc cauchy.
Vay tai sao lai co the tach c nh tren ?
Dien gia se thuyet trnh phng phap tach !

3. Mot bai toan tm gia tr ln nhat
(GTLN), gia tr nho nhat (GTNN).

Bai toan tong quat: Cho x, y , z la cac bien so khong
am thoa x + y + z = m. Tm GTLN, GTNN cua
P = a.x
p
+ b.y
q
+c.z
r
Trong o m, a, b, c la cac hang so dng va p,q,r N
*
M rong bai toan, tong quat hoa bai toan mot viec lam
thng xuyen, kinh ien cua dan Toan, mai mai khong
loi thi!
Ta bat au t bai toan quen thuoc, n gian:
Bai toan 1 : Cho x, y , z la cac bien so khong am thoa
x + y + z = 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN cua
P = x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
GTLN: V x,y,z khong am va x + y + z = 1
nen
3
3
3
x x
x 1
y 1 y y
z 1
z z
P = x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
x+y+z = 1.
P = 1 chang han khi (x; y; z) = (1;0;0). Vay P
max

= 1.

GTNN:
oan: Vai tro cua x, y, z nh nhau, P
max
xay ra bien
vay co the P
min
xay ra gia tr trung tam x = y = z =
1
3

Li giai: Ta co
3 3 3 3
(cauchy)
3 3
3
1 1 1 1
x 3. x . .
3 3 3 3

3
2 1
x x
27 3

Tng t:
3
2 1
y y
27 3

3
2 1
z z
27 3

Nen P = x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
+
2 1 1
(x y z)
9 3 3

1
P
9

Khi (x; y; z) =
1 1 1
; ;
3 3 3
th P =
1
9
. Vay P
min

=
1
9
.

Vi trng hp rieng nay ta co the giai bang B.C.S
P = x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
= (x+y+z)( x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
)

2 B.C.S
3 3 3
x x y y z z = (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2

=
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1 (x y z )
9

B.C.S
4
1 1
(x y z)
9 9

TXR (x; y; z) =
1 1 1
; ;
3 3 3
. Vay P
min

=
1
9
.

Ta th m rong bai toan 1 bang cach cho bac cua cac
bien khong bang nhau:
x + y + z = 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN cua
P = x
2
+ y
2
+z
3
GTLN: Tng t bai toan tren ta co
P = x
2
+ y
2
+z
3
x+y+z = 1.
P = 1 chang han khi (x; y; z) = (1;0;0). Vay P
max

= 1.
GTNN:
Nhap va nham: Vai tro cua x, y nh nhau, gia s P
min

xay ra khi x=y= x0 , z = z0 khi o ap dung bt
Cauchy ta co:
2 2
x x' 2xx'

2 2
y x' 2yx' (I)

3 3 3 2
z z' z' 3zz'
Ket hp vi viec s dung gia thiet x + y + z = 1 ta co:
2
x' x' z' 1
2x' 3z'

7 13
x '
12
13 1
z '
6

Thay vao (I) ta co ngay li giai nhng ve hnh thc li
giai va ket qua qua xau.
Ta sa e e co bai toan vi li giai ep hn.
Gia s gia thiet ban au la x + y + z = m
Tng t nh tren ta co
2
x' x' z' m
2x' 3z'

Chon z=1 x=
3
2
, m= 4 ta c bai toan mi u kho
vi li gai ep mat nh sau:
x + y + z = 4. Tm GTLN, GTNN cua P = x
2
+ y
2
+z
3
GTLN: at x =
x
4
, y =
y
4
, z =
z
4
x + y + z = 1
va
2
2
3
x ' x '
x ' 1
y' 1 y' y'
z' 1
z' z'
P = x
2
+ y
2
+z
3

=

16x
2
+16y
2
+64 z
3

64(x
2
+ y
2
+z
3
) 64 (x + y + z) = 64
Khi (x; y; z) = (0;0;4) th P = 64. Vay P
max

= 64.
Phep oi bien nh tren con goi la phep co vi he so bang 4
cung co khi con goi la phep v t so . Phep oi bien nay
nham s dung tnh chat nghch bien cua ham y = a
x
vi
a (0;1). Tnh chat nay giai quyet c nhieu bai toan
phc tap.
Neu khong muon oi bien trc tiep nh tren th ta co the
trnh bay li giai nh sau (oi bien gian tiep):
P =
2 2 3 2 2 3
x y z x y z
16 16 64 64
4 4 4 4 4 4

x y z
64 64
4 4 4
do
x y z
; ; 0;1
4 4 4

Khi (x; y; z) = (0;0;4) th P = 64. Vay P
max

= 64.

GTNN: Ap dung bat ang thc Cauchy ta co:

2 2
9 9
x 2 x . 3x
4 4

2 2
9 9
y 2 y . 3y
4 4

3 3 3
z 1 1 3 z .1.1 3z
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
3
+
9 9
1 1
4 4
3(x+y+z) P
11
2

Khi (x;y;z) =
3 3
; ;1
2 2
th P =
11
2
. Vay P
min

=
11
2

M rong bai toan them mot bc na, cho he so cua
cac bien khac nhau:
x + y + z = 7.
Tm GTLN, GTNN cua P = 3x
2
+2 y
2
+z
3
GTLN:
P = 3x
2
+2 y
2
+z
3
=
2 2 3 2 2 3
2 2 3 3
x y z x y z
3.7 2.7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7

x y z
343 343
7 7 7

Khi (x; y; z) = (0;0;7) th P = 343. Vay P
max

= 343.

GTNN: Ap dung bat ang thc Cauchy ta co:

2 2
3(x 4) 3.2 x .4 12x

2 2
2(y 9) 2.2 y .9 12y

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
z 2 2 3 z .2 .2 12z
3x
2
+ 2y
2
+ z
3
+ 12+18+8+8 12(x+y+z)
P + 46 12.7 P 38
Khi (x;y;z) = 2;3; 2 th P =38. Vay P
min

= 38

en gi nay ta khong con b ng vi nhng con so t
tren tri rt xuong li gii. Vi cac con so trong e bai sau
khi xet bai toan tong quat ta se co cau tra li cho cau hoi
t au ma co?.

Ta tr lai bai toan tong quat
Cho x, y , z la cac bien so khong am thoa x + y + z = m.
Tm GTLN, GTNN cua
P = a.x
p
+ b.y
q
+c.z
r
Trong o m, a, b, c la cac hang so dng va p,q,r N
*

GTLN:
P = a.x
p
+ b.y
q
+c.z
r
=
p q r
p q r
x y z
am bm am
m m m

max(am
p
+bm
q
+cm
r
)
p q r
x y z
m m m

max(am
p
+bm
q
+cm
r
)(x + y + z) =
= max(am
p+1
+bm
q+1
+cm
r+1
)
Vay P
max
= max(am
p+1
+bm
q+1
+cm
r+1
)
khi (x; y; z) bang (m; 0; 0) hoac cac hoan v cua no.
GTNN:
Gia s GTNN xay ra khi (x; y; z) = (x
o
; y
o
; z
o
) tng t nh
nhng bai tren ta co he
0 0 0
p 1 q 1 r 1
0 0 0
x y z m
pax qby rcz
(*)
T he tren giai ra x
0
; y
0
; z
0
roi suy ra li giai
ay cha phai la li giai tong quat nhng cho ta
hng giai rat tch cc cho cac bai giai c dang nay.
Khi ra e toan cho cac trng hp rieng dang nay ta
ch can chon trc cac gia tr thoa (*) sao cho kha ep
mat la ta co bai toan u hay, u kho cho hoc sinh bac pho
thong.
4. Ban ve bai toan hay, cuon sach
hay, cach ra e toan bat ang thc.
Ta hay xet cach che e toan theo cach sau:
Hien nhien co (x+y 2)
2
+(x 1)
2
+(y 1)
2
0 x
Khai trien rut gon ta co 2x
2
+2y
2
+2xy 6x 6y+6 0 x
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 3y+3 0 x
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 3y+2003 2000 x
Vay ta sang tao c e toan:
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc:
A= x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 3y+2003
(HSG Q.1 nam 2003)
e toan tren khong de, nhng ra e nh vay th hoc sinh
lp 8 bnh thng cung co the ra e va viet ap an cho ky thi
hoc sinh gioi lp 9. Rieng toi, toi rat kho chui khi gap loai e
thi nh the nay. Bat hoc sinh lam bai toan nay chang khac g
bat cac em m mot chiec khoa so, hoc sinh m c khoa
cha han la hoc sinh gioi!
Mot cach khach quan th bai toan nh tren khong the goi la
bai toan hay.
The nao la bai toan hay ?
Theo quan iem cua toi mot bai toan hay (cu the ay la
toan bat ang thc) la bai toan hoi c cac iem sau:
Hnh thc n gian, can oi.
S dung c cac kien thc, cac bai toan can ban.
ap an khong co qua nhieu phep bien oi hoac tnh
toan.
Khong bat ngi giai theo keu ra m khoa so, neu
ng i qua kn th o la ng i ngan gon ep mat
danh cho nhng hoc sinh thong minh ac biet, nhng
cung co ng i dai hn, c ban hn cho hoc sinh
khac.
Tuy nhien van e s dung loai bai toan c ban nao va s
bt ng i mc nao con phu thuoc vao oi tng
ma ta ra e.
The nao la cuon sach (cu the la cuon bat ang thc) hay ?
Sach hay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao chu quan cua ngi oc.
Co cuon co rat nhieu ieu can hoc hoi vi ngi nay nhng
lai khong co g mi oi vi ngi khac. Tuy nhien cuon sach
hay van co tieu ch chung. Theo quan iem cua toi sach hay
phai hoi c cac yeu to can ban sau:
Co cau truc chat che, trnh bay ly thuyet ro rang, ngan
gon, tng minh.
He thong bai tap t de en kho , li giai phai sang de
hieu.
Khong cat dan qua nhieu t sach, tai lieu khac.
Tac giai phai co kham pha cua rieng mnh, li dan, li
bnh, phong cach the hien phai co net rieng.
Ta hay xem 1 so trang sach trong cuon bat ang thc au
tay cua Tran Phng viet vao nam 1994.
Chieu, bnh mot so trang sach trong cun sch tren
Ra e toan nh the nao?
Toan hoc ng nhien xuat phat t cuoc song, nhieu bai
toan bat ang thc, cc tr t i thng ma ra. Cac bai toan
toi u trong lao ong thc te luon thach thc toan hoc va thc
te gan nh khong co phep tnh ung ma tat ca ch la phep
tnh gan ung, ang gia sai so trong phep tnh gan ung cung
la nhng bai toan bat ang thc Nhng ngay nay nhng bai
toan s cap mi va hay cho hoc sinh THPT xuat phat t cuoc
thc te rat kho kiem, a so eu sinh ra t trong au trong oc
nhng ngi yeu toan. Vay no c sinh ra nh the nao?
Kho co the ke het cac cach ngi ta sang tao ra e toan,
ay toi ch ra 5 phng phap ra e toan thng dung.
1. T ket qua hien nhien ung a biet, khai trien rut gon,
them mam, muoi vao cac ve e c bai toan mi.
2. Tong quat hoa bai toan, m rong bai toan a co, xet
trng hp ca biet cua bai toan ln.
3. T bai toan cu, oi bien, nhao nan ra bai toan mi.
4. Chong nhieu bai toan c ban a co thanh bai toan mi.
5. Ngi ta tm ra mot phng phap mi, ly thuyet mi sau o
sang tao ra cac bai toan phu hp vi ly thuyet mi.
Phng phap 1 toi a lay VD (e thi HSG Q.1 nam 2003),
toi khong bnh them ve phng phap nay.
Phng phap 2 qua kinh ien, giao vien va hoc sinh van
thng lam. Phan tren toi a trnh bay 1 bai toan c tao ra
t phng phap nay.
Phng phap 5 ngoai kha nang cua toi, ch cac ai cao thu
mi lam c viec nay.
Toi xin lay v du cho phng phap 3 va 4.
VD cho phng phap 3 : Vi VD a neu:
Cho x, y la cac so thc dng, tm GTNN cua:
P =
2 2
2 2
x y xy
xy x y

Ta tao bai toan mi nh sau:
Cach 1:
Thay x bang 2x, y bang 3y ta c e toan mi :
Cho x, y la cac so thc dng, tm GTNN cua:
P =
2 2
2 2
4x 9y 6xy
6xy 4x 9y

ay la cach che e tho nhng chng mc nao o chap nhan
c. oi bien cang phc tap th bai toan mi cang kho nhng
thng lam theo cach nay bai toan se xau i ve hnh thc (mat
tnh can oi hoac oi xng, lam rm ra bai toan). a so cac
bai toan nay khi giai ngi ta phai trc tiep hoac gian tiep oi
bien ngc lai. Nh vay khi giai c th ngi giai cung tm
ra tay cua ngi ra e, dan en ngi giai khong tam phuc
Cach 2: Viec nhao nan bai toan cu thanh bai toan mi cung
thng c dung, bai toan mi c anh giao cao hay khong
tuy theo kha nang cua ngi nhao nan ra no. Sau ay la cach
khac e tao bai toan mi t VD tren.
Nhan xet: Cac so hang cua P la bac 0 thuan nhat nen ta co the
chuan hoa cho x + y = 1 sau o thay y = 1 x ta c bai toan:
Cho x (0,1), tm GTNN cua: P =
2 2
2 2
2x 2x 1 x x
x x 2x 2x 1

Bai toan goc t hoc sinh ngh en phng phap ham so th bai
toan nay a so hoc sinh se ngh en phng phap nay
mac du no dai hn:
at t =
2
2
2x 2x 1
x x
vi phng phap tm mien gia tr hoac
khao sat ham suy ra x (0;1) th t [2; + ).
Khi o P = f(t) =
1
t
t
, chng minh f(t) ong bien suy ra
P
min
= f(2) =
5
2

Tuy nhien nhng hoc sinh thong minh, co kinh nghiem co the
lan theo cach goc, tach va dung cauchy ngan gon va ep
mat hn.
P =
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 x (1 x) 1 x (1 x) x(1 x)
4 x(1 x) 4 x(1 x) x (1 x)

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 x .(1 x) 3 1 x (1 x) x(1 x) 5
2 .
4 x(1 x) 4 x(1 x) x (1 x) 2

Khi x =
1
2
th P =
5
2
. Vay P
min
=
5
2

Trong trng hp nay viec chuan hoa lai lam cho bai
toan khong de hn hn nhng nhan van hn. Nh vay
phng phap chuan hoa khong nhng e giai toan ma con
e che Toan.

VD cho phng phap 4.
Viec tao bai toan mi bang cach chong cac bai toan c
ban quen thuoc la cach lam tch cc. VD3 trang 13 va rat
nhieu bai trong e thi H cung c tao ra t phng phap
nay (theo cach nhn cua toi). Thng bai toan mi kho hn
rat nhieu cac bai toan goc, muon giai c bai toan mi
ngi giai phai co kien thc can ban cung tam nhn tinh te,
thong minh. Tuy nhien s dung phng phap nay thng hnh
thc bai toan cong kenh hn va khong can than th bai toan
d hoac thieu gia thiet. Noi cho cung th s dung phng
phap nao th chat lng san pham van phu thuoc vao tam
cua ngi s dung.
Di ay la bai toan c tao ra t hai v du a noi
phan trc ( u kho va khong ung hang)
Cho x, y, z la cac so thc dng thoa x+y+z=1
tm GTNN cua: P =
3 3 3 2 2
(x y z ) (xyz)
xyz

Hng dan: P =
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
x y z xyz
(x y z )
xyz x y z

Viec phan thanh 5 phng phap tren la theo chu quan cua
ngi lam xemina nay. Tren thc te co nhng bai toan c
tao ra t nhieu phng phap khac hoac phoi hp cac phng
phap tren. Hn the na Toan hoc tuy la mon khoa hoc chnh
xac nhng no van huyen b va co chat tam linh, oi khi
ngi ta giai c bai toan, che c bai toan ma khong biet
goc gac to tien no au.

KET LUAN
Mang Internet lan rong va phat trien a lam cho moi mat
cua cuoc song thay oi theo chieu hng tch cc. Toan hoc
khong ngoai le, rieng vi toan bat ang thc nhng nam gan
ay a phat trien thanh cao trao mi. Nhng ai khong
thng xuyen vao cac dien an toan hoc hay cac trang web
ve toan tren mang th chac chan khong theo kp s phat
trien mi cua toan bat ang thc. Thong qua Internet ngi
ta thay c toan bat ang thc co sc loi cuon gii tre yeu
toan en ky la. Mot thi tren dien dan toan hoc ln nhat cua
dan Toan Viet (www.diendantoanhoc.net ) so bai viet ve
bat ang thc ln t tt c cc lnh vc khc.
Vao san chi bat ang thc ta thay luat chi (kien thc
c ban) rat n gian, hoc sinh lp 8, lp 9 yeu Toan a lanh
hoi hau het luat chi va co the but chien sang phang vi cac
lao tien boi. San chi nay xa kia a khac danh bao nha
toan hoc lay lng nh Cauchy, Bunhiacopski, Abel,
Vayetstrat, Niutn Macloranh, Jordana ngay nay cung bat
au phat hien cac nhan to mi, ien hnh la Hojoo Lee,
Pham Kim Hung, Tran Phng
Xa kia cung la mot hoc sinh chuyen toan, rat ai mo san
chi nay, hom nay lam e tai nay toi cung muon quang ba
them cho san chi nay. Vi nhiet tnh co tha ma kha nang
ch co han rat mong cac ban ong nghiep xa gan ch giao
them.
Tp. HCM, thang 11 nam 2008


Cac tai lieu tham khao va mot so sach
Toan co e tren trang web ca nhan :
http://luuvantham.googlepages.com/

Moi y kien ong gop xin gi ve:
Lu Van Tham Phong Giao Vu
40 Mac nh Chi, Q.1, Tp.HCM
Email: luuvantham@gmail.com

(ToanHocTHCS) ChuyenDeBatDangThucTHCS LuuVanTham

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