Study of TV Transmitter and Earth Resistance

Measurement




Presented By : Deepak Rawat
Branch : ECE
Roll No.- 100103092
A television transmitter is a device which
broadcasts an electromagnetic
signal to the television receivers.

100W VHF TV TRANMITTER
The 100W Power Amplifier subsystem described
here is part of 100W TV Transmitter GCEL 121-
1. The Transmitter recieves the input signal
from Exciter, amplifies the signal to 100W (sync
peak) and delivers it to transmitting antenna
Powered from +28 V DC Power.
Subdivided into three major subunits:

1. Driver unit
2. Power amplifier unit
3. Divider/ Combiner Unit.

EXCITER
The exciter of the transmitter is an important unit
which comprises of different units. The exciter
receives audio and video signals from the
switcher.

DRIVER UNIT
Signal from the exciter is fed to a coaxial attenuator placed at the
front panel for adjusting the input level suitable. The signal is
amplified using class A driver stages.
The output of the amplifier is fed to a directional coupler wher in
samples of transmitted and reflected power is obtained and fed to
metering unit which detects the signal and feed suitable voltage to
a DC meter placed at the front panel.
POWER AMPLIFIER UNIT
Comprises of two similar 50W power amplifier modules.
The R.F. power output from the Driver Unit is divided into two parts
using the divider in the Divider/Combiner Unit and fed to each 50 W
power amplifier.
Each power amplifier is fed with power input which is amplified into
50W ( SYNC PEAK) by four class A power amplifier stages, with a
gain of approx 10 db.
This output is fed to a directional coupler for obtaining samples of
forward and reflected power (25-30 db coupling) for monitoring
purposes for the control unit.
Thermistor serves the temperature of heat sink assembly and
provides D.C. voltage to control unit.





DRIVER/COMBINER UNIT
This unit has three purposes:
To divide the power from driver unit which is to be fed to two
power amplifiers.
To combine the output power from the 50 W power amplifier to
obtain 100Wsync peak power and make the availale at antenna
port.
Provide filtering for spurious side bands using notch filters at fv-
5.5 MHz an fs-5.5MHz.

TELECASTING

From the antenna port feeds cable is taken to the antenna at the
top of the most outside. Thus TV programs are radiated from the
antenna.

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE

WHY DO WE NEED TO HAVE GOOD EARTHING?
The grounding system is an essential element for the
electrical system security and it is required to:
Allow for protective devices activation when there is an
insulation fault.
Allow the lightning strike energy to be safely dissipated.
To Reduce electromagnetic interferences.

WHAT IS RESISTANCE?
Resistors have two terminals and its resistance is defined as
the quotient of the voltage applied on those terminals and
the current circulating between them as a consequence of
that voltage.

R=V/I in ohms (Voltage / Current)

Earth Resistance is the resistance existing
between the electrically accessible part of a
buried electrode and another point of the earth,
which is far away
(Eg: To measure between the distance)

Testing earth electrodes
The earth electrode, where used, is the means
of making contact with the general mass of
earth.
Thus it must be tested to ensure that good
contact is made. A major consideration here is
to ensure that the electrode resistance is not so
high that the voltage from earthed metalwork
to earth exceeds 50 V.
Measurement of earth electrode resistance with a dedicated
tester








The instrument is connected as shown in Fig.with terminals C1
and P1 being connected to the electrode under test (X).
To ensure that the resistance of the test leads does not affect the
result, separate leads should be used for these connections. If the
test lead resistance is negligible, terminals Ci and P1 may be
bridged at the instrument and connected to the earth electrode
with a single lead.

The tester provides an alternating output to prevent
electrolytic effects. If the resistance to earth of the
temporary spikes Y and Z is too high, a reduction is
likely if they are driven deeper or if they are watered


METHODS OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE:
By adding mixture of salt and water to the earth pit.
By adding salt, charcoal and sand mixture to the pit.
By using a bigger grounding plate
By burying the ground plate as deep as possible
By having parallel ground plates with a distance of
10m between grounds
By using salt, charcoal etc., to reduce resisitivity.




THANK YOU