EYA 2nd Issue - 2013

2013 2 l,dmh
ISSN - 1391-7307
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1952 - 2013 iema;en 9
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rl:k ( 0112-5632045$5635900
*elaia ( 0112-690192" 690201
Bf,a ( wmcsrilanka@gmail.com
fj wvh ( www.womenandmedia.org
facebook.com/womenandmediacollective
twitter.com/womenandmedia
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kshqla;s ldhdxYfha iNdm;sjrhd ksfhda.
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weh 2 l,dmh 2013
h' tfukau jD; wdl m%;sm;a;sfha

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fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< 2013 zwehZ irdf
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lrkakg ;SrKh lr ;snqKs'
wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lhla wm
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wNsudkkSh ifydaoh 2013 iema;en 9
jeksod wm w;ka fjkaj .sfha f w;f h'
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pdrh iy wNsfhda.h ,su wehf.a ks;H
j.lSula njg m;a ;sK' wehf.a ;fha
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tlla h' ia;S% whs;sjdisl fukau udkj
ysl fCIa;%fha weh l< ldhNdrh f,dal
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udkj ysl iudkj,ska weh ms ,enqf
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jkafka fCIa;% .Kkdjl yso .sh m%;sNdjka
we;s l,dldkshl f,isks' wehf.a y~ ta
w;ska jvd;a iNdjkdjg md;% jQjls' wehf.a
w, .dhkdjka lsisod wu;l fkdjk tajd
njg m;aj we;' kdhsldjka w;r kdhsldjla
njg m;ajQ wehf.a frda.d;=rNdjh ksid is
jQ wl,a urKh ms<sn| weh irdf id;sYh
ixf.h m< lrka fujr irdj weh
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weh fkdue;sj m< jk zwehZ irdjg wehf.a
fiajdjka w.h lrka fukau weh iu .=
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f,dalh u" wjika .re nqyquka mqo
lsfuks' Tyqf.a jk .uka u. ksoyia
igkaldfhl=f.a isg foaYmd,k
isrlrefjl= olajd;a bkamiq j.jd
Wjfrka uqojd .;a cd;sfha ckdm;s
;k;=r olajd;a h' j.jdoh hkq
l nyq;rhg tfrysj l=re f,i
fjkiafldg ie,lSf iy iq iq;rhg
jrm%ido ysjQ;a" fjkafldg ;ef;a
foaYmd,k moaO;shls' uekafv,d ffOh"
m%;sikaOdkh (Reconciliation) yd hqla;sh
j .=Kh lr .;aa m%;suq;shls' m%xY
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f.k fokq we;'
iema;en udifha wmf.a i.fhla
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whs;sjdisl i|yd lemfuka igka
l< iqks,d wffialr o wm w;ka
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l< kS uere .ek fukau rg mqrdu
ckudOHfka b,lal njg m;alr
.ekSu yd udOH ksoyi iSud lsu .ek;a
weh tjeks u Wkkajla la jQjdh' je
fjka mj;sk wkH wd. fkdbjiSu yd
weh fnfyka .re lrk
nqoaOd.f uQ,sl b.ekaj,g mgyeksj
fnd n, fiakd u.ska Wis .kajk
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jirg /f.k hkafka fuu .egh'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
wms fuu ,smsfha wdrNfha u fk,aika

uekafv,df.a m%;sixOdkfha iy hqla;sfha
odhdoh .ek l;d flf<uq' foaYmd,k
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.ek fYdal mKsjqvhla ksl=;a lrka
ckdm;s uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d Tyqf.a
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flf<ah' uekafv,df.a ;h yd
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.re lsu wka;.; fldg .;af;ah'
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.ekSug wfmdfydi;aj ish jqj o
fmd rdcH uKav, /iaf uq,iqkg
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fkdyels ldka;djka fckav .ek
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md,sfka;=f ;a ia;%Skag yd <uhskag
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lghq;= ms<sn| lek wud;HdxYfha
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w;S;fha fuu lek wud;HdxYfha
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m%dma; Y%SukS we;=<;auqo,s" wurd mshiS,s
r;akdhl iy iqfOd chfiak jeks
lek wud;Hjhka ms<sn| w;S;hla
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ms<sn| m%;Ska idlaId;a lr .ekSug
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fjfyila .;ay' jks;d lghq;= ms<sn|
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ia;%S lKavdh wmydihg;a wmyiqjg;a
,la flfrk fujeks m%isoaO m%ldY
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lemula b,a,d isug;a mgka .;
hq;=h' fuh m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd;a"
iudkd;au;djh i|yd;a" O;ajhg
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tlg tlaj l< hq;= wr.,hls'
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lsug;a wmg we;s tlu ud.h thhs'
ia;%Skag ksoyiaj yd .re;ajfhka hq;=j
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2013 2 l,dmh weh
ldgQkh - ouhka;s uq;=l=udrf.a
lsu rdcH ;k;=re orkakkaf.a idr

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wud;Hjrhdf.a m%ldYfhka Tyq ;u
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mqoa.,sl ;fha iy rdcld
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ms<sn| idr Ou m%;slafIam lrk nj;a
ukdj meye,sh' fujeks jd;djrKhla
mj;skafka jks;d lghq;= ms<sn| whjeh
m%;smdokh ishhg 0'008 laj mj;sk
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whs;Ska idlaId;a lr .ekSf whjeh
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whjefha tla tla fldgiaj,ska ia;%S
mqreI iudkd;au;djfha m%.ukh i|yd
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idj wdl m%;sm;a;s ia;%S whs;sjdisl
ms<sn|j n,mdk wdldrh .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lsug;a" ia;%S mqreI laulska
whjeh Yaf,aIKh lsu werh hq;=h'
ia;%S mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy ia;%Skag
tfrysj fjkia fldg ie,lSu ms<sn|
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ksoyfia ;ksj bkakg ys;=Kdo
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hq. ijka fm,hs" mjikako ldg
Th yka .,ka tkfldg wkqrd.
br jqK;a oKska jefgkj y| .dj
oEia ySka lr fldmq<; iq,s tlald
ryia ,syk ukqi;alu wms oelald
rd;%sh .hs" t<fUo Wokelald
ldkaish we;a ySfkg ;ks /lald
fk;= mshka jeiS kE" Th ;ju we
hk .uka u|la n,kg yelso ye
l<lska yqiau .kakg fudlo ne
fmky;a fnod ka g ifydao
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ord bkak ne w;lh ika yf
l;d lrkfldg igkg ksrka;f
mshd od f.k tkjo fyka ief
ksoka ke;s kh ks wms .x ;Sf
me;= ord ysho yoj; mEf
b;ska fldfya hkafko oeka fkdu f;af
Wnrd yskefykake;s ixidf
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weh 2 l,dmh 2013
iqks,d wffialr
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- 2013
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2 l,dmh
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ixl%uKslhkag i,lk wdldrfhka iy ixl%uK frda
jHdmdrj, ke.Sfuka th isjk wdldrh wmg l .;
yelsh' wo mj;sk ikaoNfha ml%uKh( (Tranversality)
wm g jir oyhlg fmr m<uqfjka u fuu woyi .ek
l%shd lsug mgka.;a kj,g jvd jeo.;ah' w;S;fha
BY%dfh,a yd m,ia;Sk .eyeKqka fyda Y%S ,xldf
isxy, .eyeKqka iy fou< .eyeKqka tlg jev lsug
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lsug" Tnf.a kdufhka lrk ,o foaj, iqYd,;ajfhka
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ld,fhka jir 40 lg jvd jrla iDcq
foaYmd,k l%shdld;ajfha;a ;j;a
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lghq;=j,;a fhKdh' wehf.a foaYmd,k
N+ldf O yev ;, ;sK' tfy;a
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
th lS;su;a" lreKdnr" lemfuka

hq;a tlla f,i lsh yelsh' wehf.a
; ld,h ;=< weh foaYmd,k
l%shdldkshla" udkj whs;sjdisl
l%shdldkshla iy m%ix. Ys,amskshla
f,i O jQ N+ld bgq l<dh' weh
Y%S ,xldf;a f.da,Sh jYfhkq;a
udkj whs;sjdislj,g iy ia;%S

whs;sjdislj,g j lem ishdh'
wehf.a uQ,sl foaYmd,k oYkh yg
.;af;a iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u Tyqf.a $
wehf.a iudc wdl yd foaYmd,k
miqu l=ula jqj o ;hg" ksoyig yd
mqoa., wdrlaIdjg whs;shla we;af;ah hk
lafuks' weh urKh f;lau weh Yajdi
l< foaYmd,k uQ,Ou u; fkdfi,a
is w;r Y%S ,xldf mj;sk kS;sh yd
idufha la; ;;a;ajh m%Yak l<dh'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh wys lsu Y%S ,xldf
fndfyda .egqj,g yd wk;=rej yg
.;a ; ydksj,g m%Odk fya;=j
nj foaYmd,k jYfhka .%y fldg
yek .ekSug iqks,dg yels h'
iyNd.s;ajfha iy iudkhka f,i
ksiqkaf.a whs;sjdisl iy .re;ajh
wys lsu mj;sk g wkkH;djh
mok lr .;a foaYmd,kh u;= h
yels jk w;r th > ld,Skj nrm;<
m%;sM, we;s jk b;du;a fnld
;;ajhkag ;=vq h yelsh' ol=fKa iy
W;=f yg.;a ler,sldr ;;a;ajh hg;a
;jdka nyq;rfha md,kh kka
mgjk ,o hg;a ;jdkag ys;j;a
iqms md,kfha m%;sM,hls' tjeks .egq
yg .ekSfuka je<lSugk n,h fnod
yeug yd fjka lsug fhduq jk kj
m%cd;ka;%Sh jHqyhka ksudKh lsu
w;HdjYHhehs weh Yajdi l<dh' tjeks
jev ms<sfj<la ;=<ska fuu rf m%cdjka
w;r inkaO;djh ksjpkh flfrk
idOlhlaj we;s iq;r$nyq;r fnfuka
iudch uqojd .; yelsh'
ye;a;E .Kkaj, isg Y%S ,xldf iEu
rchla u ol=fKa iy W;=f ;reK
igkald;ajhg m%;spdr lajQfha
uokld kS;s" ys;=jlaldr w;a wvx.=jg
.ekS iy r|jd .ekS" jO ysxid
ls iy jdrKh we;=<;a m%ldYkfha
ksoyi iSud lsfuks' iqks,df.a ;fha

lemS fmfkk wjia:djla jkafka 1971
ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa le/,a,hs'
th fuu ;reK .eyeKsh ;=< iudc
widOdrK;ajh .ek yeSula iy
.no ck fldgiaj, mam;a ;reKhka
we;=<;a widOdrKhg ,la jQ ck;dj
.ek ;shqKq laula we;s lrh' weh
mejiQ wdldrhg le/,a,g iyNd.s jQ
;reKfhda mj;sk l%uhg wNsfhda.
lsug ksNh jQy' tu ksid weh ;u
;reK i.hka iu. r|jd f.k is fuu
;reKhka ne,Sug f.dia l%u l%ufhka
Tjqkag kS;s wdOdr ,nd ug yd Tjqkaf.a
foaYmd,khg inkaO ug mgka
.;a;dh'
wehf.a urKh f;la u weh fndfyda
m%dfoaYSh .egj,g uey;afuka
Y%S ,xldf foaYmd,khg inkaOj
ishdh' foaYmd,k isrlrejka ksoyia
lr .ekSu fjkqfjka wm%;sy;j jev
l< weh cd;sl m%Yakhg idlPduh
foaYmd,k iula fjkqfjka fmkS
iska udkj j.hdf.a uQ,sl
whs;sjdisl ms<s.ekSfuka yd Bg
we;s lemfuka fkdfi,ajqKdh' f
wdldrhg udkj whs;sjdisl lv ls
is l< l=uk mdYajhlg fyda tfrysj
iajdk tfy;a m%.;sYS,S mshjrla .ekSug
yels h' iqms me,eka;sfha ydkais mqgq
foaYmd,khg iSud fkdjQ wehg" ksiqka
w;rg f.dia Tjqka iu. iska Tjqkaf.a
hym; i|yd jev lsug wjYH h'
weh buy;a ffOhlska yd Woaf.
fhka ms ia;%S foaYmd,k l%shdldkshls'
tl, zuqla;s .SZ lKavdhf fyd|u
.dhsldj jQ weh k.rj,;a" .j,;a
idudkH ck;dj fjkqfjka wfkl=;a
.dhlhka iu. O ix.S;{hkaf.a kdo
rgdj,g wr.,fha;a" frdaO;djfha;a"
2013 2 l,dmh weh

iqks,d wehg u iqfYaI jQ
wdldrhlska f,dalh .%y fldg
ta wkqj th fjkia lsug m%h;ak
rejdh' weh jev l< wdldrh
.ek fjkia u; ;sh yelsh'
tfy;a ksielfhka u weh Yajdi
l< u;jdohg j lem tu
woyia fjkqfjka mqoa., yd m%cd
ugfuka fmkS isug;a Nd;d
lsug;a miqng fkdjQjdh'
1995 jif tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysl

iudk ys jQ k foaYkhla lrka
uqla;sfha;a .S .ehqjdh' weh zr;= n,hZ

irdf f,aldjla iy mj;sldjla
jQjdh' fld<U my< uOHu mx;sfha iy
by< me,eka;sfha Pkao odhlhka w;r
foaYmd,k lghq;= lsf ug weh
iu. f.hska f.g f.dia Pkao lghq;=j,
fhug" mqj;a m;a lsKSug" mqoa., yd
lKavdh idlPd meje;aug" fmdaiag
we,ug" frdaO;d jHdmdrj,g iyNd.s
ug yd m%isoaO foaYmd,k /ia
ixOdkh lsug wjia:dj ,eK'
10
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
miqj ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKka bj;a

jQ weh ia;%S whs;sjdisl o udkj
whs;sjdisl nj l%shdfjka m%oYkh
lrka jl%j foaYmd,k l%shdldrlj,
fhKdh' wef.a ia;%Sjd foaYmd,k
ka;khg moku jQfha zwkkH;djh
mok jQ foaYmd,k tl;+ka jefhka
u mS;D uQ,sl;ajh ;=< .ejk ksid
ia;%Ska m%ckk N+ldjlg îudchSh
yd j oHd;aulj& iSud lsfuka ia;%S
ixp,;djhg yd m%ldY lsf ksoyi"
u;hla ug yd fYaIfhka u jdyh
yd orejka inkaOfhla f;dard .ekSf
whs;sh iSud flf hkakhs' /l,a
igkald ixOdkj, mjd ia;%Skaf.a
N+ldj fndfydag zidudkHZ m%cdf ia;%S
N=ldf mS;D uQ,sl udkhkaf.ka iSud
flf'
hg;a ;jdka iska m%cd;ka;%jd
l%uh mgjkq ,enQ rgj, ck iudchg
mqrjeishka jYfhka iudc .siqula .ek
w;alSula ;snqfKa ke;' iqks,d fuh
iudc .siqf fldgila jYfhka
,sx.sl .siqula ilia lsf ia;%Sjd
woyi olajd > l<dh' ziudc
.siqu hkq ,sx.sl .siqula oZ f'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| imQK woyi
ia:dk .; we;af;a whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
f,dalh mS;D uQ,sl wjfndaOhlska
iy mqrjeishka jYfhka ia;%Skag yd
mqreIhkag fjkia N+ldjka kshu
fjk ;;a;ajhka ;=<h' wef.a m%Yakh
wod, jkafka ia;%Skag fojeks mx;sfha
mqrjeislula m%odkh flfrk foaYmd,k
jd;djrKhl ia;%S mqrjeishkaf.a N+ldj
.ekh'
weh uqyqK ka fndfyda wNsfhda." nqoa
wxYj,ska m%Yak lsf isg rdcHh yd
reoaO foaYmd,k lKavdh wehg
tfrysj f.k .sh uv .eiSf jHdmdrh

iy urK ;ck olajd f' wehg 1987
urK ;ck ksid rka msgj hEug
is h' fdaysfhl= f,i yxjvq .eiQ
weh rcfha i;=frl= f,i i,lk ,'
wE bka lsis fgl;a iefka ke;'
ffjoH ufkdardKs irjkuq;a;= iu. weh
w;=reoyka l< mqoa.,hkaf.a ujqjreka
ksfhdackh l< ujqjrekaf.a fmruqfKa
m%isoaO /ia weu;=jdh' uyd mudKfha
w;=reoyka ls is l< yd fndfyda
fofkl= nh lsfuka ksy~ l< ol=fKa
;%ia;jdohla meje;s iuhl m%isoaO
fldjg ke.Sug ;snQ wehf.a ffOh
foaYmd,k jYfhka lemS fmfka'
weh ;j;a l%shdldka iu. ia;%Sjd
laulska yuqodlrKh" .egqu" .egq
mKduh yd iduh f.dv ke.Su jeks
lreKq foi nejdh' Y%S ,xldf
m%;sikaOdkh yd j.u ms<sn|j
2012 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysl
uKav,fha fhdackdjg iydh lau ksid
rdcH md,kh hgf;a we;s ckudOH weh
fdaysfhl= f,i yxjvq .eiSfuka wehg
kej;;a foaY.; ug is h'
iqks,d wehg u iqfYaI jQ wdldrhlska
f,dalh .%y fldg ta wkqj th fjkia
lsug m%h;ak rejdh' weh jev l<
wdldrh .ek fjkia u; ;sh yelsh'
tfy;a ksielfhka u weh Yajdi
l< u;jdohg j lem tu woyia
fjkqfjka mqoa., yd m%cd ugfuka
fmkS isug;a Nd;d lsug;a miqng
fkdjQjdh' weh wmf.a ld,fha jvd;a
u wjHdc yd jvd;a u wjxl foaYmd,k
l%shdldksh jkafka ta ksidhehs uu
is;'
O;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSu;a"
yels;dla rg ish,a,ka we;=<;a lr
.ekSu;a w;sYfhka u jeo.;ahehs weh
wjOdrKh l<dh'
wef.a ks.ukh idrdxY flf<a fufiah(

wmf.a wkkH;djh b,a,d isk
wjia:df u th l< hq;= jkafka
wfkla whf.a wkkH;djh;a Tjqkaf.a
wfkHdakH n,mEu;a wm ms<s.kakd
wdldrh neyer fkdlrk fiah' fujeks
miqula ;=< wehg wjYH jQfha ish
fjkial mej;sh wm tlg jev
lrkafka flfiao" ish fjkial
.re lrk wjldYhl ish,a,ka we;=<;a
lr .ekSu N=la;s kafka flfiao"
fjkial yryd ikaOdk f.dv ke.Sug
wmg bv ie,fik lsish wdldrhl
iyfhda.s;djhla wmg ksudKh l<
yels jkafka flfiao" hkak wm
.fIKh lrkq lSugh' wka; cd;sl
iyfhda.s;djh" tlsfkldg iydh lau
yd tlsfkld iu. yjq,ald;ajhla
mj;ajd .ekSu;a fuh hehs weh is;=jdh'
weh fufia lSjdh' ml%uK foaYmd,kh
hkafkka wmf.a u wdia:dkfha wm ljqo
hkak mj;ajd .ekSug bv ie,fik
tfy;a wm fjk;a ;ekaj, fjfik
ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka Yd, ixLHdjla
we;=<;a jk fjkila i|yd jQ jvd;a
Yd, m%f.hl fldgila nj f;are
.ekSug;a" fjk;a ; yd fjk;a
jd;djrK mj;ajd .ekSug;a tfy;a
uQ,sl lreKq ms<sn|j tlg isug;a bv
i,ikakls'
ksoyi yd hqla;sh .ek ;ju;a Yajdi
lrkafka k yd ieneka u wehf.a
foaYmd,k ;h iurkafka k wm
iska l< hq;= jkafka kreu foaYmd,kh
neyer fldg udkj .re;ajfha iy
iudkj ie,lSf w.kd jkdl
wdrlaId lsug jev lsu iy wkd.;
mrmrdj i|yd iudc idOdrK;ajh
fjkqfjka fkdfi,a lemu;ah'
,hk,a fndamf.a
2013 2 l,dmh weh
11
ud
1970 ueo Nd.fha ka le<Ksh

Yaj oHd,h kka yekafjk
oHd,xldrfha Wmd wfmalaIsldjla
f,i bx.%Sis fomd;fka;=jg we;=
jQ jydu iudc jHdmdr" foaYmd,kh
yd kj zl%shdldrlZ .Kkdjla .ek
jdo jdoj,g msiqfK' ug iqks,d
uqK .eiqfKa ;siai nd,iQh msh;=udf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka mej;s iudch iy iduhsl
flakafha ks;sm;d mej;s /iaj,g
iyNd.s jQ ;=rkaf.a l=vd lKavdhug
iqks,d o we;=<;a fuks' iduhsl
flakah tjlg mej;s rcfha m%;sm;a;s
fpkhg ,la l< foaYmd,k ixjdo
uKavmfha kdNshhs' ud weh .ek wid
;snqfKa tjlg fmdma ix.S; lafIa;%fha
kula kd is m%ikak wffialrf.a
fidfydhqh f,iks' weh ta jkg;a
lsis fgl miq fkdndk" is;a ;a
12
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
iqks,d
iu.
ia;%Sjdoh
fidhd hEu
fkd;lk" t;r" im%odhsl fkdjQ
.eyeKshla f,i lemS fmfkk ;;ajhl
ishdh' weh uqK .eiqK m<uq wjia:df
u wef.a f,ka.;= Ndjfhka jYS jQ uu
wehf.a ;=hla jQfj' oYl ;=klg;a
wl ld,hla mej;s wmf.a ;%;ajh
wdrN jQfha tfiah'
ia;%Sjdoh 1970 .Kkaj, ueo Nd.fha
Y%S ,xldf fndfyda foaYmd,k
idlPdj, biau;= jQ ud;Dldjla
fkdf' jf foaYmd,k ixjdoh fhduq

jQfha mx;s foaYmd,kh" ksOk mx;sh"
mx;s wr.,h yd cd;sl;ajh wjfndaO
lr .ekSu" .%y lsu yd jdo lsu
ms<sn|jh' ia;%S mqreINdh inkaO;d"
foaYmd,k fjkila i|yd jQ ixOdkfha
wjOdkfhka neyer jQjla fia ie,lsK'
wmf.a l=vd lKavdhf je u ld,hla
.; jQfha udlaiaf.a merKs ixl,amhla jQ
wdishdkq ksIamdok wdldrh" iajhx ;SrK
whs;sh" f.d jHdmdr" ;%mg yd
Y%S ,xldf fld kdgH jeks lreKq
.ek jdo jdo lsugh'
ia;%Sjdohg uf.a msiq ,laIh jQfha
w;ska ldl jQ kef.kysr wdishdkq
rgj,a flf wjOdkh fhduq u;a
iu.h' f rgj,a flf wmf.a Wkkaj
jQfha fYaIfhka u ol=Kq fldhdj"
fydxfldx" ;dhsjdka" jeks rgj, ksoyia
fj<| l,dm ;=< oyia .Kka ;reK
.eyeKqka ldl jQ we ludka;
jHdmdrfha fiajfha fhou .ekh'
1977 ka miqj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o
Y%S ,xldf lgqkdhl ksoyia fj<|
l,dmfha o fujeks ludka; Yd,d
msysgqjk ,' m%:u jrg wmf.a u oyia
.Kka ;reKshka fuu ly,a fiajhg
n|jd .eksK'
fuu Woaf.lr iufha Y%S ,xldf
ia;%S jHdmdrh f.dkq fjka mej;s w;r
rg mqrd me;sr hka ;snqK iudc wdl
yd foaYmd,k fjkial wjfndaO lr
.ekSug fjr re wm fj; ia;%Sjd
ixl,am f.k wdf iqks,d h' ia;%S
whs;sjdisl ms<sn| l=ud chjOkf.a
lD;s mokj weh ;u w;alS yd
wdl yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl
;u jev iu. noaO l<dh' weh j;=
wxYfha .eyeKq llrejkag iudk
jegqma ms<sn| m%Yakh u;= l<dh' ksoyia
fj<| l,dmfha .eyeKq llrejka f.a
whs;sjdisl ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka

n,f.hla f,i ixOdkh l<dh'
fuu jevj, wm ;=re l= ieuqfj,a
o fnfyka odhl jQjdh' iqks,d iu.
mej;s jdo jdo ug jeo.;a jQfha jegqma
llrejka f,i ia;%Skaf.a fojk /,a,
wdlh ;=<;a" mjq, ;=<;a" foaYmd,k
N+fha;a ia;%Skaf.a wdia:dkh ikaoN
.; lsf fpkhla f,isks' ug
ia;%Skaf.a ; foi ne g zoa;aj
khlaZ hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula
o hkak wjfndaO h' ia;%Ska Y%u fj<|
fmd< fyda ksji ;=< jev lrk kuq;a
f.or lrk jev jkdl tl;= lrk
wdlfhka neyerj mj;S' iqks,d
ldka;dj yd udOHfha zoa;aj khZ
ms<sn| m<uq ia,hs oYkh ilia lsug
Y%Shdks fmfrd Wkka l<dh' wms mS;D
uQ,sl iudcfha ,sx.sl;ajh .fIKh
yd wjfndaO lr .ekSu wdrN flf<uq'
f m%h;akfha wm ;ks jQfha ke;'
kSjd ys meje;ajqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a /iaul

iska;shd frd;aYs,a iqks,d isysm;a l<dh'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
13
udkj ysl m%jOkh i|yd lemu w.hd

mskefuk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysl iudkh"
uy f,al fld*s wkakkaf.ka ,nd.;a wjia:dj
f .ufka wm yd bkahdf lu,d

Ndiska" mdlsia:dkfha ks. ihs Ldka"
tlai;a ckmofha pd, nka iy tlai;a
rdcOdksfha fla hka.a ia;%Sjdoh ms<sn|
.fIKh" kHdh f.dvke.Su fukau
ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdisl idlaId;a lr
.ekSf uQ,sl lafIa;% f.dv ke.Sug tla
jQy'
.; jQ jir 37 l ld,h foi wdmiq ye
ne,Sf oS weh uf.a ;fha ;SrKd;aul
wjia:dj, fl;r imj isfhao hkak
lsh yelsh' 1984 ldka;dj iy udOHh
iduqyslh f.dv ke.Sfuka miqj wmg f
rf;a ol=Kq wdishdf;a ia;%S jHdmdrh
;=< ia:dk .;ug yels h' ia;%S mqreI
iudk;ajh" ia;%S whs;sjdisl iy ia;%Sjd
l;sldjg wmf.a uey;aug jvd;a
jHqyd;aul jQ l%shdj,shla f.dv ke.Sug
mgka .;suq'
weh ;u l=,a orejd" ikach .e
f.k is ta ojiaj, uf.a Ydia;%f
ksnkaOkh h;=re ,shkh lsug uf.a
ksjig meKs wdldrh isys m;af' ud
ifilaia ys IDS wdh;kfha D.Phl Wmd
wOHhk lghq;=j, fhfoka ish je
ld,hla fkdaoug .; lrk nj k
.;a weh wOHhk lghq;= j,g Wkkajla
14
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
ke;s k Y%S ,xxldjg meK l< hq;=

jev rdYshla ug we;s nj fmkajd ka
wdldrh isysm;a l< yelsh' ta kj, ud
laIsma; jqj o weh woyia flf<a l=ulao
hkak ka meye,sh' wOHhk lghq;=
.ek wjOdkh fhduq l< uu uf.a mdG
ud,df lghq;= blauKska ksu fldg
wdmiq Y%S ,xldjg meueKsfh' wehf.a
hKsh iqNdf.a is jeks Wmka kfha
wehg r;= mdg rhskayq flala tlla
^Ridinghood Cake& iy weula wjYH
nj iqks,d wmg ls g th bgq lrkafka
flfiahs l= iy uu oi wf;a l,amkd
flf<uq' uu r;= mdg rhskayq flala
tlla wmyiqfjka iE w;r l= r;= mdg
rhska yq weula fidhd .;a;dh' mqx
iqNdf.a isyskh ienE h'
uu iy wfma ;=rka lKavdhula iqks,d"
ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa fldf
uqla;s .S .hd tk;=re weia chisxy
Yd,dj bmsg;a ;j;a fndfyda ;eka
j,;a / isfhuq' bka miq wms lKavdhu
f;a fndka foaYmd,kh" fmd;a iy
;%m .ek l;d lsug .%Ska,ka lef*a
fyda fjk;a ;eklg .sfhuq'
wm m<uqfjka u yuq jQ kj, wmg
zinkaO;dZ ;snqfKa ke;' wm fndfyda
fokl=g orejkaf.a nrla ;snqfKa ke;'
wm ia;%Sjd l%shdld;ajg msisfha ;kslv
.eyeKq f,ih' wmf.a u inkaO;d

fidhd hEu wdrN jQ miq wfma iuyre
fjk;a whf.a orejka yod .;ay' ke;sk
wfma u ifydaohkaf.a orejka yod jvd
.;ay' fjk;a wh ;ukaf.a u orejka
yod .ekSug ;SrKh l<y' wms wfma u
,sx.sl;ajh fidhd .sfhuq' tys wmg
l;d lrka is iEu wNsfhda.hlg u
uqyqK fokakg is h' ia;%Ska" ia;%Ska
f,i iudchSh yd u;jd jYfhka fm<
.eiau" wm ;kslv o" ke;sk iu
,sx.sl o" Iu ,sx.sl;djh o" wm jegqma
,nk rlaIdjla lrkafka o" ke;sk
f.ula ke;s .DyKshka o wm jdyhla"
ke;s ujqjreka o hk m%Yak u;= h'
iqks,d" weh yeu g u l< wdldrhg
l=uk foilska wNsfhda.hla meKsh
o Bg fkdhj uqyqK ug Yla;sh;a
ffOh;a ,nd foka ud je<| f.k ud
wi<ska u is'
iqNdf.a f,d.a msgqfjka( 2013

foien 10
f,dalfha wjidkfha lsis;a ke;'Z

weh ug lshkq we;' zf,dalfha
wjidkh yerZ uu lsh' weh yeu g
u mhdhf,dalfha fhkdh' bka weh
yeS bj; uQ njla woyia jkafka
ke;' weh yeSj, iEu ia:rhla
u" kula u ug mqrej ishdh'
uu o th wef.ka bf.k .;s' weh
wmyiq m%Yak weiqjdh' wmyiq ms<s;=re
mlaId l<dh' tfy;a wjidkfha
weh ieneka u ;u ;hg jeo.;a
l=ulahs f;dard .;a;dh' wehf.a
wikSmfha iy urKfha mjd iEu
ia;rhla u" iEu ,laIKhla u wef.a
mhdhf,dalfhka ug la jQjdh'
Tng Tnf.a ;fha kEu fohla
fjkia l< yels nj weh ug
b.ekajQjdh' tfukau Tng kEu
fohlg mqre jkakg o mqjk' uu

l=vd ld,fha isg u ;h Ialr nj
k isfh' tfy;a Tng mS%;su;aj
isug wjYHk tfia o l< yels nj
k isfh' uu th bf.k .;af;a
o wud f.ks' fjk;a lsisfjl= ;=<
ud fkdgq wdldrhg wehg ;ud
iu." ;u ;h iu." ;ud f;dard
.kakd iEu fohla .ek u ieneka
u ;Dma;su;aj" i;=ka isf yelshdj
uu weh ;=< gqfj' tjeks .=Khla
we;s fjk;a flfkl= ud gqf ke;s
;rh' iq fohl mjd fkdaohla
;sh yels nj uu wef.ka bf.k
.;s' fkdaoh ;=<ska .re;ajh ykd
.; yelsh'
jvd;a jeo.;aj wk;=rg ,lah yels
nj" ief,k iqnj muKla fkdj
y~d jeh yels nj tfy;a lsis
fgl j, fkdug uu wef.ka
bf.k .;s' Tn jgd isk mqoa.,hka
mjd Tnf.a f;au nj;a Tn ksjer
f;aula lrkafka k flys;a
iefmys;a Tng ;ksug fya;=jla ke;s
nj o uu wef.ka bf.k .;s''''''
uu wo wehf.a j,;djh-uf.a o
j,;djh-isysm;a fldg i;=gqfj'
wfkla whf.ka Yla;sh ,nd .kakd
wdldrh" wfkla whf.ka bf.k
.ekSug" iy uq is;skau wdorh
lsug" we,S .e,S isug we;s yelshdj
wms fnod yod .;suq' wo uu weh"
weh njg m;a lsug odhl jQ wh;a
uu ud njg m;a lsug odhl jQ wh;a
isysm;a lrkafk'
"
wdpdh fiamd,s fldafgf.dv

iqks,d f;uia iure W;aijh fjkqfjka meje;a jQ
foaYkh weiqks'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
15
iskudj .ek ,shkak W;af;ackhla ug ,ndka

m%Odk fya;=j yu ir,hs - uu tAjd n,,d
f,dl= wdYajdohla kaod' uu wka;su wjr
.Kfha jdKsc ;%mg;a u. fkdyer n,k njg
uf.a hyfjda idlals lshhs ug k jqkd m%Odk
Odrdj ;=< fudkjo fm%aCIlhdg mskefukafk
lsh,d k.kak' Th ldrKh ksid iskudlrefjd
ud fj; lsish f.!rjhla mEjd lsh,d ug
kqkd - tA .ek uu i;=gqhs' ks;r mdfya Tjqka
ug mQj oYkj,g wdrdOkd l<d' pdrhla
,shkak lsh, ks;r b,ajd'
Yajm%shd
oy y;a jir( isxy, iskudj ms<sn|
iqks,df.a ia;%Sjd pdrhka
ir 17la mqrdjg iqks,d wffialr"

weh yd noaO jQ weh fhkq udkj
ysl lghq;= jeks mq,a f,i fmd
ml,amkhg yiq fkdjQ kuq;a wehg
uy;a jQ i;=gla f.k ka ldhhl ksr;
jqjdh' m<uqfjka jirlg is jrla"
fojkqj jirlg f;jrla yd wjidkfha
jirlg fojrla zYajm%shdZ k ;%mg
pdrl p;h wdrEV fldg .;a weh tA
jk g m%oYkh jQ isxy, ;%mghla
f;dard f.k th krUd ta ms<sn|j ia;%Sjd
we.hSula zwehZ i`.rdj i|yd ,sjdh'
zwehZ i`.rdj ys jQ 1995u werUqKq
Yajm%shdf.a ;%mg pdrl fld,u 2011
jir olajd u .g u mej;sks' th
Y%S ,xldf ;%mg pdrl b;sydifha
.= ld,Skj flreKq ia;%Sjd ;%mg
fld,u f'
16
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
wehf.a fhdafjka f;uila msreKq

2013 foienrfha ldka;dj yd udOH
iduQyslh wehf.a pdrhka ish,a,
tlafldg uqKh l< m%ldYkh ;=<ska
zwehZ mdGl iuQyhdg je mq,a
iNdjlg iqks,df.a oelau jr jkq
we;' fuu m%ldYkfhka l=.kajkq
,en" fuu lghq;=j, mq,a ixialD;sl
jeo.;alu wkd.;fha Ydia;%Sh$oaj;a
l;sldjlg uq,mqrkq we;' Yajm%shdf.a
y~ ms<sn| foaYmd,kh yd .%yYS,S;ajh
.ek fumuKla bfha ,shfh hkak
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjoa ieu m%ldYs;
pdrhla jgd u zwehZ ixialdrljh yd
iqks,d we;=,;a jQ b;sydihla we;s nj
wms wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' fuu ,smsfhka
oelafjkafka zwehZ ixialdrljhka

jk iqld fmfrd yd wfkdaud
rdclreKdf.a zwehZg oy y;a jirla
;%m pdr ,su ms<sn| f,ka.;= u;l
igyka j,ska Wmqgd .;a wvqfjka okakd"
is;a .;a f;dr;=reh'
wm iqks,d ;%mg pdldjla f,i
weu;Su ixlSK m%Yakhla jkafka zwehZ
i|yd ;%mg pdr ,shk g ;uka
iqks,d wffialr f,i yqjd oelaug
weh fkdme;+ ksidh' wyUqfjka
wef.a kshu kka tl ;%mg pdrhla
m%ldYhg m;a jQ nj oek .;a g weh
uy;a fia fldamhg m;a h' tkuq;a
Yajm%shdf.a wkkH;djh ljqre;a okakd
jD; ryils-fndfyduhla ta iqks,d
nj oek is w;r ta ms<sn|j oekqj;aj
ish o iqks,d wdrEVh bj; ,Eug
W;aiql fkdjQjdh' weh fjk;a kulska
,su .g u lrf.k hdu yd neKq
djg
ehZ ir
zw
d
,
s
k
q
i
sh
d kka
=<;a lD;
;
e
Yajm%sh
w
r
d
g p
,shQ ;%m
tl woyila jkafka wehf.a b;d m%isoaO

zoe ia;%S jdkshZ f.a wkkH;dj hgf;a
m<jQ ia;%Sjd pdrhla mdGlhd mlaI.%dys
(prejudiced) f,i lshjdZhhs wehg
oekqKq ksidh' flfhka lshf;d;a"
mdGlhd l=uk whqka th ms<s.;a; o"
mdGlhdg ziqks,df.a ;%mg pdrh
lshuZ yqre lru wehg wjYH jQfha
ke;' m%sh;ajh yd Yajh ixhqla; jQ
Yajm%shd kduh ;%mg pdrh ms<sn|
weh .;a Ydk;sh ms<sUq lf<ah tk
rgg iSud jQ iskudj yd wksl=;a lreKq
j,ska Tng- ienka u f,dalhg u
wod< jQ lreKq le fldg isxy, iskud
pdrh lrkafkl= yehgh'
by, pdr iemhqula l< o iqks,d
isxy, iskudj mq,a f,i pdrh
fkdl<dh' ;ud pdrh lrk ;%mh
f;dar .ekSf whs;sh weh i;= jQ
w;r m%oYkh jQ ish ;%mg pdrh
fkdl<dh' fndfyda g weh ;ud is;a.;a
yd tla;rd foaYmd,k fudfyd;la ms<sUq
l, ;%mghla pdrh l< w;r u zwehZ
ixialdrl wjYH;dj jQfha f;dard .;a
;%mgh m<jk zwehZ i`.rdf f;audjg
.e,fmkakla uh' f;dard.;a ;%mgh
yd pdrfha f;audj ms<sn| iqks,d yd
ixialdrl uKav,h w;r ixjdohla
mej;=k o" we;e wjia:dj, f;audjla
hgf;a pdrh zwehZ ys m< lsug
ixialdrl ;SrKhla f.k ;snQ wjia:d
j, ;%mgh kerfuka miq pdrhla
,sug iqks,d fkdfm<UqKq wjia:d o h'
we;af;ka u fuh f;dard.;a fhduqjla
(a selective focus) jqj o th iqks,d
;%mg pdldjla f,i;a" weh ksu l<
pdr;a ljrdldroehs ms<sUq lf<ah'
zwehZg Yajm%shd jQ iqks,d" iskud
i`.rd ^Wod' isfkais;a" 14 - m%lYkhg
wjYH;djhla" ;%mg& fndfyduhlg
odhl h' tfiau wehf.a pdrhg
2013 2 l,dmh weh
17

m%fY h hq;af;a" weh iEu ;%mghla
u pdrh lsu ;u j.lSu lr.;a mqK
ld,Sk ;%mg pdrlfhl= fkdfh hk
wjfndaOfhka hqla;jh' we;e g ojfia
Woh jrej muKla ;%mg pdrj,g
fhduq lrjka jeo.;a ;%mg ;sr.; jQ
wjia:djkays wehj foaY .; lrjka
udkj ysl ms<sn| ldhhkag wef.a
ld,fhka Yd, m%udKhla vx.= h'
wehj iskud Yd,fjkq;a rg ;=< is jQ
l;sldfjkq;a ria:j l< .uka uka
iqks,df.a ;%mg pdrhg .g u ndOd
t,a, l< idOlhls' tu .uka uka
ksid rg ;=< is jk is yd jdo
ms<sn| wehf.a {dkfha ysoeia we;s
l<d o hkak weish hq;=h' tla;rd ld,
mfohl tla wruqKl fkdmsysgka
iskudf ms<sUq jk ldka;d m%;srEmhka
ms<sn|j weh uYkd;aulj oekqj;aj
isfha flfiao hkak o weish hq;=h'
wehf.a pdrhkays ld,h yd ikaoNh
.ek jgyd .kafka flfiao hkak
is;a.kakd iq m%Yakhls' iqks,d
;%mg ksIamdokfha yd ;sr.; f
Odldr jQ ld, mrdihka we;=<;
;%mg kerUqjdh' we;e g uyck
;sr.; ug m<uqj;a ^wfYdal y|.uf.a
zbks wjkaZ weh kerUqf ixialrK
wjia:df h' th kerUQ m<uqjekakd
weh h yelsh&' uyck m%oYkhka
f.ka miqj fyda wOHlaIljreka fyda
;=rkaf.ka ,nd.;a DVD mg jYfhka
kerUqjdh' wyia hdkd yd h ;=<
yd /ia w;r;=r ,sh we;s iqks,df.a
fndfyda ;%mg pdr fndfyda ixprKh
fldg we;' weh f,dj fldfya ish
o" we;e g h m%udohka iys;j"
Yajm%shd w;aika l< pdrhka zwehZ
ixialdrljhka fj; *elaia u.ska <`.d
f'
uq, iqks,d ;u w;a wl=ka wNHdi

fmd;aj, pdr ,sjdh' wehf.a w;a wl=re
Yd," idudkHfhka lshh yels f,iska
fmdf m%fYld f,i ,sheKs'
miq ld,hl iq msila
wkq.ukh l< l%uhla jQ hqksflda wl=re
Nd;fhka ;u pdrhka m>Klfha u
,sjdh' NdIdj fndfyda g jerj,ska
f;dr jQ w;r ixialrKfha wjYH;djh
wvq jQ kuq;a isxyf,ka wod< Ih .ek
,sug m<mqreoaola ,efnk f;la wehg
fojk msgm;la lshu wjYH h'
,efnk m%;spdrfhka ;u ,su je hqKq
lsug W;aiql jQ iqks,d ikaoNh yd
.%yh fjkia lsug ,efnk fhdackd
j,g jD; h' weh ;j rg;a l<
l;sldjka yd i,ld ne,Sfuka miqj
;u pdrhka ixfYdaOkh l< w;r tu
wruqK i|yd ;%mg fojk jrg mjd
kerUqjdh' fYaIfhka jeuy mrmqf
wjfndaO Yla;sfhka Tfnys msysfha
hhs .;dkq.;sl f,i i,l=Kq ke.S tk
;dlaIKhka jeks w;a oE bf.kSug oe
Wjukdjlska yd Y+r;ajhlska fy iqks,d
ta ksid u lemS fmksKs' ksoiqkla f,i
;ukag ta .ek ,sug wjYH jQ g weh
g,a iskudj .ek W.;a;dh' iskudj
ms<sn| fuu f;dr;=re .fIKh ;%mg
pdldjla f,i hqKq ug weh l< oE
i|yd idlaIs orhs'
fndfyda g iskudj iqks,dg iudc
ixisoahla h' weh pdrh lsug hk
;%mg kerug ;u iyDohkag werhq
l<dh' we;e g iskudjg hdfuka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;Dma;sh fkd,enqK;a
iqks,df.a iud.uh yd bka miq mej;s
;%mg ms<snò l;sldj ieu gu w.kd
w;a oelSula h'
Yud,a fjOk
18
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
ulrd - 1973
iqks,d ienE l,dldkshla

- ixialD;sl ukqIHfhla
u
u <ud ldf,a fyd| ;%mg

n,kak wdidfjka bkak ldf,a
n,mq ;%mghl uu uf.a jhfia wuq;=
fl,a,la gqjd' ;%mgh zfof,djla
w;rZ' uu oelal fl,a, ;uhs iqks,d'
ta 1966' tjeks ;%mghl r`.mdkak
wehg jr ,eu fudk ;r jdikdjla
o lsh, ug ysf;kjd' wdmyq zf.d`M
yoj;Z n,k fj,dfj;a iqks,dj ;sfrka
wms gqjd' tal;a f,iagf. ;%mghla'
ta 1969' uu;a ;%mg k`Mfjla jqfKa
1969 znlauy f.ka'Z
iqks,d wffialr mdie,a fha wfma

u;lfha /`k wmQre fl,a,la'
70 muK jk g wehf.a mshd pd,aia
wffialrhka jdfka ixia:df iNdm;s
jYfhka wms y`kd.;a;;a Tyq kdgH
pdrlfhla jYfhkq;a" miqj kdgH
wkquKav,fha iNdm;s jYfhkq;a wms
ykd.;a;d' w;a kdgHhla n,kak
wms Kshg .sh yeu ojilu jf.a
iqks,df.a ;d;a;d;a iu. ;j;a m%nqoaO
pdrlfhla wms gqjd'
ta fr isjOkhka' wef.a wud
hqka wffialr uy;ah;a yeuodu
2013 2 l,dmh weh
19

.;a;dg miqj ojila od yjiajrejl
jev we,d fld,amsfha ;%fiak
l,dh;kfha mqyqKqjg .sh fglhs'
udj ,dkaiaf,d pf;g f;dard.;a;g
ta pf; iòyd ;j;a lvji k`Mfjla
mqyqKqfuys fhKd' wid oek .;a m
ta ksYaYxl oafokshhs' uu zisxyndyqZ
wx.drd . .,d niS fld kdgHfha .dhkhl - 1978
kdgHh oel fkd;snqKq ksid ksYaYxlj
oek isfha keye' ,dkaiaf,da ulrg
kdgH Yd,df kdgH n,kak tkjd
t,sij ,a,g .kak bv fokafk keye'
wms olskjd' uu ys;kafka wms jf.a
wehj frd .kakjd' wms mqyqKq
fkfuhs iqks,d yefKa jevqfKa
l<d' iqks,d ta p;h fyd|g r`.mEjd'
l,dld mirhl' weh oa NdIsl
mqyqKq wjidkfha ksYaYxlg jvd
wOHdmkfha Wreulaldhla' wef.a mjq,a
uu ta p;h fydka lrk nj mejiQ
mirh;a" wef.a wOHdmksl ksfla;kh;a"
fyka ta p;fha whs;sh ug iskaklalr
wehg f l,d;aul nqoa l,nkhg
mejrejd' taflka t,sid frd.;a;=
;ka n,mEjd'
uu ulrd uerE rhd
f,ig fyka udj
uu iqks,dj fldfj
fldf wNsfIal
oek ykd.;af;a fyka
flrejd' fndfyda whf.a
chfiakhka ksid'
is;a .;a cjksldjla
fykaf.a zh uj iy
;uhs ulrd kdgHfha
wef.a orefjdaZ kdgHh
,dkaiaf,d t,sidj ism
1972 fld .; jqKd'
je<ò .kakd cjksldj'
yqKqjgfha n,mq wms
wms fokakd b;d u
h uj n,kak .sfha
fydka tal l<d lsh,
mqu wdYdjlska' fyka
fyka lsjd' ux lido
chfiak wivlag miafia
nekaog miafi uq,ska
ta kdgHfha r`.mEjd'
u uu ism je<|.;af;
wdmyq wmsg iqks,dj f
iqks,j lsjg tafl;a
udka l%uisxy Y+ka iu
kdgHfha olskak ,enqKd'
je/oaola keye' ta;a ta zulrdZ kdgHfh
iqks,d r`.mEf tlu fonilajla l;d
;rhs' oYk ishhla muK wms i;=fgka
fkdl< p;hla' fudlo wE r`.mEf
rmEjd'
f.d`M fl,a,lf.a p;hla ksid' w;ska
mhska" uqyqfKka lrk ix{d muKla"
ulrd lrk ldf,a iqks,d foaYmd,k
weh b;d fyd`ka ksrEmKh lrmq whqre
lKavdh iu.;a imj jev l<d'
;ju;a uf.a u;lfha /` ;sfnkjd'
kdgHh wjidkfha jy,la Wv ke.S ish ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa uqla;s .Sj,
weh fj myrlskafoda h f.diska weo iqks,d .dhkdj,g inkaO jqKd'
lmqf.a;a ta w;r yshd' ulrd lrk
jegqKd ug u;lhs'
ldf, iqks,d je jYfhka weiqre l<
lKavdh w;f .dKS y;af;gqf.u"
<`.g ug iqks,d oel .kak ,enqfKa
irpka iurlafld" u,a l=udr o
fyka udj zulrdZ kdgHhg f;dard
20
weh 2 l,dmh 2013

fldia;d" v,s' chis"
Oufiak m;srdc" ch
l=udrK;=x. ks;r olskak
,enqKd' ta yeu fj,dfj
u iqks,dj uu oelafl y
ieye,afjka j;a fjk
fl,a,la hghs'
Bg miafi iqks,d fldfj
olskak ,enqfKa 80 oYlfha
rx;a OulS;sf.a zwx`.drd
.`. .,d niSZ iy zfudaor
fuda,Z lshk kdgH foflka'
.dhk jDkaoh iu. .dhkd
lrka weh rx.kfha fhKd
wx.drd kdgHhfha' wef.a
hqre y`v wmg fidhd kafka
ix.S;{ fma%uis flauodihka'
Bg fmrd;=j flauodihka
wehj 1978 Oufiak
m;srdchkaf.a znUre we;aZ
;%mgfha v,s' chis ,shmq
ykd.;af;d;a Tn ud .S;h
.dhkhg fhdod .;a;d'
ta hqre y`v wo olajd u wmsg
wefykjd' uu 1979 zyxi
,laZ ;%mgfh Oufiak
m;srdchka ,shmq zfyka
ief mshd odZ .S;h m
.; lrkak iQodk fjoa
udiagf.ka weyqjd udiag
f .S;h .dhkhg wms ldjo
fhdod .kafk lsh,d' udiag
.;a lgg u lsfj flg
wms oduq iqks,jhs 'tjhs
lsh,d' wo olajdu f .S;h
ms%h lrk yeu flfkla u
;%mgh jf.a u f .S;h;a
ms%h lrkj' iqks,d f .S;
;=< yeuod u j;a fjkjd'
uu ys;k yehg iqks,df.a
;fha wflS nj ksid
weh fldfjka" iskudfjka
ld,h rdjh m%ix.fha Ydro .=Kodi lmqf.a we;= msi iu
iuq.;a;d lsh,hs' weh ksyd,a m%kdkaf.a zwudka;hZ

;%mgfhka miafi wmsg olskak ,enqfKa keye
lsh,hs uu ys;kafka'
ta;a wehf.a ;fhka l,d risldhlf.a is;s,s
.s,sys,d .sfha keye' weh wudrefjka tal /l .;a;d'
,efnk yeu fydardjl u YsIaG iskud lD;s
kerug weh ms%h l<d' tajd .ek l;d lrkakg
weh ms%h l<d' foaY foaYdka;r .fIKfha weh
iskudy," kdgHd.drh w;ayf,a keye' yels yeu
fudfyd;l u weh wef.a ixialD;sl ;h jv
jvd;a fmdfydi;a lr .;a;d'
zkj iyi%fha wehZ .S; m.; lsf fmr iQodkul

m%k .dhsldjka iu iqks,d - 2000
2013 2 l,dmh weh
21

wfma iskudlrejka fndfyda fofkla
;ukaf.a ;%mg foaY.; lsf Wm
YSI mdG fhdod .ekSug wef.a msysg
me;=jd' b;d .eUqka lshejqK foni b;d
flfhka bx.sishg k.kakg weh ;=<
meje;s oekqu woa;Shhs' weh ,shQ fohla
;j flfkla ,jd fjkia lrkakg
Wjukd jqfKa keye' uf.a ;%mg
ish,af,a u Wm YSI mdG ,shejqfKa
wef.a w;ska nj uu mjikafka wehg
m%Kduhla f,ihs' wjdikdjlgfoda
uykais fj,d Wm YSI mdG fhdod.;a;g"
uf.a ;%mg ux jf.a u f rf muKla
k;r jqKd' yxi,g weh ,shQ zfifyyi
mqmqrd h .sh isyskhZ k mdGhg
iuia; ;%mgfha uqLHd:h u ,>q lr
olajkakg weh iu;a jqKd'
fudaor fuda,-1980
ulrd kdgH h<s;a ug isysm;a fjkjd'

kdgH ye fyka wmg wys jqfKa ms<sld
frda.fhka' uu ulrd urmq kdgHfha
r ,dkaiaf,da jqKdg we;a; f;a
fyka uqojd .kakg wmsg yels jqfKa
keye' t,sidj ,af,ka uqojd .;af;a
,dkaiaf,da' kuq;a we;a; ;fhka iuq
.kakd fj,df iqks,d frd.kak wmsg
yels jqfKa keye' uf.a zulrdlaIhdZ
kdgHfha t,sid hg r`.mEf iajKd
u,a,jdr' wo weh;a ms<sld frda.fhka
22
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
fmf<kjd' weh tu frda.fhka fokakg

wef.a Yla;sfhka weh oeka fmdr nokjd'
kdgHfha ,dkaiaf,d t,Sid frd .;a;g
wehj frd .kak we;a; ;fha ug
neye' iajKd kdgHfhka iuq.;a;d'
uu iajKd fjkqjg ruKS nf;d,hqia
t,Sid njg m;a l<d' weh ioyg u
;fhka iuq.;a;d' wehj frd .kak
uf.a ienE ;fhka ug mq`Mjka lula
;snqfKa keye' l,d;aul ;h fldpr
iqkaor jQK;A wfma we;a; f;a fudk
;r fokSho@
l,d;aul f,dalfha ie irmq iqks,d"
miq.shod wjidk jrg wikSmfhka
,xldjg meKs fj,df lshQ jokla
f ishu i;H le fldg weh ug
lsjd lsh,d ug ysf;kjd' uu oeka
biair iqks,d fkfuhs Ouis" uu oeka
yhg nqoaOd.u Yajdi lrkjd' ;fha
wjidk msh .eg fm<g msi weh lshQ
ta jok uu h<s h<s;a isysm;a lrkjd'
uu wjidk jYfhka i|yka lrkafka
iqks,d ieneka u l,dldhla'
ixialD;sl ukqIHfhla' thska ,enQ
mkakrfhka ;ud weh udkj ysl
ls%hdldkshla njg m;a jqfKa'
ia;S% uqla;sldKshla njg m;a jqfKa'
ma,h fjkila iudch ;=< we;s
lrkakg ls%hdldkshla njg m;a jqfKa'
W;a;u l,dj w.h l< weh l,d
lD;ska ;=<ska ;u ;hg wdf,dalhla
,nd f.k th ls%hdjg ke.=jd' wef.a
m%ldYkh fY%aIaGhs'
weh oe,ajQ myka fkdks oe,afjd'
uf.a m%d:kdjhs ta'
Ouis nKavdrkdhl
iqks,d f;uia iure W;aijfha l< foaYkh
weiqka ieliqKs'
iqks,d(
l%shdldkshla iy
fhfy<shla f,i'''
iq
ks,d .ek fld;kska l;d lrkak

mgka .kako" fld;kska fl<jr
lrkako lsh,d is;kak wmyiqhs'
ug uq,skau iqks,d uqK.efikafk u
wdh;kfha ' ^cd;Ska w;r hqla;sh yd
iudkd;au;djh i|yd jk jHdmdrh&
1979 wms hdmkfha isjqKq m<uq jk
w;=reoyka .ek o;a; f.dkq lrkak
.;a g' ta;a tlalu wms" hdmkhg
meK jQ yis kS;shg;a" hdmkhg
muKla uq,ska l%shd;aul l< ;%ia;jd
frda mk;g;a tfrysj jev lrkak
mgka .;a;u' 1981 jk g iqks,d
u wdh;kh lyj;af;a j;=lrfha
fou< frda >dk;hka iy hdmkfha
mqia;ld,h .sks ;eu .ek bx.%Sisfhka
m< l< jd;d isxy,g mj;kh l<d'
ixch bm,d udihla muK we;s' tod
isg iqks,dg f,dl= jqjukdjla ;snqKd"
wms bx.S%isfhka ,shk jd;d isxy,g yd
fou<g mj;kh lrkak'
ta;a tlalu wfma jev" fYaIfhka

u ldka;djka$ia;S%jdka lrk jev
f,aLk.; lrkak ke lsh,d weh
Yajdi l<d' udkj ysl W,a,x>kh
zfvdlshqukaZ l< hq;=h lsh,d
;rfha Yajdi l<d' ta ksid u ;uhs weh
miq ld,hl bkaf*da wdh;kh yryd
udkj ysl W,a,x>kh lsu jd;d
lrkak mgka .;af;a'
wms 1980 .Kkaj, isg lrmq jevj,"
ksl=;a l< ,sh,sj," ,S*a," fmdaiagj,
msgm;a tl;= lrkak mgka .;a;' miq
ld,hl iqks,d ;uka wf;a ;snqKq" wms
ys;mq wdldrhg m%ldY jqKq m<uqfjks
ia;S%jd w;a m;s%ldj fidhd .;a;d'
ta ;uhs 1975 weh iy l=ud chjOk
ifydaoh jdu uehs k /iaj, fnomq
zuehs k l<UZ' ia;S% m%;srEmh .ek"
ia;S%ka .ek ;snqKq ;Hd u;" idudkH
;fha ia;S%kaf.a ienE N+ld" jev lrk
2013 2 l,dmh weh
23

ia;s%h" ia;s%hf.a jkdlu tu m%ldYfhka
idlPd jqKd' f wdldrfhka yeuodu;a
iqks,d wehf.a foaYmd,k ls%hdld;ajhg
ia;S%jd oDIahla uqiq l<d'
iqks,;a iu uu kej; foaYmd,k
ls%hdld;ajhg fhduqjkafka 1982
ksoyia fj<o l,dmh wjg u;= jqKq
fmd,sfglaia wr.,fha hs' uu ta fjk
fldg iukau,S" l=uqkS frdaid iy
*sf,dkd ifydaohka iu. tal, ia;%S
uOHia:dkfha ksoyia fj<o l,dm
llre ia;S%ka ixOdkh lrka ishd'
^fmd,sfglaia wr.,hg cd;sl ugfuka
iyfhda.h laug&
iqks,d ;j ifydaohka lsysmfofkla
iu ldka;d ls%hdld lgqj (WAC)
idod .;a;d' ia;S%jd keUqrejla
;snqKq ldka;d ixOdkh WAC tfla
ixOdk.; jqKd' fmd wr.,hka
ixOdk.;j h;a l<hq;= hhs iqks,d
;rfha Yajdi l<d' wehf.a udkj
ysl ls%hdld;ajfha;a" ia;S%jd
ls%hdld;ajfha;a weh ksr;=rej u
ixOdk.;j ls%h;aul fjkak;a"
ixOdk.; f Yla;sh;a ;ka u
Yajdi l<d' miq ld,hl ldka;dj iy
udOH iduQyslh f.dvk.kak;a" ,laf
80 oYlfha cd;Hka;r ldka;d k /<shlg

iyNd.sfjka
24
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
ujre iy hKsfhda Yla;su;a lrkak;a"

jh,d ifydaoh m%uqL udhs .udkj,
fmdf,dkakre ia;s%la lgqj idokak;a"
udkj ysl ixOdk tluq;= lrkak;a
;ka u jEh l<d' cd;Hka;r ugfuka
Women's Human Rights Defenders
Coalition tl f.dvk.kak tys ksud;D
yehg 2005 weh ls%hd;aul jqfKa
ta Yajdifhka' iqks,df.a wks;a m%n,
u odhl;ajh jqfKa u;jd ;,fha weh
h;a l< idlPdjka' ud. wdh;kh
yryd weh ia;S%jd mj;k fm<la
fYaIfhka u ia;S% ls%hdldkshka fj;
fhduq l<d' f (Mary Wollstonecraft) isg
jkshd jq,a*a f.a ia;%Sjd ,sh,s;a" f,kska"
fg%dials isg laf,ard filska" wf,laiekav%d
fld,kagdhs (Alexandra Kollontai) ia;%S
m%Yakh .ek ,shQ foa wE fmd;g f.dkq l<d'
th tjl ia;%S jHdmdrhg wd whf.a w;a fmd;
njg m;a h'
1985 wm lsysmfofkla iu. ia;S%jdoh

ksjpkh l<d' rdjfha m<jqKq f
idlPd weh irdj yryd we;s
mqreIdm;Hh" ia;S% IKh fjkqjg
ia;S%kag tfrys m%pKav;ajh" ,sx.sl;ajh
jeks ixl,am fmd idlcdjg tl;=
l<d'
iqks,df.a ia;S%jd foaYmd,kh;a"
udkj ysl iqrCIs;h;a tlajqKq
m%uqL wjia:djla jqfKa weh ol=fKa
u fmruqK;a iu 1990 isg lrmq
jev fldgihs' tjlg mCI uka;S%ka
ux., iurr yd uyskao rdcmCI
iu weh w;=reoyka j,g tfrysj
ls%hd;aul jqKd' w;=reoyka j,g
tfrysj WmdhYS,Sj ls%hd;aul h
yelafla flfiao hkak weh fkdfhl=;a
wjia:dj, bkaf*da wdh;khg meKs
uka;S% uyskao rdcmCI iu idlcd
l<d' u fmruqfKa iudrNl
/iaf kj k.r Yd,df fldjg"
ufkdardkS irjkuq;a;=" pkasld l=udrK;=x." uyskao rdcmCI

hk wh iu fld<U kjk.r Yd,df meje;s u
fmruqfKa wdrNl /iaug tlajQ iqks,d'
rch iska >d;khg ,la jqKq wehf.a

;% p o fidhsidf.a uj ufkdardkS
irjkuq;a;=" pkasld l=udrK;=x."
uyskao rdcmCI hk wh iu tlajqKd'
u fmruqfKa md .ukaj, .shd'
wu,d iu flda,a" mkai,aj,g .shd
w;=reoyka jQ wh fidhkak fmd,Sis
.dfka weoaod' f.dkq lr .;a o;a;"
jd;d kSjd kqjr tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
udkj ysl fldiug" jdiqfoaj
kdkdhlaldr iy uyskao rdcmCI
uka;S%jreka wjidkfha /f.k .shd'
ij ms<s.ekSula we;s udkj ysl
m%;Skag wkqj rchla ls%hd;aul h
hq;=hs" j.lsj hq;=hs" j. h hq;=hs lshd
weh ;rfha Yajdi l<d'
f ieug u jvd iqks,df.a ukqIH;ajh
iy udkj ohdj wehf.a yeu ls%hdjla
;=< u ms<s/ kakd' uf.;a" weh iu
jev l< Tn ieuf.;a l iem .ek
weh yeuodu;a ldreKsl" fifkfynr
wjOdkhla fhduq l<d' r neyer .j,
yuqjqKq ifydaor ifydaohkaf. iem
la uiqjd' fldmuK ldh nyq,
jqK;a ta wh n,kak .shd' ,fha o"
fmdf,dkakrej-fndaw;af; o" mq;a;,u
o" uvl,mqj o" hdmkh o fjkila
ke;sj weh yuqjqKq flfkla wu;l
lf<a keye' wf;ka yuqjqKq ls%hdldka"
ls%hdldkshka
fmd wr.,hg
inkaO lr
.;a;d' ykd
fokak yeuodu;a
jEh l<d'
ksrka;rfhka
ta whj Wkka
l<d' wm%udK
ffOhhlska ta whf.a m%Yakj,g
uey;a jqKd' yeuodu;a wehg jerKq
;eka y.iai.kak jEh l<d' wehg
reoaOjdj is wh iu idlcd
lrkak Wkka jqKd' fmd foaYmd,k
wr.,h m%uqL lr .;a;d' fjkia u;hkag
bv lv kakd' NdIKfha ksoyi /lald'
f;akq;a" uf. orej;a" uj;a" msh;a
thdf.a u mjqf,a whfia ie,l=jd'
fldahl" nia tll ke. .uka hkak
miqng fkdjqKd' lflska bwdmam
lla ld" f;a lyg jd' mdfr fmdaiag
wef,jd' ,S*a, fnjd' l,a ls
fnda;f,ag WKq f;a jlalr,d iqNdg;a"
ixchg;a .uka ukaj, fmjd'
uf.a mq;d pdreg wikSm jqKdu wms;a
tlal biams;df,a ? oj,a .; l<d'
uf. wug mdjg th;a tlal .uka
.shd' f;a iqkaor;ajh kaod' yeuodu;a
iskduqiq uqyqfKka" ohdnr jpkhlska
yefudau weu;=jd' wm yefudag u wef.a
ld,fhka |la kakd' fkdao jqKd'
wef.a wurKSh iqkaor lg yf~ka
wmj ukau;a l<d' f;a iqkaor;ajh
Wmufhka w;akaod' ug ohdnr
fhfy<shla" fidfydhqhla"
ifydaohla jqKd'
Tn h f.dia ke; - Tn h f.dia ke;

Tn h f.dia ke; - re hKshfka'''
l=uqkS ieuqfj,a0
2013 2 l,dmh weh
25
1992 fld<U rdul%sIaKd Yd,df

wj;eka jQjka i|yd mej;s ixialD;sl
jev igyfka iqks,d'''
iqks,d(
fou< uqia,s
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- uvl,mqf iQhd ia;%S ixjOk flaJfha u;l wdjckh
iqks,d isysm;a lrkq i|yd

.;a iduQysl W;aidyhls' fuu
,smshg mok jkafka 1991 isg iQhd iy
mQrKs ia;%Skaf.a flakafha idudldjka
iu. mej;s fkdu;a idlPdjl
u;= jQ lreKqh' wms weh l< udkj
whs;sjdisl" iduh yd ia;%Skaf.a
whs;sjdisl" ia;%S l%shdldkaf.a yelshd
ixjOkh" m%foaYfha ia;%S lKavdh
i|yd wruqo,a fidhd .ekSu i|yd l<
jev fukau wef.a wdorh" ffOh yd
fifkyi .ek l;d flf<uq'
ta kj, mQrKs flakafha jev yd

inkaO jQ ia;%Ska fndfyda fokd iqks,d
.ek k ishy' mQrKs hqoaOfhka mSvdjg
m;a ia;%Ska i|yd /ljrKhla fukau
Tjqkag mqyqKq uOHia:dkhla o h'
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.;af;ah' t,a'''B' ldka;dfjda mQrKs
wruqo,a Tjqkaf.a jevj,g b,a,d ishy'
tg mQrKs ldka;dfjda ;uka i;=j mej;s
wruqo,a tajd m%odkh l< wdh;k j,g u
wdmiq heug ;SrKh l<y' uOHia:dkh
jid uQ Tjqyq fld<Ug meKshy'
mQrKsfha ia;%Skag w; ka ye
2013 jif lekvdf mej;s W;aijhl

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fufia lSjdh' ;j;a wh o tu ld,h
isysm;a l<y(
ta kj, mQrKs idudldjka is
fofkla iy Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a wh
foysj, fmd,Sisfhka w;a wvx.=jg
f.k i;s ;=kla r|jd .kq ,eK'
1980 uq, iqks,d hdmkhg wdjdh'

ta ish mshd pd,aia wffialr iu.h'
bka miq u ixOdkfha jevj,g;a"
rdkS ;srdK.uf.a wju.=,a W;aijhg;a
meKshdh' 1989 weh ish mq;d ixch
iu. hdmkhg wdjdh'
26
weh 2 l,dmh 2013

Tjqkag wdydr iemhSug lKavdhula
ixOdkh lsug wms W;aidy .;suq'
wm ixOdkh flf<a foaYslhka"
uqia,s" fou< yd isxy, ia;%S mqreI
lKavdhuls' tuksid fmd,Sish fuu
msi .ek fndfyda fofkl= Wkka
jk nj;a /|hkaf.a ;;a;ajh .ek
fidhd n,k nj;a k .;af;ah'
iuyr fmd,sia ia:dkj, ia;%S IK
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.eyeKqkaf.a wdrlaIdj .ek wms
fnfyka Wkka jQfhuq' iqks,d fuu
.eyeKq ksoyia lr .ekSug fnfyka
Wkka jQjdh' weh ksr;=rej u mdfya
fmd,Sisj,g .shdh'
W;=frka wj;eka jQ ia;%S l%shdldka
ms<sn|j iqks,d jeks fld<U l%shdldka
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fufia isysm;a l<dh(
wms ;%Sfrdao r:hlska W;=frka yd
kef.kysfrka wj;eka jQ wh kj;d
we;s l|jqre ne,Sug .sfhuq' wmg l<
yelafla l=ula o hkak .ek >
idlPd meje;a jQfhuq' ta kj,
l|jqre mej;sfha B'mS''mS' md,kh
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ta kj, wmg fld<U ldhd,hla
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jQjdh' weh .sfha k.rj,g muKla
2013 2 l,dmh weh
27

fkdf' weh kef.kysr m<df;a wE;
l=vd .j,g mjd .shdh' 2008 udi
.Kkla wj;ekaj is ck;djg wdmiq
ish .j,g hEug wjia:djla ,enqK
g ;kslv .eyeKq IKh lr we;ehs
lgl;d me;sK' rd;%S ld,fha f.hla
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ksiqka tl ;eklg /ia lsf
,sx.sl w;jr is jk njg l;d
me;sfrka ;sK' tjeks wjia:dj,
weh tu .j,g .shdh' uvl,mqf
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fkdlr Tjqkag lSug we;s ish,a,
lshd wjika lrk f;la ikaiqkaj
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ta kj, fnfyka wikSm ;;ajhl
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28
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
2005 uvl,mqf mYapd;a iqkd ikaoNh

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jevla fkdj ;ud lS iy ,shk ,o foa
l%shdjg ke.Suls' weh ta ;=< j;a jQjdh'
weh Tjqka fjkqfjka ;u ld,h .;
lrka Tjqka iu. mqoa.,sl inkaO;d
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jrg wka;cd;sl iuka;%Kj,g
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;ekaj, Wmfoia kakdh' u;= l< hq;=
.eg yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
fmkajd kakdh' .no .eyeKqkag
wka;cd;sl iuqjl l;d lsug
ffOh ,nd kakdh' tmuKla fkdj
Tjqka idmamqj,g le|jd f.dia nvq NdKav
, .ekSug;a ne,Sug wjYH ;ekaj,g
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jQjdh'
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jrla ixialD;sl lKavdhula fld<U
mok wdh;kfha mej;s ikaoYkhlg
meKsfhah' tu lKavdhf .eyeKq <uhs
wjg is kerug f.dia fld<U uyck

mqia;ld,fha PdhdrEm .;ay' ta 1997 h'
fmd,Sish meK ixialD;sl lKavdhf
kdhsldj w;a wvx.=jg .;af;ah' iqks,d
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l<dh'
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uu jeh .uka uka .sh flfkla
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tla jQjd muKs' ug bref
meje;afjk /iaul ia;%S fi!LH
.ek foaYkhla lsug wdrdOkhla
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bmfKa hdmkfhah' fld<Ug
meKSug uqr lfmd 13 la miq
l< hq;=h' ud fld<Ug meKs g
ud le|jd hEug iqks,d mefKk
nj lSjdh' ud fld<U msgfldgqjg
mefKk g rd;%S 10'30 muK h'
iqks,d mefKk f;la uu wi, ;snQ
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ug hla we;s h' yisfha u iqks,d
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hEug ;snQ h ke;s l<dh'
udkj ysl iq/lskakka i|yd jQ tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a iudkh iqks,d ys lr.ekSu
fjkqfjka ixOdkh l< Wmydr Wf<f,a
- 2008 uvl,mqf'
kj f,dal laula iu ia;%Ska

n,.ekau
wehg iQhd jdIsl uyd iNdjg

;u woyia tug;a ialhsma u.ska
inkaO ug;a wjYH h' wehg yels
wdldrhlska inkaO ug wjYH h'
wmf.a jevj,g wka;cd;sl is
wkqj u.fmka i|yd weh wmf.a
idlPdjkag wka;cd;sl jdo
iy ia;%Sjd woyia f.k wdjdh' weh
ia;%Skag wka;cd;sl ixjdo uKavmj,g
iyNd.s ug yd tys woyia laug
Wkka l<dh' O woyia yd O
miqj,ska meKs mqoa.,hka tlg tl;=
lsug wehg mqu yelshdjla ;sK'
iqks,d" iQhd iy kef.kysr m<df;a
mrmrd .Kkdjl ia;%Ska zika.;aZ
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mqyqKq jevigyk& hgf;a mqyqKq l<dh'
wruqo,a /ialsfuka iy jHdmD;s
fhdackd wkqu; lsfuka m%foaYfha ia;%S
lKavdhj,g iydh kakdh' ksoiqkla
jYfhka uvl,mqf ia;%S uOHia:dkh
wruqo,a ke;s ksid jid ug wdikak
jQ g weh wka;cd;sl ixOdk fuu
uOHia:dkhg wdOdr lsug tl lr
.;a;dh'
wehg yeu g u kj woyia ;sK'

nrm;, f,i frda.Sj isk g mjd
uvl,mqf iQhd ia;%S ixjOk flakah

2013 2 l,dmh weh
29
iqks,d wffialr
f;uia iure Wf<,
ud
kj ysl m%jOkh
lsu fjkqfjka m%n,
uey;aul fh is" ia;S%jdkshl
f,i wkkH;djla ;yjqre lr
.;a" ck;djd l,dldkshl f,i
l,df O bi .%yKh lr
.;a udkj ys;jdkshl jQ iqks,d
wffialr h f.dia f;uila
msreKq 2013 foien ui 10 jeksod"
fld<U mok wdh;kfha iure
Wf<,la meje;aK' bkaf*da
wdh;kh iy ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh
iu tlaj fuu Wf<, ixOdkh lrk
,oafoa ldka;dj yd udOH iduQyslh isks'
weh uey;aj is fCIa;%hkayS weh bgq
l< iudc fufyjr we.ehSu yd isys
lsu fuu Wf<f,a wruqK h'
iskudj yd kdgH l,dj ;=< iqks,d
wffialr k l,dldkshf.a
wkkH;dj oyd lafjk fhda
mghlska iure W;aijh wdrN jQ
w;r" weh iska .dhkd lrk ,o
.S; we;=<;a fhda mg lsysmhla meh

4l iure jev igyk w;r;=r bm;a
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pdldj iska ,shk ,o" ldka;dj yd
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fidfydhqrd m%ikak wffialr iy mq;a
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Wf<f,a fYaI wjia:djla h' iskudj
yd ix.S;h ;=< iqks,d l< ldhNdrh
kka wdrNl foaYkh lrk ,oafoa m%K
;%mg wOHCI Ouis nKavdrkdhl
uy;d isks' udkj ysl fCIa;%fha

weh l< buy;a fufyh ms<sn| u;l
wdjckh lsug wdpdh mdlHfida;s
irjkuq;a;=" wdpdh ksu,ald m%kdka
30
weh 2 l,dmh 2013

hk uy;au uy;aka h' weh iu
tlaj lghq;= l< bkaf*da wdh;kfha
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lghq;= lsf w;alS fnod .ekSug
tla h' ldka;d whs;sjdisl yd
ia;S%jdoh fjkqfjka iqks,df.a lemu
ms<sn| u;lhka tla lrka woyia
laug l=uqkS ieuqfj,a" wdpdh
fiamd,s fldaff.dv" wdpdh Yud,a
fjOk hk wh tlajQy' wef.a uj;a
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iu tlau ms<sn| u;lhka wj lsug
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wdpdh ;%f,aLd fu!k.=re uy;ah
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iska iqks,d cd;Hka;r rjhla njg
m;a is wdldrh yd cd;Hka;rj
NdIKfha ksoyi m%jOkh lsf,d

wehf.a lemu inkaOfhka ialhsma
;dCIKh Tiafia woyia olajk ,oafoa
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wNsudkkSh .ukl ish ; ld,h ;=<
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hq;a fkdwefik .S; we;=<;a ix.S; wv
fydardjla o ixOdkh fldg ;sK'
wdpdh iqks,a fisjOk" bkald
Wmud,S" kl .=ref.a" ch;s,l nKavdr
hk .dhl .dhsldjka iska tu ix.S;
wv fydardj jKj;a l< w;r" th"
weh ms<sn| fkdfhk u;lhka ish
fokdf.a yoj;a ;=< h<s judk lsula
h'
weh we.hSug m;a

jQ wdldrh meye,s
l<dh'
hdka Whkaf.dv
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mrmrdj fj; ,ndka wd;auYla;sh yd
ffOh isysm;a lrk ,'
NdIKfha yd woyia m%ldY lsf
whs;sh fjkqfjka fmkS is flfkl= jQ
iqks,df.a fufyjr we.ehSu o Wf<f,a
is h' zzudOH ksoyi jHdma; lsu
inkaOfhka iqks,df.a ls%hdld;ajhZZ
hk f;audj hgf;a ksoyia udOH
jHdmdrfha le|jqlre iqks,a chfialr
iska foaYkhla mj;ajk ,o w;r"
W;aijhg meKs ish fokd ms<s.kakd

,oafoa jh,d fmfrd iy ;%d fu!k.=re
hk uy;aka jk w;r ia;=;s l;dj
mj;ajk ,oafoa Yd,d oj;a; uy;ah
isks'
is;d
2013 2 l,dmh weh
31
Y%S ,xld rdcH fkdjk ldka;d ixOdk tl;=j iska

1999 jif ksudKh lrk ,o fmdaiagrhls'
32
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
Y%S
YS% ,xldf llre wr.,

yd
jD;a;Sh i;s wdrNh
,xldf jD;a;Sh i;s wdrNh

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ysjQfha %;dkH hg;a ; iufhah'
%;dkHhka iska ,xldf mej;s iuia;
wdl l%uhu fjkia l< w;r" ta
fjkqjg je,s wdlhla ykajd fok
,'
1840 mkjk ,o uqvq wd{d mk;
hgf;a ,dxlslhkaf.a bv nf,ka
w;am;a lr .ekSug Tjqyq ls%hd l<y' f
wkqj ysld;ajh" whs;sh ms<sn| lsish
idCIshla iemhsh fkdyels ishu bv"
uqvq bv fyda rcfha bv jYfhka
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w;r" tajdfhys f;a" fldams jeks fnda.
j.djka wdrN lrk ,'
ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a m%:u

jev jckh uqK llre
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jckh" uvl,mqf
jdud. llre jckh"
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jckh tAjd f'
jev lrk mx;sfha wdrNh
fuu uqvq bv wd{d mk; hgf;a
ish bv wys jQ ,dxlslhka fndfyda
fofkla ish meje;au Wfoid llre
/lshd fidhd kd.l m%foaYj,g
ixl%uKh jQy' Tjqyq %;dkHhkaf.a
md,kh hgf;a f;a" fldams j.djka
2013 2 l,dmh weh
33
wdY%s;j fiajh lsug wlue;a; m<

l<y' ,dxlslhka m< l< fuu wlue;a;
ksid 1846 jif j;= j.djka i|yd
ol=Kq bkahdfjka llrejka furgg
f.kaug lghq;= lrk ,' f wkqj
j;= wdY%s; je,s fiajlhka yd kd.l
fiajlhka hkqfjka llre fldgia
2 la tl, olakg ,enqKs' fuu fiajl
fomsi u b;d Ialr ; .; l< w;r"
<slu fya;=fjka fndfyda .egj,g
uqyqK ug Tjqkag ish'
llrefjdaa ish jegqma f. m%udo "

whym;a jev lsf yd mSjk ;;a;ajhka
u; tu m%:u jev jckh wdrN l<y'
ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a m%:u jev jckh
jQ fuh k 6l ld,hla mej;=Ks' jev
jckfha fojeks kfha mj;ajk ,o
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i;sh jk uqK llrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh
i;sh wdrN lrk ,o w;r" tu /iau
wjidkfha uqK llrefjdaa 200 la
i;sfha idudl;ajh ,nd .;ay'
iuia; je,s wxYhu md,kh lrk

,oafoa %;dkH md,lhkag wjYH
wdldrhgh' Tjqka iska 1865 jif
llre wd{d mk; ykajd ka kuq;a"
ta ;=< jev lrk ck;djf.a whs;sjdisl
wdrCId lsu ms<sn| lsisjla we;=<;a
fkdh'
fuu jckhg yd jD;a;Sh i;sh

msysgqug iydh ,nd kafka" n.
cd;sl we,am% tkia nq,afckaia yd
bkah f.daj cd;sl ,siafnda mska;= h'
tx.,ka;fha fla% Yaj oHd,fha
wOHdmkh ,nk iufha jD;a;Sh
whs;sjdisl yd jD;a;Sh i;s lghq;=
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.;a nq,afckaia
wOHdmk lghq;= yudr fldg kej;
,xldjg meK fiajl whs;sjdisl
wdrCId lsu yd jD;a;Sh i;s msysgqf
jeo.;alu wdh ms<sn| l;sldjla wdrN
lf<ah' f i|yd Tyqg urodk m%foaYfha
ffjoHjrhl= f,i lghq;= l< bkah
f.daj cd;sl ,siafnda mska;= iydh lah'
fudjqkaf.a fuu uey;af m%;sM,hla
f,i m%:u jD;a;Sh i;sh jk uqK
llrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh i;sh 1893
jIfha wdrN h'
m%:u jev jckh yd m%:u jD;a;Sh

i;sh ^1893&
%;dkH md,lfhda lsis jD;a;Sh
wr.,hla lsug je,s j;= fiajlhkag
lsis fgl wjia:djla ,nd fkdkay'
j;= wdYs%;j fiajh l< bkah
llrejka kQ.;a msila jQ w;r"
md,lfhda Tjqkag jykag fuka ie<l+
w;r msg;ska lsisfjl=g;a j;=j,g
we;=ug yd Tjqka iu .kqfokq
lsug wjia:djla ,nd fkdkay' f
wkqj jD;a;Sh i;shla msysgqug fyda
lsis jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislula fjkqfjka
wr., lsug Tjqkag tl, bvla fkdh'
%;dkH md,khg tfrys m%:u jev
jckh kd.l llrejkaf.a
odhl;ajfhka 1893 jif h;a flKs'
fld<U Yd,;u uqK yd fmd;a fj<|
iud.ula jQ %;dkHhka i;=
t'v,s' fla iy iud.f
34
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
%;dkHhka iska 1865 jif ykajd

ka llre wd{d mk;g wkqj jev
w;yer hdu" wr., lsu wdh ;yk
ls%hdjka f,i k lr ;snQ neka"
th mok lr f.k llrejkag ov
kshu lsug fyda Tjqkaj isr.; lsug
yelshdj ;snqKs' f wkqj jckhg
uQ,sl;ajh .;a llrejka 5 fofkl=
fiajfhka my lrk ,o w;r" ,sh
kue;s llrejdg i;shl isro~qjula o
kshu lrk ,' fuhska hg m;a wksl=;a

fiajlhka jckh w;yer oud kej;
fiajhg jd;d lrk ,o w;r" tu jev
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jev jckh wid:l jqj;a" %;dkH
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,efnk nj fiajlfhda wjfndaO lr
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tajd k"
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md,lhkag reoaOj is l< jev
jckh'
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ia;s%lalfha jdud. jev fmd<l
llrejka is lsug o jev jckh '
fld<U k.r iNdj uska uia lv
i|yd n uqo,a je lsula u; 1879
uia lv yslrejka is l< k 3 l
jev jckh'
fuu jck ;=ku ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a
jev jck fkdjQ w;r" ta yryd Yd,
n,mEula is lsug o fkdyels h'
fojk jev jckh ^1896&

1896 jif fld<U fr wmq,a,k
llrejka iska fojk jev jckh
h;a lrk ,' k.rfha ishu fr
wmq,a,k ia:dk md,khg myiq jk fia
k.r iNdfjys ,shdmx l< hq;=hehs n,
l< fld<U k.r iNdf wd{d mk;lg
reoaOj fudjqka iska fuu jckh
is lrk ,' g by; lsis fkl"

rcfha lsis md,khlg hg;a fkdjQ
fr wmq,a,kafkda" fuu ,shdmx lsu
yryd n,m;% .ekS yd n f. l%uhla
wdrN h yels nj wjfndaO lr .;ay'
i;s 3 la mqrd meje;s fuu jckh tu
oYlfha we;s jQ b;du > yd igkald
jev jckh njg m;ah'
flfia fj;;a uqK llrejkaf.a
jckfha fuka wldyq llre w{d
mk; f.k yer olajka" llrejka
lsysm fofkl=g reoaOj kvq mjrd Tjqka
jerlrejka njg m;a lrka" fuu
jckh o wid:l lrk ,'
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foaYmd,k ls%hdldrl wdh ksid Ml,
kd.l llre mka;shg ;u jD;a;Sh
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h' fufia we;s jQ foaYmd,k" wd.l
mqkreoh yd llre wr., w;r wka;
inkaO;djhlA olakg ,enqKs'
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th m%:u id:l jev jckh o h'
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,Sfha jd .uka lsu ;yk lsu
fya;=fjka fuu jckh wdrN lrk
2013 2 l,dmh weh
35
,' fuys kdhl;ajh f.k ls%hd

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36
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
lyjkq
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,xld Y%un, iCIK 2012 jdIsl

o;a; m%ldYk jd;djg wkqj" 2011
jif YS% ,xldf idCIr;dj fyj;a
wl=re ,shkakg lshjkakg okakd
ixLHdj uq ck.ykfhka ishhg wkQ
folhs oYu folls' ^92'2]& tu iuia;h
w;ka mqreIhskaf.a idCIr;dj 93'5]
la jk w;r ia;S%kaf.a idCIr;dj 91'1]
ls' fuu ;;a;ajh kd.l" .%dh
jYfhka fukau ta ta m%foaY jYfhka
o fjkialj,g ,laf' flfia jqj;a
YS% ,xldf idCIr;dj inkaOfhka
fujeks mQldjla lrk ,oafoa wu;a
fCIa;%fha /lshdj, kshq;= ck.ykfhka
nyq;rh wvq wOHdmkhla we;s wh nj
tu jd;dfjkau fmkajd fok ksidh'
tfukau wdl jYfhka ls%hdYS,S
ck.ykfhka jeu ck m%;sY;h
wh;a jkafka wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd

lrkakkaf.a f.dvgh' mjqf,a j;a u
fjkqfjka tk rf wdlhg odhl
jk m%udKh rf iuia; ck.ykfhka
,shk 8'6ls' tu m%udKh wdl
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykh jYfhka
yekaf' thska u;a fCIa;%fha
/lshdj, fh we;s ck m%;sY;h 37'3]
ls' wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd kshqla;sh
ishhg 62'7]ls' fuu o;a; Yaf,aIKh
.%y lrk flfkl=g YS% ,xldf
idCIr;df m%;sh ms<sn| woyila ,nd
.ekSug yels jk w;r wm fuu ;lh
m%Odk jYfhka f.dv k.k ,oafoa
YS% ,xldf wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd
kshqla;slhkaf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn| ;%hla
f.dv ke.Sugh'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
37
Y%un, iCIKh wkqj wdl jYfhka

ls%hdYS,S wh f,i .Kka f.k we;af;a
jhi 10 g je ck.ykhhs' jhi 10
g je mQK ld,Sk YsIHhka" mQK
ld,Sk .DyKshka" Y%dl fyda jhia.;
mqoa.,hka" wnd; mqoa.,hka wdl
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S fkdjk wh jYfhka
.Kka .efka' tu ksjpkh wkqj mdi,a
fkdhk" jhi 10g je orejka o wdl
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S fldgig jef' <ud
jhi wksjdhfhka u orejd wOHdmkh
,eh hq;= jhi f,i ish whs;sjdisl
m%;smdok wkqj ksjpkh ;snqK o
mdi,a fkdhk wh m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka
wdl jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykhg
o wh;a fldg ;su fjku ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= ldrKhls' flfia jqj;a" wdl
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykfhka je
m%;sY;h lafjk wu;a fCIa;%fha jev
lrk ia;S%kaf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn| woyila
,nd .ekSug fuys W;aidy flf'
wdl jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ia;S% m%;sY;fhka
57]la w;a fCIa;%fha /lshdj,
kshqla;j isk nj ixLHd f,aLk
fmkajd fohs' ta wkqj wdl jYfhka
ls%hdYS,S" ke;fyd;a j;a u i|yd jev
lrk ia;S%kaf.ka nyq;rh tla w;lska
/lshd iqrCIs;Ndjhla fkdue;s wh nj
jgyd .; yelsh'
lDIs ldl fCIa;%fha /lshd lrk
ck.ykfha nyq;rh" tk ishhg
86'6la ^86'6]& wu;a fCIa;%hg
jef' tu fCIa;%fha ia;S%ka jegqma
wiu;df isg fjkialj,g ,lajk
wdldrh;a wksYa;;dj ksid j;a
f wNsfhda.j,g ,lajk wdldrh;a"
wkdrCIs; fi!LH .egj,g uqyqK fok
wdldrh;a b;sydih mqrd l;sldjkag
nka we;' tfukau lDIsldl
fkdjk wfkl=;a fCIa;%j, o /lshd
lrk m%;sY;fhka ishhg 50'9 u ^50'9]&
wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd lrkakjqka h'
38
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
fuu fCIa;%fha kqmqyqKq Y%lhka fukau

whs;slrejka" l<ukdlrejka" fukau
mqyqKq Ys,amSh Y%lfhda o ia;S% mqreI
fomdYajfhka u is;s' fuu fCIa;%fha
kqmqyqKq yd iq fiajlhska jYfhka jev
lrk m%udKh Yd,h' 2011 jif jd;d
we;s 1691918l m%udKfhka nyq;rh"
tk 1048622l m%udKh ia;S%ka h'
wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd lrk ia;S% mqreI
nyq;rfha fmd m%Yakh Tjqkaf.a /lshd
iqrCIs; fkduhs' iuyr g nyq;rh
tfkod Wmhk foa u; hefma' ld,.=Kh
fyda iajNdl fjkialj,g mjd
Tjqkaf.a tfkod hemSug wNsfhda. l<
yelsh' Ydl fyda udkqISh fyda fi!LH
fyda .egj,g msysgla ke;' /lshd
wjodku ksid uqyqK fok .egj,g
o i ke;' /lshd l< fkdyels jQ
;;a;ajhg m;a jQ g ,efnk Y%du jegqma
fyda w: idOl wruqo,la fyda ke;'
rdcH wxYfha uey;a u iys;j
/lshd W;amdokh we;s fCIa;%j,
Y%u yuqodjka o fujeks wksYa; yd
wjodk ;;a;ajhlg uqyK isu
i,ld ne,sh hq;=h' thska Yd, u
wu;a Y%u yuqodjla jk foaY.;j
.Dy fiajh lrk .DyKshka" ia;S%ka u
ksid u uqyqK fok wNsfhda.hka iudch
;=< b;d u m%n, f,i l;sldjg nka
we;' fndfyda g wvq idCIr;djhlska
o hq;= fuu Y%u yuqodj rf m%Odk;u
foaY ksuh Wmhkakka f,i yqjd
laf' tu wodhu miq.sh jif remsh,a
,shk 6la nj wh jeh bm;a lsf
o jd;d h' tu wodhu ,shk 10 olajd
je lsug lghq;= lrk njg mqridr
fovqj o fYaI jYfhka tu wdodhf
m%n, u odhlhka we;s foaY.; ia;S%
Y%lhkaf.a ;j,ska jka f.jkakg
mjd isjk .eg iug rchla iska
uey;a ula is jkafka ke;'
Tjqkaf.a wdrCIdj fjkqfjkaj;a

rchka w;r iuq;Ska we;s lr
.ekSug YS% ,xldj lghq;= fkdlsf
fkdie,ls,su;a nj miq.sh ld,h mqrd
l;sldjg .ekqKs' fYaIfhka .Dy
fialdjkaf.a /lshd iqrCIs;Ndjh
fyda u;aNdjh ms<sn| lsis j.lSula
fkdrej o" rgg foaY ksuh Wmhk
fuu Y%u yuqodj Yd, lr .ekSug
muKla is;Su lK.dgqodhlh'
ydmq;=kaf.a nrm;, ysyerj,g ,la
meKs ia;S%ka inkaOfhka wkdjrKh
" >d;k yd 2013 jif ckjd ui
is jQ idkd k*Sla k nd, jhialdr
.Dy fialdj Ihd kS;sh hgf;a ysi
.id >d;kh lsu jeks is yryd
fuu Y%u yuqodj inkaOfhka" rchla
jYfhka olajk fkdie,ls,a, fia
fodaIdfrdamKhg ,la h' tu ia;S%ka ;ks
;ks mqoa.,hka jYfhka ;u wu;a
/lshdj ksid uqyqK fok wNsfhda.hka
.ek jka jr l;sld u;= hgm;a
hhs' ta fjkqfjka wjYHfhka u is h
hq;= rcfha j. fjkqjg ia;S%kaf.a
;SrK .ekSf whs;sh W,a,x>Kh
lrka" im%odhslj ork mjqf,a j.lSu
weh u; wksjdh lrk a" miq.sh od
kj pl%f,aLkhla foaY fiajd kshqla;s
ldhdxYfha iNdm;sjrhdf.a w;aikska
ksl=;a lr we;' ta wkqj .Dy fiajhg
fyda ueo fmr. /lshd i|yd hk
jdyl ia;S%ka ;u iehdf.a leue;a;
,nd .; hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajhka
hym;a lsug wjYH fldkafoais
mkjka wod, rgj,a iu tl;d
we;s lr .ekSu fjkqfjka l< hq;= oE
;sh ia;S%kaf.a ;SrK .ekSf yelshdj
mskaf.a leue;af;a iSudjg ,>q lrk
idm%odhsl m%;sm;a;s f.k tau" mh
nrjdhg ms lr fnfy;a neuls' tu
fCIa;%fha ia;S%kaf.a wNsfhda. fjku l;d
l< hq;= ud;Dldjla ;rug nrm;,h'
iqNd ,aydks
wu;a Y%u n,ldfha ldka;d odhl;ajh
lemS fmfkk" fl,skau uy ckhd iu
inkaO jk ;j;a fCIa;% lsysmhla f
jk g jOkh we;s nj iudch foi
uiq weiska n,k flfkl=g meye,s
f' iq jHdmdr yd wf, lghq;= i|yd
iudch bhg meK isk ia;S%ka ta
w;r lemS fmfka' tla w;lska rdcH
wxYfha odhl;ajh iys;j is jk
f,d;/hs jHdmdrh bka tlls' flfkl=g
isf;kafka j.lSula iys; rdcH wdh;k
Yd, wdodh Wmhk jHdmdr jYfhka
lr f.k hk fuu f,d;/hs wf,
lsu miqmi /lshd iqrCIs;Ndjhla we;s
njhs' ck;dj f,d;/hs , .kakd
;rug yd , .ekSug ck;djg ug
niskakg yels jk ;dla muKla tu
/lshdj iqrCIs;h' bka ndysr lsis
j.ula tu rdcH wdh;k iska orkafka
ke;' kuq;a tu f,d;/hs jHdmdrh
;=< ia;S%ka je jefhka fhduq isu
fYaIhls'
w. k.rh jk fld<U m%foaYfha wf,
l= mj;ajd f.k hk ia;S%ka Yd,
jYfhka olakg we;s w;r fjk;a
2013 2 l,dmh weh
39
kd.l m%foaYj, o ia;S% odhl;ajh

olskakg we;' fYaIfhka Tjqkag
ck;dj .ejfik ia:dkj, ke;fyd;a
k.rdYs%;j ;u wf, lghq;= lsug is
f' f,d;/hs wf, lrka ;u mjq,
f.dv k.kakg fjfyfik
ia;S%kaf.ka wmf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQ
iuyre r neyer m%foaYj,ska meK
wf, ksfhda;hl= hgf;a wf, l=
mj;ajd f.k hkakjqka h'
kqf.af.dv yhsf,j,a mdf wf,
l=hl lghq;= lrk fma%u,;d ^45&
uy;ah tjeks flfkls' weh ud;r
ia;s%lalfha .udkhlska meKs wfhls'
weh orejka fofofkl= iys; ish mjqf,a
wdlhg Wr fokakg r neyer isg
fld<U k.rhg meK
f,d;/hs wf,fha fhfokafka .
m%foaYfha k.rdY%s;j jqj;a t;r
wdodhula ,nkakg yelshdjla fkdue;s
ksidh' wf,lrejka je jqjfyd;a
ck.ykh wvq m%foaYj, wdodhu wvq
ug fya;= f' tfyhska weh fld<U
inkaO;djla yryd wf, l=hla ,nd
f.k we;' wf, ksfhda;jrhdf.ka
,nd .kakd f,d;/hs m;aj,ska tkg
ksh; ish,a, Tjqka iska wf, l<
hq;=h' jIdj" mdrj, isjk Woaf>daIK"
fm<md,s fyda l,n," nia jck"
mdrj,a jeiSu wdh ksid f,d;/hs m;a
ish,a, wf, fkdjqK o uqM m%udKh
;uka iska w;ska f.h hq;=h' ;ud
idudkHfhka wf, lrk f,d;/hs m;a
m%udKh wf< ksfhda;hdf.ka ,nd
.;a miq we;s jk by; lS wdldrfha yis
;;a;ajhka ksid k fol ;=kl wdodhu
jqj;a wmf;a ykakg is jk wjia:d
Wodf' wf, fkd b;s jQ l
m;aj,g iq fyda kqula ;snqKfyd;a
th hlsis iykhls' tfy;a l Yd,
jYfhka b;s jQ tla wjia:djlj;a"
ta i|yd wdmiq f.h hq;= uqo,a mshjd
.kakg ;r kq tu lm;a
40
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
f.dkafka ;s ke;' wf, ksfhda;hl=

hgf;a wf, lrk fyhska wehg wf,
lrk tl f,d;/hs m;lska ,efnk uqo,
remsh,a folls'
tu jHdmdrh u lrk we;=,a fldaf
iqNd ,aydks n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ
wdldrhg tu jD;a;shg je we;'
f,d;/hs tackaislrefjla yg lghq;=
lf<a wef.a iehd h' weh Wiia fm<
iu;a" .KldlrK maf,daudj lr"
/lshdjla o lrka is ;reKshls'
.d,a, m%foaYfha flfkl= jQ weh
/lshdj w;ayer" jdy meKs miq
ta jk g;a ;rul wikSmfhka is
iehdf.a frda.h je we;' iakdhq
inkaO wdndOhla neka Tyqg
f,d;/hs l=fha isu wmyiq we;'
tfyhska wehg ;u mjq, fjkqfjka
tu /lshdj lrkakg is we;' l=vd
orejl= o isk weh mdkaor wj
ksjfia lghq;= ksujd Wfoa 7 muK jk
g f,d;/hs l=h jD; l< hq;=h'
iji 6 olajd / ish hq;=h' ke;sk
.Kqfokqlrejka w; yef' Tjqka
f,d;/hs ksfhda;hl= f,i lghq;=
lrk neka tla l m;lska remsh,a
3'50 wdodhula ,ef' ish,a, wf, lr
.; yels jqfjd;a ojilg remsh,a 2500la
muK wdodhula ,nd .; yelsh' tfy;a
by; lS ldka;dj m%ldY l< yis wjia:d
ish,a, wehg o fmdh' tg ,nd .;a
wdodhu o tu mdvqj ulkakg f.jkakg
is f' tjeks wNsfhda. tfia ;sh"
oji mqrd mdf isg wdYajdi lrk u"
,s ksid weh fi frda.shl= njg m;a
fldg we;' tmuKla fkdj iuyreka
jxpd lrkakg lrk W;aidyhka .ek
wjOdkfhka isug o is f' l
/f.k uqo,a fkdf.jd wu;l jQjd
fia hkakg W;aidy u" l m;a
fol ;=kla tlg ;nd lvd f.k tlla
jYfhka uqo,a f.ug W;aidy lsu
w;orejd o iu f,d;/hs wf,

lrk wkqrdOmqrfha ujla
jeks lghq;= lrk wh .eko w;alS

wehg we;' tajd ia;s%hl ksid ;uka
f,fyisfhka /jug yels hehs is;d
iuyre lrk W;aidyhka h yels nj
o wef.a woyihs' tu /lshdj u lrk
wkqrdOmqr ;reK ia;s%hla tu lghq;af;a
fhfokafka jirla muK jk ;u w;
orejd o iuh' r;akmqr m%foaYfha
flfkl= jQ weh iehd iy orejd iu
wkqrdOmqrfha l=,S ldurhl j;a f'
mjqf,a wdlh fjkqfjka ;u iehdg
Wo l< hq;= ksid weh tu Ialr ls%hdj
lrk nj lshhs' jdyk .ukd.ukh
je k.rdY%s; jD; mirhl tjeks
w; orejl= oyj,a ld,h mqrd ;nd f.k
isu .ek wehg t;r jegySula ;snQ
njla o fkdyesK' l m;lska wehg
remsh,a 2'50la ,ef' flfia fj;;a tu
ish wNsfhda. weh ord iskafka mjqf,a
wdlhg odhl ug we;s wIaGdkh
;=<skah' Tjqkaf.a wfkl=;a wNsfhda.
fudkjdhs Tjqka ms<sn| imQK
iCIKhlska f;are .; yelsh'
tA tA m%foaY wdYs%;j rcfha uey;a fuka
is jk ixjOk ls%hdj,sh o" l=vd
jHdmdr yd iajhx /lshd lrk iuyr
ia;S%ka j;udkfha uqyqK fok wNsfhda.
hla njg m;a we;' tfia we;af;a
Tjqkag yqre mqre ia:dkj,ska bj;a
jkakg is u ksid .kqfokqlrejka
w;a yefrk ksidh' udfj," lsUq,dj,

m%foaYh yd ta wdYs%;j is we;s
ixjOk lghq;= ksid lEu yd fjk;a
foaj,a wf, lsf fhK whg ta
fjkqjg wf, l= ,e we;;a wf,h
wvq we;af;a" mqre .kqfokqlrejka
t;r rla f.jd fkdtk ksidh' wf<
l= iys; fjku fldgila Tjqkg
YS% chjOkmqr frday,g hk udjf;a
fjka lr we;' ;,m;amsh m%foaYfha
mdr woaor mj;ajd f.k .sh lEu
lr;a;fhka b;d u fyd| wdodhula
,enqK;a kj ia:dkfhka tfkod
hou msuid .ekSug muKla
wdodhula ,efnk nj tys lEu lvhla
lrk pdkaokSf.a ^33& woyih' tjeks
mdrl tfkod .kqfokqlrejka wvq
we;s nj;a jdykj,ska hk wh mqre
jqjfyd;a id:l h yels njla wehf.a
Yajdihhs' tfukau w;ska ,nd ka
fjf<| l= wdYS%;j c, myiql ,nd
.ekSug l%uhla ke;'
wkqrdOmqr m%foaYfha mQcd k.rfha mQcH
ia:dk yd ft;sydisl ia:dk wdYs%;j u,a
fjf<|du" is;=re NdKav yd lEu u
fjf<odf fhfok ia;%S jHdmdlhka
miq.sh ld,fha je we;' iuyr g
fuu jHdmdr lghq;=j, Tjqka kshe,S
we;af;a ;u iehd fjk;a iq llre
fyda jevl fhfok kuq;a mjqf,a
wdlh tuska lsisfia;a fkdif|k
neKs' iuyre iehd ish o mjqf,a
ish wdl j.lS nr ord is;s'
iuyre iehd fkdue;s jekaoUqjka
h' Tjqkg;a mirh iqkaor lsu yd
ixjOkh f;aud lr f.k is jQ yd
is jkakg ksh; ixjOk lghq;=
ksid wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fokakg is
we;af;a ck;dj .ejfik ia:dkj,ska
msg;g hkakg is we;s ksidh' ia;S%ka
ksidu fmdf iudch ;=< uqyqK fok
wNsfhda.j,g Tjqkg o uqyqK fokakg
2013 2 l,dmh weh
41
is f' tajdg Yla;sfhka uqyqK

wNsfhda. ch.kakg TjqyQ W;aidy .ks;s'
fr jHdmdrh i|yd b;d u m%isoaO
muqKqj m%foaYfha fr len,s wf,
lrk ia;s%hla ls%hd lrk wdldrh" ia;s%hla
u ksid u we;s h yels wjodfuka
wdrCIdld u i|yd .kakd W;aidyhg
WodyrKhls'
iq jHdmdl ia;s%hl jYfhka
fYaIfhka mqreIhskaf.a wjOdkfhka
wE;a isug weh .kakd mshjr
fy<sor fkdl< hq;=h' wehf.a ku o
tfyhska fy<sor fkdl< hq;=h' kuq;a
;hg uqyqK fokakg ;u ldj lr
f.k hk ia;S%ka uqyqK fok wNsfhda. yd
tajd i|yd Tjqka Nd; lrk wdrCIdld
Wml%u uska fmkakq lrkafka iudch
;=< ia;S%ka flfrys we;s wdl,amj,ska
Tjqka fld;r mSvd kjd o hkakh'
fYaIfhka ia;S%ka myiq ,sx.sl f.dre
lr .ekSug is;k ms udkisl;ajh"
Tjqka rjgd wdl jdis ,nd .ekSug
W;aidy lrk mskaf.a wdl,am wdh
.ek jegySula tuska ,nd .; yelsh'
tjeks ;;a;ajhla iudch ;=< we;s nj
f;are .;a ia;S%ka tu wNsfhda.j,g
uqyqK fokakg Wml%u Nd;d lrk
wdldrh o thska meye,sh'
Wml%YS,Sj ;hg uqyqK fok

iq jHdmdl ia;%shla
42
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
wef.a iehd h f.dia jir 16la .;

we;;a weh ;u jHdmdl mirh ;=<
fmkS iskafka jdyl ia;s%hla jYfhks'
tfukau ;j rg;a wdrCId ug is;d"
Tyq yuqodf fiajh lrkakl= nj o
l;djg tk ldg;a mjid we;' r neyer
fiajh ksid Tyqg wef.a lghq;= .ek
n,kakg lsis wjia:djla ke;s nj mjid
we;' th wkjYH ys;j;al mj;ajkakg
tk wh j<lajk Wml%uhla f,i id:l
we;s nj wef.a woyih' lmd bj;a
lrk fr lene,s lsf,da .Kkg l=Kk
jHdmdrh id:lj flfrk muqKqj
m%foaYfha lv ldurhla mj;ajd f.k
hk ;ks .eyeKshla jk weh" ;S% ,j,
mgjd tajd f.k tkafka lgqkdhl
m%foaYfhks' ;u iehd h hk g nd,
orejdg wjqre 2la muK jqj o weh ;u
ffOhfhka Tjqka fofokdg W.kajd f
jk g Tjqka o idudkH
/lshd lrk ;;a;ajhg m;a fldg we;'
kuq;a Tjqkaf.a jdy lghq;= iy jf.a
oEje lghq;= .ek o ie,iq lrka weh
b;d wflfhka lghq;= lrhs' wjqre
45la muK jhie;s Yla;su;a" ksfrda.S
fmkqulska yd lir njlska o hq;=
weh" iq jHdmdlhka nyq, ckdlSK
mirhl udkisl mSvdj,ska wE;aj"
;u lghq;= lr f.k hkafka ;;a;ajh
f;are .;a ie,iq iy.; ls%hd ud.
.ekSu ksidh' jHdmdl lghq;=j,
;ks .eyeKshla jYfhka lghq;= lroa
wdrNfha u ,;a w;alS Tiafia weh
tu wNsfhda.j,ska .e,fjkakg Wml%u
fidhd f.k we;' kuq;a ;ud yuqodf
flfkl= iu jdy isk ia;s%hla
nj mejiSu u ia;S%ka Ydl jYfhka
yd wdl jYfhka f.dre lr .kakg
udk n,k ms iudchg wyl n,kakg
ldrKdjla fkdf' kuq;a ;u ldhh
.ek fl,ska l;d fldg" fm!oa.,sl
lsis ia;r l;djlg ys;j;a fkd
ud.h m,,a lsug iQodkula we;s

njg we;s wdrxhhs' mdr m,,a lrkakg
lghq;= lrk nj kq we;;a ;ukaf.a
lv ldur mj;ajd f.k hkafka
flfiahs kq ula fkdue;s fyhska
TjQyQ wkd.;h .ek hlska o is;s'
fuh Yd, .Kkla /l .kakd
wu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd Yd,
m%udKhla o iys; cd;sl ugf m%isoaO
jHdmdl ia:dkhla neka lefvk
lsUq,dj, pdkaokS lv ldur fjkqjg bvla ,efhehs
Yajdihla o Tjqka w;r mj;S' kuq;a
idudkHfhka is jkakd fia
;ud wdrCIdldj lghq;= lr f.k hk
.kqfokqlrejka u ye" jHdmdr |
nj weh mjik w;r weh imQKfhka
jefgk ia:dkhla ,effoda hk ielh o
wdrCIs; njla o fkdyefa' flfia
we;'
jqj;a fuu l;dj yryd meye,s
jkafka fujeks fCIa;%j, ia;S%ka uqyqK
;j;a Odldr jQ wu;a /lshd
fok wNsfhda.j, iajNdjh yd ia;S%kag
fCIa;%j, ia;S%ka kshef,k nj ienEh'
tajdhska wdrCId ug is we;af;a
Wml%uYS,S u yryd njhs' th wehg ;ud iuyr fCIa;% fYaI jYfhka Ydl
jYfhka iDcqj fkdjqK;a udkisl
leue;s /lshdjla lsug ,enqKq ksoyia
jYfhka ysyerj,g ,lajk tajdh'
jd;djrKhla fkdf'
/lshd /l .ekSu ish,a,g jvd wjYH
neka tajd | f.k fiajh lrkakg
jev lrk ia;S%kag fujeks ;;a;ajhkg
Tjqkg is ;sf' wu;aNdjh ksid
uqyqK fokakg is jkafka wu;a
u /lshdj ;ukaf.a ;h iu flaj,a
fCIa;%fha /lshd lroa muKla fkdf'
lrkakg fhdod .kakd mqj;a wm kE
kuq;a wu;a fCIa;%fha is jk
;r wid we;' jD;a;Sh whs;sjdisl
widOdrKl wlghq;=lj,g i
,nd .ekSug .; yels ls%hd ud. w,amh' fjkqfjka ixOdk .; ula fkdue;s
fyhska fiajhg i,k jegqma fyda
fndfyda g ;ksj uqyqK fokakg is
myiql i|yd wr., l< fkdyelsh'
f' wdh;k ugf ixOdk.; ls%hd
ia;S%ka fyda fjd" mqreIhska fyda fjd /
ud. .kakg yelshdj ke;' jD;a;Sh
lshd iqrCIs;Ndjh b;d wvqh' ia;S%ka u
ls%hd ud. .ekSu i|yd tjeks jD;a;Sh
ksid u mskag jvd wvq jegqma iuyr
ix. wu;a fCIa;%j, ke;' tfyhska
wu;a /lshdj, ia;S%kag ,ef'
u fYaIfhka ia;S% Y%lhka ia;S%ka u
ksid u uqyqK fok wNsfhda. fuys m%uqL wu;a fCIa;%fha jev lrk ia;S%ka
fYaIfhka uqyqK fok wNsfhda. .ek
f'
l;d lrk g fYaIfhka ia;S%ka flfrys
muqKqj m%foaYfha ia;S%ka muKla fkdj
we;s w.;s.d wdl,am fjkia f
ish fokd f jk g wksYa;j
wjYH;dj m%uqLj u;= f'
isk ;j;a ldrKhla wkdjrKh h'
igyk iy PdhdrEm
tk b;d ckdlSK kuq;a ieneka
iS;d rxckS
u b;d u mgq muqKqj lv ldur w;r
2013 2 l,dmh weh
43
ksoyia fj<|
l,dmj, h jk
llre
ia;%S Y%uh
;=
kajk f,dalfha rgj,a fndfyduhla

ish ixjOkh lrd .uka lsf
Wmdh ud.hla jYfhka wmkhk
ieliq l,dm msysgqjk ,' YS% ,xldj
1970 oYlh jk g oreKq wdl
lvd jeulg uqyqK ka w;r 1977
jk g /lshd hqla; msi 10"000"00
wl h ^vd" 1997& tneka tu
/lshd hqla;shg ms<sh f,i Y%S ,xldf
o 1978 m%:u wmkhk ieliq l,dmh
lgqkdhlska wdrN h wdfhdaclhska
.kajk > ld,Sk yd fl
ld,Sk n iyk" ,dN Y%uh" ish
h;, myiql yd kS;suh jYfhka
wdfhdaclhska wdrlaId flfrk jgdmsgdj
tjlg mej;s rchka iska ilid u
ksid f,dalfha oejeka; fj<| iud.
,xldf ish wdfhdackhka lsu i|yd
we wdy jD; wdl m%;sm;a;s l,t<s
neiSf m%;sM,hla f,i lDIsludka;h
lvd jegqKq ksid ie;mq ish .Kka
wE; msir .udkj, ;reK ia;S%kag
44
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
i;shlg meh 50 g
"jvd
jev lsu ksid
yDo frda. we;sf
wjodku by< hk
nj fmfka'
"
we. ludka;h ;=< /lshd wjia:d

iq,n h' tfia meKs whf.ka nyq;rh
jhi wjqre 18-35 w;r ;reK ia;S%ka jQ
w;r" w'fmd'i' id$fm< 59] o w'fmd'i'
W$fm< 19] la jQy' ^we fCIa;%fha
llre whs;sjdisl i|yd jQ jHdmdrh
- ALaRM 2005& fjk;a m%foaYhlg
ixl%uKh /lshdj lsug isu ;=<
fkajdisl ug isj we;s ksid Tjqkag
ziejqKq hoZ mjd oeug is we;
^ffoksl ho" w;yer ouk ,o f;k
fyda m%;s,dN" udkj ixjOk msjeh"
jev fmdf<a yd m%cdf ks;r u
,sx.sl w;jr j,g fyda m%pKav;ajhg

mjd uqyqK fok ia;S%kaf.a iudk;ajhg
yd iajhx .re;ajhg jk n,mEu
iejqKq ho f,i ie,fla'
(ALaRM-2005) fuu ixl%uKh u ksid
m%foaYfha isk m%cdjf.a ,sx.sl wkqmd;h
imQKfhka u fjkilg Ndckh u
o" iS; m%foaYhla ;=< wl ck.yKhla
flaka.; u o ksid Wm ixialD;Ska
ysj ;su o fYaI ,laIKhls
f jk g ksoyia fj<| l,dmhkayS
/lshd wenE;= 30"000 lg wdikak
m%udKhla ykdf.k we;s w;r jhi
wjqre 16-17 ,dnd, fialdjka ioyd o
/lshd wjia:dj ,nd f m%jK;djla
Wod we;'
jir 30 lau hqouh jd;djrKhlg
uqyqKq ka W;=re-kef.kysr o, ia;S%ka
o f jkg ksoyia fj<| l,dmj,
fiajh lsu i|yd meK ;su fYaI
,laIKhla jk w;r ixialD;sl" wdl"
iudcuh .egj,g uqyqK mEug Tjqkag
isj we;' iuyr wdh;k Tjqkaf.a jegqma
m;%sldj mjd o, NdIdfjka ,nd ug
lghq;= fkdlsu lK.dgqjg lreKls'
fr ms<s" we" bf,lafg%dksl yd
,s WmlrK" ieliQ f,day" m%jdyk
WmlrK" mdjyka" uqK yd lvodis
ksIamdok" ridhksl ksIamdok" iNdKav
jeks ksIamdokhka ksoyia fj<| l,dm
;=< ksmofjk w;r wdishdf wfkl=;a
rgj,g idfmalaIj ,xldf ksoyia
fj<| l,dmj, we lafIa;%h i|yd
je bvlvla fjka we;' wfkla
rgj,g idfmalaIj tajd .=Kd;aul
w;ska o by< ugula .kS' ta ;=<ska Y%S
,xld wdlhg jdIslj ie,lsh hq;=
m%udKfha foaY ksuh wkqmd;hla ,nd
fok w;r 2012 jIh jkg th 40'8]
ls' ^fvd, ,shk 3911ls'& ^Y%S ,xld uy
nexl= jd;dj - 2012&
jir 30 lau hqouh

jd;djrKhlg uqyqKq ka
W;=re-kef.kysr o,
ia;%Ska o f jkg ksoyia
fj<| l,dmj, fiajh
lsu i|yd meK ;su
fYaI ,laIKhla jk
w;r ixialD;sl" wdl"
iudcuh .egj,g uqyqK
mEug Tjqkag isj we;'
iuyr wdh;k Tjqkaf.a
jegqma m;%sldj mjd o,
NdIdfjka ,nd ug lghq;=
fkdlsu lK.dgqjg
lreKls'
lgqkdhl" h.u" fld.a., hk m%Odk
ksoyia fj<| l,dm ;=< ludka;
Yd,dj,ska nyq;rh msysgqjd ;sf' g
wu;rj wdfhdack uKav,hg wh;a
ldl ckmoj, yd msg; ia;%slal
lsysmhl o ludka; Yd,d msysgd we;'
ludka; Yd,d m%udKh 270 - 300 w;r
m%udKhls'
jegqma ;;a;ajhka (
Y%S ,xldf wju jegqma ;SrKh jkqfha
m md,l iNd wd{d mk;g wkqj
wod, m md,l iNdj u.ska .kq ,nk
2013 2 l,dmh weh
45
tl;d u;h' ^g wu;rj h iqfYaIs

wjia:d jk yis kS;s fr.=,dis fyda wh
jeh iyk ukd jeks l%shdud. u.ska
jegqma jeug mqjk&
g wu;rj wdfhdack uKav,h hgf;a
mj;sk ludka; Yd,d fiajlhska i|yd
jdIslj jegqma je lsula lrkq ,nhs'
tA wkqj 2013 jir wh-jeh iyk oSukdj
o we;=j we. fCIa;%fha kshq;=
llrefjl=f.a udisl wju jegqm
re' 9"625 ls fuu.ska wkdjrKh lr.;
yelafla klg meh 08l fiajd ld,hla
iys; k 30l ;h f.khdu i|yd
llrefjl=g klg Wmhd.; yelafla
re' 300 isg re' 363 w;r uqo,la njhs'
th rdcH wxYfha fiajlfhl=f.a jegqm
yd ikaikaokh lrk g b;d wvq
jegqmls' Tjqyq wh-jeh iyk ukdj
yd jk ho ukdj iu re 20"839
jegqmlg ysl lsh;s'
we. flaIa;%fha kshq;= llre ia;S%yq
fuu fiajh ;=< fkdfhl=la iejqKq
ho or;s' f ish,a, ie,ls,a,g
.kska fiajhg ksYa; jQ meh 8l
fiajd ld,h i|yd j;a ug i,k
jegqm jYfhka remsh,a 12"504'23 w.hla
2005 jif ALaRM is lrk ,o
ilaIKhlska bm;a lrk ,' fuu
w.h 2013 jIh wjidkfha jk ho
oYlhg .e,mSfuka miqj o< jYfhka
remsh,a 27"940la muK f' kuq;a fuu
jegqm fj<| l,dm llre m%cdj
fjkqfjka ls%hd;aul fkdf'
wvq jegqma ksid wu;r fiajd ld,hla (
;ukag ,efnk jegqfmka 60] g je
m%udKhla ;u ffoksl ho i|yd
jeh lsug is we;s neka wfkl=;a
wjYH;d fjkqfjka Tjqkag wksjdfhka
u w;sld, jev l< hq;=j we;' th
klg tl .g meh 12- 16 olajd o
46
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
h yelsh' tfukau i;s wka; ksjdvq

khka o jev lrk k njg m;afuka
fl ld,hla wysj we;' kuq;a wju
uQ,sl wjYH;djka bgq lr .ekSug je
meh .Kkla fiajh l< hq;=j we;'
uQ,sl jegqm wju ;;a;ajhl mj;sk
ksid o w;sld," meKsSf ukd" b,lal
ukd" fiajd .eka yd wfkl=;a
ukdjkaf.ka hq;= jegqmla i|yd Tjqyq
fjfyfi;s' fufia flhla fkd,nd
u k 30 u fiajh lsfuka muKla
Tjqkag hdka;ka ish wju uQ,sl
wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug yels f'
w;sld, fiajd fkd,efnk wjia:dj,
;u fiajd ld,h" jHjia:dms; yslj,
/ljrKh .ek mjd fkdis;d fjk;a
wdh;k fj; wehdug Tjqka fjfyi
orkafka uQ,sl jegqfmka muKla j;a
h fkdyels ksidh'
jev lrk meh .Kk fi!LH flfrys
we;s lrk n,mEu cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh - 2003
i;shlg meh 48 la blaujd ks;sm;d
jev lsu ie,lsh hq;= wdldrfha
jD;a;Sh fjfyilr ;;a;ajhlg fya;=
f' /lshd ;Dma;sh wvqfldg wfkl=;a
wd;;Ska ys n,mE je lrhs' ta
wkqj udkisl .eg ms<sn| wjodku
ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< kxjhs'
i;shlg meh 60 g jvd tl .g
jev lsu iy iuyr g i;shlg
meh 50 g jvd jev lsu ksid yDo
frda. we;sf wjodku by< hk nj
fmfka'
mqoa., wdl,am yd .eka" jev
lsfuka we;s jk fjfyig we;sjk
m%;spdrh fjkia lsug fya;=jk
nj fmfkk kuq;a tajd fyda ufkda
oHd;aul m%;spdrj, fjkia"
.=ld,Sk fi!LH wjodk wvq

lrkafka o hkak ;ju;a m%udKj;a
m mlaIdjg ,la ke;'
fi!LHhg wys;lr Ydl frda.
,laIK" mdkh jeu iy wydr
wreh yd wl%uj;a f,i wdydr
.ekSu jeks phduh wdndO we;sf
m%jk;djh" .= meh .Kka jev lsu
ksid we;sjk nj fmkS f.dia we;'
i;shlg meh 50 blaujd jev lsug
isu mjq,a inkaO;d flfrys
wys;lr f,i n,mdk nj iuyr
fiajlhska jd;d lr ;sf'
meh .Kka tl .g > f,i jev
lsu ksid l,a msug fmr ore Wm;a
isu" fmaIsj, yd wegj, wdndO by<
hEu isjk njg iSud iys; idOl
,e ;sf'
jev lrk meh .Kk lau ksid
fiajd ia:dkfha Ydl yd ridhksl
Wmjj,g jefhka ksrdjrKh
fuka we;sjk n,mE ms<sn| ksis
m mlaIK is ke;s w;r tA ms<sn|
;lafiarejla lsu o wjYH f'
fiajlhskaf.a fi!LH yd fmdaIKh (
jevqKq mqoa.,hl=yg klg le, 3000la
muK wjYH jqjo" fya;= lsysmhla u;
tu fmdaIK ;;a;ajhka fuu fCIa;%fha
Y%lhhska yg fkd,ef' Wmhk jegqma
iSudiys; ksid fmdaIHodhS wdydr f,la
,nd.; fkdyelsu" wl ld,hla
ludka;Yd,d ;=< / isug isu
ksid wdydr ilid .ekSug wjldY
fkdue;slu wd fya;+ka ksid TjQyq
fmdaIHodhS fkdjk wdydr rgdjkag
yqre is;s' fYaIfhka ksoyia fj<|
l,dmj, fiajfha kshq;= ixl%uKsl
llre ia;S%kaf.a fmdaIK ug msySu
ksid rla;ySk;dj" ukaofmdaIKh jeks
fi!LH .egj,g uqyqK mEug is

;sf' fuu ;;a;ajhka u; wkd.;fha
ujreka f,i fukau Tjqkaf.ka ysjk
mrmqrg o nrm;, fi!LH .eg we;sh
yelsh' 2009 llre fomd;fka;=j
iska ldl wdrCIdj ms<sn| jHdmD;sh
hgf;a lrk ,o mfhaIKfha fodia;r
kdkdhlalr uy;d mjid we;af;a
lgqkdhl fj<| l,dmfha
fialdjkaf.ka 62] rlalySk;djfhka
fmf<k njhs'
jD;a;Sh fi!LH (
fjk g rcfha j.lsjhq;= wdh;k
fyda fiajdfhdaclhska jD;a;Sh fi!LH
flfrys oe wjOdkhla fhduqlr
fkdue;' llrejka je ld,hla tlu
bhjlska jefvys fhu" oe f,i
Y%uh fhdojd jev l<;a" jeh jk Yla;s
m%udKhg idfmaCI Yla;s m%udKhla
Yrhg tl;= fkdu" ,s wdf,dalh
hgf;a jev lsu" ,s fyda frj,ska
msgjk ishq wxY= wdYajdi lsu ksid
Tjqkayg flld,Sk fyda > ld,Sk
jD;a;suh fi!LH .egj,g uqyqK
mEug ish yelsh fuf;la f ms<sn|j
oHd;aul mfhaIKhla is fkdue;'
j;a jk jgdmsgdj (
ksoyia fj<| l,dm wdrN lr
jir 35lg wdikak ld,hla .;jqj
o" fuu m%foaYhkays fiajlhska j;a
jk jgdmsgdjka ;=< h;, myiql
je hqKq lsu ms<sn|j wdfhdack
uKav,h fyda rch fyda wod, mmd,k
wdh;khka fyda m%udKj;a ie,ls,a,la
fjk f;la fhduqlr fkdue;'
wdfhdaclhskayg ish ludka; mj;ajd
f.k hdu i|yd wjYH ish myiql
iemhSug muKla j.lsj hq;= wdh;k f
olajd lghq;= lr we;'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
47
iy fmd ia:dkj, ;a w;jrhkag

,laug isfjhs' fuu fialdjka m;aj
we;s wdidOdrK ;;a;ajhkaf.ka
m%fhdack .kakkaf.ka o wvqjla
fkdue;' iudc wdrCIdj" wdorh" jdyh
.ek fmdfrdka we;s lr .kakd
jHdc inkaOlj, m%;sM,h jkafka
kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk .id ls yd
tajdfha m%;sM, f,i ;j,ska o jka
f.ug isuhs'
jD;a;Sh i;shla
f.dvkd .; yelsk
fiajl fialdjkag
ta yryd flaj,a fldg
;u jegqma yd wfkl=;a
whs;sjdisl ;yjqre lr
.ekSug;a ;u ;j,
yd jD;a;Sh f.!rjh
wdrCId lr .ekSug;a
yelshdj ,ef'
llre ia;S%kag f jk g;a iudc

wdrCIdj" mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj" m%cd fi!LH"
mdkSh c,h we;= c, m%Yak" m%jdyk
myiql" m%;s.; kjd;eka myiql wd
jQ wfkal O fmd .egj,g uqyqK ug
is ;sf' ixl%uKsl fiajlhka u
ksid m%foaYfha Pkao ysl ,e ke;'
tksid wdmod wjia:djkays mjd m%dfoaYSh
foaYmd,lhkaf.a o wjOdkhla fuu
fiajlhska flf fhduqjkafka
ke;'
/lshdjg we;s iudc ms<s.ekSu (
fj<| l,dmj, fiajh lrk llre
ia;S%kag ksis iudc f.!rjhla fkd,eu
ksidfjka Tjqkag jevu ;=<" uyu
48
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
ixOdkh f ksoyi yd iduQysl

flaj,a lsf whs;sh (
jD;a;Sh i;shla f.dvkd .;
yelsk fiajl fialdjkag ta yryd
flaj,a fldg ;u jegqma yd wfkl=;a
whs;sjdisl ;yjqre lr .ekSug;a ;u
;j, yd jD;a;Sh f.!rjh wdrCId lr
.ekSug;a yelshdj ,ef' Y%S ,xldf
wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj" 1935 jD;a;Sh
i;s wd{d mk; iy ldl wdrjq,a
mkf;a 1999 - 56 ixfYdaOkh ;=<ska
ixOdk.; u ms<sn| kS;suh ikaoNh
m%ldYhg m;alr we;' ;jo cd;Hka;r
llre ixOdkfha iuq;s wxl 87 yd
98 ixOdkh f whs;sh yd iduQysl
flaj,a lsf m%{ma;Ska Y%S ,xld rch
iska w;aika ;nd ms<sf.k we;'
Y%S ,xldf we. ludka; Yd,d
uska O jQ hqfrdamSh yd weuldkq
.ekqlrejka i|yd ksIamdokhka is
lrkq ,nhs' f ksidfjka Tjqkaf.a
phd Ou moaO;Ska ls%hd;aul lsug
ne|S isk kuq;a" fndfyda wjia:djka
ys j;a ug i,k jegqma ixOdkh
f ksoyi wdh ksishdldrj ls%hd;aul
fkdf ;;a;ajhka we;' hqfrdamd yjq,
iska ,xldjg ,nd ;snQ GSP+ fj<|
iykh wys ug n,mE tla fya;=jla
jQfha fujeks uQ,sl llre whs;sjdisl
W,a,x>Kh uh' weuldkq GSP n
iykh ms<sn|j kej; i,ld ne,Sf o
fuu lreKq flfrys Tjqf.a wjOdkh

fhduq we;'
wdishdf Y%u n,ldfha iajNdjh
l=ula o@
miq.sh oYl lSmh ;=< f,dal we
ludka;fha ksIamdokhka W;=f isg
ol=Kg .uka lsfuka miq we
ksIamdokfha f.da,Sh iemhqoduh ;=<
wdishdkq l,dmh f jk g iqfYaIs
ia:dkhla njg m;a we;' f,dal we
ksIamdokfhka 60] je m%udKhlg
odhl;ajh imhkafka Y%S ,xldj" kh"
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2013 2 l,dmh weh
55
flfia fyda 19 jk ishjfia tk

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2013 2 l,dmh weh
57
hps://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/8.htm
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1'http://www.aflcio.org/Learn-About-Unions/International-LaborMovement
2.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/asian-womentrade-union-grunwick
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jQ l,S" fuu kj, udOHhka

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kaul idrdxYhhs' uls ms<sn|
udOH m%pdrKhla yisfha u lr<shg
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fya;+ka u; wdkafoda,kd;aul ;;a;ajh
hgm;a ula is we;s nj fuys
,d i|yka l< ukdh'& flfia jqj o
fuys wmf.a wruqK jkafka" tlS
isu .fIKh lsu fyda u lsj,
woa;Sh .=Kh ms<sn| jKkd lsu
fyda fkdf' j;auka uls m%jOk yd
m%pdrK jev ms<sfj, YS% ,dxflah jev
lrk ls ujrekayg n,mdkafka yd
jeo.;ajkafka flfia hs hkak uid
n,Su wfma wruqKh'
62
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
u lsj, wjYH;djh
fuf,dj jkd fndfyda foa ;ekS we;af;a
ysref.a rYafhka yd ujf.a lsj,
n,fhka hehs f,dj m%lg lshukls'
ksia Yrh yd fud,h jOkhg
wjYH fm%daka" foh" le," gka
j. fukau m%;sYla;slrK ix>gl
wka;.; neka" Wm;ska uq,a udi 6
;=< <orejl= i|yd ujf.a mshjqrej,ska
tfrk ls muKla m%udKj;ah' ^<ud
frda. fYaI{ ffjoH ik;a <udniQh"
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kuq;a yis wjia:djl tk uj h.sh
wjia:djl fyda ujf.ka tfrk ls
m%udKj;a fkdjk wjia:djl wdfoaYl

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fuys fyd|u l,amh ls fok
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2013'08'19& je rg;a i|yka f'
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iajdk rEmjdyskS fiajh" 2013'08'19&
tuska ls wvqfuka mSvd k
ujrekag i ,efnkq we;' f yer
ish uj <s|dg u ls f wjYH;dj
fydka jgyd .;a" ta i|yd ish j
idOlj,ska hq;a jev lrk lss ujla
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uiSu m%ia;+:fha jeo.;a f'
hk fya;=j ksid u we;e fm!oa.,sl

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jev lrk l;=ka i|yd m%iQ; ksjdvq
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kphdj werfUkafka idudkHfhka
whu 3 fyda 4 jeks mehl h'
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f,i fiajh lrkakshkg kS;Hdkql+,
jdyhlska ,efnk iEu i ore
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l imQK jegqma iys; ksjdvqjla" rcfha
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jegqma rys;j tjeks ;j;a k 84 l
ksjdvqjla ,nd.; yelsh' orejdg jirla
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mehla ls meh f,i ,nd.ekSug o yels
f' kuq" f ish jrm%idohka rdcH
wxYfha ks,Odkshka yd fialdjka
muKla u ,nd.kakd w;r" fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha jevlrk ls ujrekag
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muKla ,nd.ekSugh' orejka ,nd ksjdvq
wO rdcH wxYfha fiajdia:dk o" wdh;k

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m%iQ; ksjdvq uq,a k 84 ka u fl<jr
lrhs' nyq;r jev lrk ls ujreka
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fyd|u l,amh jQfha wdfoaYl <ore
ls ms Nd;hhs' Wla; lajQ lreKq
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g u;=jk wka;rdhldr ;;a;ajhka
fya;=fjka fujeks ujreka uqyqK
fokafka nrm;, udkisl mSvdjlgh'
fujeks miqul ffjoHjreka ,ndfok
iu ujg tfrk ls fodjd .nvd lr
miqj orejdg ,nd uhs'
jev lrk ls uj yd ls fou
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2 la i|yd bjq-msyq is lrk weh"
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k Tjqkaf.a lghq;= o bgq fldg oksmks
.d /lshdjg jf.dia rdcldh o bgq
fldg" ksjig <d jkafka we jefgk
18 meh o blaujd h' ^m'j'6'00& rd;S%
wdydrf, o fndfyda g ielfikafka
weh w;sks' ls orejl= ksjfia isk
l, ksjig meKs ieKska wehf.a
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ôrejd jd l, /l n,d .ekSu fjku
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<s|d o mshjqre ;=vq uqf r|jd .ekaug
u n,d is' tjeks gl ls Wrd ug
2013 2 l,dmh weh
63
i,iajk w;r" ls fou m%dfhda.slj

wmyiqh' id:l o fkdf' tmuKla
fkdj" lsish ksYa; ld, mrdihla ;=<
mshjqrej,ska ls bj;a fkdl<fyd;a"
lss ishdu is jk nj fkdryils'
tk" jd l, wju jYfhka fojrla
fyda f;jrla mshjqrej,ska ls bj;a lsu
fyda fodjd /f.k ;eu l< hq;=uh'
fuh is l< hq;af;a ldhd, fyda jev
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fiajdia:dkh ;=< u ls fou

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ls fodjd ;nd .ekSf myiql ,nd
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iajdk rEmjdyskS fiajh - 2013'08'19&
wo ldhd,fha fodjd.kakd ls" fyg
orejdf.a wdydr f, i|yd tl;= l<
yels nj wef.a woyihs' ieneka u"
ffjoHjrekaf.a tlS ksfoaYhka furg
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ia:dk wdY%s;j jd iq/l= uOHia:dk
hkak ld,hla ;siafia l;dnyg ,lajk"
tfy;a imQK fkdjQ wjYH;djhls'
j;auka ls fof wjYH;djh fyda
ldhd, wdYs%;j i|d .; yelshs
hkakg h wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekaug
lu ksoiqka lsysmhla fuys ,d i|yka
l< hq;=h'
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ims udOH wdh;khl fiajh l< ud tys
w;agq i;Hhh k ldka;d fl
ldur yqfola wxY m%OdkSkaf.ka .e,u
i|yd ksod .ekaug" flma ug"
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we ilid .ekSug muKla fhdod
.kakd ia;S% iudc Yd,djka njh' tys
64
weh 1 l,dmh 2013
ksial,xlh we;sj ls foug lsisfia;a

u iqiq mirhla ke;' flfkla meK
ls uo@" nnd fyd|g ls fndkjo@"
lss mrK jkafka ke;shs wika ujg
m%Yak je<la bm;a lrkq we;'
j;udkfha .=rejhl jYfhka rcfha
mdi,l fiajh lrk uu" .=re
fld.dr inkaOfhka f jk g;a
lgql ;;a;ajhka w;aols' ms" .eyeKq
tlg hdno jeisls<s msys" wdydr .ekSug
we;s fih jeisls<shg >Dcqj oYkh
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y;rjka u jD; mirhl we;s tjeks
fld.drhl isg Wkqka isref ymamd
.kska ;onoh ueo ls fou" is;Sug
o fkdyels nj ;rfha i|yka lr'
rdcH wxYj, w;aoelS iys;j" uu fuu
.egj rf ku.sh iqms myiql ims
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajh lrk ls fok
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;ekla ke;s tl ;uhs m%Yafk'
,ka rE tfla yeu;ek u lEu od,d
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tafla taa'iS' ;shd" *Eka tllaj;a kE'
odh fmrd f.k ls fodjkafka
fldfyduo@ wod, ksoYk bm;a
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yelafla meh 6 l ld,hla muKla
neka" ksjig hk ld,h f;la isis,a lr
;nd .ekSug YS;lrK myiql o tlah
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ffjoH fKql ch;siai

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mjikafka" furg u ls
l<ukdlrK tall frday,a
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<ud ffjoHjreka" fyhka
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rEmjdyskS fiajh - 2013'08'19&
u lss m%jOkh iEu ls
fok ujlg u tlfia jeo.;a
lreKla jk kuq;a" jev
lrk ls uj b,lal lr
.kska fuys h wxYhla
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,nd u hkak .egjla
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l;=ka orejka jeu mss<sn|j
iajhx jdrK mkjd f.k
we;s neKs' wOHdmkh" /lshdj fyda wdl

wmyiq;d fya;=fjka u jdy jk jhi l,aoud
.kakd YS% ,dxlsl ;reKshka u| ireNdjfhka o
mSvd ' iudcfhka .eyeKsh i|yd u t,a, lrk
j| .eyeKsh hk wOu idm%odhsl kskaodjg
we;s ,ePdj yd nh ksid u jfoka fmdfrka
tla orejl= fyda yslrkakg W;aidy ork weh"
wk;=rej uqyqK fokafka orejd /l n,d .ekSf
yd fmdaIKh lsf ûdi 6 la .;jk ;=re u ls
muKla ,ndu o we;=<;ah& .egj,gh'
fuu N+h md,kh lrk N+m;Ska" ksia
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h hq;af;a th rgl wkd.;h Wfoid jk neKs'
mjq,a l=gqNh fukau rf wdlh Wfoid Wr
fok furg jev lrk .eyeKsh iqrlskq jia jev
fyda ldhd, ugfuka h;a l< hq;= fndfyda
jev igyka w;rg u ls m%jOkh o tlalr
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2013 2 l,dmh weh
65
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/lshd fCIa;%j, ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha
odhl;ajh lemSfmfkk whqka by<
m%;sY;hlg .uka lr ;sf' 2002 isg
2010 olajd ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha je f
m%;sY;h" ms Y%u n,ldfha je f
m%;sY;hg jvd fo.=Khla muK f'
^ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd;fka;=j"
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ms<sn| jd;dj" W;=re$kef.kysr m<d;a
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lDIs ludka;h i|yd olajk ,o ia;S%
66
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odhl;ajh 9'8] lska my; niskq ,enQ

w;r im%odhsl /lshdjkaj,ska fjka jQ
ia;S%ka" wdl m%Yakj,ska u i|yd
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tys m%;sM,hla jQfha ldl ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh ;=< ia;S% Y%u iyNd.s;ajh 7] la
muK jOkh u h' 1977 ka miq we;s jQ
wdlh ,sys,a lsf ls%hdj,sfhka miq"
wmkhk Ydkq.; llrKhla ,xldj
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yels;r my;a ugul ;nd .ekSug
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Y%uhg fmr fkdjQ rE b,aula we;s h'
m%;sM,h jQfha ,xldf" ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha
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lrd fhduqu o" YS% ,xld wdlhg
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foaY fiajd kshqla;s ldhdxYh yryd

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.,a*a rgj, fiajh i|yd hk
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wej,ska ,efnk wdodhug f;jk
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ia;S%kaf.a wNs,dIh ;u mjq, kdisgqu
jqj o Tjqkaf.a bmehSj,ska Yd,
fldgila uug tf rcfha
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wNsjDoah we;su ks;ekska u isjkakls'
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odhl;ajh by< m%;sY;hl mj;S'
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ne,Sf ia;S% Y%lhskaf.a Y%u odhl;ajh
ms Y%lhkaf.a m%;sY;hg jvd uola
by< m%;sY;hl msysgd we;'
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fiajlhska jhia ldKav yd
ia;S% mqreINdjh wkqj
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2009 jif o;a; wkqj ia;S% ixl%uKssl

fiajlhkaf.a m%;sY;h 51'7] h' wjq'
25-29 w;r jhia ldKav olajd mqreI
Y%lhkaf.a m%;sY;h by< wx.hla .;a
w;r" wjq' 35-39 w;r jhia ldKavfha
isg ia;S% Y%lhkaf.a m%;sY;h by<
w.hla f.k we;' f wkqj ixl%uKsl
fiajl odhl;ajh ;=<ska rgg 52] muK

wdodhula ,ndfokafka ia;S% Y%lhka nj
ksYa;j u mejish yelsh'
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wdYs%;j we;s jQ we ludka;j,
m%Odk b,lalh jQfha ldka;d Y%lhska
h' ,dN Y%uh yd wvq myiql u; jqj
o" ;u mjqf,a wdlhg odhl;ajhla
,ndf wruqKska ia;S%ka tu /lshd i|yd
wj;SK jqj o je wdodh bmehQfha
wdfhdaclhka iy rch isks' mqyqKq iy
kqmqyqKq Y%lhka jYfhka ludka;
Yd,dj, iy fiajfha fhfok ia;S%
Y%lhskaf.a ixLHdj by< m%;sY;hla
.kq ,enQj o" ta ms<sn|j ksje/ ks,
rdcH jd;d m%ldYjkafka ke;' 2007
wdikak jYfhka fuu ludka;
Yd,dj, 114"000 Y%lhka fiajh l<
w;r' th 75"000 jQ ia;S% Y%lhska yd
39"000 la jQ ms Y%lhkaf.ka iuka;
we;s nj jd;d f' (Sivanathiran, n.d)
Y%lhka ms<sn|j o;a; .Kkfha jvd;a
u jeo.;a m%fYh jkqfha" ia;S%$ms
jYfhka Y%lhka fjka lrka o;a;
ilia lsu ms<sn|j ksis l%ufohla
wkq.ukh fkdlsuh' fuys ia;S%
Y%lhskaf.a .DyKsh$wdodh Wmhkaksh
hk oa;aj N+ldj fmdf m%;sfCIam
lr ;sf'
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fhfok ldka;djkaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajh
yd myiql wju ugul mj;skafka
kuq rch ta .ek >Dcq uey;a ula
is lrkafka ke;' Tjqkag f.jk jegqma
ms<sn|j ksis l%ufohla fkdue;s w;r"
fialdjkaf.a kjd;eka myiqj ms<sn|j
.egjg o iqiq mshjr f.k fkdue;'
rf wdlhg Yd, odhl;ajhla
imhk Tjqkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh ms<sn|
fkd;elSu fmdf rcfha iqN idOk
ldhhka bgq fkdula njg o m;aj
2013 2 l,dmh weh
67
;sf' m%Odk wmkhk wdodj,ska tlla

jk we ksIamdokh rcfha m%Odk
wdodh ud.hla jqj o" Y%lhkaf.a
jegqma yd iqN idOkh ms<sn| .egjg
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YS% ,xldf ia;S% Y%lhkaf.a jOkh
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2' mjqf,a idudlhskaf.a ldhNdrh
fjkia u'
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hk fmd lreKq" ia;S% Y%lhka
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b,lal.; /lshd i|yd u ieliqKq kj
wOHdmk $l%u we;su fya;=fjka
ia;S%ka jvd;a u;a yd u;a fkdjk
/lshd i|yd wj;SK h'
mjqf,a ixhq;sh fjkia u hkq" tod
ia;D; mjq,la jQ mjq,a mirhka" wdjD;
mjq,a Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d tu mjq,a
iSudjg muK;a iSud uh' im%odhsl
.DyKsh N+ldfjka Kq ia;s%h" fuu
mjq,a tallh ;=< kej;;a .DyKsh iy
wdodh Wmhkakshl f,i wdlhg
fohdldrfhka u Y%u odhl;ajh ,nd
fokakshl we;' mjqf,a idudlhkaf.a
ldhNdrh fjkia u hk ldrKdj
o jvd;a u n,mdkafka /lshdjkays
kshq;= ia;S%kag h' wehf.a oa;aj N+ldj
kej;;a tf,i u mej;sh jvd;a
we.fhkafka mska /lshdjka ;=<ska ;u
mjq,g foaYSh wdlh kd isgqug ,nd
fok odhl;ajhh'
wdlh ,snr,alrKh lsf m%;sM,h
u; we;s jQ NdKav yd fiajdj, Yd,
68
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
jeu ,dxlSh mjq, flfrys o n,mE

idOlhls' kj NdKav yd fiajd ,nd
.ekSug we;s leue;a; u; yd wdl
m%Yak W.% u u; mjqf,a wdl l%uh o
fjkia h' fndfyda ia;S%ka u;a
/lshd ud.j,g wj;SK jQ w;r"
.Dyia: ludka;dYs%;j ffokslj uqo,a
bmhSug o ia;S%ka W;aiql h' tys weh
mjqf,a wdlh ,ssys,a lsf m%h;akhg
odhl jkjd fiau foaYSh wdlh
f.dvkeSf jl% wdodh Wmhkakshl
njg o m;a f'
tfukau ,xldf ia;S% Y%lhskaf.a
jOkhg n, mE m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla o
ykd.; yelsh' tk"
1' wdl idOl
2' iudcuh idOl
3' wOHdmk wjia:d mq,au'
4' foaYmd,k idOl jYfhks'
iuia;hla jYfhka uOHu mx;slhka"
wdl idOl yuqf jvd;a mSvkhg
m;ajk mqoa., lKavdhu f' tksid u
rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk wdh;kj, yd
u;a yd wu;a fCIa;%j, /lshd
ud. fndfyduhla ia;S%ka b,lal lr
.kska ksudKh h' >Dcq yd jl% f,i
rcfha wdodh je lsug wehf.a
/lshdj yd tuska ,nk wdodhu rdcH
wdlhg odhl;ajh ,nd foa'
ia;S%kaf.a wOHdmk wjia:d mq,a u

ksid weh iudc ;;a;ajhka f.dvkd
.ekSu i|yd o u;a /lshd i|yd fhduq
u is f' ixjOkh i|yd wdl
odhl;ajhla iemhSug yels fuu ia;S%ka
ldka;dj yd ixjOkh hk
m%fYfha jeo.;a u N+ldj f' kj
wOHdmk l%u i|yd jvd;a fhduqu
u; ukd mqyqKqj ,enQ fiajlhska iy
l<ukdlrejka ksid mdrml lDIs
wdl iudch" ldlrKh iy
klrKh fj; mKduKh jQ nj
ie,lSu WID m%fYfha (Women
in Development) n,mj;ajk m%Odk
idOlhls' tksid u ia;S% Y%lhskaf.a
jOkh by; lS iudcuh idOl yd
wOHdmk wjia:d mq,au u; is jQjd
fia u" wehf.a Y%u odhl;ajh rf o<
cd;sl wodhf ia:rhla njg o m;au
ks;e;ska u is f'
ia;S%kaf.a wdl iudc ;;a;ajh kd

isgqu i|yd jevigyka yd jHdmD;s
ixjOkh lrk f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixOdkh" cd;sl rdcHhka yd iafcd
ixOdk u;a lrk ,' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i ,xldf o ixjOkhg ia;S%ka
odhl lr.ekSf wruqKska jHdmD;s yd
kj /lshd wjia:d Wod l< o"
m%;sm;a;suh j,;d fya;=fjka ia;S%ka
b,lal lr.;a fndfyda /lshdjkays
m%.uKhla olakg fkd,ef' rf
ixjOkh ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a ujd mE
is l< o" fmdf ia;S% Y%lhskaf.a
iqN idOk lghq;= o wju ugul
mj;S' tfy;a wehf.a Y%u odhl;ajh
rf wdlh f.dvkeSug iqfYaIS jQ
iudoula ,nd fok nj o igyka l<
hq;=h'
wud''' wehs wr
fnda tlla@
tkd u,aldka;s
PdhdrEm( rYakS o is,ajd
.EKq wh
b;sx yeu fjf,au
jev lrkjdfk
mqf;a' ms wh
jev lrkkjkx
fnda
.y.kakjd'
wjjdohhs
ldgQkh - wka;cd,fhks
ksiqka jev
2013 2 l,dmh weh
69
ckudOH YsIaG;d iudk Wf<, 2013

iS;d rxckS
lefrd,a frdaysKS
wef,daishia
,arelaIs ykafk;a;s
IHka;skS
lk.iNdm;sks
ms,af,hs
yId
ux.,d
iq.;odi
,lakd
mrKudkak
oId neiahka
ksu,d lkakka.r
Suda Shanmugaraja
ukaokd biauhs,a
wfl%u
ia%;S veksfh,a
70
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
999 jif wdrN lrk ,o

l;D ixio ckuOH YsIaG;d
iudk Wf<, 14 jeks jrg;a w;s
W;alYj;a wkaoka mj;ajkq ,enQfha
2013 cQ,s 30 jeksod rd;s%fhah' YS% ,xld
l;Djrekaf.a ixioh" YS% ,xld mqj;am;a
wdh;kfha iyfhda.h we;sj .,alsiai
uyfydag,fha meje;ajQ fujr iudk
Wf<f,a tu Wf<, jKj;a lrka
ia;S% udOHfkshka lsysm fofkla u
YaIaG;d iudkj,ska ms ,enQy' tu
YsIaGhka w;rg lemS fmfkkakg YsIaG
yelshdjkaf.ka yd jD;a;Shfofhka
msreKd jQ mqj;am;a l,dfkshka wmf.a
weiaudkfha u m%;HCI lf<a yefgka"
f;d,af,ka muKl= fkdj mEfkka o"
nqoan, uysufhka o ia;s%;ajhg hd yels
r ms<sn| i;Hhhs'
.fIKd;aul jd;dlrKh"
mdil jd;dlrKh" fYaI wjia:d
hgf;a jd;dlrKh" ;Sre rpkh"
fYaIdx. rpkh hk f;audjka hgf;a
iudkhg md;%jkakg fujr ckudOH
YsIaG;d iudk Wf<f,a mqj;am;a
l,dfkshkayg wjia:dj ,enqKs' ta yer
uka o is,ajd jif ckudOHfhd"
fvkais,a mSia jif ;reK udOHfhd
hk iudk o ys jQfha udOHfkshkagh'
l;Djrekaf.a ixioh iska ;SrKh lr
mskukq ,nk udOH ksoyi Wfoid l<
lemu fjkqfjka jQ fiamd, .=Kfiak udOH
ksoyi i|yd iudkh ys jQfha o fcHIaG
udOH fkshlgh' udOH ;fha tlajrla
muKla ysfjk > ld,Sk fiajh w.hd
mskuk rka iudkh ,nd.;a m%Khka
mia fokd w;rg o tla udOHfkshla
tla ishdh'
lefrd,a frdaysKS wef,daishia

udOH ;h ;=< ,nk rka iudkh
jir 1969 lefrd,a frdaysKS wef,daishia ish jD;a;Sh h werUQfha" fmardfoKsh
Yaj oHd,fha Wmdldkshl f,i iqiql ,nKs' f,alayjqia wdh;kh
uska m< l< Bksx Tij yd ikaf Tij mqj;am;aj, ldka;d
msgqf iydh ixialdld" <ud yd fi!LH msgqj, ixialdld f,i lghq;= l<
weh" miqj tu mqj;am;a foflys u fYaIdx. l;D yd ksfhdacH l;D OQrhka
o fynjQjdh' miqld,Skj o fkaIka mqj;am; yd inkaO jQ weh" kej;;a
ikaf Tij yd tlajQjdh' .ka Yaj oHd,h we;=j cd;Hka;r
Yaj oHd,j, iyNd.s;aj mqyqKq w;alS ,nd.kakg o lefrd,a iu;a jQjdh'
fi!LH f;dr;=re jd;dlrKfhys ,d foaYSh iudkhka o weh yslrf.k
we;'
ckudOH YsIaG;d iudk Wf<f,a fujr rka iudkhg md;% jQ YsIaGhka
miafofkl= w;r tl u udOHfksh weh jQ w;r" tu iudkh ys jkafka
> ld,Skj udOH fCIa;%h i|yd l< fufyjrg f.!rj msu i|ydh'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
71
iS;d rxckS
udOH ksoyi i|yd l< lem lsu fjkqfjka msfok fiamd, .=Kfiak iudkh
YS% ,xld .=jka ,s ixia:df rcrg fiajhg 1979 tlafjka" jD;a;Sh h werUQ
iS;d rxckS" 1986 muK uqs; udOHhg tlafjka ckjd.sl whs;sjdisl" udkj
whs;sjdisl" ia;S% whs;sjdisl yd l,d ixialD;sl fCIa;%fha whs;Ska o fYaI fldg
jd;dlrKfha fhkdh' lshl" f,aldjl yd mfhaIsldjl f,i tllg iSud fkdjQ
udOH Nd;hl ksr; jQ weh" idys;H" iduh" ldka;d yd iudc is mdol fldg.;a
m%ldYkhka 15 la muK uqKoajdrfhka t<slaug o odhl we;'
ksoyia udOH jHdmdrfha mqfrda.d ls%hdldkshl jYfhka lghq;= lrk iS;d rxckS"
lsysm wjia:djl u tys le|jqldh yd f,al f,i lghq;= l< w;r" j;udkfha tys
Odhl lgq idudldjl f,i fufyjfrys kshef,kakSh' jD;a;Sh m;%l,dfkaf.a
ix.ufha yd ol=Kq wdishd ksoyia udOHfkaf.a ix.ufha Odhl iNd ksfhdackh
lrk weh" ol=Kq wdishdkq udOH ldka;dfjda ixOdkfha cd;sl ixOdhljhhs' YS% ,xld
mqj;am;a wdh;kh" YS% ,xld ckudOH oHd,h" YS% ,xld mqj;am;a meKs,s fldiu hk
wdh;khkays wOHCI uKav, ksfhdackh lr we;s weh" f jk g YS% ,xld mqj;am;a
meKs,s fldif wOHCI uKav, idudldjls' udOH ksoyi muKla fkdj udkj
whs;sjdisl" ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdjh yd ia;S% whs;sjdisl wrUhd jQ wr.,j, fmruqK
f.k ls%hd l< iS;d rxckS" ta fjkqfjka ish ld,h" Y%uh" fm!oa.,sl h lem lr we;'
ksoyia udOH ixialD;shla f.dvkexu wruqKq fldg.;a udOH Nd;hl yd ls%hdld;ajhl
fhfok weh" udOH ksoyi i|yd l< lem lsu w.hka" l;D ixiofha ;SrKhla
wkqj" fujr weh udOH ksoyi i|yd jQ fiamd, .=Kfiak iudkfhka ms ,enqjdh'
2005 jif mej;s ckudOH iudk Wf<f,a " iudc ixjOkh i|yd jd;dlrKh
fjkqfjka mskefuk iudkh ysjQfha o wehg h' udOH yd idys;H fCIa;%h ;=< iduh
fjkqfjka l< ldhNdrh we.ehQ iudk lsysmhla o weh kdf.k we;'
,lakd ; mrKudkak
fvkais,a mSia jif ;reK udOHf iudkh
2007 jIfha o fkaIka mqj;am; yd inkaO ir, fYaIdx. rpkfhys ksr;u
,lakd mrKudkakf.a m<uq udOH w;alSu h' miq ld,Skj tk" 2010 jIfha
f,s r mqj;am; yd inkaO " ,lakd f jk g tys fYaIdx. f,aldjl f,i
lghq;= lrkakSh' j;udkfha cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| Wmd mdGud,djla yodrka
isk weh" th ;u jD;a;Sh udOH h id:l lr.ekSu i|yd odhl lr .kska
iskakSh' Bg wu;rj weh" ksudKd;aul ux., cdhdrEmlrKfha o fhfohs' g fmr
mej;s ckudOH Wf<,j, o fvkais,a mSia jif ;reK udOHfhd iudkh iy
iqn%uksh fphd jif iudc ixjOk jd;dlrKh i|yd iudkh o yslr
.ekaug iu;a jQ weh" fujr o jif ;reK udOHfhd i|yd mskuk fvkais,a mSia
iudkh kd .;a;dh'
72
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
,arelaIs ykafk;a;s
uka o is,ajd jif ckudOHfksh iudkh

fYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd;dlrKh i|yd msfok uydpdh fla' lhs,dim;s iudkfha l=i,;d iy;slh
ikaf ,Sv mqj;amf;ys ysgmq l;D ,ika; l%u;=x. >d;khg fmr" tk 2005
isg 2009 jir olajd .fIKd;aul l;D f,i ,Sv m%ldYk yd tlaj is ,arelaIs
ykafk;a;s f jkg isf,daka gqf mqj;amf;a iu l;D f,i fiajh lrhs'
foaYmd,k ;Sre ,sms rldjla o jk weh" 2010 jIfha g%dkaia fmarkais cd;Hka;r
wdh;kfhys" YS% ,xld kS;s wOHCI f,i o lghq;= l< kS;s{jhls' udkj whs;sjdisl
yd ksoyi ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r ixjdofhys ksr; weh" cd;Hka;r kS;sh" .egqq" mirh"
ixialD;sh" b;sydih" ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| jd;dlrKfhys o fhfokakSh'
jir 10 la muK jQ ld,hl isg udOH yd inkaO isk ,areCIs" kj udOH"
mfhaIK" ksudKd;aul rpkh" uyck in|;d" wka;cd, udOH Nd;h" jevigyka
ksIamdokh hk wxYj, iu;al olajkakSh' weh jif YsIaG;u ckudOHfhdg
mskuk uka o is,ajd iudkfhka fujr ms ,enQ w;r fYaI wjia:d hgf;a
jd;dlrKh i|yd iu l=i,;d iy;slhla o ys lr .;a;dh'
yId ux.,d iq.;odi

jif .fIKd;aul jd;dlrKh i|yd iudkh
fld<U Yaj oHd,fha Ydia;%f l,d Wmdh yodrkakg iqiql ,enQ yId iq.;odi"
ish udOH jD;a;sfha uq,l=re lf<a Wmd wfmaCIsldjlj ish" ksoyia udOHfkshl
f,i fiajhg tlafjks' 1992-1993 ld,jljdkqf /K mqj;am; yd inkaO
u wehf.a udOH ;fha wdrNhhs' fld<U Yaj oHd,fha Wmd maf,daudj o
yodrd we;s weh" rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd;fka;=j uska m< flfrk foi;sh irdj
i|yd ,sms imdokh lr we;' miqld,Skj iqu;s mqj;a m;a wdh;kfhka m< flfrk
km;d ,lau mqj;amf;ys udOH ljqj yd tlafjka udOHfkshl f,i
w;alS mq,a lr.;a yId" O f;audjkaf.ka hq;a fYaIdx. rpkfhys ksr; jQjdh'
md fufy;d k bkah iskud wOHCIjhf.a ksudKhla jQ fjdag ;%mgfha r
mE ir,d ldhji kue;s YS% ,dxlsl <ud ks<sh ms<sn| m%:u jrg udOHhg ykajd
foka imdokh l< ,smsh" wef.a udOH fha yerjqq ,CIhla we;af;a" tksid weh
,lau mqj;amf;a mQK ld,Sk fiajhg n|jd .ekSu ksidh'
iudcfha wyquqj, iefjk Ihhka iudcfha wjOdkh kd.kakd m ish
fYaIdx. rpkfhys idlcdjg nka l< weh" .xf.dv, fidau yshkaf.a mYapd;a
urK mCIKh ms<sn| l< .fIKd;aul bm;a lsu ksid fujr .fIKd;aul
jd;dlrKh i|yd iudkh kd .;a;dh' reck moku uska jdIslj ksia
; frd.kakd W;a;u ksiqka fjkqfjka mskuk iudk Wf<f,a 2009 jIfha
iudkhg md;%ug o weh iu;a jQjdh'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
73
ksu,d lkakka.r
jif mdil jd;dlrKh i|yd l=i,;d iy;slh
uydpdh fla' lhs,dim;s fYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd;dlrKh i|yd
l=i,;d iy;slh
ksu,d lkakka.r" ckudOHhg tlajkafka ikaf ,Sv mqj;am; yrydh' 2005
jif ikaf ,Sv mqj;am;g tlajQ weh" udOH mqyqKqj ,nkafka" miqj >d;khg
,lajQ tys l;D ,ika; l%u;=x. iy tys ysgmq l;Djhl jQ fidkd,s iur;=x.
hgf;ah' miq ld,Skj .fIKd;aul jd;dlrKh i|yd fhduq jQ weh ckudOH ;=<
NdId Nd;h ms<sn| yeoE l< flfkls' 2012 jif ueKsla *d isug wod<
irKd.;hska kej; mx lsu ms<sn| jd;d lrkq msKsi uq,;s m%foaYhg .sh
wjia:df uqyqK fokakg is jQ ;%dickl w;alS o" ksljerh m%foaYfha jejl
c,h isjd fydag,hla blrkakg hdu ms<sn| jd;d lsug tys .sh wjia:df
uqyqK ka .egqld ;;a;ajh o .fIKd;aul jd;dlrKh ;=< wE u;lfha iksgqyka
jQ ish'
j;udkfha ikaf ,Sv mqj;amf;a fYaIdx. l;D f,i lghq;= lrk weh
fYaIfhka u mdil is w<,d fYaIdx. rpkfhys o ksr;j iskakSh' ,s;
uQ,dY% yd f;dr;=re u; ys| iudc j.lS iys; udOHlrKhl ksr;u wef.a wNsm%dhhs'
fujr ckudOH YsIaG;d iudk Wf<f,a tla l=i,;d iy;slhla wehg ys jQfha
fYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd;dlrKh fjkqfjks' mdil jd;dlrKh i|yd o wehg
l=i,;d iy;slhla yss h'
ia%;S veksfh,a
Wmd,s fjOk jif fYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is& iudkh
bkah cd;sl ia%;S veksfh,a furg /f|ka mqj;am;a udOHlrKfhys kshef,kakshls'
ckikaksfokh ms<sn| Ydia;%f Wmdh" bx.S%is idys;H yd oYk Wmdh" bx.S%is
idys;H ms<sn| Ydia;%m;s Wmdh" iduh yd ixjOkd;aul jd;dlrKh ms<sn|
maf,daudOdkshl o jk ia%;S" 2009 jIfha cQks ui isg ikaf ghsia mqj;am;
yd tla iskakSh' tys fcHIaG fYaIdx. f,aldjl f,i lghq;= lrhs' hQ
fkdaod;aul <ud irdf l<ukdlrK inkaldrljh jk weh" bkahdf
m%uqL fmf<a jHdmdl mqj;am;la jk ia" ghsia T*a bkahd mqj;am;aj,g
wu;rj" f,I ghs ue.iska" f.dafu il,a" g%ej,a YS% ,xld ird i|yd ,sms
imdokfhys o ksr; jkakSh'
fujr ckudOH YsIaG;d iudk Wf<f,a weh" jif fYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is&
i|yd mskefuk Wmd,s fjOk iudkfhka ms ,enqjdh'
74
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
ukaokd biauhs,a wfl%u

'ta' isjOk jif ;Sre ,sms rpkh ^bx.S%is& iudkh
b;d uE;l msysgq jQ YS% ,xld ckudOHf jD;a;Sh ix.uh wdrN lsu i|yd
fia lem jQ ukaokd wfl%u tys iNdm;sksh o f' ikaf ,Sv mqj;amf;ys
ksfhdacH l;Djhl jk weh" foaYmd,k ;Sre ,smsh rpkd lrk w;r hqo frda
jd;dlrKfha fhKq udOHfkshl f,i l;dnyg ,la f' uE;l ikakoaO
msila lvd je wef.a ,sms f.dkq mCId lrka ish meKs fmd,Sish iu fj
yqjudrejlska mqoa.,hl= wef.a ksji ;=< u ure uqjg m;ah' wehg fukau udOHfhl=
jk wef.a iehdg o ; wjodkula t,a, jQ neka wehg ish mjq, iu rgyer
hkakg is jQ w;r kej; meK udOH jD;a;sfha fhfoa'
2009 jif ckudOH Wf<f,a " jif jHdmdl udOHfksh i|yd l=i,;d iudkh
^bx.S%is&" tu jif u .fIKd;aul jd;dlrKh i|yd jQ iudkh o weh iska
yslr .kakd ,' fujr weh ;Sre ,sms rpkh ^bx.S%is& i|yd mskuk 'ta' isjOk
iudkh kd .ekSug iu;a jQjdh'
oId neiahka
'ta' isjOk jif ;Sre ,sms rpkh - l=i,;d iy;slh' ^bx.S%is&
oId neiahka" 2004 jIfha ikaf ,Sv mqj;am; yd tlajkafka mqyqKq
udOHfkshl f,ihs' Bg fmr lemsg,a ffhda wdh;kfhka oaHq;a udOH w;alSula
,nd.ekSug o wehg yels we;' wdKavqj yd t,a'''B' ixOdkh w;r igka rduh
meje;s jljdkqf ish uqs; udOH h werUQ wehg" ikaf ,Sv ysgmq l;D
,ika; l%u;=x.f.a WmfoaYl;ajh m" W;=re-kef.kysr m%foaYj, ixpdrh lrka
.egq jd;dlrKh ms<sn| w;alS ,nkakg yelshdj ,eKs' 2005 jif f,s
r mqj;am;g tla jQ weh" 2006 jif o fkaIka mqj;am; yd tla we;' fl
ld,hla rka neyerj is weh" kej; 2011 jif isf,daka gqf mqj;am;g ne
we;' 2012 iema;en udifha isg f,s *hskEkaia ghsia yd tlafjka foaYmd,k
;Sre ,sms rpkfhys ksr; jk weh" f jk g cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| Wmd
mdGud,djla yodrka is' tfukau ,kavkh miq lr.;a oHd yd ixjOk cd,h
i|yd imdldjl jk weh" %;dkH ljqkais,h" fld<U ljh" .d,a, idys;H Wf<,
i|yd o ish odhl;ajh ,ndfokakSh' wka;cd, udOH Nd;h" f,d.a yd fj wv
ksudKh' fYaIdx. rpkh" mqj;a ixialrKh" m%ldYkh we;= Ihhkays o weh
iu;al olajkakSh'
2005 ckudOH iudk YsIaG;d Wf<f,a fvkais,a mSia jif ;reK udOHf
iudkh o" 2006 Wmd,s fjOk fYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is& iudkh o" 2007
uka o is,ajd jif ckudOHf iudkh o ys lr.;a;dh' fujr wehg ;Sre ,sms
rpkh ^bx.S%is& i|yd l=i,;d iy;slhla ys h'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
75
IHka;skS
lk.iNdm;s ms,af,hs
fYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd;dlrKh i|yd jk
uydpdh fla' lhs,dim;s iu l=i,;d iy;slh
1990 oYlfha uq,a jljdkqf isx.mamQref ckikaksfokh ms<sn| mdGud,djla
yeoErE IHka;skS" 1993 rflai mqj;am; yd tlajkafka m%jD;a;s jd;dldkshl
f,ihs' jir 1993 hd wdh;kh uska ksIamdokh l< iduh ms<sn| f;audjlska
hq;a jevigykl ksIamdldj njg m;a jQ weh" 1999 jIfha ''iS' cd;Hka;r
udOH cd,h yd tlajkafka o ksIamdldjl f,isks' ''iS' wdh;kh iu lghq;=
l< jir 8-9 l ld,h ;=< f,d.a wv ksudKfhys yelshdjka Tma kxjd.;a weh
iska ksudKh l< f,d.a wvh" 2010 ksfhdala kqjr 6 jeks jrg meje;a
jQ f,d.a ys, if,kfha f,dj mqrd f,d.a wv mj;ajdf.k hk ;reK
f,d.a ls%hd;aul lrkakshka oyila w;ka m%:u ia:dkh f.k we.hSug md;%h'
wef.a f,d.a wvh" wOHdmksluh yd iodpdrd;aul ckikaksfokhla i|yd lem
jQ u;a wdldrfha tlla nj tys ksfoaY flKs'
f jk g bkakSishdf udOH wdh;khl foaY udOH jd;dldkshl f,i fiajh
lrk weh" cdhdrEm udOHfkshl f,i fCIa;%h ;=< lghq;= lrhs' jir 20 lg
wl udOH w;alS we;s IHka;skS" mqyqKq jevuq i|yd o im;aodhsldjl f,i
lghq;= lrk w;r" hdmkh" uvlmqj hk Yaj oHd,j, ndysr lldpdhjhla
f,i lghq;= lrk weh o fujr iudk Wf<f,a uydpdh lhs,dim;s iudkfha
iu l=i,;d iy;shla ys lr.;a;dh'
idlPd igyk
j;ai,d .uf.a
76
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
| by woaor
urkskafoa yqka
Trf,daiqj isysfkka
h jQjd fia wjj
lE.ihs' tljr
wj jQ ud lE .eiSu
kej;ajQfh' fj,dj mdkaor y;r miq kd ;syhs' ;=ka
mefha jev uqrh ksu ug u;af;ka l<hq;= oE fndfydah'
ud iNNd.s jQ tla;rd jevuqjl uf.a ldhCIu;dj"
orejka ue fldg wef|ys ksodyqka iehdg jvd tlish
is.=Khla nj lSjd uf.a u;lhg ke.=fKa ksrdhdifhks'
;=ka mefha ksjfia fiajd uqrh wjikaj nia kej;=u fj;
msh ke.+ uu" m%Odk mdf wE; n,disfh'
;% - ouhka;s uq;=l=udrK
we
fmr<Sug wdikak jQjd fuka f.fhka wefok mqoa.,sl nih

wE;ska u;= h' is; i;=ka bms,sks' keje;a jQ nifhka oi
fofkl= nei .;a g" nihg f.dvug ug n,d is is
fofkl=" fldkafodia;r ;ekf.a yelshdj ksidfjka r:h
;=<g f.dvjQy' ta w;r ud o h' nih f.fhka bhg
wefohs' by<g ti wdOdrlh w,a,d isk w; muKla uf.a
nj ug yefa' .eyeKq o" ms o lshd y ye ykd.;
fkdyels msila isrer jglr f.k is;s' ta w;r jQ mska
gq l," ud fmnr iehdgj;a u;l we;s ldf,l t;r
im jQjd foda lshd is;=Ks' fi,ugj;a fkdyels jQ wm
miqlr fnyka foka fldkafodia;r ;ek nih kj;ajk
jdrhla mdid bfhka miq mig jhs' th o wdYaphhls'
fldyqj, hehs fldkafodia;r ;ekf.a Odkhg wkqj uu
2013 2 l,dmh weh
77
nifhka nei .ekSf fmdrhg tla jQfh' tfy;a ud ;=< ,sh

we;sh' ta nih ;=<ska fik mSrdf.k ug neiSug hk uf.a
wefys we we;sfoda hkak .ek ug iel iys; jQ ksidfjks'
w; ne Trf,daiqj gq ug ldhd,fha r;= br je ke;s ksid
is;g i;=gla we;s h'
km;d f .uk fjfyild h' iqmqre nia kej;=u miqlr ud
bhg wefka m%Odk nia kej;=fmd< fj;h' wdYaphh .,a yd
msh l< wdf,amk ksid nia kej;=u rdcudkj is' kej;=f
ug wod< fldgfiys uSka fndfydu kS;j tld miqmi tld
fm<.eiS n,dys' Bg uola tmska r:.df,a .ukg ieriS" nih
wm foi n,d is' tfy;a lE fudr ;,k fldkafodia;r ;ek fyda
;%dickl bx.S%is ;%mghl r: mojkakd n hre o fkdue;'
nih wm foi o" wms nih foi o wksif,dapkfha fhfkuq'
wE;ska fmfkk fld.drh foiska ;u cx.u rl:kh lfka
.id .;a mqoa.,hl= fndfyda Ydka; .ukska u;= h' Tyq jd
wjYH;djhlg hdug mefKk wfhl= hehs ug is;sK'
tfy;a Tyq kj;d ;snQ nihg f.dv bfha jQ hre wiqfka
jd h' ika l< fkdyelss rl:k ixjdoh iu r:h"
wm wi, keje;ah'
miqmiska meKs mqoa.,hd m%fY m;% ueIsu mK .ekah'
lsis l,n,hla fkdue;' wm mefKk ;=re wdik tf,i u
n,d ys' fifuka r:hg f.dv jQ wms O wiqka miq lrka
ukdm wiqk fidhd ys|.;suq' ish,a,ka u wiqka f.k is;=,sj,g
iuje n,d ys' fldkafodia;r uy;d o ug wm fuka ys'
hdug fyda f.k hdug wjYH;djhla lsisfjl=g fkdjQ fiah'
rl:k ixjdofha miq jQ hre o fmfkk udkhl ke;'
ish,a, fifuka isjQj;a" fydard lgqj f.fhka jhs' hula u;la
jQjd fia meKs hre uy;d nih m%Odk mdrg yerh'
isis,a iq<x w;ka wjg mirh fmfka' l,n,ld lsisjla ke;'
ieye is;a fmrj hk jkaokd .ukla fuks' fm%auKSh yeS
is; ;=< f;rfma' uf.a wksla miska fmnr ys isfha k lshd
is;=j ud w;S;fha tjka iqkaor ojia w;r yqol,d jQfh'
Od;=u ydrfha jev isk ms<sujykafia ufoi n,d ys'
tflfkys u bfhka fldyqj, kdo jQ nifha iSkq y~g
ud yeka Ks' uu fifuka nifhka nei .;s' mqreoaog fuka
w; ne Trf,daiqj ne ug fof,da r;a h' wo k r;= br'
'fla'' ;=Id uxcq,d
78
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
lhl=f.a
m%dKh jQ |lg
l< .=K ie,lSu -
fyauud,S
ixialrKh - iuka iS ,shkf.a" ;=Idr o is,ajd

m%ldYkh - .,a,E,a, uyck ikaksfok cd,h" .d,a,
we
;a;' idys;H fCIa;%hg wiydh

fiajlhla l< f,aLl f,aldjka"
lhka lshka h .sh o wjika
lghq;=j,ska miq ish foa wu;l lr
ouk ld,hla ;uhs f' fyauud,S .ek
fmd;la lrkakg ;r l ,shefjkafka
tfyu ldf,l' tal lsysmdldrhlska u
idOkSh ix{d we;s lrjk tlla' talhs ta
.ek wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq h hq;af;a'
fyauud,S kka l fmd;la t<s
olskafka fyauud,S lshl jQ ksid
fkdf' weh lhl=f.a ms%h |
ishdh' yisfha tu lhdf.a m%dKh
iu jQ tu |" tu lhdf.kq;a uq
f,dalfhkq;a iuq f.k .shdh' fmd;la
lrkakg ;r l tl;= jQ ks;a; th
h' tk YS% ,xldf m%lg u lhl=
jQ r;ak YS% fisxyhkaf.a | jQ
fyauud,sf.a urKh tu lj,g ks;a;
h'
flfkl=f.a urKh fjkqfjka
,shejqKq l tl;=jla wmf.a fYaI
wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka wehs@ th wmg
f.k tk idOkSh ix{d fudkjdo@
m%Odk u ix{djk f iudch ;=<
ksudKlrejkaf.a ksudKj, wm%udKj
u wvx.= ia;s%hlf.a lem lsu fyauud,S

yryd f l ,shQ ish l lshka l
;suhs' ksudKh yd ksudKlrejd i
tu ksudKhg jh ,enqKq ;ek .ek
is;kakg ixf ke;s iudchla ;=< f
m%fYh b;d u idOkSh tlls' f m<
jk lj,ska tlla folla lhkaf.a
lfha jh jkafka Tyqf.a | nj
u;la lr u i|yd u ,shd we;' tk"
r;ak YS%f.a jh jQfha fyauud,S nj brd
2013 2 l,dmh weh
79
u lshkakg yels ;rug Tjqka wehf.a

fufyjr ykd f.k ;su jeo.;ah'
tla lhl= lshd iskafka r;ak YS%f.a
l w;r is fkdm< lsh weh njhs'
wef.a fufyjr wu;l lrd hehs is;d
u;la lrka u ,shkakg fm<U u tl
w;lska ia;s%h ms<sn| u;jd l;sldjg
odhl jk m%fYhla o fjhs'
fuu fmd;g we;=<;a ish ksudK
mqj;am;aj, yd fj wvj, m< jQ tajd
u o fYaIhls' flfkl=g fmd;la
lrkakg wjYH m%K yd kjl l
lshkag lshd ,shd" .;a tajd fkdf'
tu l lshka fyauud,Sf.a fhdafjka
lmdj ,shd ;uka ksudK fhduq
lrk mqj;am;a yd fj wvj, tajd
m< lr ;snqKs' tfukau tajd tl;= lr
fmd;la m< lrkakg .,a,E,a, uyck
ikaksfok cd,fha ikaksfolhkag
woyila my< jkafka o" r;ak YS% k
ksudKlrejdf.a jh njg m;a is
fyauud,S .ek fu;r ksudKlrejka
m%udKhla fu;r ksudK lsu
Tjqkaf.a o fYaI wjOdkhg ,lajQ
ksidh' tfukau lhd weiqre l<
Tjqka weh lhdf.ka msgia;rhl=
fkdjk nj k is ksidh' tys f;areu
ksudKlrejd i Tyqg cjh iemhQ
|f.a fufyjr wu;l fkdl< hq;=
tlla nj Tjqka f;are f.k isuh'
fyauud,S lD;sh lsysmdldrhlska u
idOkSh ix{d we;s lrjk tlla nj wm
uq,ska u i|yka lf<a fuu ish ldrKd
ie,ls,a,g .ksks'
.,a,E,a, uyck ikaksfok cd,h
fjkqfjka fuu fmd; ixialrKh
lr we;Af;a iuka iS ,shkf.a iy
;=Idr o is,ajd hk fofokdh' tla
ixialdrljrfhla jk iuka iS ,shkf.a
fuu lD;sh ud w;g foka m%ldY lf<a
80
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
o" uereKq lhka .ek;a k fol

;=klska wu;l lrk ldf,l r;ak YS%f.a
| .ek fufyu w.h lsula lsu
.ek Tn wksjdhfhka u i;=gq f
lshdh' tfyu foa w.h lrkakg ud
leue;s nj iuka okS' tjeks l;sldjla
we;s lsug Tjqka W;aidy lsu o
idOkSh ix{djls' ienka u fkdfjk
foa .ek muKla fkdj" is jqK foa
yryd u ksudKhl miq mi ia;s%hf.a
lem lsu l;sld lrkakg ,eu jkd
wjia:djls'
f ksudK ys jkafka fyauud,S h
.sh miqh' iuyr ksudK u< f.or
uqKh lr fnod yer ;snqK tajdh'
kuq;a fYaIh jkafka fndfyda ksudK
yq fYdal m%ldY fkd ksudKd;aul
.=Kfhka msmqka tajd uh' thska tla
lshlf.a lhla ri ug ,la
lrka nqoaOodi .,mam;a;s k m%K
lhd mqj;am;a ;Sre ,smshla ^fld,ula&
,shd we;s w;r th o fuu fmd;g
we;=<;ah' ud,s;S l,amkd wefn%daia k
lsh l,d;aul nilska ,shd we;s tu
l fm< fyauud,S wys jqK r;ak YS%f.a
fldaKfhka ,shd we;'
iuyr l fyauud,S r;ak YS%g lshk
fldaKfhka o" iuyr l r;ak
YS% fyauud,sg wduka;%Kh lrk
wdldrfhka o ksudKh we;' Bg
wu;r u ;ukaf.a .=re lhd jQ r;ak
YS% fjkqfjka fyauud,S l< lem lsu
flfkla ,shhs' Tyqf.a Wmfoia me;Sug"
Tyq yd in|;d meje;aug yd Tyq yd
;=o meje;aug Tjqkaf.a ksjig wd
.sh fndfyda kjl yd m%Kfhda fyauud,S
Tjqka ieug ujl fuka ie,l+ wdldrh
isysm;a lr;s' flfkla fyauud,S wlald
.ek ,shk g flfkla fyauud,S
wud .ek ,sh;s' f wdldrhg O
fldaKj,ska Tjqka ,shd we;af;a lhdf.a

weiqrg md,ula jQ fyauud,S wys fuka
,o lmkhhs' r;ak YS% k lhd weh
.ek fldmuK k ,shd weoahs o;a
iuyre wehf.a wys fuka Tyqf.a jh
wys fhs h o m< lr;s'
fndfyda ksudKj,ska fukau" m%K
lhka weh ms<sn|j" r;ak Y%S ,shQ l
weiqka l< igykaj,ska o meye,s
jkafka r;ak YS% ;u | jQ fyauud,sf.a
N+ldj ;u lh ;=< buy;a .re;ajhg
m;a fldg we;s wdldrhhs' mqj;am;lg
fyauud,sf.a fhdaj .ek ,smshla ,shk
wuris l%ur;ak lhd" r;ak YS% ,shQ
l WodyrKhg .kska" Tyq iy Tyqf.a
mjq, flf lemjQ ;u | jvd;a
W;a;;r ;;a;ajhg m;a lrka r;ak YS%
,shQ l mo lsysmhla u;la lr fohs'
me;= nf,ka wdf ke;=jg
.fuk0a ysfh ug kqU ;rhs
f.diska nqj weka .ug u
ksjka olskakg nK lshmka
fma
foa
fma
foa
;u jk iyldh .ek;a" ;u j
jia;+ka jQ mq;=ka .ek;a Tn ;r
yDoh ixfj ,shQ wka lhl= ug
yuqjkafka ke;ehs m%K lsjr
mrdl%u fld;=jlal= o mqj;am;lg
,shQ ,smshlska WodyrK l olajka
m%ldY lrkafka r;ak YS% .ekhs' Tyq
fufia o lshhs' jvd;a la kafka
lhkaf.a" l,dlrejkaf.a .eyeKqka
h' ula ksid o h;a ksudKldrhka
l,amkd f,dal jdiSka jk ksidh' .Dy
lghq;=j, nr;a" <udjrekaf.a nr;a
orkakS wehhs'''' b;ska lhka u lshk
f foaj,a yryd fld;r k idOkSh
ix{d wfma l;sldjg tla lrkjd o@
lhl=f.a |lf.a fhdaj ks;s
lr f.k fumuK l ys jQ m%:u
wjia:dj w;a fkdyer tajd tl;= lr

fmd;la lsfuka .,a,E,a, ikaksfok
cd,h lr we;af;a furg ia;S%ka ms<sn|
l;sldjg w;a fmd;la tl;= lr ;eu
neka th o jeo.;ah' tys tk l
ish,a, ksudKd;aul .=Kfhka by< nj
thska woyia jkafka ke;' j, tajd o
we;' f W;aidyh tu lj, .+Kd.=K
uikakg fkdf' jeo.;a jkafka
b;sydifha ;ekla ys h hq;= ia;s%hlg
ta ;ek ug W;aidy f.k ;suhs'
tu b;sidyh jkafka weh w.h lrk
Tjqkaf.a yoj;a .eUrh'
j;aj ish weh .ek fndfyda l
,shd we;s r;ak YS% wef.a urKfhka miq
,shQ lhla o fmd;g we;=<;ah'
weh hkqfjka th k lr we;' tu
lfha wjika mo lsysmfhka" fyauud,S
.ek ,shjqKq ksudK tl;= lr m<
l< fyauud,S lD;sh .ek ,shk fl
igyk o wjika f'
m%md.drh mduq,
iq isks uq fjr<;
r< m;r ueka wd lshl
uf.a oEf;ys ;enQ
ls ljhl /Kq uq;= wegh
.shd o Wrd f.k kej;
mia gla ;shd w;a, Wv
jyis nek nqr nqrd mek ths
fmr<s fmr<S ffojh'
iS;d rxckS
2013 2 l,dmh weh
81
ia;%S whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
ft;sydisl ldYkh
iy ikaia:dk
1908 weuld tlai;a ckmoh ;=<
1911 m<uq ia;%S kh
ia;%Ska 15"000 la muK idOdrK jegqma

idOdrK jevuqr iy ckao whs;sh
b,a,d fm< .eiSu'
f,dj uq,a jrg iurk

,oafoa 1911 ud;= ui
19 jeksod jk w;r"
bka i;shla .; jQ miq
1911 ud;= ui 25 k
ksfhdala kqjr
llre ia;%Ska
146lg ure le|jQ
iy 71 fofkl=
nrm;, wk;=rej,g
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ludka; Yd,d .skak (The Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire) llre
ia;%Skaf.a jev lrk ;;a;ajhka
iy kS;s .ek
wjOdkh fhduq
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je<elau msKsi ludka; Yd,d
whs;slrejka msg jk fodrgq w.= ,Eu
ksid ug mekSfuka iy isrfuka
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,lau is h' fulS isoah ksid
ydksodhl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jev
lrk ia;%Skaf.a whs;Ska wdrlaId lrkq
msKsi kS;s o ia;%S jD;a;sh i;s o we;s
lrk ,'
1909 iudcjd m%ldYkh wkqj

weuld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< ia;%S
khla m%ldYhg m;au$1909
fmnrjd 28 jeks k uq,a u ldka;d
oskh ieuu'
1910 ia;%Skag ;u b,a,S lr,shg

f.k wd yels" f,dj mqrd tl u
khl iurk ia;%S khla wjYH
hehs cuksfha iudc m%cd;ka;%jd
mlaIfha ldka;d wxYfha kdhsld
la,drd filska uq,a jrg 1910
fldamkafya.ka kqjr fhdackd lrk
,' fkdfhla lafIa;% ksfhdackh
lrka rgj,a 17lska meKs ia;%Ska
ishhlg wl m%udKhla meKs
by; if,kfha fulS fhdackdj
talu;slj iu; lrk ,' bka
miq ia;%Skaf.a jev lsf whs;sh"
ckao whs;sh" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,ef
whs;sh" uyck ksfhdackfha whs;sh
iy ia;%Skag tfrys widOdrKhka
kj;k f,i b,a,d ia;%S k iurk
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1913 m<uq f,dal hqoaO ld, iSudj
1946 ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh k.d isgqu
;=< ia;%Ska iduh fjkqfjka fm<

.eiqKq w;r" ia;%S kh f,dalh mqrd
ud;= 8 jeksod ieuh hq;= hhs
;srKh h'
ms<sno tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldiu

msysgqjk ,'
1948 udkj whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
1919 1919 wxl 3 orK ud;D;ajh
Yaj m%ldYkh 1948 foien ui 10

jeks k iu; jk ,'
wdrlaId lsu inkaO iuq;sh ore

m%iq;shg fmr iy miq ksjdvq ,nd
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ksjdvq ld,fha wdodhu tf,i u
,eu iy;sl lrk ,o w;r fuu
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jeksodh'
1931
Y%S ,xldf ia;%Ska ij ck

Pkao n,h N=la;s u yd we,ska
fud,uqf m%:u ldka;d uka;%Sjh
njg m;au'
1935 1935 wxl 45 orK fmdf<dj

hg msys m;,a lghq;= yd ia;%Ska
inkaO iuq;sh u.ska lsis u jhia
ugul ia;S%ka m;,aj, fiajh
lsu fkdl< hq;=h hkak;a m;,a
;=< wdrlaIdj iy fi!LHh hk
ldrKdjka ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a h
hq;=h hkak;a wjOdrKh lrk ,'
fuu iuq;sh n,d;aul jQfha 1937
uehs 30 jeksodh'
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,nd u inkaOfhka b,a,S lsug
ieka m%ekaisiafldays meje;s tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a m<uq iquqjg ia;%Ska
ksfhdackh lrkq ,eh' fulS n,mE
wkqj wdl yd iudc ljqkais,h
(ECOSOC) ia;%S whs;sh inkaOfhka
Wm fldIka iNdjla udkj
whs;sjdisl fldIka iNdjg tla
fldg msysgqjk ,'
1948 1948 wxl 89 orK ia;%Ska yd

rd;S% jev inkaO cd;Hka;r llre
ixOdkfha iuq;sh rd;S% ld,fha jev
lsf fi!LH wdrlaIdj" ud;D;aj
wdrlaIdj" iudc fiajdjka yd wu;r
jka f.u we;=<;a ksYa; ls%hdud.
hka .; hq;=hs hk mokfuka iu;
lrk ,o w;r 1951 fmnrjd ui 27
jkod n,d;aul h'
1949
;eke;a;ka fj<odu"
;eke;a;ka .Ksld
jD;a;sh ioyd fhou
uev,Su i|yd jQ
iuq;sh 1949 foien
ui 02 jeks k tlai;a
cd;Ska iska wkqu;
lrk ,o w;r 1951 cQ,s
ui 25 jeks k n,d;aul
h'
1950 1948 ^wxl

87 orK& iud.ufha
iy ixOdkh f
whs;sjdislu wdrlaId
lsf iuq;sh 1950
n,d;aul h'
1951
, yd f;kfha
iajNdjh fiajlhdf.a
,sx. fNaoh mok fldg
ai
a Kollont
Alexandr
2013 2 l,dmh weh
83
f.k is
fkdh hq;=
nj yd bgq
lrk ,o
jev fldgi
u; ;SrKh
l< hq;= nj
;yjqre lrka 1951 wxl 100 orK
iudk f;kh ms<sno cd;Hka;r
llre ixOdkfha iuq;sh 1951
cqks 29 jeks k lr,shg meKs
w;r 1953 uehs 23 n,d;aul h'
ck iuQ, >d;k wmrdO
je<elaf yd o~qj lsf
iuq;sh 1951 ckjd 12 jeksod
n,d;aul h'
wxl 98 orK ixOdkh f iy
iduQysl flaj,a lsf whs;sjdisl
ms<sn| iuq;sh 1951 cq,s 18 jeks
k n,d;aul h'
1954
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%S foaYmd,k
whs;sh ms<sno iuq;sh 1954 cq,s 07
jeks k n,d;aul h'
irKd.;hkaf.a ;;a;ajh
inkaOfhka jk iuq;sh 1954
wfm%a,a 23 od n,d;aul h'
1957
tlai;a cd;Ska iska 1957

ckjd ui 29 jk k jdyl
ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl;ajh inkaO
iuq;sh iu; lrk ,o w;r
zjdyh Ndhdjf.a cd;sl;ajhg bf
u fkdn,mdhsZ hkak ;yjqre lrk
,' 1958 wf.daia;= 11 jk k fuh
n,d;aul njg m;a h'
1959
1957 wxl 105 orK

n,y;aldrfhka Y%uh ,nd .ekSu
msgqoelSf iuq;sh 1959 ckjd 17
jeks od n,d;aul h'
84
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
1960
fvdkslka
rdcHfha
wd{dodhl g%f,da
(Trujillo) iska
>d;kh lrk
,o rdn,a fidfydhqhka (Mirabal
sisters) fjkqfjka 1960 fkdjen
ui 25 jeks kh ia;%Skag tfrys
m%pKav;ajh msgqelSf cd;Hka;r
kh jYfhka k lrk ,'
1958 wxl 111 orK /lshd iy jD;a;Sh
fjkia fldg ie,lSu re lsf
iuq;sh 1960 cqks 15 n,d;aul h'
ia;%shla foaYmd,k rduqf by< u
n, jHqyh ksfhdackh lrka f,dj
m<uq ldka;d w.ue;sksh Y%S ,xldfjka
ysu o 1960 ish'
1962
jdyhg leue;a; f" jdy f
iy jdyh ,shdmx lsf wju
jhia iSudj iuq;sh 1962 iu; jQ
w;r 1964 isg n,d;aul h'
wOHdmkfha fjkia fldg ie,lSug
tfrys iuq;sh 1962 uehs 22 n,d;aul
h'
1966
is,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl

ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh yd wdl
iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iuq;sh iu; h'
1969 ish j.jd fjkial

msgqoelSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh n,d;aul
h'
1975
cd;Hka;r ia;%S oYlh m%ldYhg

m;au iy ia;%Ska ms<sn| m<uq f,dal
if,kh 1975 fulaisfldays
meje;au'
1976
is,a iy foaYmd,k
whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iuq;sh iy tys ffjl,amsl .siqu
1976 ud;= 23 n,d;aul u'
1975 -1985 iduh" iudkd;au;djh

iy ixjOkh fjkqfjka jQ
cd;Hka;r ia;%S oYlh'
1978
Y%S ,xldf wdKavql%u

jHjia:dj iu; u yd iudk;d
j.ka;shla iys;j" 12^2& j.ka;sh
wdKavq l%u jHjia:djg we;=<;a u'
1983 1981 wxl 156 orK mjq,a

j.lS iys; fiajlhkaf.a iuq;sh
1983 wf.daia;= 11 k n,d;aul u'
1985 ia;%Ska ms<sn| f;jk f,dal

if,kh khsfrdays mje;au'
1985 cQ,s 15-26 olajd flkahdf
khsfrda kqjr mj;ajk ,o ia;%Ska
ms<sn| ;=kajk f,dal iuqf
ia;%Skaf.a wNsjDoah i|yd jk
khsfrda b l%fudamdhhka iar
lsu'
1987
ia;%Skag tfrys ish wdldrfha

fjkial ;==rka lsf iuq;sh
iu; lsu'
jOysxid" lDDr wudkqIsl

wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s yd o~qjj,g
tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r
iuq;sh 1987 n,d;aul u'
1980 iudkd;au;djh" ixjOkh
1989 <ud whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
iy iduh inkaO tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ia;%S oYlh ms<sn| f,dal if,kh
fldamkafya.kays - 1980
^cQ,s 14-30& meje;au' is,a yd
foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iuq;sh yd wdl" iudc
yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iuq;sh 1980 cqks 11 jeks
k Y%S ,xldj iska ms<s.ekSu'
1990 ish ixl%uKsl fiajlhska
1979
1981
fjkial ;==rka lsf iuq;sh
n,d;aul lsu'
fjkial ;==rka lsf iuq;shg
Y%S ,xldj 1980 cq,s ui 17 jkod
w;aika lsu yd 1981 Tlaf;dan 05
jeks k n,d;aul lsu'
iuq;sh 1989 iu; u yd 1990

iema;en 2 jeks k n,d;aul
u'
yd Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a idudlhskaf.a

whs;sjdisl wdrlaId lsu ms<sno
cd;Hka;r iuq;sh we;su'
1992 mirh yd ixjOkh ms<sno

cd;Hka;r iuqj meje;au'
1993
wxl 19 orK ia;%S ysxikh
msgqoelSf isfvda fmd ksfoaY
n,d;aul u'
hkd m%ldYkh iy l%shd;aul
jev igyk 1993 hkdys mej;s
udkj whs;sjdisl ms<sn| f,dal
if,kfha ^cQks 14 - 25& iar
lsu'
2013 2 l,dmh weh
85
Y%S ,xld rch iska ia;%S m%{ma;sh

iu; lsu'
1994
ia;%Skag tfrys ysxikh
inkaOfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
fYaI jd;dlrefjl= m%:u j;djg
m;a lsu'
ck.ykh yd ixjOkh ms<sno
1994 lhsfrda cd;Hka;r iuqj
meje;au'
pkasld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x.
uy;ah 1994 Y%S ,xldf m%:u
ldka;d Odhl ckdm;s OQrhg
m;au'
1995
ia;%Ska ms<sn| y;rjeks f,dal
if,kh
x m%ldYh yd l%shdldrl
fldj iu; lr .kakd
,oafoa 1995 jif iema;en
15 jeks k x kqjr meje;s
iudkd;au;djh ixjOkh yd
iduh i|yd isjk f,dal ia;%S
if,kfha h'
oKav kS;s ix.%yfhA îxfYda;&
1995 wxl 22 orK mk;a flgqm;
md,sfka;=j iska iu; lsu
yd tu.ska ia;%S IK jrol
leue;a; h yels jhia iSudj
wjqre fod<fya ^12& isg wjqre
oyih ^16& olajd by< kxjk ,'
1996 ishu ixl%uKsl fiajlhka

iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudlhkaf.a
whs;sjdisl iqrelSf cd;Hka;r
iuq;sh 1996 fmnrjdr 11 jeks k
Y%S ,xldj iska ms<s .ekSu'
86
weh 2 l,dmh 2013
1999 ia;%Skag tfrys ish wdldrfha

fjkial ;==rka lsf iuq;sfha
ffjl,amsl .siqu tlai;a cd;Ska
iska foien ui flgqm;a lsu'
2000
ia;%Sh" iduh yd wdrlaIdj ms<sno
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325
wdrlaIl uKav, fhdackdj 2000
jIfha Tlaf;dan 31 jk k
iAr lrk ,' (UNSCR 1325)
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325 wdrlaIl
uKav, fhdackdj wkqj" hqo .egq
;;a;ajhka ;=< ia;%Skag yd .eyeKq
<uhskag tfrysj lrk ,sx.sl yd
wfkl=;a m%pKav;d o ukqIH;ajhg
tfrysj lrk wmrdO >Khg k
flreKs'
ia;%S ixl%uKsl fiajlhkag tfrys
ysxikh ms<sn| iuq;sh uyd
uKav,h iska iu; lsu'
wxl 182 oreKq wdldrfha <ud Y%uh
msgq oelSu ms<sn| iuq;sh n,d;aul
u'
2002
ia;%Ska yd <uqka ,sx.sl fiajkfha
yd l=gkfha fhou ;yk lrk
ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d l,dmSh
idla iuq;sh iu; u'
<uqka fj<|du yd <uhska ,sx.sl
fiajkfha yd wmpdrj, fhou
;yk lrk <ud whs;sjdisl
iuq;sfha w;sfl .siq
n,d;aul lsu'
wxl 183 orK îxfYda;&
cd;Hka;r llre
ixOdkfha
ud;D;ajh
iq/lSf iuq;sh
2002 n,d;aul
u'
cd;Hka;r wmrdO wlrKh

ms<sn| frdau jHjia:dj 2002
n,d;aul u'
ia;%Skag tfrys ishu wdldrfha
fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha
ffjl,amsl .siqu Y%S ,xldj iska
iar lsu'
2003
ish u ixl%uKsl fiajlhkaf.a
iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,
idudlhkaf.a whs;sjdisl
iq/lSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh
n,d;aul u'
mqoa.,hka" fYaIfhka u ia;%Ska
iy <uqka l=gkh lsu je<elau
iy o~qj lsu ms<sn| iuq;sh
n,d;aul u'
2005
2005 wxl 34 orK .Dyia:

ysxikh je<elaf mk; Y%S ,xld
md,sfka;=j iska iu; lsu'
2006
wndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a
whs;sjdisl ms<sn| iuq;sh 2006
uehs 3 jeks od n,d;aul u'
jOysxid" lDDr wudkqIsl wjuka
iy.; ie,ls,s yd o~qjj,g
tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r
ffjl,amsl iuq;sh n,d;aul u'
2008 is,a ckhdg tfrys

,sx.sl m%pKav;djhkag wod, ish
ls%hdjkays kshe,Su ikakoaO .egqj,g
wod< ish mdYjlrejka iska
jydu" imQKfhka je<lsh hq;= nj
thska kshu lrka" wxl 1820 orK
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fr.=,dish 2008 cqks 19 k iar lsu'
2009
hqo .egqj, ia;%Ska iy

.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikfhka
wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd jk wxl
1888 ork wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fhdackdj o" iduh f.dv ke.Sf
l%shdj,sh yd idu idOl yuqod ;=<
ia;%S ks,Odka m%udKh je lsu
we;= iduh ia;%sh yd wdrlaIdj
inkaOfhka wlaIK l%ufohla
we;s lssug 1889 orK wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackj o iar lsu'
2010 hqo .egqj, ia;%Ska iy

.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg
,lAu ms<sn| wdrlaIl uKav,fha
kHdh m;%h ;=<g wlaIKh"
Yaf,aIKh" jd;dlrKh lssu i|yd
hdka;%Khla msysgqu inkaOfhka
wxl 1960 orK wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fhdackd iu;h 2010 iar lr
.ekSu'
2011
,xldf
m%:u ldka;d
w.%ksYapldrjh
jYfhka YsrdKs
nKavdrkdhl m;a
lsu' ,xldf m%:u
ldka;d kS;sm;sjh
m;a lsu'
2013
hqo .egqj, ia;%Ska iy

.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg ,la
lrk" pq;hkayg o~qj ,nd u
inkaOfhka j.u iy ia;%Skaf.a
wdl foaYmd,k n,dNsjOkh .ek
wjOdrKh lrk 2106 orK wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackd iu;h 2013
iar lsu'
kS;s{ Yd,d oj;a;
PdhdrEm( wka;cd,fhks
2013 2 l,dmh weh
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neye
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neye
wud" ux tklx
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mrlal= fjhs'
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2013 2 l,dmh weh
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2013 2 l,dmh

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

1952 - 2013 iema;en 9

fuu irdfj ys m< lrk ,smsj, woyia

iqks,d wffialr ifydaohf.a ud k

iqks,d iu. ia;%Sjdoh fidhd hEu

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Y%S ,dxflah ia;%shf.a jev f,dalfha N+ldj

f,dal llre ke.s yd ia;%S kdhl;ajfha

wdlh f.dvk.k ia;%S Y%uh - tkd u,aldka;s

2013 2 l,dmh weh

O jdIslj ksl=;a jk zwehZ irdf

weh 2 l,dmh 2013

h' tfukau jD; wdl m%;sm;a;sfha

013 jir f. .sfha" wmf.a hq.fha

wehf.a jev" wehf.a udkqIsl;ajh iy

2013 2 l,dmh weh

wms fuu ,smsfha wdrNfha u fk,aika

weh 2 l,dmh 2013

wm kj jirg msfikafka ia;%Ska .ek

ia;%S mqreI iudkd;au;d

2013 2 l,dmh weh

ldgQkh - ouhka;s uq;=l=udrf.a

lsu rdcH ;k;=re orkakkaf.a idr

weh 2 l,dmh 2013

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

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th lS;su;a" lreKdnr" lemfuka

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

ksoyi iSud lsfuks' iqks,df.a ;fha

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

1995 jif tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysl

uqla;sfha;a .S .ehqjdh' weh zr;= n,hZ

weh 2 l,dmh 2013

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wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

whs;sjdisl ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka

kSjd ys meje;ajqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a /iaul

2013 2 l,dmh weh

wuka .ukl fkdfhk u;lh

udkj ysl m%jOkh i|yd lemu w.hd

f .ufka wm yd bkahdf lu,d

weh 2 l,dmh 2013

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