CE2302 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CLASSICAL METHODS 3 1 0 4

OBJECTIVE
The members of a structure are subjected to internal forces like axial forces, shearing forces, bending and torsional
moments while transferring the loads acting on it. Structural analysis deals with analysing these internal forces in the
members of the structures. At the end of this course students will be conversant with classical method of analysis.
UNIT I DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES 9
Principles of virtual work for deflections !eflections of pin"jointed plane frames and rigid plane frames #illot
diagram " $ohr%s correction
UNIT II MOVING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES 9
&!'T'($)*AT' + )*!'T'($)*AT' ST(,-T,('S.
)nfluence lines for reactions in statically determinate structures influence lines for members forces in pin"jointed
frames )nfluence lines for shear force and bending moment in beam sections -alculation of critical stress resultants
due to concentrated and distributed moving loads.
$uller /reslau%s principle )nfluence lines for continuous beams and single storey rigid frames )ndirect model
analysis for influence lines of indeterminate structures /eggs deformeter
UNIT III ARCHES 9
Arches as structural forms 'xamples of arch structures Types of arches Analysis of three hinged, two hinged and
fixed arches, parabolic and circular arches Settlement and temperature effects.
UNIT IV SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 9
-ontinuous beams and rigid frames &with and without sway. Symmetry and antisymmetry Simplification for hinged
end Support displacements.
UNIT V MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 9
!istribution and carry over of moments Stiffness and carry over factors Analysis of continuous beams Plane rigid
frames with and without sway *aylor%s simplification.
TUTORIAL 15 TOTAL : 0
TE!T BOO"S
0. 1-omprehensive Structural Analysis 2ol. 0 + 2ol. 34, 2aidyanadhan, ( and Perumal, P, 5axmi Publications,
*ew !elhi, 3667
3. 1Structural Analysis4, 5.S. *egi + (.S. 8angid, Tata $c9raw":ill Publications, *ew !elhi, Sixth 'dition, 3667
7. Punmia /.-., Theory of Structures &S$TS . 2ol )) laxmi Publishing Pvt ltd, *ew !elhi, 366;
REFERENCES
0. Analysis of )ndeterminate Structures -.<. #ang, Tata $c9raw":ill, 0==3
V SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE2302 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NOTES OF LESSON
I UNIT DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Theorem of minimum o!en!i"# Ener$%
Potential energy is the capacity to do work due to the position of body. A body of weight W held at a height h
possess energy Wh. Theorem of minimum potential energy states that Of "## !he &i'(#")emen!' *hi)h '"!i'f% !he
+oun&"r% )on&i!ion' of " '!ru)!ur"# '%'!em, !ho'e )orre'(on&in$ !o '!"+#e e-ui#i+rium )onfi$ur"!ion m".e !he
!o!"# (o!en!i"# ener$% " re#"!i/e minimum. This theorem can be used to determine the critical forces causing
instability of the structure.
L"* of Con'er/"!ion of Ener$%
rom physics this law is stated as !nergy is neither created nor destroyed. or the purpose of structural analysis" the
law can be stated as If " '!ru)!ure "n& e0!ern"# #o"&' ")!in$ on i! "re i'o#"!e&, 'u)h !h"! i! nei!her re)ei/e nor
$i/e ou! ener$%, !hen !he !o!"# ener$% of !he '%'!em rem"in )on'!"n!. With reference to figure #" internal energy is
e$pressed as in e%uation &'(. !$ternal work done W
e
) *+., P d-. rom law of conser.ation of energy /
i
0W
e
)+. rom
this it is clear that internal energy is e%ual to e$ternal work done.
rin)i(#e of Vir!u"# 1or.2
1irtual work is the imaginary work done by the true forces mo.ing through imaginary displacements or .ice .ersa. 2eal
work is due to true forces mo.ing through true displacements. According to principle of .irtual work The !o!"# /ir!u"#
*or. &one +% " '%'!em of for)e' &urin$ " /ir!u"# &i'(#")emen! i' 3ero.
Theorem of principle of .irtual work can be stated as 4If " +o&% i' in e-ui#i+rium un&er " Vir!u"# for)e '%'!em "n&
rem"in' in e-ui#i+rium *hi#e i! i' 'u+5e)!e& !o " 'm"## &eform"!ion, !he /ir!u"# *or. &one +% !he e0!ern"# for)e'
i' e-u"# !o !he /ir!u"# *or. &one +% !he in!ern"# '!re''e' &ue !o !he'e for)e'67 /se of this theorem for computation
of displacement is e$plained by considering a simply supported bea A3" of span -" sub4ected to concentrated load P at
5" as shown in ig.6a. To compute deflection at 7" a .irtual load P is applied at 7 after remo.ing P at 5. Work done is
8ero a s the load is .irtual. The load P is then applied at 5" causing deflection
5
at 5 and
7
at 7" as shown in ig. 6b.
!$ternal work done W
e
by .irtual load P is . 9f the .irtual load P produces bending moment :" then the
internal strain energy stored by : acting on the real deformation d in element d$ o.er the beam e%uation &;<(
#
= P>
W
7
e

-
+
i
/
+
-
+
i
!9 #
d$ : :>
/ ?
#
d@ :>
d/
Where" :) bending moment due to real load P. rom principle of conser.ation of energy W
e
)W
i

9f P); then
Aimilarly for deflection in a$ial loaded trusses it can be shown that
Where"
) 7eflection in the direction of unit load
P ) orce in the i
th
member of truss due to unit load
P ) orce in the i
th
member of truss due to real e$ternal load
n ) Bumber of truss members
- ) length of i
th
truss members.
/se of .irtual load P ) ; in .irtual work theorem for computing displacement is called
Uni! Lo"& Me!ho&
C"'!i$#ione8' Theorem'2
A
B C D
#
$
L
P
A
B C D
#
$
L
P
P%

C

D
ig.6a
ig.6b

-
+
7
!9 #
d$ : :>

#
= P>

&;6(
!9
d$ : :>
=
-
+
7

&;C(
A!
d$ P P>
=
n
+

5astigliano published two theorems in ;DC' to determine deflections in structures and redundant in statically
indeterminate structures. These theorems are stated asE
9'! Theorem2 4If " #ine"r#% e#"'!i) '!ru)!ure i' 'u+5e)!e& !o " 'e! of #o"&', !he ("r!i"# &eri/"!i/e' of !o!"#
'!r"in ener$% *i!h re'(e)! !o !he &ef#e)!ion "! "n% (oin! i' e-u"# !o !he #o"& "((#ie& "! !h"! (oin!6
2n& Theorem2 4If " #ine"r#% e#"'!i) '!ru)!ure i' 'u+5e)!e& !o " 'e! of #o"&', !he ("r!i"# &eri/"!i/e' of !o!"#
'!r"in ener$% *i!h re'(e)! !o " #o"& "((#ie& "! "n% (oin! i' e-u"# !o !he &ef#e)!ion "! !h"! (oin!6
The first theorem is useful in determining the forces at certain chosen coordinates. The conditions of e%uilibrium of
these chosen forces may then be used for the analysis of statically determinate or indeterminate structures. Aecond
theorem is useful in computing the displacements in statically determinate or indeterminate structures.
:e!!i8' L"*2
9t states that If " '!ru)!ure i' ")!e& u(on +% !*o for)e '%'!em' I "n& II, in e-ui#i+rium 'e("r"!e#%, !he e0!ern"#
/ir!u"# *or. &one +% " '%'!em of for)e' II &urin$ !he &eform"!ion' )"u'e& +% "no!her '%'!em of for)e' I i' e-u"#
!o e0!ern"# *or. &one +% I '%'!em &urin$ !he &eform"!ion' )"u'e& +% !he II '%'!em
A body sub4ected to two system of forces is shown in ig C. W
i4
represents work done by ith system of force on
displacements caused by 4
th
system at the same point. 3ettis law can be e$pressed as W
i4
) W
4i
" where W
4i
represents the
work done by 4
th
system on displacement caused by i
th
system at the same point.
&;D( B ..... ;"#" 4 P
=
/
4
4

&;'( B . ;"#"...... 4 =
P
/
4
4

I II
Fi$7 ;
Tru''e' T&' D()*+,('+#- S./01.0/*,

T2/**D()*+,('+#-S./01.0/*,
Con&i!ion' of E-ui#i+rium "n& S!"!i) In&e!ermin")%
A body is said to be under static e%uilibrium" when it continues to be under rest after application of loads. 7uring
motion" the e%uilibrium condition is called dynamic e%uilibrium. 9n two dimensional system" a body is in e%uilibrium
when it satisfies following e%uation.
$)+ ? y)+ ? :o)+ ***;.;
To use the e%uation ;.;" the force components along $ and y a$es are considered. 9n three dimensional system
e%uilibrium e%uations of e%uilibrium are
$)+ ? y)+ ? 8)+?
:$)+ ? :y)+ ? :8)+? ****;.#
To use the e%uations of e%uilibrium &;.; or ;.#(" a free body diagram of the structure as a whole or of any part of
the structure is drawn. Fnown forces and unknown reactions with assumed direction is shown on the sketch while
drawing free body diagram. /nknown forces are computed using either e%uation ;.; or ;.#
3efore analy8ing a structure" the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be computed using e%uations
of e%uilibrium alone. 9f all unknown reactions can be uni%uely determined from the simultaneous solution of the
e%uations of static e%uilibrium" the reactions of the structure are referred to as '!"!i)"##% &e!ermin"!e. 9f they cannot be
determined using e%uations of e%uilibrium alone then such structures are called '!"!i)"##% in&e!ermin"!e '!ru)!ure'7 9f
the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of e%uations of e%uilibrium then the structure is statically
unstable.
The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of unknown forces and the
number of e%uilibrium e%uations a.ailable to sol.e for the unknowns. These e$tra forces are called redundants.
9ndeterminacy with respect e$ternal forces and reactions are called e0!ern"##% in&e!ermin"!e and that with respect to
internal forces are called in!ern"##% in&e!ermin"!e7
A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two*dimensional structures are gi.en belowE
B/F) Bumber of unknown forces
B!G) Bumber of e%uations a.ailable
9B7) 7egree of indeterminacy
9B7) B/F * B!G
In&e!ermin")% of #"n"r Fr"me'
or entire structure to be in e%uilibrium" each member and each 4oint must be in e%uilibrium &ig. ;.'(
B!G ) HB:0HBI
B/F) 6B:0B2
9B7) B/F J B!G ) &6B:0B2(*&HB:0HBI(
9B7) HB:0B2*HBI ***** ;.H
T2/** (+3*4*+3*+. /*#1.('+ 1')4'+*+.,
F/** 5'36 3(#7/#) '8 M*)5*/, #+3 J'(+.,
7egree of 9ndeterminacy is reduced due to introduction of internal hinge
B5) Bumber of additional conditions
B!G ) HB:0HBI0B5
B/F) 6B:0B2
9B7) B/F*B!G ) HB:0B2*HBI*B5 ************;.Ha
In&e!ermin")% of #"n"r Tru''e'
:embers carry only a$ial forces
B!G ) #BI
B/F) B:0B2
9B7) B/F J B!G
9B7) B:0B2*#BI ***** ;.<
In&e!ermin")% of 3D FRAMES
A member or a 4oint has to satisfy 6 e%uations of e%uilibrium
B!G ) 6B: 0 6BI*B5
B/F) ;#B:0B2
9B7) B/F J B!G
9B7) 6B:0B2*6BI*B5***** ;.,
In&e!ermin")% of 3D Tru''e'
A 4oint has to satisfy H e%uations of e%uilibrium
B!G ) HBI
B/F) B:0B2
9B7) B/F J B!G
9B7) B:0B2*HBI ***** ;.6
S!"+#e S!ru)!ure2
Another condition that leads to a singular set of e%uations arises when the body or structure is improperly restrained
against motion. 9n some instances" there may be an ade%uate number of support constraints" but their arrangement
may be such that they cannot resist motion due to applied load. Auch situation leads to instability of structure. A
structure may be considered as e$ternally stable and internally stable.
E0!ern"##% S!"+#e2
Aupports pre.ents large displacements
Bo. of reactions K Bo. of e%uations
In!ern"##% S!"+#e2
Leometry of the structure does not change appreciably
or a #7 truss B: K #B4 *H &B2 K H(
or a H7 truss B: K HB4 *6 &B2 K H(
E0"m(#e'2
7etermine 7egrees of Atatical indeterminacy and classify the structures
f(

B:);? BI)#? B2 ),? B5);
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ ; 0 , J H $ # *; ) ;
INDETERMINATE
a(
b(
c(
d(
e(
f(
B:)#? BI)H? B2 )<? B5)+
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ # 0 < J H $ H *+ ) ;
INDETERMINATE
B:)H? BI)<? B2 ),? B5)#
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ H 0 , J H $ < *# ) +
DETERMINATE
B:)H? BI)<? B2 ),? B5)#
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ H 0 , J H $ < *# ) +
DETERMINATE
B:)H? BI)<? B2 )H? B5)+
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ H 0 H J H $ < *+ ) +
DETERMINATE
B:);? BI)#? B2 )6? B5)#
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ ; 0 6 J H $ # *# ) ;
INDETERMINATE
B:);? BI)#? B2 ),? B5);
9B7)HB:0B2*HBI*B5
9B7)H $ ; 0 , J H $ # *; ) ;
INDETERMINATE
E#12 ,044'/. 2#, /*#1.('+,
B:)D? BI)D? B2 )#<? B5)+
9B7)6B:0B2*6BI*B5
9B7)6 $ D 0 #< J 6 $ D *+ ) #<
INDETERMINATE

E#12 ,044'/. 2#, 3 /*#1.('+,
B:);D? BI);,? B2 );D? B5)+
9B7)6B:0B2*6BI*B5
9B7)6 $ ;D 0 ;D J 6 $ ;, ) H6
INDETERMINATE
Tru''
B:)#? BI)H? B2 )<?
9B7)B:0B2*#BI
9B7) # 0 < J # $ H ) +
DETERMINATE



Tru''
B:);<? BI)'? B2 )<?
9B7)B:0B2*#BI
9B7) ;<0 < J # $ ' ) +
T/0,,
*$>00? *8>@? *( >;?
)*!>*$A*("3*8
)*!> 00 A ; 3 x @ > 7
INDETERMINATE
De$ree of free&om or <inem"!i) In&e!ermin")%
:embers of structure deform due to e$ternal loads. The minimum number of parameters re%uired to uni%uely
describe the deformed shape of structure is called 4De$ree of Free&om67 7isplacements and rotations at .arious
points in structure are the parameters considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. 9n framed structure
the deformation at 4oints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure. 7eformation at intermediate points
on the structure is e$pressed in terms of end deformations. At supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction
is 8ero. or e$ample hinged support of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along $ and
y directions are 8ero. 7egree of freedom of a structure is e$pressed as a number e%ual to number of free
displacements at all 4oints. or a two dimensional structure each rigid 4oint has three displacements as shown in
9n case of three dimensional structure each rigid 4oint has si$ displacement.
M !$pression for degrees of freedom
;. #7 ramesE B7N ) HBI J B2 B2 H
#. H7 ramesE B7N ) 6BI J B2 B2 6
H. #7 TrussesE B7N) #BI J B2 B2 H
<. H7 TrussesE B7N ) HBI J B2 B2 6
Where" B7N is the number of degrees of freedom
9n #7 analysis of frames some times a$ial deformation is ignored. Then BA5)Bo. of a$ial condition is deducted
from B7N
E0"m(#e'2
;.# 7etermine 7egrees of Finermatic 9ndeterminacy of the structures gi.en below
!$tensible 9ne$tensible
BI)#? B2 )H? BA5); BI)#? B2 )H?
B7N)HBI*B2 B7N)HBI*B2*BA5
B7N)H $ # J H) H &
;
"
#
"
#
( B7N)H $ # J H*;) # &
;
"
#
(
a(
b(

A Truss
*8>@? *( >7?
*!BC>3*8"*(
*!BC>3 x @ 7 > =


BI)6? B2 )<?
B7N)#BI*B2
B7N)# $ 6 J < ) D
!$tensible
BI)<? B2 ),?
B7N)HBI*B2
B7N)H $ < J ,) C
&
;
"
#;
"
#H

H
"
y#
"e
;
"e
#
(
9ne$tensible
BI)<? B2 ),? BA5)#
B7N)HBI*B2*BA5
B7N)H $ < J ,*#) ,
&
;
"
#;
"
#H
"
H

y#
(
Stress"Strain 9raph
Vir!u"# 1or.
V(/.0#- &'/9 is defined as the following line integral
where
C is the path or cur.e tra.ersed by the ob4ect" keeping all constraints satisfied?
is the force .ector?
is the infinitesimal .irtual displacement .ector.
V(/.0#- &'/9 is therefore a special case of mechanical work. Cor the work to be called virtual, the motion undergone by the
system must be compatible with the systemDs constraints, hence the use of a virtual displacement.
Bne of the key ideas of 5agrangian mechanics is that the virtual work done by the constraint forces should be Eero. This is a
reasonable assumption, for otherwise a physical system might gain or lose energy simply by being constrained &imagine a
bead on a stationary hoop moving faster and faster for no apparent reason.F
The idea of virtual work also plays a key role in interpreting !DAlembertDs principleG
'Huilibrium of forces &1staic4 treatment.
virtual work produced by inertia force
virtual work rpoduced by net applied force.
*oteG
(eHuirements on G
" compatible with the kinematic constraints, but otherwise arbitrary
" instantaneous
" increasingly small
Cor a single body /i G
Cor a system of n bodies /G
15agrange form of d%Alembert%s Principle4
This formalism is convenient, as the constraint &non"working. loads disappear. &forces, torHues. I where
iis the vector of independent degrees"of"freedom.
'xample &i.
The motivation for introducing virtual work can be appreciated by the following simple example from statics of particles.
Suppose a particle is in eHuilibrium under a set of forces Fxi, Fyi, Fzi i > 0,3,...nG
$ultiplying the three eHuations with the respective arbitrary constants Jx, Jy, Jz G
&b(
#hen the arbitrary constants Jx, Jy, Jz are thought of as virtual displacements of the particle, then the left"hand"sides of &b.
represent the virtual work. The total virtual work isG
&c(
Since the preceding eHuality is valid for arbitrary virtual displacements, it leads back to the eHuilibrium eHuations in &a.. The
eHuation &c. is called the principle of virtual work for a particle. )ts use is eHuivalent to the use of many eHuilibrium eHuations.
Applying to a deformable body in eHuilibrium that undergoes compatible displacements and deformations, we can find the
total virtual work by including both internal and external forces acting on the particles. )f the material particles experience
compatible displacements and deformations, the work done by internal stresses cancel out, and the net virtual work done
reduces to the work done by the applied external forces. The total virtual work in the body may also be found by the volume
integral of the product of stresses and virtual strains G
Thus, the principle of virtual work for a deformable body isG
This relation is eHuivalent to the set of eHuilibrium eHuations written for the particles in the deformable body. )t is valid
irrespective of material behaviour, and hence leads to powerful applications in structural analysis and finite element analysis.
*ow consider a block on a surface

Applying formula &c. givesG
leads to
Bbserve virtual work formalism leads directly to *ewton%s eHuation of motion in the kinematically allowable direction.
'xample &ii.
Two bodies connected by a rotary joint.

2irtual wotk produced by these constranit loadsG
drop out of the expressionF
/y assuming the contributions to virtual work produced by all forces in and an all system elements, the constraint loads
disappear.
Cor multi"body system, the derivation of the eHuatios of motion now becomes much more simple.
E$#)4-* 1:
*oteG )nternal forces do no work since these forces are always eHual and opposite.
E$#)4-* 2
The physical Huantity work is defined as the product of force times a conjugate displacement, i.e., a displacement in the
same direction as the force we are considering. #e are familiar with real work, i.e., the product of a real force and a real
displacement, i.e., a force and a displacement that both actually occur. The situation is illustrated in Part 0 of the following
figureG
#e can extend the concept of real work to a definition of virtual work, which is the product of a real force and a conjugate
displacement, either real or virtual. )n Part 3 of the example shown above, we assume that the cantilever column loaded with
force P undergoes a virtual rotation of magnitude at its base. #e compute the virtual work corresponding to this virtual
displacement by summing the products of real forces times conjugate virtual displacements.
Cor this calculation, we must introduce unknown sectional forces at those locations where we have cut the structure to create
the virtual displacement. )n the example shown above, therefore, we have introduced bending moment at the base, $b. Cor
completeness, we would also have to introduce a shear force 2 and an axial force * at the base of the column, but, as we
shall see, there is no component of virtual displacement conjugate to these forces. They have therefore not been shown in
the example.
#e calculate the virtual displacements of the structure corresponding to all known and unknown forces. Cor a rotation at
the base, horiEontal translation of the tip of the cantilever is K 5. #e then multiply force times displacement and sum these
products to obtain the following expression for virtual work corresponding to the assumed virtual displacementG
, > P K 5 K $b K
#e treat the virtual work done by force $b as negative since the direction of $b as drawn is opposite to the direction of the
virtual rotation .
The principle of virtual work states that a system of real forces is in eHuilibrium if and only if the virtual work performed by
these forces is Eero for all virtual displacements that are compatible with geometrical boundary conditions.
Cor the example given in the previous subsection, this implies that the virtual work of the simple cantilever, ,, must be Eero
for the system to be in eHuilibriumG
, > P K 5 K $b K > 6
Since is nonEero, it follows that $b > P K 5, which is precisely the familiar expression for bending moment at the base of a
cantilever loaded with force P at its tip.
A more general mathematical statement of the principle of virtual work is as followsG
5et Li be a set of real loads acting on a given structure
5et (i be the corresponding real support reactions
5et $i, 2i, and *i be the sectional forces &bending moment, shear, and axial force. introduced at the locations where the
structure has been cut to allow it to undergo a virtual displacement.
5et Li, (i, $i, 2i, and *i be virtual displacements compatible with the geometrical boundary conditions and conjugate to the
forces defined previously.
Then the structure is in eHuilibrium if and and only ifG
&Li K Li. A &(i K (i. A &$i K $i. A &2i K 2i. A &*i K *i. > 6
Williot diagram
The 1i##io! &i"$r"m is a graphical method to obtain an appro$imate .alue for displacement of a structure which
submitted to a certain load. The method consists of" from a graph representation of a structural system" representing the
structure>s fi$ed .ertices as a single" fi$ed starting point and from there se%uentially adding the neighbouring .ertices>
relati.e displacements due to strain
99*/B9T*:N19BL -NA7A AB7 9B-/!B5! -9B!A
9n engineering" an inf#uen)e #ine graphs the .ariation of a function &such as the shear felt in a structure member( at a
specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point along the structure.
O;PO#POHPO<PO,P
Aome of the
common functions studied with influence lines include reactions &the forces that the structures supports must apply in
order for the structure to remain static(" shear" moment" and deflection. 9nfluence lines are important in the designing
beams and trusses used in bridges" crane rails" con.eyor belts" floor girders" and other structures where loads will mo.e
along their span.
O,P
The influence lines show where a load will create the ma$imum effect for any of the functions
studied.
9nfluence lines are both scalar and additi.e.
O,P
This means that they can be used e.en when the load that will be applied
is not a unit load or if there are multiple loads applied. To find the effect of any non*unit load on a structure" the ordinate
results obtained by the influence line are multiplied by the magnitude of the actual load to be applied. The entire
influence line can be scaled" or 4ust the ma$imum and minimum effects e$perienced along the line. The scaled
ma$imum and minimum are the critical magnitudes that must be designed for in the beam or truss.
9n cases where multiple loads may be in effect" the influence lines for the indi.idual loads may be added together in
order to obtain the total effect felt by the structure at a gi.en point. When adding the influence lines together" it is
necessary to include the appropriate offsets due to the spacing of loads across the structure. or e$ample" if it is known
that load A will be three feet in front of load 3" then the effect of A at x feet along the structure must be added to the
effect of 3 at &x J H( feet along the structureQnot the effect of 3 at x feet along the structure :any loads are distributed
rather than concentrated. 9nfluence lines can be used with either concentrated or distributed loadings. or a concentrated
&or point( load" a unit point load is mo.ed along the structure. or a distributed load of a gi.en width" a unit*distributed
load of the same width is mo.ed along the structure" noting that as the load nears the ends and mo.es off the structure
only part of the total load is carried by the structure. The effect of the distributed unit load can also be obtained by
integrating the point loads influence line o.er the corresponding length of the structures.
When designing a beam or truss" it is necessary to design for the scenarios causing the ma$imum e$pected reactions"
shears" and moments within the structure members in order to ensure that no member will fail during the life of the
structure. When dealing with dead loads &loads that ne.er mo.e" such as the weight of the structure itself(" this is
relati.ely easy because the loads are easy to predict and plan for. or li.e loads &any load that will be mo.ed during the
life of the structure" such as furniture and people(" it becomes much harder to predict where the loads will be or how
concentrated or distributed they will be throughout the life of the structure.
9nfluence lines graph the response of a beam or truss as a unit load tra.els across it. The influence line allows the
designers to disco.er %uickly where to place a li.e load in order to calculate the ma$imum resulting response for each of
the following functionsE reaction" shear" or moment. The designer can then scale the influence line by the greatest
e$pected load to calculate the ma$imum response of each function for which the beam or truss must be designed.
9nfluence lines can also be used to find the responses of other functions &such as deflection or a$ial force( to the applied
unit load" but these uses of influence lines is less common.
)nfluence 5ines
The major difference between shear and moment diagrams as compared to influence lines is that shear and bending
moment diagrams show the variation of the shear and the moment over the entire structure for loads at a fixed position. An
influence line for shear or moment shows the variation of the function at one section cause by a moving load.
)nfluence lines for functions of deterministic structures consists of a set of straight lines. The shape of influence lines for
truss members are a bit more deceptive.
#hat we have looked at is Huantitative influence lines. These have numerical values and can be computed. Lualitative
influence lines are based on a principle by :einrich $Mller /reslau, which statesG
" The deflected shape of a structure represents to some scale the influence line for a function such as reaction,
shear or moment, if the function in question is allowed to act through a small distance. "
)n other words, is that the structure draws its own influence lines from the deflection curves. The shape of the influence
lines can be created by deflecting the location in Huestion by a moment, or shear or displacement to get idea of the
behavior of the influence line. (ealiEing that the supports are Eero values or poles.
$MllerDs principle for statically determinate structures is useful, but for indeterminated structures it is of great value. Nou can
get an idea of the behavior of the shear and moment at a point in the beam.
,sing influence lines to calculate values
Crom the previous examples of a twenty foot beam for the reactions, shear, and moment. #e can use the values from the
influence lines to calculate the shear and moment at a point.
(Ay ) &Ci.O 2alue of the influence line of (Ay P location of the force
200 ) &Ci.O 2alue of the influence line of 200 P location of the force
$00 ) &Ci.O 2alue of the influence line of $00 P location of the force
)f we are looking at the forces due to uniform loads over the beam at point. The shear or moment is eHual to the area under
the influence line times the distributed load.
(Ay ) &wi.O Area of the influence line of (Ay over which w covers
200 ) &wi.O Area of the influence line of 200 over which w covers
$00 ) &wi.O Area of the influence line of $00 over which w covers
Cor moving set of loads the influence lines can be used to calculate the maximum function. This can be done by moving
the loads over the influence line find where they will generate the largest value for the particular point.
Panels or floating floor
The method can be extend to deal with floor joist and floating floors in which we deal with panels, which are simple beam
elements acting on the floor joist.
Nou will need to find the fore as function of the intersection. Nou are going to find the moment and the shear as you move
across the surface of the beam.
An example problem is used to show how this can be used to find the shear and moment at a point for a moving load. This
techniHue is similar to that used in truss members.
Me!ho&' for )on'!ru)!in$ inf#uen)e #ine'
There are three methods used for constructing the influence line. The first is to tabulate the influence .alues for multiple
points along the structure" then use those points to create the influence line. The second is to determine the influence*
line e%uations that apply to the structure" thereby sol.ing for all points along the influence line in terms of x" where x is
the number of feet from the start of the structure to the point where the unit load is applied. The third method is called
the :Rller*3reslau principle. 9t creates a %ualitati.e influence line. This nfluence line will still pro.ide the designer with
an accurate idea of where the unit load will produce the largest response of a function at the point being studied" but it
cannot be used directly to calculate what the magnitude that response will be" whereas the influence lines produced by
the first two methods can.
Influence-line equations
9t is possible to create e%uations defining the influence line across the entire span of a structure. This is done by sol.ing
for the reaction" shear" or moment at the point A caused by a unit load placed at x feet along the structure instead of a
specific distance. This method is similar to the tabulated .alues method" but rather than obtaining a numeric solution" the
outcome is an e%uation in terms of x.
O,P
9t is important to understanding where the slope of the influence line changes for this method because the influence*line
e%uation will change for each linear section of the influence line. Therefore" the complete e%uation will be a piecewise
linear function which has a separate influence*line e%uation for each linear section of the influence line.
O,P
Mller-Breslau Principle
The :Rller*3reslau Principle can be utili8ed to draw %ualitati.e influence lines" which are directly proportional to the
actual influence line.
O#P
9nstead of mo.ing a unit load along a beam" the :Rller*3reslau Principle finds the deflected
shape of the beam caused by first releasing the beam at the point being studied" and then applying the function &reaction"
shear" or moment( being studied to that point. The principle states that the influence line of a function will ha.e a scaled
shape that is the same as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted upon by the function.
9n order to understand how the beam will deflect under the function" it is necessary to remo.e the beams capacity to
resist the function. 3elow are e$planations of how to find the influence lines of a simply supported" rigid beam
When determining the reaction caused at a support" the support is replaced with a roller" which cannot
resist a .ertical reaction. Then an upward &positi.e( reaction is applied to the point where the support
was. Aince the support has been remo.ed" the beam will rotate upwards" and since the beam is rigid" it
will create a triangle with the point at the second support. 9f the beam e$tends beyond the second support
as a cantile.er" a similar triangle will be formed below the cantile.ers position. This means that the
reactions influence line will be a straight" sloping line with a .alue of 8ero at the location of the second
support.
When determining the shear caused at some point 3 along the beam" the beam must be cut and a roller*
guide &which is able to resist moments but not shear( must be inserted at point 3. Then" by applying a
positi.e shear to that point" it can be seen that the left side will rotate down" but the right side will rotate
up. This creates a discontinuous influence line which reaches 8ero at the supports and whose slope is
e%ual on either side of the discontinuity. 9f point 3 is at a support" then the deflection between point 3
and any other supports will still create a triangle" but if the beam is cantile.ered" then the entire
cantile.ered side will mo.e up or down creating a rectangle.
When determining the moment caused by at some point 3 along the beam" a hinge will be placed at point
3" releasing it to moments but resisting shear. Then when a positi.e moment is placed at point 3" both
sides of the beam will rotate up. This will create a continuous influence line" but the slopes will be e%ual
and opposite on either side of the hinge at point 3. Aince the beam is simply supported" its end supports
&pins( cannot resist moment? therefore" it can be obser.ed that the supports will ne.er e$perience
moments in a static situation regardless of where the load is placed.
The :Rller*3reslau Principle can only produce %ualitati.e influence lines. This means that engineers can use it to
determine where to place a load to incur the ma$imum of a function" but the magnitude of that ma$imum cannot be
calculated from the influence line. 9nstead" the engineer must use statics to sol.e for the functions .alue in that loading
case.
or e$ample" the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in igure ;" is found by applying a
unit load at se.eral points &Aee igure #( on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
can be done by sol.ing the support reaction S
A
as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. Nne such
e%uation can be found by summing moments at Aupport 3.
igure ; * 3eam structure for influence line e$ample
igure # * 3eam structure showing application of unit load
:
3
) + (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
*S
A
&-(0;&-*$( ) +
S
A
) &-*$(T- ) ; * &$T-(
The graph of this e%uation is the influence line for the support reaction at A &Aee igure H(. The graph illustrates that if
the unit load was applied at A" the reaction at A would be e%ual to unity. Aimilarly" if the unit load was applied at 3" the
reaction at A would be e%ual to +" and if the unit load was applied at 5" the reaction at A would be e%ual to *eT-.
igure H * 9nfluence line for the support reaction at A
Nnce an understanding is gained on how these e%uations and the influence lines they produce are de.eloped" some
general properties of influence lines for '!"!i)"##% &e!ermin"!e '!ru)!ure' can be stated.
;. For " '!"!i)"##% &e!ermin"!e '!ru)!ure the influence line will consist of only straight line segments between
critical ordinate .alues.
#. The influence line for a shear force at a gi.en location will contain a translational discontinuity at this location.
The summation of the positi.e and negati.e shear forces at this location is e%ual to unity.
H. !$cept at an internal hinge location" the slope to the shear force influence line will be the same on each side of
the critical section since the bending moment is continuous at the critical section.
<. The influence line for a bending moment will contain a unit rotational discontinuity at the point where the
bending moment is being e.aluated.
,. To determine the location for positioning a single concentrated load to produce ma$imum magnitude for a
particular function &reaction" shear" a$ial" or bending moment( place the load at the location of the ma$imum
ordinate to the influence line. The .alue for the particular function will be e%ual to the magnitude of the
concentrated load" multiplied by the ordinate .alue of the influence line at that point.
6. To determine the location for positioning a uniform load of constant intensity to produce the ma$imum
magnitude for a particular function" place the load along those portions of the structure for which the ordinates to
the influence line ha.e the same algebraic sign. The .alue for the particular function will be e%ual to the
magnitude of the uniform load" multiplied by the area under the influence diagram between the beginning and
ending points of the uniform load.
There are two methods that can be used to plot an influence line for any function. 9n the first" the approach described
abo.e" is to write an e%uation for the function being determined" e.g." the e%uation for the shear" moment" or a$ial force
induced at a point due to the application of a unit load at any other location on the structure. The second approach"
which uses the M=##er :re'#"u rin)i(#e" can be utili8ed to draw %ualitati.e influence lines" which are directly
proportional to the actual influence line.
The following e$amples demonstrate how to determine the influence lines for reactions" shear" and bending moments of
beams and frames using both methods described abo.e.
or e$ample" the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in igure ;" is found by applying a
unit load at se.eral points &Aee igure #( on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
can be done by sol.ing the support reaction S
A
as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. Nne such
e%uation can be found by summing moments at Aupport 3.
igure ; * 3eam structure for influence line e$ample
igure # * 3eam structure showing application of unit load
:
3
) + (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
*S
A
&-(0;&-*$( ) +
S
A
) &-*$(T- ) ; * &$T-(
The graph of this e%uation is the influence line for the support reaction at A &Aee igure H(. The graph illustrates that if
the unit load was applied at A" the reaction at A would be e%ual to unity. Aimilarly" if the unit load was applied at 3" the
reaction at A would be e%ual to +" and if the unit load was applied at 5" the reaction at A would be e%ual to *eT-.
igure H * 9nfluence line for the support reaction at A
problem statement
7raw the influence lines for the reactions S
A
" S
5
" and the shear and bending moment at point 3" of the simply supported
beam shown by de.eloping the e%uations for the respecti.e influence lines.
igure ; * 3eam structure to analy8e
(eaction N
A

The influence line for a reaction at a support is found by independently applying a unit load at se.eral points on the
structure and determining" through statics" what the resulting reaction at the support will be for each case. 9n this
e$ample" one such e%uation for the influence line of S
A
can be found by summing moments around Aupport 5.
igure # * Application of unit load
:
5
) + (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
*S
A
&#,(0;&#,*$( ) +
S
A
) &#,*$(T#, ) ; * &$T#,(
The graph of this e%uation is the influence line for S
A
&Aee igure H(. This figure illustrates that if the unit load is
applied at A" the reaction at A will be e%ual to unity. Aimilarly" if the unit load is applied at 3" the reaction at A will be
e%ual to ;*&;,T#,()+.<" and if the unit load is applied at 5" the reaction at A will be e%ual to +.
igure H * 9nfluence line for SA" the support reaction at A
The fact that S
A
); when the unit load is applied at A and 8ero when the unit load is applied at 5 can be used to %uickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two .alues at A and 5" respecti.ely" and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for S
A
. The structure is statically determinate" therefore" the resulting
function is a straight line.
(eaction at -
The e%uation for the influence line of the support reaction at 5 is found by de.eloping an e%uation that relates the
reaction to the position of a downward acting unit load applied at all locations on the structure. This e%uation is found
by summing the moments around support A.
igure < * Application of unit load
:
A
) + (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
S
5
&#,(*;&$( ) +
S
5
) $T#,
The graph of this e%uation is the influence line for S
5
. This shows that if the unit load is applied at 5" the reaction at 5
will be e%ual to unity. Aimilarly" if the unit load is applied at 3" the reaction at 5 will be e%ual to ;,T#,)+.6. And" if the
unit load is applied at A" the reaction at 5 will e%ual to +.
igure , * 9nfluence line for the reaction at support 5
The fact that S
5
); when the unit load is applied at 5 and 8ero when the unit load is applied at A can be used to %uickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two .alues at A and 5" respecti.ely" and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for S
5
. Botice" since the structure is statically determinate" the resulting
function is a straight line.
Shear at /
The influence line for the shear at point 3 can be found by de.eloping e%uations for the shear at the section using statics.
This can be accomplished as followsE
a( if the load mo.es from 3 to 5" the shear diagram will be as shown in ig. 6 below" this demonstrates that the shear at
3 will e%ual S
A
as long as the load is located to the right of 3" i.e." 1
3
) S
A
. Nne can also calculate the shear at 3 from
the ree 3ody 7iagram &37( shown in ig. C.
igure 6 * Ahear diagram for load located between 3 and 5
igure C * ree body diagram for section at 3 with a load located between 3 and 5
b( if the load mo.es from A to 3" the shear diagram will be as shown in ig. D" below" this demonstrates that the shear at
3 will e%ual *S
5
as long as the load is located to the left of 3" i.e." 1
3
) * S
5
. Nne can also calculate the shear at 3 from
the 37 shown in ig. '.
igure D * Ahear diagram for load located between A and 3
igure ' * ree body diagram for section at 3 with a load located between A and 3
The influence line for the Ahear at point 3 is then constructed by drawing the influence line for S
A
and negati.e S
5
.
Then highlight the portion that represents the sides o.er which the load was mo.ing. 9n this case" highlight the the part
from 3 to 5 on S
A
and from A to 3 on *S
5
. Botice that at point 3" the summation of the absolute .alues of the positi.e
and negati.e shear is e%ual to ;.
igure ;+ * 9nfluence line for shear at point 3
$oment at /
The influence line for the moment at point 3 can be found by using statics to de.elop e%uations for the moment at the
point of interest" due to a unit load acting at any location on the structure. This can be accomplished as follows.
a( if the load is at a location between 3 and 5" the moment at 3 can be calculated by using the 37 shown in ig. C
abo.e" e.g." at 3" :
3
) ;, S
A
* notice that this relation is .alid if and only if the load is mo.ing from 3 to 5.
b( if the load is at a location between A and 3" the moment at 3 can be calculated by using the 37 shown in ig. '
abo.e" e.g." at 3" :
3
) ;+ S
5
* notice that this relation is .alid if and only if the load is mo.ing from A to 3.
The influence line for the :oment at point 3 is then constructed by magnifying the influence lines for S
A
and S
5
by ;,
and ;+" respecti.ely" as shown below. Ua.ing plotted the functions" ;, S
A
and ;+ S
5
" highlight the portion from 3 to 5
of the function ;, S
A
and from A to 3 on the function ;+ S
5
. These are the two portions what correspond to the correct
moment relations as e$plained abo.e. The two functions must intersect abo.e point 3. The .alue of the function at 3
then e%uals &; $ ;+ $ ;,(T#, ) 6. This represents the moment at 3 if the load was positioned at 3.
igure ;; * 9nfluence line for moment at point 3
9nfluence -ines V 9nde$ of !$amples V 55! Uomepage
Influence Lines
Gualitati.e 9nfluence -ines using the :Rller 3reslau Principle
:Rller 3reslau Principle
The :Rller 3reslau Principle is another alternati.e a.ailable to %ualitati.ely de.elop the influence
lines for different functions. The :Rller 3reslau Principle states that the ordinate .alue of an influence
line for any function on any structure is proportional to the ordinates of the deflected shape that is
obtained by remo.ing the restraint corresponding to the function from the structure and introducing a
force that causes a unit displacement in the positi.e direction.
igure ; * 3eam structure to analy8e
or e$ample" to obtain the influence line for the support reaction at A for the beam shown in igure ;"
abo.e" remo.e the support corresponding to the reaction and apply a force in the positi.e direction that
will cause a unit displacement in the direction of S
A
. The resulting deflected shape will be proportional
to the true influence line for this reaction. i.e." for the support reaction at A. The deflected shape due to
a unit displacement at A is shown below. Botice that the deflected shape is linear" i.e." the beam rotates
as a rigid body without any cur.ature. This is true only for statically determinate systems.
igure # * Aupport remo.ed" unit load applied" and resulting influence line for support reaction at A
Aimilarly" to construct the influence line for the support reaction S
3
" remo.e the support at 3 and apply
a .ertical force that induces a unit displacement at 3. The resulting deflected shape is the %ualitati.e
influence line for the support reaction S
3
.
igure H * Aupport remo.ed" unit load applied" and resulting influence line for support reaction at 3
Nnce again" notice that the influence line is linear" since the structure is statically determinate.
This principle will be now be e$tended to de.elop the influence lines for other functions.
Ahear at s
To determine the %ualitati.e influence line for the shear at s" remo.e the shear resistance of the beam at
this section by inserting a roller guide" i.e." a support that does not resist shear" but maintains a$ial
force and bending moment resistance.
igure < * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at s
2emo.ing the shear resistance will then allow the ends on each side of the section to mo.e
perpendicular to the beam a$is of the structure at this section. Be$t" apply a shear force" i.e." 1
s*2
and
1
s*-
that will result in the relati.e .ertical displacement between the two ends to e%ual unity. The
magnitude of these forces are proportional to the location of the section and the span of the beam. 9n
this case"
1
s*-
) ;T;6 $ ;+ ) ;+T;6 ) ,TD
1
s*2
) ;T;6 $ 6 ) 6T;6 ) HTD
The final influence line for 1
s
is shown below.
igure , * 9nfluence line for shear at s






Ahear 4ust to the left side of 3
The shear 4ust to the left side of support 3 can be constructed using the ideas e$plained abo.e. Aimply
imagine that section s in the pre.ious e$ample is mo.ed 4ust to the left of 3. 3y doing this" the
magnitude of the positi.e shear decreases until it reaches 8ero" while the negati.e shear increases to ;.
igure 6 * 9nfluence line for shear 4ust to the left of 3
Ahear 4ust to the right side of 3
To plot the influence line for the shear 4ust to the right side of support 3" 1
b*2
" release the shear 4ust to
the right of the support by introducing the type of roller shown in ig. C" below. The resulting deflected
shape represents the influence line for 1
b*2
. Botice that no deflection occurs between A and 3" since
neither of those supports were remo.ed and hence the deflections at A and 3 must remain 8ero. The
deflected shape between 3 and 5 is a straight line that represents the motion of a rigid body.
igure C * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at 4ust to the right of 3 and the resulting influence
line
:oment at s
To obtain a %ualitati.e influence line for the bending moment at a section" remo.e the moment restraint
at the section" but maintain a$ial and shear force resistance. The moment resistance is eliminated by
inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply e%ual and opposite moments
respecti.ely on the right and left sides of the hinge that will introduce a unit relati.e rotation between
the two tangents of the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic cur.e for the beam"
under these conditions" is the influence line for the bending moment at the section. The resulting
influence line is shown below.
igure D * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at s and the resulting influence line
The .alues of the moments shown in igure D" abo.e" are calculated as followsE
a. when the unit load is applied at s" the moment at s is S
A
$ ;+ ) HTD $ ;+ ) H.C,
&see the influence line for S
A
" igure #" abo.e" for the .alue of S
A
with a unit load applied at s(
b. when the unit load is applied at 5" the moment at s is S
A
$ ;+ ) *HTD $ ;+ ) *H.C,
&again" see the influence line for S
A
for the .alue of S
A
with a unit load applied at 5(
ollowing the general properties of influence lines" gi.en in the 9ntroduction" these two .alues are
plotted on the beam at the locations where the load is applied and the resulting influence line is
constructed.
:oment at 3
The %ualitati.e influence line for the bending moment at 3 is obtained by introducing a hinge at
support 3 and applying a moment that introduces a unit relati.e rotation. Botice that no deflection
occurs between supports A and 3 since neither of the supports were remo.ed. Therefore" the only
portion that will rotate is part 35 as shown in ig. '" below.
igure ' * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at 3 and the resulting influence line
Ahear and moment en.elopes due to uniform dead and li.e loads
The shear and moment en.elopes are graphs which show the .ariation in the minimum and ma$imum
.alues for the function along the structure due to the application of all possible loading conditions. The
diagrams are obtained by superimposing the indi.idual diagrams for the function based on each
loading condition. The resulting diagram that shows the upper and lower bounds for the function along
the structure due to the loading conditions is called the en.elope.
The loading conditions" also referred to as load cases" are determined by e$amining the influence lines
and interpreting where loads must be placed to result in the ma$imum .alues. To calculate the
ma$imum positi.e and negati.e .alues of a function" the dead load must be applied o.er the entire
beam" while the li.e load is placed o.er either the respecti.e positi.e or negati.e portions of the
influence line. The .alue for the function will be e%ual to the magnitude of the uniform load" multiplied
by the area under the influence line diagram between the beginning and ending points of the uniform
load.
or e$ample" to de.elop the shear and moment en.elopes for the beam shown in igure ;" first sketch
the influence lines for the shear and moment at .arious locations. The influence lines for 1
a*2
" 1
b*-
" 1
b*
2
" :
b
" 1
s
" and :
s
are shown in ig. ;+.

igure ;+ * 9nfluence lines
These influence lines are used to determine where to place the uniform li.e load to yield the ma$imum
positi.e and negati.e .alues for the different functions. or e$ample?
igure ;; * Aupport remo.ed" unit load applied" and resulting influence line for support reaction at A
W The ma$imum .alue for the positi.e reaction at A" assuming no partial loading" will occur when the
uniform load is applied on the beam from A to 3 &load case ;(
igure ;# * -oad case ;
W The ma$imum negati.e .alue for the reaction at A will occur if a uniform load is placed on the
beam from 3 to 5 &load case #(
igure ;H * -oad case #
W -oad case ; is also used forE
ma$imum positi.e .alue of the shear at the right of support A
ma$imum positi.e moment :
s

W -oad case # is also used forE
ma$imum positi.e .alue of the shear at the right of support 3
ma$imum negati.e moments at support 3 and :
s

W -oad case H is re%uired forE
ma$imum positi.e reaction at 3
ma$imum negati.e shear on the left side of 3
igure ;< * -oad case H





W -oad case < is re%uired for the ma$imum positi.e shear force at section s
igure ;, * -oad case <
W -oad case , is re%uired for the ma$imum negati.e shear force at section s
igure ;6 * -oad case ,
To de.elop the shear and moment en.elopes" construct the shear and moment diagrams for each load
case. The en.elope is the area that is enclosed by superimposing all of these diagrams. The ma$imum
positi.e and negati.e .alues can then be determined by looking at the ma$imum and minimum .alues
of the en.elope at each point.
9ndi.idual shear diagrams for each load case?
igure ;C * 9ndi.idual shear diagrams
Auperimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final shear en.elope.
igure ;D * 2esulting superimposed shear en.elope
9ndi.idual moment diagrams for each load case?
igure ;' * 9ndi.idual moment diagrams
Auperimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final moment en.elope.
igure #+ * 2esulting superimposed moment en.elope
)nfluence 5ines Q )ndex of 'xamples Q --' :omepage
Influence Lines
Lualitative )nfluence 5ines for a Statically !eterminate -ontinuous /eam
problem statement
7raw the %ualitati.e influence lines for the .ertical reactions at the supports" the shear and moments at sections s; and
s#" and the shear at the left and right of support 3 of the continuous beam shown.
igure ; * 3eam structure to analy8e
(eactions at A, /, and -
Gualitati.e influence lines for the support reactions at A" 3" and 5 are found by using the :Rller 3reslau Principle for
reactions" i.e." apply a force which will introduce a unit displacement in the structure at each support. The resulting
deflected shape will be proportional to the influence line for the support reactions.
The resulting influence lines for the support reactions at A" 3" and 5 are shown in igure #" below.
igure # * 9nfluence lines for the reactions at A" 3" and 5
BoteE 3eam 35 does not e$perience internal forces or reactions when the load mo.es from A to h. 9n other words"
influence lines for beam h5 will be 8ero as long as the load is located between A and h. This can also be e$plained by
the fact that portion h5 of the beam is supported by beam A3h as shown in igure H" below.
igure H * 3eam h5 supported by beam A3h
Therefore" the force S
h
re%uired to maintain e%uilibrium in portion h5 when the load from h to 5 is pro.ided by portion
A3h. This force" S
h
" is e%ual to 8ero when the load mo.es between A an h" and hence" no shear or moment will be
induced in portion h5.
Shear and moment at section S
0
and S
3

To determine the shear at s
;
" remo.e the shear resistance of the beam at the section by inserting a support that does not
resist shear" but maintains a$ial force and bending moment resistance &see the inserted support in igure <(. 2emo.ing
the shear resistance will allow the ends on each side of the section to mo.e perpendicular to the beam a$is of the
structure at this section. Be$t" apply shear forces on each side of the section to induce a relati.e displacement between
the two ends that will e%ual unity. Aince the section is cut at the midspan" the magnitude of each force is e%ual to ;T#.
igure < * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at s; and resulting influence line
or the moment at s
;
" remo.e the moment restraint at the section" but maintain a$ial and shear force resistance. The
moment resistance is eliminated by inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply e%ual and opposite
moments on the right and left sides of the hinge that will introduce a unit relati.e rotation between the two tangents of
the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic cur.e for the beam" under these conditions" is the influence
line for the bending moment at the section.
igure , * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at s; and resulting influence line
The .alue of the moment shown in igure ," abo.e" is e%ual to the .alue of 2
a
when a unit load is applied at s
;
"
multiplied by the distance from A to s
;
. :
s;
) ;T# $ < ) #.
The influence lines for the shear and moment at section s
#
can be constructed following a similar procedure. Botice that
when the load is located between A and h" the magnitudes of the influence lines are 8ero for the shear and moment at s
;
.
The was e$plained pre.iously in the discussion of the influence line for the support reaction at 5 &see igures # and H(.
igure 6 * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at s# and resulting influence line
igure C * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at s# and resulting influence line
Shear at the left and right of /
Aince the shear at 3 occurs on both sides of a support" it is necessary to independently determine the shear for each side.
To plot the influence line for 1
b*-
" follow the instructions outlined abo.e for plotting the influence line for the shear at
s
;
. To construct the shear 4ust to the left of support 3" imagine that the section s
;
has been mo.ed to the left of 3. 9n this
case" the positi.e ordinates of the influence line between A and 3 will decrease to 8ero while the negati.e ordinates will
increase to ; &see igure D(.
igure D * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at the left of 3 and the resulting influence line
The influence line for the shear forces 4ust to the right of support 3" 1
b*2
" is represented by the resulting deflected shape
of the beam induced by shear forces acting 4ust to the right of support 3. Botice that the portion of the beam from 3 to h
mo.es as a rigid body &see e$planation in the Aimple 3eam with a 5antile.er e$ample( while the influence line .aries
linearly from h to 5. This is due to the fact that the deflection at 5 is 8ero and the assumption that the deflection of a
statically determinate system is linear.
igure ' * Atructure with shear capacity remo.ed at the right of 3 and the resulting influence line
)nfluence 5ines Q )ndex of 'xamples Q --' :omepage
Influence Lines
-alculation of $aximum and $inimum Shear Corce and $oments on a
Statically !eterminate -ontinuous /eam
problem statement
7etermine the resulting forces for 2
A
" 2
3
" 2
5
" :
s;
" 1
s;
" :
s;
" 1
s#
" 1
3-
" and 1
32
under a uniform li.e load of # kTft and a
uniform dead load of H kTft for the beam below.
note: influence lines for this beam are developed in the Staticall !eterminate Continuous "eam example#
igure ; * 3eam structure to analy8e
)nfluence lines
rom the 5ontinuous 3eam with a Uinge e$ample" the re%uired influence lines for the structure areE
-alculate forces
9n order to calculate the forces due to uniform dead and li.e loads on a structure" a relationship between the influence
line and the uniform load is re%uired. 2eferring to igure #" each segment d$" of a uniform load w" creates an e%ui.alent
concentrated load" d ) w d$" acting a distance x from an origin.
rom the general properties for influence lines" gi.en in the introduction" it is known that the resulting .alue of the
function for a force acting at a point is e%ui.alent to the magnitude of the force" d" multiplied by the ordinate .alue" y"
of the influence line at the point of application.
igure # * !%ui.alent concentrated load
9n order to determine the effect of the uniform load" the effect of all series loads" d" must be determined for the beam.
This is accomplished by integrating y d o.er the length of the beam" i.e." w y d$ ) w y d$. The integration of y
d$ e%ual to the area under the influence line. Thus" the .alue of the function caused by a uniform load is e%ual to the
magnitude of the uniform load multiplied by the area under the influence line diagram.
9n order to find the resulting minimum and ma$imum .alues for the reactions" shears" and moments re%uired" create a
table which contains the resulting positi.e and negati.e .alues for the areas enclosed by the influence lines for each
function. The effect of the dead load is determined by multiplying the net area under the influence line by the dead load.
or the li.e load" multiply the respecti.e positi.e and negati.e areas by the li.e load" yields to the positi.e and negati.e
forces" respecti.ely. The resulting ma$imum and minimum forces for dead load plus the effects of positi.e and negati.e
li.e loads are then found by adding the respecti.e .alues.
The resulting forces due to a uniformly distributed dead load ) H kTft and a li.e load ) # kTft applied to the beam abo.e"
are as followsE
For)e
I
o'i!i/e "re"
un&er !he
inf#uen)e #ine
II
Ne$"!i/e "re"
un&er !he
inf#uen)e #ine
III
Ne!
"re"
IV
For)e
&ue !o
DL
V
o'i!i/e
for)e &ue !o
LL
VI
Ne$"!i/e
for)e &ue !o
LL
VII
M"0imum
for)e >DL?LL@
VIII
Minimum
for)e
>DLALL@
IB
2
A
< *; H ' D *# ;C C
2
3
;+ * ;+ H+ #+ * ,+ H+
2
5
H * H ' 6 * ;, '
:
A;
D *< < ;# ;6 D #D <
1
A;
; *# *; *H # < *; *C
:
A#
<., * <., ;H., ' * ##., ;H.,
1
A#
+.C, *+.C, * * ;., *;., ;., *;.,
1
3*2
, * , ;, ;+ * #, ;,
1
3*-
* , *, *;, * ;+ *;, *#,
5olumn 91 ) 5olumn 99 0 5olumn 999
5olumn 1 ) 7ead -oad X 5olumn 91
5olumn 19 ) -i.e -oad X 5olumn 99
5olumn 199 ) -i.e -oad X 5olumn 999
5olumn 1999 ) 5olumn 1 0 5olumn 19
5olumn 9Y ) 5olumn 1 0 5olumn 199
)nfluence 5ines Q )ndex of 'xamples Q --' :omepage
Influence Lines
Lualitative )nfluence 5ines and 5oading Patterns for an $ulti"span
)ndeterminate /eam
The :Rller 3reslau Principle" used pre.iously to draw the influence lines for statically determinate structures" can also
be e$tended to define the influence lines for indeterminate structures. This principle simply states that the influence line
for a function is proportionally e%ui.alent to the deflected shape of the structure when it undergoes a displacement as a
result of the application of the function.
or indeterminate structures" an understanding of how comple$ structures deflect and react when acted upon by a force
is re%uired in order to draw accurate diagrams.
)nfluence lines for reactions
To determine the influence line for the support reaction at A" the :Rller 3reslau Principle re%uires the remo.al of the
support restraint and the application of a positi.e unit deformation at this point that corresponds to the direction of the
force. 9n this case" apply a unit .ertical displacement in the direction of S
A
.
igure ; * Atructure with support reaction remo.ed" unit deformation applied" and resulting influence line
The resulting deflected shape" due to the application of the unit deformation" is then proportionally e%ui.alent to the
influence line for the support reaction at A. Botice that in statically indeterminate structures" the deflected shape is not a
straight line" but rather a cur.e. The ordinates of the deflected shape decrease as the distance increases from the point of
application of the unit deformation.
Aimilarly" for the other support reactions" remo.e the support restraint and apply a unit deformation in the direction of
the remo.ed restraint. or e$ample" the influence line for the support reaction at 5 is obtained by remo.ing the reaction
at 5 and applying a unit displacement in the .ertical direction at 5. The resulting deflected shape is a %ualitati.e
representation of the influence line at 2
5
&see igure #(.
igure # * Atructure with support reaction remo.ed" unit deformation applied" and resulting influence line
9nfluence lines for the remaining support reactions are found in a similar manner.
)nfluence lines for shears
or shear at a section" using the :Rller 3reslau Principle" the shear resistance at the point of interest is remo.ed by
introducing the type of support shown in igure H" below. Ahear forces are applied on each side of the section in order to
produce a relati.e displacement between the two sides which is e%ual to unity. The deflected shape of the beam under
these conditions will %ualitati.ely represent the influence line for the shear at the section. Botice that unlike the
statically determinate structure" the magnitude of the shear force on the right and left can not easily be determined.
igure H * Atructure with shear carrying capacity remo.ed at section A;" deformations applied" and resulting influence line
)nfluence lines for moments
or the moment at a section" using the :Rller 3reslau Principle" the moment resistance at the point of interest is
remo.ed by introducing a hinge at the section as shown in igure <" below. Then a positi.e moment that introduces a
relati.e unit rotation is applied at the section. The deflected shape of the beam under these conditions will %ualitati.ely
represent the influence line for the moment at the section.
igure < * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at section A;" unit rotation applied" and resulting influence line
or the moment at a support" the moment resistance is again remo.ed by inserting a hinge at the support. This hinge
only pre.ents the transfer of moments" so the .ertical translation remains fi$ed due to the support. 3y applying negati.e
moments that induces a relati.e rotation of unity at this section" a deflected shape is generated. Again" this deflected
shape %ualitati.ely represents the influence line for the moment at a support.
igure , * Atructure with moment capacity remo.ed at support 3" unit rotation applied" and resulting influence line
5oading cases for moment and shear envelopes
/sing the influence lines found abo.e" illustrate the loading cases needed to calculate the ma$imum positi.e and
negati.e 2
A
" 2
5
" :
3
" 1
A;
" and :
A;
.
The load cases are generated for the ma$imum positi.e and negati.e .alues by placing a distributed load on the spans
where the algebraic signs of the influence line are the same. i.e." to get a ma$imum positi.e .alue for a function" place a
distributed load where the influence line for the function is positi.e.
igure 6 * :ulti*span structure
-oad case for ma$imum positi.e reaction at support A
igure C * :a$imum positi.e reaction at support A
-oad case for ma$imum negati.e reaction at support A
igure D * :a$imum negati.e reaction at support A
-oad case for ma$imum positi.e reaction at support 5
igure ' * :a$imum positi.e reaction at support 5
-oad case for ma$imum negati.e reaction at support 5
igure ;+ * :a$imum negati.e reaction at support 5
-oad case for ma$imum positi.e moment at support 3
igure ;; * :a$imum positi.e moment at support 3
-oad case for ma$imum negati.e moment at support 3
igure ;# * :a$imum negati.e moment at support 3
-oad case for ma$imum positi.e shear at s
igure ;H * :a$imum positi.e shear at s
-oad case for ma$imum negati.e shear at s
igure ;< * :a$imum negati.e shear at s
-oad case for ma$imum positi.e moment at s
igure ;6 * :a$imum positi.e moment at s
-oad case for ma$imum negati.e moment at s
igure ;C * :a$imum negati.e moment at s
)nfluence 5ines Q )ndex of 'xamples Q --' :omepage
Influence Lines
Lualitative )nfluence 5ines and 5oading Patterns for an )ndeterminate
Crame
problem statement
/sing the :Rller 3reslau Principle" draw the influence lines for the moment and shear at the midspan of beam A3" and
the moment at 3 in member 35. 7raw the loading cases to gi.e the ma$imum positi.e moment at the midpsan of beam
A3" the ma$imum and minimum shear at the midspan of beam A3" and the ma$imum negati.e moment at 3 in member
35 in the indeterminate frame below.
igure ; * rame structure to analy8e
)nfluence lines
9nfluence line for moment at midspan of A3" and the loading case for ma$imum positi.e moment at this location.
The influence line for beam A357 can be constructed by following the procedure outlined in the :ulti*span
9ndeterminate 3eam e$ample. To construct the rest of the influence line" make use of the fact that the angles between a
column and a beam after deformation must be e%ual to that before deformation. 9n this e$ample" these angles are '+Z.
Therefore" once the deflected shape of beam A357 is determined" the deflected shape for the columns can be
constructed by keeping the angles between the tangent of the deflect shape of the beam and the column e%ual to '+Z &see
igure #(.
To get the ma$imum positi.e result for the moment" apply a distributed load at all locations where the .alue of the
influence line is positi.e &see igure H(.

igure # * 9nfluence lines for moment at midspan of A3 igure H * -oad case for ma$imum positi.e moment at midspan of A3
9nfluence line for shear at the midspan of member A3" and the load case for ma$imum positi.e shear at this location.
igure < * 9nfluence lines for shear at midspan of A3

igure , * -oad case for ma$imum positi.e shear at midspan of A3 igure 6 * -oad case for ma$imum negati.e shear at midspan of A3
9nfluence line for moment at 3 in member 35" and the load case for ma$imum ne$"!i/e moment at this location.

igure C * 9nfluence lines for moment at 3 igure D * -oad case for ma$imum positi.e moment at 3
999*/B9T A25U!A
TCREE CINGED ARCCES
An arch is a cur.ed beam in which hori8ontal mo.ement at the support is wholly or partially pre.ented. Uence
there will be hori8ontal thrust induced at the supports. The shape of an arch doesnt change with loading and therefore
some bending may occur.
T%(e' of Ar)he'
Nn the basis of material used arches may be classified into and steel arches" reinforced concrete arches" masonry
arches etc."
Nn the basis of structural beha.ior arches are classified as E
Three hinged arches:- Uinged at the supports and the crown.
Two hinged arches:- Uinged only at the support

The supports are fi$ed
Uinged at the
support
Uinged at the
crown
Apringing
2ise
Apan
Uinges at the
support
2ib of the arch
2ise
Apan
A H*hinged arch is a statically determinate structure. A #*hinged arch is an indeterminate structure of degree of
indeterminancy e%ual to ;. A fi$ed arch is a statically indeterminate structure. The degree of indeterminancy is H.
7epending upon the type of space between the loaded area and the rib arches can be classified as open arch or closed
arch &solid arch(.
An"#%'i' of 3Ahin$e& "r)he'
9t is the process of determining e$ternal reactions at the support and internal %uantities such as normal thrust"
shear and bending moment at any section in the arch.
ro)e&ure !o fin& re")!ion' "! !he 'u((or!'
Atep ;. Aketch the arch with the loads and reactions at the support.
Apply e%uilibrium conditions namely +"
$

+
y


+ : and
Apply the condition that 3: about the hinge at the crown is 8ero &:oment of all the forces either to the left or to the
right of the crown(.
Aol.e for unknown %uantities.
A H*hinged arch has a span of H+m and a rise of ;+m. The arch carries /7- of +.6 kBTm on the left half of the span. 9t
also carries # concentrated loads of ;.6 kB and ; kB at , m and ;+ m from the rt end. 7etermine the reactions at the
support. &sketch not gi.en(.

+
$
+ U U
3 A

3 A
U U
****** &;(
To find .ertical reaction.

+
y
6 . ;;
6 . ; ; ;, $ 6 . + 1 1
3 A

+ + +
****** &#(

+ :
A
kB H, . C A
6 . ;; #, . < 1
kB #, . < 1
+ , . C ( ;, $ 6 . + & #+ $ ; #, $ 6 . ; H+ $ 1
A
A
3
3

+ + +
To find hori8ontal reaction.
3 U
3
)

<.#C,
+.6 kBTm
5
, m , m
h ) ;+m
- ) H+m 1
A
) C.H, 1
3
) <.#,
U
3
) <.#C, A

; kB ;.6 kB
+ :
5

kB #C, . < U
kB #C, . < U
+ ;+ $ U ;, $ #, . < ;+ $ 6 . ; , $ ;
A
3
3

+
N2
+ :
5

kB #C, . < U
kB #C, . < U
, . C ( ;, $ 6 . + & ;+ $ U ;, $ HC, . C
3
A
A

To fin& !o!"# re")!ion
DH . <<
U
1
tan
kB +# . 6 1 U 2
D# . ,'
U
1
tan
kB , . D
H, . C #C, . <
1 U 2
3
3 ;
3
#
3
#
3 3
+
A
A ;
A
# #
#
A
#
A A

,
_

,
_

A H*hinged parabolic arch of span ,+m and rise ;,m carries a load of ;+kB at %uarter span as shown in figure.
5alculate total reaction at the hinges.
2
A

A
A
U
A
) <.#C, kB
1
A
) C.H, kB
2
3
A
U
3
) <.#C, kB
1
3
) <.#, kB

+
$
3 A
U U
To find .ertical reaction.

+ y
;+ 1 1
3 A
+
****** &;(

+ :
A
kB , . C 1 kB , . # 1
+ , . ;# $ ;+ ,+ $ 1
A 3
3

+

To find Uori8ontal reaction
+ :
5

+ ;, U #, 1
3 3

To find total reaction.
3 U
3
;+ kB
5
;, m
,+ m 1
A
1
3
U
A
A
;#., m
2
A

A
A
U
A
) <.;C
1
A
) C.,
2
:
U
3
) <.;C
1
3
) <.#,
'< . H+
U
1
tan
kB D6; . < 2
1 U 2
'# . 6+
U
1
tan
kB ,D; . D 2
, . C ;C . < 2
U kB ;C . < U
+
3
3 ;
3
3
#
3
#
A 3
+
A
A ;
A
A
# #
A
A 3

,
_

,
_

ProblemE 7etermine the reaction components at supports A and 3 for H*hinged arch shown in fig.
To find Uori8ontal reaction

+
$
+ U U
3 A

3 A
U U
****** &;(
To find .ertical reaction.

+
y
#D+ 1 1
;+ $ ;+ ;D+ 1 1
3 A
3 A
+
+ +
****** &#(

+ :
A
HH . ;,,D 1 ;+ U
HC<+ 1 #< U < . #
+ , $ ;+ $ ;+ ;D $ ;D+ < . # $ U #< $ 1
3 3
3 3
3 3


+ + +
****** &H(
+ :
5

DC . #'H 1 D,C . # U
;<<+ ;< 1 ' . < $ U
+ ' . < $ U ;< $ 1 D $ ;D+
3 3
3 3
3 3
+ +


****** &<(
Adding # and H
3 U
3

;+ kBTm
5
#., m
;+ m
1
A
1
3
U
A
A
# .< m
;D+ kB
D m 6 m
A 3
3
A
3
3 3
U kB 6C . #;; U
HH . ;,,D ;CC $ ;+ U
kB ;+H 1
kB ;CC 1
DC . #'H HH . ;,,D 1 D,C . # 1 ;+

+ +
ProblemE A symmetrical H*hinged parabolic arch has a span of #+m. 9t carries /7- of intensity ;+ kBm o.er the entire
span and # point loads of <+ kB each at #m and ,m from left support. 5ompute the reactions. Also find 3:" radial
shear and normal thrust at a section <m from left end take central rise as <m.

+
$
3 A
3 A
U U
+ U U

****** &;(

+
y
#D+ 1 1
+ #+ $ ;+ <+ <+ 1 1
3 A
3 A
+
+
****** &#(

+ :
A
kB ;66 1
kB ;;< 1
+ #+ $ 1 ;+ ( #+ $ ;+ & , $ <+ # $ <+
A
3
3

+ + +
+ :
c

5
< m
#+ m
<+ kB
:
# m Hm
;+ kBTm
<+ kB
kB ;6+ U
kB ;6+ U
+ ;+ $ ;;< < $ U , ( ;+ $ ;+ &
A
3
3

+
3: at :
) * ;6+ $ #.,6
0 ;66 $ < J <+ $ #
* &;+ $ <(#
) 0 '<.< kBm
( ) $ -
-
h$ <
y
#

( ) < #+
#+
< $ < $ <
#

m ,6 . # y
tan ( ) $ # -
-
h <
#

) ( ) < $ # #+
#+
< $ <
#


6< . #,
+

Bormal thrust ) B ) 0 ;6+ 5os #,.6<
0 D6 5os 6<.H6
) ;D;.<6 kB
A ) ;6+ Ain #,.6<
* D6 $ Ain 6<.H6
A ) * D.#' kB
91 /B9T SLOE DEFLECTION METCOD
The '#o(e &ef#e)!ion me!ho& is a structural analysis method for beams and frames introduced in ;';, by Leorge A.
:aney.
O;P
The slope deflection method was widely used for more than a decade until the moment distribution method
was de.eloped.
In!ro&u)!ion
3y forming '#o(e &ef#e)!ion e-u"!ion' and applying 4oint and shear e%uilibrium conditions" the rotation angles &or the
slope angles( are calculated. Aubstutituting them back into the slope deflection e%uations" member end moments are
readily determined.
1!2T95A-
BN2:A-
UN29[NBT
A-
6<.H,
;6+ kB
) #,.6<
:
2!79A-
;+ kBTm
;6+ kB
< m
y ) #.,6
D6 kB
<+ kB
# m
;66 kB
S#o(e &ef#e)!ion e-u"!ion'
The slope deflection e%uations e$press the member end moments in terms of rotations angles. The slope deflection
e%uations of member ab of fle$ural rigidity $I
ab
and length L
ab
areE
where @
a
" @
b
are the slope angles of ends a and b respecti.ely" \ is the relati.e lateral displacement of ends a and b. The
absence of cross*sectional area of the member in these e%uations implies that the slope deflection method neglects the
effect of shear and a$ial deformations.
The slope deflection e%uations can also be written using the stiffness factor and the chord rotation
E
Derivation of slope deflection equations
When a simple beam of length L
ab
and fle$ural rigidity $ I
ab
is loaded at each end with clockwise moments %
ab
and %
ba
"
member end rotations occur in the same direction. These rotation angles can be calculated using the unit dummy force
method or the moment*area theorem.
2earranging these e%uations" the slope deflection e%uations are deri.ed.
E-ui#i+rium )on&i!ion'
Joint equilibrium
Ioint e%uilibrium conditions imply that each 4oint with a degree of freedom should ha.e no unbalanced moments i.e. be
in e%uilibrium. Therefore"
Uere" %
member
are the member end moments" %
f
are the fi$ed end moments" and %
&oint
are the e$ternal moments directly
applied at the 4oint.
Shear equilibrium
When there are chord rotations in a frame" additional e%uilibrium conditions" namely the shear e%uilibrium conditions
need to be taken into account.
DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
SLOPE DEFLECTION E:UATIONS
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) ;;.<6 kB
H'
;+ kB
< kBTm
A
C
#$I
H$I
;+.'; kBMm
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"
6 m
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/ &kB(
%
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0
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;#.,,
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0
* *
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&ef#e)!e& )ur/e for the beam shown. $I is constant.
;+ kB ;# kBMm
< kBTm
A
C
#$I
H$I
"
< m < m 6 m
<;
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C
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"
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+
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+
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( ;, ;C.<, k0 m
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M
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M
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M
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E
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%
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+ ;#( ;# +

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%
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"
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C
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;+ kB ;# kBMm
< kBTm
A
C
;,.#C kBMm
"
#.D# kB
;C.,< kB
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;+ kB
;# kBMm
< kBTm
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C
#$I
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;,.#C kBMm
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C.#;
A
$I

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"
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%
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0
*
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0
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<<
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&ef#e)!e& )ur/e for the beam shown. Aupport 3 settles ;+ mm" and $I is
constant. Take $ ) #++ LPa" I ) #++$;+
6
mm
<
.
;# kBMm
;+ kB
6 kBTm
"
A
C
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"
C
+
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A
C
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+
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+
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+
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6
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6
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+
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6 m
+
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+
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+
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+
6&#$I (&+.+;(

&;+(
&D(
&#(
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D
A
D
"
D
#
D
Aubstitute $I ) &#++$;+
6
kPa(&#++$;+
*6
m
<
( ) #++$#++ kBM m
#
E
%
A"
%
"A

<&#$I (

D
A

#&#$I (

D
A
+
#&#$I (

D
"
+
<&#$I (

D
"
+ C, +
;+
+ C,
;+
;6.,
&;(
&#(
#&#( &;(
E
#
%
"A

H&#$I (

D
"
+ C, &C, T #( ;+ &;+ T #( ;# T # &#a(
<C
;# kBMm
;+ kB
6 kBTm
"
A
C
#$I
H$I
;+ mm
< m < m 6 m
%
"A
) &HT<(&#$I)
"
0 ;6.,
%
"C
) &<T6(&H$I)
"
* ;'#.D
0
M
"
) +E * %
"A
* %
"C
) +
&HT< 0 #($I
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0 ;6., * ;'#.D ) +
M
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"

"
) 6<.;+'T $I
Aubstitute
"
in &;(E
A
) *;#'.+6T$I
Aubstitute
A
and
"
in &,(" &H(" &<(E
%
"A
) 6<.,D kBMm"
%
"C
) *6<.,D kBMm
%
C"
) *;<6.6' kBMm
<D
;# kBMm
;+ kB
6 kBTm
"
A
C
6<.,D kBMm 6<.,D kBMm
;<6.6' kBMm
< m
< m 6 m
%
"A
) 6<.,D kBMm"
%
"C
) *6<.,D kBMm
%
C"
) *;<6.6' kBMm # m
;# kBMm
;+ kB
6<.,D kBMm
6<.,D kBMm
;D kB
6 kBTm
A
"
;<6.6' kBMm
" C
A

) ;;.,C kB
"
L
) *;.,C kB "
.
) *#'.#; kB
C

) <C.#; kB
<'
;# kBMm
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A
C
#$I
H$I
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"
6 m
<C.#; kB

A
) *;#'.+6T$I
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) 6<.;+'T $I
/ &kB(
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;.,C
0
*
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"
x &m(
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%
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0
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*
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7eflected shape
x &m(
;+ mm

A
) *;#'.+6T$I

"
) 6<.;+'T $I
,+
E0"m(#e F
or the beam shown" support A settles ;+ mm downward" use the slope*deflection
method to
&a(7etermine all the '#o(e' at supports
&b(7etermine all the re")!ion' at supports
&c(7raw its -u"n!i!"!i/e 'he"r, +en&in$ momen! &i"$r"m'" and -u"#i!"!i/e
&ef#e)!e& 'h"(e. &H points(
Take $) #++ LPa" 9 ) ,+&;+
6
( mm
<
.
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#$I
C
;.,$I
06 mm
H m H m
,;
:
:
A
C
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#$I
C
;.,$I
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(
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C
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w
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C
H
#
;++ k0 m
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A
;++ k0 m
%
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H
C
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%
CA
03

<&;.,$I (

H
C +
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H
A
+ <., +
;++
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%
AC

#&;.,$I (

H
C
+
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H
A
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;++
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E %
CA

H&;.,$I (
+
H&<.,(
+
;++
+
;#
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# H # # #
,#
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#$I
C
;.,$I
06 mm
H m H m
%
C"

<&#$I (

H
C
&;(
%
H&;.,$I (

+
H&<.,(
+
;++
+
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H
C
# # #
M
C"
M
CA
M E-ui#i+rium e-u"!ion2
%
C"
+ %
CA
+
&D + <.,($I
+

H&<.,(
+

;++
+

;#

C
H
C
# # #
+

;,.+6
$I
+.++;, rad
Aubstitute
C
in e%.&H(
;#
#&;.,$I (
&
;,.+6
(
+

<&;.,$I (

<., +
;++
&H(
H $I H
A
H<.##

A

$I
+.++H< rad
,H
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#!9
C
;.,!9
;+ mm
H m H m

C

;,.+6
$I
+.++;, rad
A

H<.##
$I
+.++H< rad
%
#&#$I (

#&#$I (
&
;,.+6
( #+.+D k0 m
"C
H
C
H $I
%
<&#$I (

<&#$I (
&
;,.+6
( <+.;6 k0 m
C"
H
C
H
#+.+D kBMm
$I
<+.;6 kBMm
" C
#+.+D k0
<+.;6 + #+.+D
H
<+.;6 kBMm
#+.+D k0
;D kB
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
C
#6.H' kB
A
D.H' kB
,<
6 kBTm
;# kBMm

C
+.++;, rad "
A

A
+.++H< rad
#$I
C
;.,$I
;+ mm
#+.+D kBMm
H m H m
<+.;6 kBMm
" C
#+.+D kB #+.+D kB
<+.;6 kBMm
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
/ &kB(
% &kBMm(
*
*#+.+D
#+.+D
C
#6.H' kB
#6.H'
0
A
D.H' kB
D.H'
x &m(
;#
x &m(
7eflected shape
*<+.;6

C
+.++;, rad
x &m(

A
+.++H< rad
,,
E0"m(#e ;
or the beam shown" support A settles ;+ mm downward" use the
slope*deflection method to
&a(7etermine all the '#o(e' at supports
&b(7etermine all the re")!ion' at supports
&c(7raw its -u"n!i!"!i/e 'he"r, +en&in$ momen! &i"$r"m'" and -u"#i!"!i/e
&ef#e)!e& 'h"(e.
Take $) #++ LPa" I ) ,+&;+
6
( mm
<
.
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#$I
C
;.,$I
06 mm
H m H m
,6
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#!9
C
;.,!9
06 mm
H m H m
B
6&#$I (
C

<$I
C
C $I
C

C
<$I
C
H
C

C
6 kBTm

6&;.,$I (
C

$I

#
H
#
H
<.,
C
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A
;#
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%
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#&#$I (

H
C
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H
C
;++
C
&;(
6.60
m
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&+.+;(
H
#
%
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<&#$I (

H
C

<$I

H
C

&#(
A
;++ k0 m
%
CA

<&;.,$I (

H
C
+
#&;.,$I (

H
A
+ $I
C
+ <., + ;++ &H(
;#
%
AC

#&;.,$I (

H
C
+
<&;.,$I (

H
A
+ $I
C
<., + ;++ &<(
#&H( &<(
#
E %
CA

H&;.,$I (

H
C
+
$I
#

C
+
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#
+
;++
#
+
;#
#
&Ha(
,C

6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#!9
C
;.,!9
;+ mm
M E-ui#i+rium e-u"!ion2
H m H m
;D kB
;# kBMm
M
"C
" C
M
C"
M
CA
6 kBTm
C A
A

&C
(
C"
&
%
"C
+ %
C"
(
H
M
C"
M
CA
&C

(
CA

%
CA
+ ;# + ;D&;.,(

H
%
CA
+ H'
H
%
C
+ E %
C"
+ %
CA
+
&;X(
&C

(
C"
C
&C

(
CA
C

+ E &C

(
C"
+ &C

(
CA

+
&#X(
Substitute in &;X(
<.;6C $I
C
+.DHHH$I
C
6#.;, &,(
Substitute in &#X(
#.,$I
C
+ H.;6C
$I
C
;+;.C, &6(
)rom &,( and
&6(
C
#,.,; T
$I
+.++#,, rad
C
,#.#C T $I ,.##C mm
,D
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
"
A
#!9
C
;.,!9
;+ mm
M So#/e e-u"!ion
H m H m

C

#,.,;
+.++#,, rad
$I
Aubstitute
5
and
C
in &;(" &#( and &Ha(

,#.#C
$I
,.##C mm
%
"C
%
C"
H,.6D k0 m
;.6C k0 m
Aubstitute
5
and
C
in &<( %
CA
;.6C k0 m

A

#.D6
$I
+.+++#D6 rad
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
H,.6D kBMm "
A
"

;D
,.,,
#!9
C
;.,!9
A

;D&<.,( ;# H,.6D
;#.<,
k0
H m H m 6
,.,, k0
,'
6 kBTm
;# kBMm
H,.6D kBMm
"
A
#$I
C
;.,$I
;+ mm
;#.<, kB
H m H m
,.,, kB
/ &kB(

C
+.++#,, rad

C
,.##C mm
;#.<,
0
+.'#, m
x &m(

A
+.+++#D6 rad
% &kBMm(
*
;.6C
;<.,C
0
*,.,,
;#
x &m(
7eflected shape
*H,.6D

C
,.##C mm
x &m(

C
+.++#,, rad

A
+.+++#D6 rad
6+
E0"m(#e of Fr"me2 No Si&e'*"%
6;
E0"m(#e F
or the frame shown" use the slope*deflection method to
&a( 7etermine the en& momen!' of each member and re")!ion' at supports
&b( 7raw the -u"n!i!"!i/e +en&in$ momen! &i"$r"m" and also draw the
-u"#i!"!i/e &ef#e)!e& 'h"(e of the entire frame.
;+ kB
;# kBTm
"
H m
<+ kB
H$I
C
#$I
H m
A
; m 6 m
6#
;+ kB
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C
M E-ui#i+rium e-u"!ion'
;+
H m
<+ kB
H m
"
H6
'L(D ) H+
H$I
#$I
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#
(;# ( )H6
%
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%
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A
'L(D ) H+
;+ %
"A
%
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+
&;X(
; m 6 m
Aubstitute &#( and &H( in &;X(
M S#o(eADef#e)!ion E-u"!ion'
;+ H$I
"
+ H+ ,< +
%
A"

#&H$I (

6
"
+ H+
&;(

"

;<

&H$I (
<.66C
$I
%
"A

<&H$I (

6
"
H+
&#(
Substitute
"

<.66C
$I
in &;( to &H(
%
"C

H&#$I (

6
"
+ H6 +
;D

&H(
%
A"
%
"A
%
"C
#,.HH
k0 m

H'.HH
k0 m
<'.HH
k0 m
6H

;+ kB
"
H m
<+ kB
<'.HH
H'.HH
H!9
#!9
%
;# kBTm
C
) #,.HH kBMm
;+
*<'.HH
#C.C
*H'.H
#+.,D
H m
A"
%
"A
) *H'.HH kBMm
A
#,.HH
% ) <'.HH kBMm
*#,.HH
; m
"
<'.HH
6 m
"C
;# kBTm
C
3ending moment diagram

"
"
H'.HH
#C.CD kB

"
) *<.66CT$I
"
<+ kB
A
;C.6C kB
#,.HH
7eflected cur.e
6<
E0"m(#e ;
7raw the -u"n!i!"!i/e 'he"r, +en&in$ momen! diagrams and -u"#i!"!i/e
&ef#e)!e& )ur/e for the frame shown. $ ) #++ LPa.
#, kB
"
#<+&;+
6
( mm
<
C
, kBTm
$
;D+&;+
6
(
, m
;#+&;+
6
( mm
< 6+&;+
6
( mm
<
A
H m
!
H m < m
6,

#, kB
'L(D ) ;D.C,
;D.C,
"
, kBTm
$
, m
#<+&;+
6
( mm
<
C
;#+&;+
6
( mm
<
;D+&;+
6
(
6.66C0 H.HHH
6+&;+
6
( mm
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#
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A
H m
!
H m < m
%
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%
"A

<&#$I (
,

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+

A
+
+

A
+
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,
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<&#$I (
"
D ;6
%
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+ %
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+
D
,
%

<&<$I (

,
+

#&<$I (
+ ;D.C,
& + ($I
"
, 6
+ & ($I
C
6
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6
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6
C
%
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+ %
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+ %
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+
%

#&<$I (

+

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6 6
+ + ($I
C
, <
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%
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C
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C

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%
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C
+ ;+
66
<
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) *;.;;T$I-
c
) *#+.,'T$I below
%
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<&#$I (

,
+
+
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A
,
"
%
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) 4.23 kBMm
%
#&#$I (

+
+
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%
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) D.<6 kBMm
"A
%
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%
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%
,
A

<&<$I (

6
"

#&<$I (

6
"

H&$I (

,
"
+
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6
C
+
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6
C
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%
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) D.<6 kBMm
%
C"
) ;D.;D kBMm
%
C!
) 1.72 kBMm
C!
,
C
%
C$

H&H$I (

<
C
+ ;+
%
C$
) ;6.<< kBMm
6C
%
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) *<.#H kBMm" %
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) *D.<6 kBMm" %
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) D.<6 kBMm" %
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) *;D.;D kBMm"
%
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) ;.C# kBMm" %
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) ;6.<< kBMm
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#, kB
"
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:oment diagram
Ahear diagram
+.CD m
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"
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C
) 2.86($I
7eflected cur.e
E0"m(#e G
7etermine the moments at each 4oint of the frame and draw the -u"n!i!"!i/e
+en&in$ momen! diagrams and -u"#i!"!i/e &ef#e)!e& )ur/e . The 4oints at A and
! are fi$ed and 4oint C is assumed pin*connected. $I is constant for each member
; m
Hm
"
C
;+ kB
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A !
C;
; m
M O/er/ie*
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and
"
H m
M
A3
M
75
M :oun&"r% Con&i!ion'

A
)
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A
A
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M E-ui#i+rium Con&i!ion'
A Hoin! B
A
y
D
y
"
%
"A
%
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%
"
+ E %
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+ %
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#$I
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Aubstitute &,( and &6( in &#X(
%
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rom &C( and &D( can sol.e?
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%
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A
x
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%
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%
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7eflected cur.e
C,
E0"m(#e I
rom the frame shown use the slope*deflection method toE
&a( 7etermine the en& momen!' of each member and re")!ion' at supports
&b( 7raw the -u"n!i!"!i/e +en&in$ momen! &i"$r"m" and also draw the
-u"#i!"!i/e &ef#e)!e& shape of the entire frame.
;+ kB
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%
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+

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;+ A
x
!
x

+

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%
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rom &C( and &D( can sol.e?
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and
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) ,.6 kBMm
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3ending*moment diagram 7eflected shape
D;
E0"m(#e 90
rom the frame shown use the moment distribution method toE
&a( 7etermine all the reactions at supports" and also
&b( 7raw its -u"n!i!"!i/e 'he"r and +en&in$ momen! &i"$r"m'" and
-u"#i!"!i/e &ef#e)!e& )ur/e7
#+ kBTm
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m
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and


M :oun&"r% Con&i!ion'
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"
C
"
C
,H.DC
A
!$ample
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.
:embers A3" 35" 57 ha.e the same length .
le$ural rigidities are !9" #!9" !9 respecti.ely.
5oncentrated load of magnitude acts at a distance from the
support A.
/niform load of intensity acts on 35.
:ember 57 is loaded at its midspan with a concentrated load of magnitude
.
9n the following calcuations" clockwise moments and rotations are positi.e.
Degrees of freedom
2otation angles @
A
" @
"
" @
C
" @
!
of 4oints A" 3" 5" 7 respecti.ely are taken as the unknowns. There
are no chord rotations due to other causes including support settlement.
Fied end moments
i$ed end moments areE
Slope deflection equations
The slope deflection e%uations are constructed as followsE
Joint equilibrium equations
Ioints A" 3" 5 should suffice the e%uilibrium condition. Therefore
!otation angles
The rotation angles are calculated from simultaneous e%uations abo.e.
Member end moments
Aubstitution of these .alues back into the slope deflection e%uations yields the member end
moments &in kBm(E
eANo!e' +% C77Su&"r'h"n, SSIT, Tum.ur
C2#4.*/<2: Slope !eflection $ethod
E$#)4-*: AnalyEe the propped cantilever shown by using slope defection method.
Then draw /ending moment and shear force diagram.
S'-0.('+: 'nd A is fixed hence
A
>6
'nd / is :inged hence
/

R6
Assume both ends are fixed and therefore fixed end moments are
03
w5
C ,
03
w5
C
3
/A
3
A/
+
The Slope deflection eHuations for final moment at each end are
( )
( )
. 3 &
5
') ;
03
w5
3
5
') 3
C $
. 0 &
5
') 3
03
w5
3
5
') 3
C $
/
3
A / /A /A
/
3
/ A A/ A/
+
+ +
+

+ +
)n the above eHuations there is only one unknown
/
.
To solve we have boundary condition at /?
Since / is simply supported, the /$ at / is Eero
ie. $/A>6.
ise anticlockw is rotation the indicates sign ve "
;S
w5
')
6
5
') ;
03
w5
$ &3. eHuation Crom
7
/
/
3
/A

+

Substituting the value of
/
')
in eHuation &0. and &3. we have end moments
6
;S
w5
5
;
03
w5
$
ise anticlockw is moment indicates sign ve "
S
w5
;S
w5
5
3
03
w5
$
7 3
/A
3 7 3
A/

,
_

+ +

,
_

+
$/A has to be Eero, because it is hinged.
*ow consider the free body diagram of the beam and find reactions using
eHuations of eHuilibrium.

w5
S
7
w5
S
T
w5 ( w5 (
w5 ( (
6 2
w5
S
T
(
w5
S
T
3
5
w5
S
w5
3
5
w5 $ 5 (
6 $
A /
/ A
A
3
A/ A
/

+


+ +
+

Problem can be treated as
The bending moment diagram for the given problem is as below
The max /$ occurs where SC>6. -onsider SC eHuation at a distance of x from
right support
3
3
U max
U
w5
03S
=
5
S
7
3
w
5
S
7
w5
S
7
$ $
/ support from 5
S
7
at occurs /$ max the :ence
5
S
7
U
6 wU w5
S
7
S

,
_

+
And point of contra flexure occurs where /$>6, -onsider /$ eHuation at a
distance of x from right support.
5
;
7
U
6
3
U
w w5U
S
7
$
3
U



Cor shear force diagram, consider SC eHuation from /
w5
S
T
S 5 S
w5
S
7
S 6 S
wU w5
S
7
S
A U
/ U
U
+
+
+
E$#)4-*: AnalyEe two span continuous beam A/- by slope deflection method. Then
draw /ending moment + Shear force diagram. Take ') constant
S'-0.('+: Cixed end moments areG
<*$ @V . ;0
03
T 36
03
w5
C
<*$ @V . ;0
03
T 36
03
w5
C
<*$ S= . SS
@
3 ; 066
5
b #a
C
<*$ ;; . ;;
@
3 ; 066
5
#ab
C
3 3
-/
3 3
/-
3
3
3
3
/A
3
3
3
3
A/

+

+ +

Since A is fixed
6
A

,
, 6 , 6
- /

Slope deflection eHuations areG
( )
( )
. 3 & ')
7
3
S= . SS
@
3 ') 3
S= . SS
3
5
') 3
C $
. 0 & ')
7
0
;; . ;;
@
') 3
;; . ;;
3
5
') 3
C $
/
/
A / /A /A
/
/
/ A A/ A/
+

+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
. ; & ')
T
3
T
') ;
@V . ;0
3
T
') 3
@V . ;0
3
5
') 3
C $
. 7 & ')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0
3
T
') 3
@V . ;0
3
5
') 3
C $
/ -
/ -
/ - -/ -/
- /
- /
- / /- /-
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
)n all the above four eHuations there are only two unknown
/
and -

. And
accordingly the boundary conditions are

i "$/A"$/->6
$/AA$/->6
ii $-/>6 since - is end simply support.
. @ & 6 ')
T
;
')
T
3
@V . ;0 $
. T & 6 ')
T
3
')
0T
33
33 . ;V
')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0 ')
7
3
S= . SS $ $ *ow
- / -/
- /
- / / /- /A
> + +
> + +
+ + + +
Solving simultaneous eHuations T + @ we get
')
/
> 36.S7 (otation anticlockwise.
') -

> ;0.@V (otation anticlockwise.

Substituting in the slope definition eHuations
$A/ > ;;.;; A ( ) <*$ 7S . T0 S7 . 36
7
0

$/A > A SS.S= A ( ) <*$ 66 . VT S7 . 36
7
3
+
$/- > ;0.@VA ( ) ( ) <*$ 66 . VT @V . ;0
T
3
S7 . 36
T
;
+
$-/ > A ;0.@VA ( ) ( ) 6 @V . ;0
T
;
S7 . 36
T
3
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagram of the beam.
Cind reactions using eHuations of eHuilibrium.
S4#+ AB: W$A > 6 (/X@ > 066X;AVT"T0.7S
(/ > V6.@6 <*
W2 > 6 (AA(/ > 066<*
(A > 066"V6.@6>3=.;6 <*
S4#+ BC: W$- > 6 (/XT > 36XTX
#
,
AVT
(/ > @T <*
W2>6 (/A(- > 36XT > 066<*
(- > 066"@T > 7T <*
,sing these data /$ and SC diagram can be drawn.

M#$ BM:
S4#+ AB: $ax /$ in span A/ occurs under point load and can be found
geometrically
$max>007.77"T0.7S "
( )
<*$ 36 . ;@ ;
@
7S . T0 VT

S4#+ BC:$ax /$ in span /- occurs where shear force is Eero or changes its
sign. :ence consider SC eHuation w.r.t -
Sx > 7T"36x > 6
36
7T
x >0.VTm
$ax /$ occurs at 0.VTm from -
$max > 7T X 0.VT 36
3
VT . 0
3
> 76.@3T <*$
E$#)4-*: AnalyEe continuous beam A/-! by slope deflection method and then draw
bending moment diagram. Take ') constant.
S'-0.('+:
6 , 6 , 6
- / A

C'$S $ <* ;; . ;; "
@
3 ; 066

5
#ab
C
3
3
3
3
A/



<*$ SS . SS
@
3 ; 066

5
b #a
C
3
3
3
3
/A
+

+ +
<*$ ;0.@V "
03
T 36
03
w5
C
3 3
/-

<*$ ;0.@V
03
T 36
03
w5
C
3 3
-/
+

+ +
$ <* 76 " T . 0 36 C
-!

Slope deflection eHuationsG

( ) ( ) 0 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
0
;; . ;; 3
5
') 3
C $
/ / A A/ A/
> + + +
( ) ( ) 3 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
S= . SS 3
5
') 3
C $
/ A / /A /A
> + + + +
( ) ( ) 7 " " " " " " " " ')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0 3
5
') 3
C $
- / - / /- /-
> + + + +
( ) ( ) ; " " " " " " " " ')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0 3
5
') 3
C $
/ - / - -/ -/
> + + + + +
<*$ 76 $
-!

)n the above eHuations we have two unknown rotations - /
and
, accordingly the
boundary conditions areG
6 $ $
6 $ $
-! -/
/- /A
+
+
( ) T " " " " " " " " 6 ')
T
3
')
0T
33
33 . ;V
')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0 ')
7
3
S= . SS $ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> + +
+ + + +
( ) @ ')
T
;
')
T
3
@V . 00
76 ')
T
3
')
T
;
@V . ;0 $ $ , And
- /
/ - -! -/
> + +
+ + + +
Solving &T. and &@. we get
clockwise / P (otation VT . 0 ')
ise anticlockw / P (otation @V . 73 ')
-
/
+

Substituting value of
/
')
and -
')
in slope deflection eHuations we have
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
<*$ 76 $
<*$ 66 . 76 @V . 73
T
3
VT . 0
T
;
@V . ;0 $
<*$ 00 . @V VT . 0
T
3
@V . 73
T
;
@V . ;0 $
<*$ 00 . @V @V . 73
7
3
S= . SS $
<*$ 66 . @0 @V . 73
3
0
;; . ;; $
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/

+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider free body diagram of beam A/, /- and -! as shown
A/ Span
<* 70 . 73 ( 066 (
<* @= . @V (
@0 00 . @V ; 066 @ (
/ A
/
/

+
/- Span
<* ;3 . TV ( T 36 (
<* TS . ;3 (
00 . @V 76 T
3
T
36 T (
/ /
-
-

+
$aximum /ending $omentsG
Span A/G Bccurs under point load

,
_

<*$ 3@ . @S ;
@
@0 00 . @V
@0 77 . 077 $ax
Span /-G where SC>6, consider SC eHuation with - as reference
m 07 . 3
36
TS . ;3
x
6 x 36 TS . ;3 S
U


$ <* 3@ . 0T 76
3
07 . 3
36 07 . 3 TS . ;3 $
3
max

E$#)4-*: Analyse the continuous beam A/-! shown in figure by slope deflection
method. The support / sinks by 0Tmm.
Take
; @ 3 T
m 06 036 ) and m Y <* 06 366 '


S'-0.('+G
)n this problem
A
>6,

/
6,
-
6, >0Tmm
C'$sG
<*$ ;; . ;;
5
#ab
C
3
3
A/

<*$ S= . SS
5
b #a
C
3
3
/A
+ +
<*$ @V . ;0
S
w5
C
3
/-

<*$ @V . ;0
S
w5
C
3
-/
+ +
C'$ due to yield of support /
Cor span A/G
<*$ @
0666
0T
06 036 06
@
366 @
5
') @
m m
@ T
3
3
ba ab

Cor span /-G

<*$ @; . S
0666
0T
06 036 06
T
366 @
5
') @
m m
@ T
3
3
cb bc
+

+
+

Slope deflection eHuation

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) T "" " " " " " " " <*$ 76 $
; "" " " " " " " " ')
T
3
')
T
;
70 . T6
@; . S 3 ')
T
3
;0.@V
5
') @
. 3 &
5
') 3
C $
7 "" " " " " " " " ')
T
3
')
T
;
67 . 77
@; . S 3 ')
T
3
;0.@V "
5
') @
. 3 &
5
') 3
C $
3 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
S= . S3
@ ')
7
3
SS.S=
5
') @
. 3 &
5
') 3
C $
0 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
0
;; . T6
@ ')
7
0
;;.;; "
5
') @
3
5
')
C
.
5
7
3 &
5
') 3
C $
-!
/ -
/ -
3 / - -/ -/
- /
- /
3 - / /- /-
/
/
3 A / /A /A
/
/
3 / A A/
/ A A/ A/
>
> + + +
+ + + +

+ + +
> + +
+ + +

+ + +
> + +
+ +

+ +
> +
+

+ +

+ +
There are only two unknown rotations
/
and -

. Accordingly the boundary

conditions are
*ow,
6 ')
T
;
')
T
3
70 . 36 $ $
6 ')
T
3
')
0T
33
S@ . ;= $ $
6 $ $
6 $ $
- / -! -/
- / /- /A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Solving these eHuations we get
ockwise Anticl V0 . = ')
ockwise Anticl 7T . 70 ')
-
/


Substituting these values in slope deflections we get the final momentsG
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
<*$ 76 $
<*$ 66 . 76 7T . 70
T
3
V0 . =
T
;
70 . T6 $
<*$ == . @0 V0 . =
T
3
7T . 70
T
;
67 . 77 $
<*$ == . @0 7T . 70
7
3
S= . S3 $
<*$ S= . @6 7T . 70
7
0
;; . T6 $
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/

+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+
-onsider the free body diagram of continuous beam for finding reactions
R*#1.('+,:
Span A/G
(/ X @ > 066 x ; A @0.== @6.S=
(/ > @@.ST
(A > 066 (/
>77.0T <*
Span /-G
(/ X T > 36 x T x
3
T
A @0.== 76
(/ > T@.;6 <*
(- > 36 x T " (/
>;7.@6 <*
E$#)4-*: Three span continuous beam A/-! is fixed at A and continuous over /, -
and !. The beam subjected to loads as shown. Analyse the beam by slope deflection
method and draw bending moment and shear force diagram.
S'-0.('+:
Since end A is fixed
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! c / A

C'$sG
<*$ 76 "
S
; @6
S
#l
C
A/

<*$ 76
S
; @6
S
#l
C
/A
+

+ +
<*$ 03.T
;
$
C
/-
+ +
<*$ 03.T
;
$
C
-/
+ +
<*$ 7 07.7 "
03
; 06
03
wl
C
3 3
-!

<*$ 07.77
03
; 06
03
wl
C
3 3
!-
+

+ +
Slope deflection eHuationsG

( )
/ A A/ A/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6
;
') 3
76 "
/
+ +
( ) 0 " " " " " " " " ') 6.T 76 "
/
> +
( )
A / /A /A
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6 3
;
') 3
76
/
+ +
( ) 3 "" " " " " " " " ') 76
/
> + +
( )
- / /- /-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
') 3
03.T
- /
+ +
( ) 7 "" " " " " " " " ') T . 6 ') 03.T
- /
> + +
( )
/ - -/ -/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
') 3
T . 03
/ -
+ +
( ) ; "" " " " " " " " ') T . 6 ') 03.T
/ -
> + +
( )
! - -! -!
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
') 3
07.77 "
! -
+ +
( ) T " " " " " " " " " " ') T . 6 ') 77 . 07
! -
> + +
( )
- ! !- !-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
') 3
07.77
- !
+ +
( ) @ " " " " " " " " " " ') ') T . 6 07.77
! -
> + +
)n the above 'Huations there are three unknowns, ') ! - /
') + ') ,
, accordingly
the boundary conditions areG
. hinged & 6 $ iii
6 $ $ ii
6 $ $ i
!-
-! -/
/- /A

+
+
*ow
( ) V 6 T . ;3 ') T . 6 ') 3
6 ') T . 6 ') T . 03 ') 76
6 $ $
- /
- / /
/- /A
> + +
+ + + +
+
( ) S 6 S7 . 6 ') T . 6 ') 3 ') T . 6
6 ') T . 6 ') 77 . 07 ') T . 6 ') T . 03
6 $ $
! - /
! - / -
/- -/
> + +
+ + + + +
+

6 $
!-

( ) = 6 ') ') T . 6 77 . 07
! -
> + +
/y solving &V., &S. + &=., we get
=6 . 0S ')
0T . 00 ')
6; . 3; ')
!
-
/

+

/y substituting the values of ! c /
and ,
in respective eHuations we get
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) <*$ 6 =6 . 0S 0T . 00 T . 6 77 . 07 $
<*$ @7 . 00 =6 . 0S T . 6 0T . 00 77 . 07 $
<*$ @7 . 00 6; . 3; T . 6 0T . 00 T . 03 $
<*$ T.=@ " 00.0T .T 6 3;.6; " 03.T $
<*$ =@ . T 6; . 3; 76 $
<*$ 63 . ;3 6; . 3; T . 6 76 $
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagram of beam.
B*#) AB:
<* 60T . 76 ( @6 (
<* =ST . 36
;
63 . ;3 =@ . T 3 @6
(
/ A
/

B*#) BC:
downward is ( <* =3 . 07 ( (
<* =3 . 07
;
=@ . T T6 @7 . 00
(
/ - /
-

B*#) CD:
<* =0 . 33 ( ; 06 (
<* 6= . 0V
;
@7 . 00 3 ; 06
(
! -
!

E$#)4-*: Analyse the continuous beam shown using slope deflection method. Then
draw bending moment and shear force diagram.
S'-0.('+: )n this problem fixed is A end , 6
A

C'$sG
$ <* T7.77 "
03
S 06

03
wl
C
3 3
A/

<*$ T7.77
03
wl
C
3
/A
+ +
<*$ 33.T6 "
S
@ 76
S
#l
C
/-

<*$ 33.T6
S
#5
C
-!
+ +
Slope deflection eHuationsG

( )
/ A A/ A/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6
S
) 7 ' 3
T7.77 "
/
+

+
( ) 0 " " " " " " " " ')
;
7
T7.77 "
/
> +
( )
A / /A /A
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6 3
S
) 7 ' 3
T7.77
/
+

+ +
( ) 3 " " " " " " " " ')
3
7
T7.77
/
> +
( )
- / /- /-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
@
) 3 ' 3
33.T "
- /
+ +
( ) 7 " " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;
33.T "
- /
> + +
( )
/ - -/ -/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
@
) 3 ' 3
33.T
/ -
+ + +
( ) ; " " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;
33.T
/ -
> + + +
)n the above eHuation there are two unknown - /
and
, accordingly the boundary
conditions areG
6 $ ii
6 3; $ $ i
-/
/- /A

( ) T 6 ')
7
3
')
@
0V
S7 . T;
3; ')
7
3
')
7
;
T . 33 ')
3
7
77 . T7 3; $ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> + + +
+ + + + +
6 ')
7
3
')
7
;
T . 33 $ and
/ - -/
+ +
&@. "" " " " " " " " " " ')
7
0
3T . 00 ')
7
3
/ -
>
Substituting in eHn. &T.
clockwise anti rotation ;73 . 0V
0T
@ TS . ;;
')
6 ')
@
0T
;;.TS
6 ')
7
0
3T . 00 ')
@
0V
S7 . T;
/
/
/ /

+ +
+
from eHuation &@.
( )
ise anticlockw rotation 0T= . S
;73 . 0V
7
0
3T . 00
3
7
')
-

1
]
1

Substituting
0T= . S ') and ;73 . 0V ')
- /

in the slope deflection eHuation we get
Cinal $omentsG
( )
( ) <*$ 0S . 3V ;73 . 0V
3
7
77 . T7 $
<*$ "@@.;6 0V.;73 "
;
7
77 . T7 $
/A
A/
+ + +
+
( ) ( )
( ) 66 . 6 . ;73 . 0V &
7
3
0T= . S
7
;
T . 33 $
<*$ 0S . T0 0T= . S
7
3
;73 . 0V
7
;
T . 33 $
-/
/-
+ + +
+ +

R*#1.('+,: -onsider free body diagram of beams as shown

S4#+ AB:
<* SV . ;; ( S 06 (
<* 07 . 7T
S
; S 06 ;6 . @@ 0S . 3V
(
/ A
/

S4#+ BC:
<* ;V . @ ( 76 (
<* T7 . 37
@
7 76 0S . T0
(
/ -
/

M#$ BM
S4#+ AB: $ax /$ occurs where SC>6, consider SC eHuation with A as origin
<*$ @V . 7@ @;
3
;SV . ;
06 ;SV . ; SV . ;; $
m ;SV . ; x
6 06x " SV . ;; S
3
max
x

S4#+ BC: $ax /$ occurs under point load
$ <* ;0 . 0=
3
0S . T0
;T $ /-
max

E$#)4-*: Analyse the beam shown in figure. 'nd support - is subjected to an
anticlockwise moment of 03 <*$.
S'-0.('+: )n this problem
fixed is end , 6
A

C'$sG
<*$ @V . 3@
03
; 36
03
wl
C
3 3
/-

<*$ 3@.@V
03
wl
C
3
-/
+ +
Slope deflection eHuationsG

( )
/ A A/ A/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6
;
) 3 ' 3
6
/
+ +
( ) 0 "" " " " " " " " ')
/
>
( )
A / /A /A
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 6 3
;
) 3 ' 3
6
/
+ +
( ) 3 "" " " " " " " " ') 3
/
>
( )
- / /- /-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
) T . 0 ' 3
3@.@V "
- /
+

+
( ) 7 "" " " " " " " " ')
;
7
')
3
7
3@.@V "
- /
> + +
( )
/ - -/ -/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
) T . 0 ' 3
3@.@V
/ -
+

+ +
( ) ; "" " " " " " " " ')
;
7
')
3
7
3@.@V
/ -
> + + +
)n the above eHuation there are two unknowns - /
and
, accordingly the boundary
conditions are

6 03 $
6 $ $
-/
/- /A
+
+

&T. "" " " " " " " " 6 @V . 3@ ')
;
7
')
3
V

')
;
7
')
3
7
@V . 3@ ') 3 $ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> +
+ + +
&@. "" " " " " " " " 6 ')
3
7
')
;
7
@V . 7S
03 ')
;
7
')
3
7
@V . 3@ 03 $ , and
- /
/ - -/
> + +
+ + + +
Crom &T. and &@.
V3 . 0;
3T
S
;@ ')
6 ;@ ')
S
3T
6 77 . 0= ')
;
7
')
S
7
6 @V . 3@ ')
;
7
')
3
V
/
/
- /
- /
+ +

+ +
+
Crom &@.
( )
ise anticlockw rotation indicates sign ve " 0; . 77
V3 . 0;
;
7
@V . 7S
7
3
')
-

,
_

+
eHuations deflection slope is ') and ') ng Substituti
- /

( )
<*$ 03 . V3 . 0; &
;
7
. 0; . 77 &
3
7
@V . 3@ $
<*$ ;; . 3= 0; . 77
;
7
. V3 . 0; &
3
7
@V . 3@ $
<*$ ;3 . 3= . V3 . 0; & 3 ') 3 $
<*$ V3 . 0; ') $
-/
/-
/ /A
/ A/
+ + +
+ +

+
R*#1.('+: -onsider free body diagrams of beam
S4#+ AB:
<* 6; . 00 ( (
<* 6; . 00
;
;; . 3= V3 . 0;
(
/ A
/

S4#+ BC:
<* @; . 3= ( ; 36 (
<* 7@ . T6
;
3 ; 36 03 ;; . 3=
(
/ -
/

+ +

E$#)4-*: Analyse the simple frame shown in figure. 'nd A is fixed and ends / + - are
hinged. !raw the bending moment diagram.
S'-0.('+:
)n this problem
, 6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

C'$SG"
<*$ 06
S
#5
C
<*$ 06
S
; 36
S
#5
C
<*$ @V . 3@
03
; 36
03
wl
C
<*$ @V . 3@
03
; 36
03
wl
C
<*$ 77 . T7
@
; 3 036
5
b #a
C
<*$ @V . 06@
@
; 3 036
5
#ab
C
!/
-!
3 3
-/
3 3
/-
3
3
3
3
/A
3
3
3
3
A/

+

+ +
+

+ +

+

+ +



Slope deflections are
( )
( ) . 0 & ')
7
3
@V . 06@
@
) 3 ' 3
@V . 06@
3
5
') 3
C $
/ /
/ A A/ A/
> + +
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) . ; & ')
;
7
')
3
7
@V . 3@ 3
3
) 7
;
' 3
@V . 3@
3
5
') 3
C $
. 7 & ')
;
7
')
3
7
@V . 3@ 3
3
) 7
;
' 3
@V . 3@
3
5
') 3
C $
. 3 & ')
7
;
77 . T7 3
@
) 3 ' 3
77 . T7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ - / -
/ - -/ -/
- / - /
- / -/ /-
/ /
/ / /A /A
> + + + + + +
+ +
> + + + +
+ +
> + + + +
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( ) . @ & ')
3
0
') 06 3
;
') 3
06
3
5
') 3
C $
. T & ')
3
0
') 06 3
;
') 3
06
3
5
') 3
C $
/ ! / !
/ ! !/ !/
! / ! /
! / /! /!
> + + + +
+ +
> + + + + + +
+ +
)n the above eHuations we have three unknown rotations
/

, -

,
!

accordingly we
have three boundary conditions.

6 $ $ $
/! /- /A
+ +

6 $
-/

Since - and ! are hinged
6 $
!/

*ow
&=. "" " " " 6 ') ')
3
0
06 $
&S. "" " " " 6 ')
3
7
')
;
7
@.@V 3 $
&V. "" " " " 6 ')
3
0
')
;
7
')
@
37
7@.@@
')
3
0
') 06 ')
;
7
')
3
7
@V . 3@ ')
7
;
77 . T7 $ $ $
! / !/
- / -/
! - /
! / - / / /! /- /A
> + +
> + +
> + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Solving eHuations V, S, + = we get

;0; . 0; ')
7@ . 07 ')
S7 . S ')
!
-
/
+


Substituting these values in slope eHuations
6 . S7 . S &
3
0
. ;0; . 0; & 06 $
<*$ 7S . S . ;0; . 0; &
3
0
. S7 . S & 06 $
6 . S7 . S &
;
7
. 7@ . 07 &
3
7
@V . 3@ $
<*$ =; . ;= . 7@ . 07 &
;
7
. 7 . S &
3
7
@V . 3@ $
<*$ T@ . ;0 . S7 . S &
7
;
77 . T7 $
<*$ T@ . 003 . S7 . S &
7
3
@V . 06@ $
!/
/!
-/
/-
/A
A/
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider free body diagram of each members
S4#+ AB:
<* S7 . =0 ( 036 (
<* 0V . 3S
@
3 036 T@ . 003 T@ . ;0
(
/ A
/

S4#+ BC:
<* T0T . 3V ( ; 36 (
<* ;ST . T3
;
3 ; 36 =; . ;=
(
/ -
/

C'-0)+ BD:
[ ] 36 : : <* VS . 03 :
<* =3 . V
;
77 . S 3 36
:
! A /
!
+

E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure and also drawn bending moment
and shear force diagram
S'-0.('+:
Symmetrical problem
" Sym frame A Sym loading
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

C'$S
<*$ 06@.@V "
@
3 ; S6
@
; 3 S6

5
cd #
5
ab #
C
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
/-

<*$ @V . 06@
5
d c #
5
b #a
C
3
3
3
3
3
-/
+ + +
Slope deflection eHuationsG

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 " " " " " " " " ')
3
0
6
;
') 3
6 3
5
') 3
C $
/ / / A A/ A/
> + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 "" " " " " " ') 6 3
;
') 3
6 3
5
') 3
C $
/ / A / /A /A
> + + + +
( )
( ) 7 " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;
@V . 06@ . 3 &
@
) 3 ' 3
@V . 06@
3
5
') 3
C $
- / - /
- / /- /-
> + + + +
+ +
( )
( ) ; " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;
@V . 06@ . 3 &
@
) 3 ' 3
@V . 06@
3
5
') 3
C $
/ - / -
/ - -/ -/
> + + + + + +
+ +
( )
( ) T "" " " " " " ') . 6 3 &
;
') 3
6
3
5
') 3
C $
- -
! - -! -!
> + +
+ +
( )
( ) @ "" " " " " " ')
3
0
. 6 &
;
') 3
6
3
5
') 3
C $
- -
- ! !- !-
> + +
+ +
)n the above eHuation there are two unknown rotations. Accordingly the boundary
conditions are
6 $ $
6 $ $
-! -/
/- /A
+
+

*ow &V. "" " " " " " 6 ')
7
3
')
7
V
@V . 06@ $ $
- / /- /A
> + + +
&S. "" " " " " " 6 ')
7
V
')
7
3
@V . 06@ $ $
- / -! -/
> + + + +
$ultiply by &V. and &S. by 3
-lockwise @;
;T
7
67 . =@6 ')
6 ')
7
;T
=@6.67 "
subtracts
6 ')
7
0;
')
7
;
7; . 307
6 ')
7
0;
')
7
;=
@= . V;@
/
/
- /
- /
+ +
+

+ + +
+ +
,sing eHuation &V.
ckwise Anticlo @; @;
7
V
@V . 06@
3
7
"
')
7
V
@V . 06@
3
7
')
/ -

1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+
:ere we find - /

. )t is obvious because the problem is symmetrical.
are moments Cinal
( )
( )
<*$ "73 @;
3
0
$
<*$ @; $
<*$ @; @;
7
3
. @; &
7
;
@V . 06@ $
<*$ @; @;
7
3
@;
7
;
@V . 06@ $
<*$ @; $
<*$ 73
3
@;
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ + + +
+ +

+ +
-onsider free body diagram%s of beam and columns as shown
/y symmetrical we can write
<*$ S6 ( (
<*$ @6 ( (
- !
/ A


*ow consider free body diagram of column A/
Apply
<* 3; :
73 @; ; :
6 $
A
A
/

+

Similarly from free body diagram of column -!
Apply
<* 3; :
73 @; ; :
6 $
!
A
-

+

C2*19:
6 : :
6 :
! A
+

:ence okay
*oteG Since symmetrical, only half frame may be analysed. ,sing first three eHuations
and taking - /

E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram
S'-0.('+:
This is a symmetrical frame and unsymmetrically loaded, thus it is an
unsymmetrical problem and there is a sway
Assume sway to right.
:ere 6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! / ! A

C'$SG
<*$ VT . =7
S
7 T S6
5
b #a
C
<*$ 3T . T@
S
7 T S6
5
#ab
C
3
3
3
3
-/
3
3
3
3
/-
+

+ +



Slope deflection eHuations
( )
( ) 3 " " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
;
7
6 3
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
0 " " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
3
0
;
7
6
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ /
A / /A /A
/ /
/ A A/ A/
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
3
0
;
7
6
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
T "" " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
;
7
6 3
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
; "" " " " " " " " ')
;
0
')
3
0
VT . =7 3
S
3')
VT . =7
3
5
') 3
C $
7 "" " " " " " " " ')
;
0
')
3
0
3T . T@ 3
S
3')
3T . T@
3
5
') 3
C $
- -
- ! !- !-
- -
! - -! -!
/ - / -
/ - -/ -/
- / - /
- / /- /-
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
> + + + + +
+ +
> + + + +
+ +
)n the above eHuation there are three unknowns
and ,
- / , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
6 $ $ $ $
6
;
$ $
;
$ $
, e . i
condition Shear " " " 6 P : :
6 $ $
conditions int 8o 6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
: ! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + +

+
+
+
> + +
+
> +
( ) V 6 ')
S
7
')
;
0
')
3
7
3T . T@
6 ')
;
0
')
3
0
3T . T@ ')
S
7
') $ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> + +
+ + +
( ) S 6 ')
S
7
')
3
7
')
;
0
VT . =7
6 ')
S
7
') ')
;
0
')
3
0
VT . =7 $ $ , And
- /
- / - -! -/
> + +
+ + + +
( ) = 6 ')
3
7
')
3
7
')
3
7

')
Z S
7
')
3
0

')
S
7
') ')
S
7
') ')
S
7
')
3
0
$ $ $ $ , And
- /
-
- / / !- -! /A A/
> +
+
+ + + + +
&S. + &V. in Substitute
') ') ') &=. Crom
- /
+
&V. 'Hn
[ ]
( ) 06 "" " " " " " 6 ')
S
0
')
S
=
3T . T@
6 ') ')
S
7
')
;
0
')
3
7
3T . T@
- /
- / - /
> +
+ + +
. S & 'Hn
[ ]
( ) 00 " " " " " " " " " " 6 ')
S
=
')
S
0
VT . =7
6 ') ')
S
7
')
3
7
')
;
0
VT . =7
- /
- / - /
> + +
+ + + +
Solving eHuations &06. + &00. we get
3T . ;0 ')
/

/y 'Huation &06.
T . 7V VT . VS 3T . ;0 ') ') ')
VT . VS 3T . ;0
S
=
3T . T@ S
')
S
=
3T . T@ S ')
- /
/ -
+

1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+
:ence
T . 7V ') , VT . VS ') , 3T . ;0 ')
- /

Substituting these values in slope deflection eHuations, we have
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) <*$ 70 . 3T T . 7V
S
7
VT . VS
3
0
$
<*$ @= . @; T . 7V
S
7
VT . VS $
<*$ @= . @; VT . ;0
;
0
VT . VS
3
0
VT . =7 $
<*$ 70 . TT VT . VS
;
0
3T . ;0
3
0
3T . T@ $
<*$ 70 . TT T . 7V
S
7
3T . ;0 $
<*$ @= . 7; T . 7V
S
7
3T . ;0
3
0
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ + +
+ +
+
+
R*#1.('+,: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns
-olumn A/G
<* T . 33
;
70 . TT @= . 7;
:
A

+

Span /-G
0V . T0 ( S6 (
<* S7 . 3S
S
7 S6 @= . @; 70 . TT
(
/ -
/

-olumn -!G
T . 33
;
70 . 3T @= . @;
:
!

+

C2*19:
W: > 6
:A A :! > 6
33.T 33.T > 6
:ence okay
E$#)4-*: Crame A/-! is subjected to a horiEontal force of 36 <* at joint - as shown
in figure. Analyse and draw bending moment diagram.
S'-0.('+:
Crame is Symmetrical and unsymmetrical loaded hence there is a sway. Assume
sway towards right
C'$S
6 C C C C C C
!- -! -/ /- /A A/

Slope deflection eHuations are
( )
( ) 3 ')
7
3
')
7
;

7
7
3
7
') 3

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
0 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

7
7
7
') 3

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/
/
A / /A /A
/
/
/ A A/ A/
>

,
_

,
_

+ +
>

,
_

,
_

+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) T ')
7
3
')
7
;

7
7
3
7
3')

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
; " " " " " " " " ') T . 6 ')
3
;
') 3

3
5
') 3
C $
7 " " " " " " " " ') T . 6 ')
3
;
') 3

3
5
') 3
C $
-
-
! - -! -!
/ -
/ -
/ - -/ -/
- /
- /
- / /- /-
>
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
> +
+
+ +
> +
+
+ +
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

7
7
7
') 3
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
-
c
- ! !- !-
>
1
]
1

1
]
1

+ +
The unknown are
+ ,
- , / .
are conditions boundary the y Accordingl
6 @6 $ $ $ $
6 36
7
$ $
7
$ $
, e . i
6 36 : : . )))
6 $ $ . ) )
6 $ $ . )
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + +

+
+
+
+
+
+
( ) V 6 ')
7
3
') T . 6 ')
7
V

') T . 6 ') ')
7
3
')
7
;
$ $ *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> +
+ + +
( ) S 6 ')
7
3
')
7
V
') T . 6
')
7
3
')
7
;
') T . 6 ') $ $ and
- /
- / - -! -/
> +
+ + +
( ) = 6 @6 ')
7
S
') 3 ') 3
@6 ')
7
3
')
7
3
')
7
3

')
7
;
')
7
3
')
7
;
')
7
3
')
7
3
@6 $ $ $ $ and
- /
-
- / / !- -! /A A/
+
+
+ + + + +
Solving &V..&S. + &=. we get
VV . 7; ')
, 0S . S ')
, 0S . S ')
-
/



Substituting the value of
and ,
- / in slope deflection eHuations
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) <*$ V7 . 0V VV . 7;
7
3
0S . S
7
3
$
<*$ 3V . 03 VV . 7;
7
3
0S . S
7
;
$
<*$ 3V . 03 0S . S 0S . S T . 6 $
<*$ 3V . 03 0S . S T . 6 0S . S 6 $
<*$ 3V . 03 VV . 7;
7
3
0S . S
7
;
$
<*$ V7 . 0V VV . 7;
7
3
0S . S
7
3
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/
+
+

+
+
+

R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagram of the members
M*)5*/ AB:
<* 06
7
3V . 03 V7 . 0V
:
A

+

M*)5*/ BC:
downwards ( of direction indicates sign ve " <* 07T . @ ( (
<* 07T . @
;
3V . 03 3V . 03
(
/ - /
-

M*)5*/ CD:
right to left is : of direction the indicates sign ve " <* 06
7
3V . 03 V7 . 0V
:
! !

C2*19: W: > 6
:A A :! A P > 6
A06 A 06 36 > 6
:ence okay
E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame subjected to loads as shown. Also draw bending
moment diagram.
The frame is symmetrical but loading is unsymmetrical. :ence there is a sway.
Assume sway towards right. )n this problem
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

C'$sG
<*$ 07.77 "
03
; 06

03
wl
C
3 3
A/

<*$ 07.77
03
; 06

03
wl
C
3 3
/A
+

+ +
<*$ 003.T "
S
06 =6
S
wl
C
/-

<*$ 003.T
S
06 =6
S
wl
C
-/
+

Slope deflection eHuationsG

,
_

+ + +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ A A/ A/

;
7
6
;
') 3
07.77 "
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 0 "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6 07.77 "
/
> +

,
_

+ + +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
A / /A /A

;
7
6 3
;
') 3
07.77
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 3 "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ') 07.77
/
> +
( )
- / /- /-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
06
) 7 ' 3
003.T "
- /
+ +
( ) 7 "" " " " " " " " ') @ . 6 0.3') 003.T "
- /
> + +
( )
/ - -/ -/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
06
) 7 ' 3
003.T
/ -
+ + +
( ) ; "" " " " " " " " ') @ . 6 0.3') 003.T
/ -
> + +

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
! - -! -!

;
7
6 3
;
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) T "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ')
-
>

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
- ! !- !-

;
7
3 6
;
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 6.T')
-
>
') and ') ') unknowns 7 are There
- /, , accordingly the boundary conditions are
6 ;6 : :
6 $ $
6 $ $
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ +
+
+
;
$ $
:
$ $ ; : and
;
S6 $ $
:
3
;
; 06 $ $ ; : :ere
!- -!
!
/- -! !
/A A/
A
/A A/ A
+

+
+

+
6 S6 $ $ $ $
6 ;6
;
$ $

;
S6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
+ + + +
+
+
+
+

*ow $/A A $/- > 6

( ) ( )
&S. " " " " " " " " 6 ') 7VT . 6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 3 T . 003
6 ') 7VT . 6 ') ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 T . 003
T ; 6 $ $ and
&V. " " " " " " " " 6 0V . == ') 7VT . 6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 3
6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 T . 003 ') 7VT . 6 ') 77 . 07
/ -
- / -
!- -/
- /
- / /
> + +
+ + +
+ +
> +
+ +
&=. "" " " " " " " " 6 S6 ') "0.T ') 0.T ') T . 0
6 S6 ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6
') 7VT . 6 ') ') 7VT . 6 ') 77 . 07 ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6 77 . 07
6 S6 $ $ $ $ also
- /
-
- / /
!- -/ /A A/
> + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
/y solving &V., &S. and &=. we get
7; . @@ ')
@; . T= ')
@T . V3 ')
-
/
+


Cinal momentsG
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
<*$ V6 . T; . 7; . @@ & 7VT . 6 . @; . T= & T . 6 $
<*$ T3 . S; . 7; . @@ & 7VT . 6 @; . T= $
<*$ T3 . S; @T . V3 @ . 6 @; . T= 3 . 0 T . 003 $
<*$ 06 . @0 @; . T= @ . 6 @T . V3 3 . 0 T . 003 $
<*$ 06 . @0 7; . @@ 7VT . 6 @T . V3 $
<*$ "0.SS @@.7; 7VT . 6 @T . V3 T . 6 77 . 07 $
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ +
+ +
+
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagrams of various members
M*)5*/ AB:
left to right from is : of direction indicates sign ve " <* 0=T . T
;
3 ; 06 SS . 0 06 . @0
:
A
A

M*)5*/ BC:
<* 7; . 7S ( =6 (
<* 7; . ;V
06
T =6 06 . @0 T3 . S;
(
- /
-

M*)5*/ CD
<* S0 . 7;
;
V . T; T; . S;
:
!

+

C2*19
W: > 6
:A A :! A06 X ; > 6
"T.36 " 7;.S0A ;6 > 6
:ence okay
E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram
S'-0.('+:
Since the columns have different moment of inertia, it is an unsymmetrical frame.
Assume sway towards right
C'$SG
<*$ @6
S
#5
C
<*$ @6
S
@ S6
S
#5
C
-/
/-
+ +

:ere 6 , 6
! A

Slope deflection eHuations
( )
( ) 3 " " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
;
7
6 3
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
0 " " " " " " " " ')
S
7
')
3
0
;
7
6
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ /
A / /A /A
/ /
/ A A/ A/
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ')
;
7
')
;
7
6
;
3'3)
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
T "" " " " " " " " ')
;
7
') 3
;
7
6 3
;
3'3)
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
; "" " " " " " " " ')
7
;
')
7
3
@6 3
@
3'3)
@6
3
5
') 3
C $
7 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;
@6 3
@
3'3)
@6
3
5
') 3
C $
- -
- ! !- !-
- -
! - -! -!
- / / -
/ - -/ -/
- / - /
- / /- /-
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
> + + + + +
+ +
> + + + +
+ +
)n the above eHuation there are three unknowns
and ,
- / , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
6 $ $ $ $
6
;
$ $
;
$ $
, e . i
condition Shear " " " 6 : :
conditions int 8o 6 $ $
6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + +

+
+
+
> +
> +
+
( ) V 6 ')
S
7
')
7
3
')
7
V
@6
6 ')
7
3
')
7
;
@6 ')
S
7
') $ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> + +
+ + +
( ) S 6 @6 ')
;
7
')
7
06
')
7
3
6 ')
;
7
') 3 ')
7
;
')
7
3
@6 $ $ , And
- /
- - / -! -/
> + +
+ + + + +
( ) = 6 ')
;
=
') 7 ')
3
7

')
;
7
')
')
;
7
') 3 ')
S
7
') ')
S
7
')
3
0
$ $ $ $ , And
- /
-
- / / !- -! /- A/
> +
+
+ + + + +
&V. in ') of value ng Substituti
') 7 ')
3
7
=
;
') &=. Crom
- /

,
_

+
( ) 06 "" " " " " " 6 @6 ')
@
0
')
03
3T
6 @6 ')
3
0
')
;
0
')
7
3
')
7
V
6 @6 ') 7 ')
3
7
=
;
S
7
')
7
3
')
7
V
- /
- / - /
- / - /
> +
+

1
]
1

,
_

+ +
Substituting value of ') in &S.
( ) 00 "" " " " " " 6 @6 ')
7
V
')
@
0
6 @6 ') ')
3
0
')
7
06
')
7
3
6 @6 ') 7 ')
3
7
=
;
S
7
')
7
06
')
7
3
- /
- / - /
- / - /
> + +
+ +
+
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
Solving &06. + &00. we get ')
/

>70.67
/y 'Huation &00.
7 . 3V
@6 ')
@
0
V
7
')
/ -

1
]
1

+
*ow
TT . 0@ ') 7 ')
3
7
=
;
')
- /

,
_

+
*ow
')
/

>70.67,
7 . 3V ')
-

, ') TT . 0@
Substituting these values in slope deflection eHuations,
The final moments areG
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) <*$ T3 . 0T TT . 0@
;
7
=7 . 3V $
<*$ ;T . ;7 . TT . 0@ &
;
7
. =7 . 3V & 3 $
<*$ ;7 . ;7 =7 . 3V
7
;
67 . 70
7
3
@6 $
<*$ 3T . 7V =7 . 3V
7
3
67 . 70
7
;
@6 $
<*$ 3; . 7V TT . 0@
S
7
67 . 70 $
<*$ V3 . 30 TT . 0@
S
7
67 . 70
3
0
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ + + +
+ +


R*#1.('+,: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns

-olumn A/G
<* V; . 0;
;
V3 . 30 3T . 7V
:
A

+

/eam /-G
67 . ;0 ( S6 (
<* =V . 7S
@
7 S6 ;T . ;7 3T . 7V
(
/ -
/

-olumn -!G
<* V; . 0;
;
T3 . 0T ;T . ;7
:
!

+

C2*19:
W: > 6
:A A :! > 6
0;.V;"0;.V;>6
:ence okay
E$: Portal frame shown is fixed at ends A and !, the joint / is rigid and joint - is
hinged. Analyse the frame and draw /$!.

S'-0.('+:
C'$%sG
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 :ere
<*$ @6
S
@ S6
S
#5
C
<*$ @6
S
@ S6
S
#5
C
-! -/ / ! A
-/
/-

+

+



Since - is hinged member -/ and -! will rotate independently. Also the frame
is unsymmetrical, will also have sway. 5et the sway be towards right.
The slope deflections areG
. 0 & ')
S
7
')
3
0
;
7
6
;
') 3
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/
/
/ A A/ A/
>

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
( )
( )
( )
. @ & ')
S
7
')
3
0
;
7
6
;
') 3
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
. T & ')
S
7
')
;
7
6 3
;
') 3
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
. ; & ')
7
3
')
7
;
@6
3
@
) 3 . ' 3
@6
3
5
') 3
C $
. 7 & ')
7
3
')
7
;
@6
3
@
) 3 . ' 3
@6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
. 3 & ')
S
7
')
;
7
6 3
;
') 3
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
-!
-!
-! ! !- !-
-!
-!
! -! -! -!
/ -/
/ -/
/ -/ -/ -/
-/ /
-/ /
- / /- /-
/
/
A / /A /A
>

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
> + + +
+ + +
+ +
> + +
+ +

,
_

+ +
>

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
)n the above eHuations
are and , ,
-! -/ /

unknowns. According the boundary
conditions are
). $/AA$/- > 6,
)). $-/ > 6,
))). $-! > 6,
)2. :AA:! > 6

6 $ $ $ $
6
;
$ $
;
$ $
, e .. i
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
+ + +

+
+
+
*ow using the boundary conditionsG
. 0; & 6 @6 ')
7
3
')
0T
3@
@6 ')
7
3
')
T
7
7
V
6 @6 ')
T
S
S
7
')
7
3
')
7
V
$ $
. V & 'Huation in ng Substituti
. 07 & ')
T
S
')
3
7
0T
0@
') gives . 03 & 'Huation
. 03 & 6 ')
0@
0T
')
3
7
6 ')
3
7
')
S
7
3
7
')
3
7
$ $ $ $
. 06 & in Sub
. 00 & ')
S
7
') . = & Crom
. 06 & 6 ')
3
7
')
3
7
')
3
7
6 ')
S
7
')
3
0
')
S
7
') ')
S
7
') ')
S
7
')
3
0
$ $ $ $
. = & 6 ')
S
7
') $
. S & 6 @6 ')
7
;
')
7
3
$
. V & 6 @6 ')
S
7
')
7
3
')
7
V

')
7
3
')
7
;
@6 ')
S
7
') $ $
-/ /
-/ /
/ -/ / /- /A
/ /
/
/ !- -! /A A/
c!
-! /
-! -! / / !- -! /A A/
-! -!
-/ / -/
-/ /
-/ / / /- /A
> +
+
,
_

,
_

+ +
>
>

,
_

+ + + +
>
> +
+ + + + + +
>
> + +
> +
+ + +
have we 3 by &0;. eHuation g multiplyin and . S & 'Huation in ng Substituti
3= . @;
;3
0T
0S6 ')
[ [[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[
6 0S6 ')
0T
;3
[ [[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[
6 036 ')
7
;
')
0T
T3
6 @6 ')
7
;
')
7
3
/
/
-/ /
-/ /

+
+
+ +
S@; . 063 3= . @;
T
S
')
T
S
') Crom&07.
/

TV; . 7S ')
S
7
') &00. Crom
-!


0@T . VV
@6 S@; . 063
S
7
3= . @;
7
V
3
7
@6 ')
S
7
')
7
V
3
7
') . V & Crom
/ -/

,
_

,
_

S@; . 063 ') , TV . 7S ') , 0@T . VV ') , 3= . @; ')
-! -/ /

Cinal $oments are
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) <*$ 3= . 0= S@; . 063
S
7
TV; . 7S
3
0
$
6 S@; . 063
S
7
TV; . 7S $
6 3= . @;
7
3
0@T . VV
7
;
@6 $
<*$ V3 . 3T 0@T . VV
7
3
3= . @;
7
;
@6 $
<*$ V3 . 3T S@; . 063
S
7
3= . @; $
<*$ ;3 . @ S@; . 063
S
7
3= . @;
3
0
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ + +
+ +


R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagram of various members
C'-0)+ AB:
<* S3T . ;
;
;3 . @ V3 . 3T
:
A

B*#) BC:
( )
<* V0 . 7T 3= . ;; S6 (
<* 3= . ;;
@
7 S6 V3 . 3T
(
-
/

C'-0)+ CD:
<* S3 . ;
;
3S . 0=
:
!

C2*19:
W: > 6
:AA:! > 6
:ence okay.
E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure the deflection method and then
draw the bending moment diagram
Cig
S'-0.('+:
The frame is unsymmetrical, hence there is a sway. 5et the sway be towards
right.
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

C'$SG
<*$ 76 3 0T C
<*$ @V . ;0
03
T 36
C
<*$ @V . ;0
03
T 36
C
-'
3
-/
3
/-

+

Slope deflection eHuations
( )
( ) 3 " " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ')
;
7
6 3
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
0 " " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6
;
7
6
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ /
A / /A /A
/ /
/ A A/ A/
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6
;
7
6
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
T "" " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ')
;
7
6 3
;
3')
6
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
; "" " " " " " " " ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 @V . ;0 3
T
0.T) 3'
@V . ;0
3
5
') 3
C $
7 "" " " " " " " " ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 @V . ;0 3
T
0.T) 3'
@V . ;0
3
5
') 3
C $
- -
- ! !- !-
- -
! - -! -!
/ - / -
/ - -/ -/
- / - /
- / /- /-
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
>
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
> + + +

+ +
+ +
> + + +

+
+ +
)n the above eHuation there are three unknowns
and ,
- / , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
6 $ $ $ $ , e . i
6 : :
6 $ $ $
6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
! A
-' -! -/
/- /A
+ + +
+
+ +
+
*ow,
( ) V 6 @V . ;0 ') 7VT . 6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 3
6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 @V . 0;0 ') 7VT . 6 ')
6 $ $
- /
- / /
/- /A
> +
+ +
+
( ) S 6 @V . 00 ') 7VT . 6 ') 3 . 3 ') @ . 6
6 76 ') 7VT . 6 ') ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 @V . ;0 $ $ , And
- /
- / - -! -/
> + +
+ + + +
( ) = 6 ') T . 0 ') T . 0 ') T . 0
6 ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6 ') 7VT . 6 ') 3 ') 7VT . 6 ') ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6
6 $ $ $ $
- /
- - / /
!- -! /- A/
> +
+ + +
+ + +
Solving the above eHuations
we get, ')
=S . 37
/

, ')
@3 . 0; ') , 7@ . =
-

Substituting these values in slope deflection eHuations, we have
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
<*$ 76 $
<*$ 0@ . 06 @3 . 0; 7VT . 6 7@ . = T . 6 $
<*$ S; . 0; . @3 . 0; & 7VT . 6 7@ . = $
<*$ S7 . ;; =S . 37 @ . 6 7@ . = 3 . 0 @V . ;0 $
<*$ T0 . 0S 7@ . = @ . 6 =S . 37 3 . 0 @V . ;0 $
<*$ T6 . 0S @3 . 0; 7VT . 6 =S . 37 $
<*$ T6 . @ @3 . 0; 7VT . 6 =S . 37 T . 6 $
-'
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+
+ + + +
+ +
+

R*#1.('+,: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns
-olumn A/G
<* 3T . @
;
T . @ T . 0S
:
A

+

Span /-G
V7 . ;; ( T 36 (
<* 3V . TT
T
T . 3 T 36 T . 0S S7 . ;;
(
- /
-

-olumn -!G
3T . @
;
S; . 0; 0@ . 06
:
!

+

C2*19:
W: > 6
:A A :! > 6
W > 6
:ence okay
E$#)4-*: Analyse the portal frame shown and then draw bending moment diagram.
S'-0.('+:
)t is an unsymmetrical problem hence there is a sway be towards right
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

C'$sG
<*$ ;0.@V "
03
T 36
03
wl
C
3 3
/-

<*$ ;0.@V
03
T 36
03
wl
C
3 3
-/
+

Slope deflection eHuationsG

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ A A/ A/

7
7
6
7
') 3
6
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 0 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

/
>

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
A / /A /A

7
7
6 3
7
') 3
6
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 3 "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;

/
>

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
- / /- /-
( ) 3
T
) T . 0 ' 3
;0.@V "
- /
+

+
( ) 7 "" " " " " " " " ')
T
7
')
T
@
;0.@V "
- /
> + +

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ - -/ -/
( ) 6 3
T
) T . 0 ' 3
@V . ;0
/ -
+

+
( ) ; "" " " " " " " " ') @ . 6 0.3') ;0.@V
/ -
> + +

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
! - -! -!

;
7
6 3
;
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) T " " " " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 ')
-
>

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
- ! !- !-

;
7
6
;
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) @ " " " " " " " " " " ') 7VT . 6 6.T')
-
>
)n the above eHuations there are three unknown
and ,
- / and accordingly the
/oundary conditions areG
6 . $ $ & 7 . $ ;&$
6
;
$ $
7
$ $
i.e
6 : :
6 $ $
6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + +

+
+
+
+
+
+
*ow
. S & 6 ') 7VT . 6 ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 3 @V . ;0
6 ') 7VT . 6 ') ') @ . 6 ') 3 . 0 @V . ;0
6 $ $
. V & 6 @V . ;0 ')
7
3
')
T
7
') T7 . 3
@V . ;0 ')
T
7
')
T
@
')
7
3
')
7
;
6 $ $
/ -
- / -
-! -/
- /
- / /
/- /A
> + +
+ + +
+
> +
+ +
+

6
;
$ $
7
$ $
!- -! /A A/

+
+
+
[ ]
. = & 6 ') T7 . V ') T . ; ') S
6 ') 3T . 3 ') T . ; ')
7
S
')
7
0@
')
7
S
')
7
S

6 ') 7VT . 6 ') T . 6 ') 7VT . 6 ') 7
')
7
3
')
7
;
')
7
3
')
7
3
;
- /
- / /
- -
/ /
> +
+ +
+
+
1
]
1

+
/y solving &V., &S. and &=. we get
S . 03 ')
0V . 37 ')
;@ . 3T ')
-
/
+

+
Cinal momentsG
( )
( ) ( )
<*$ @T . 0@ S6 . 03 7VT . 6 V6 . 37 T . 6 $
<*$ T6 . 3S . S6 . 03 & 7VT . 6 V6 . 37 $
<*$ T6 . 3S ;@ . 36 @6 . 6 0V . 37 3 . 0 @V . ;0 $
<*$ ;6 . 3T @V . ;0 0V . 37
T
7
;@ . 3T
T
@
$
$ <* ;6 . 3T S . 03
7
3
;@ . 3T
7
;
$
<*$ S.;; S . 03
7
3
;@ . 3T
7
3
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ +
+


R*#1.('+,: -onsider the free body diagram
M*)5*/ AB:
<* 3S . 00
7
;; . S ;6 . 3T
:
A

+

M*)5*/ BC:
<* 7@ . ;S @; . T0 T 36 (
<* @; . T0
3
3
T
T 36 76 . 36 T . 3S
(
/
-

M*)5*/ CD:
:! >
;
@T . 0@ T . 3S +
> 00.3S <*
C2*19:
W: > 6
:A A :! > 6
Satisfied, hence okay
E$#)4-*: A portal frame having different column heights are subjected for forces as
shown in figure. Analyse the frame and draw bending moment diagram.
S'-0.('+:<
)t is an unsymmetrical problem
6 , 6 , 6 , 6
! - / A

, hence there is a sway be towards right.
C'$sG
<*$ 0T "
S
; 76
S
#l
C
A/

<*$ 0T
S
; 76
S
#l
C
/A
+

+ +
<*$ 76 "
S
; @6
S
#l
C
/-

<*$ 76
S
; @6
S
#l
C
-/
+

+ +
-!
C
> !-
C
> 6
Slope deflection eHuationsG

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/ A A/ A/

;
7
6
;
) 3 ' 3
0T "
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 0 " " " " " " " " ') VT . 6 ') 0T "
/
> +

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
A / /A /A

;
7
6 3
;
) 3 ' 3
0T
/

,
_

+ +
( ) 3 " " " " " " " " ') VT . 6 ') 3 0T
/
> + +
( )
- / /- /-
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
) 3 ' 3
76 "
- /
+

+
( ) 7 "" " " " " " " " ') ') 3 76 "
- /
> + +
( )
/ - -/ -/
3
5
') 3
C $ + +
( ) 3
;
) 3 ' 3
76
/ -
+

+
( ) ; "" " " " " " " " ') 3') 76
/ -
> + +

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
! - -! -!

7
7
6 3
7
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) T "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
;

-
>

,
_

+ +
5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
- ! !- !-

7
7
6
7
') 3
6
-

,
_

+ +
( ) @ "" " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

-
>
There are three unknowns, '),
') + ') ,
- / , accordingly the /oundary conditions
are
( ) ( ) 6 0S6 $ $ ; $ $ 7
6 76
7
$ $
;
@6 $ $
, e . i
6 76 : :
6 $ $
6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
*ow
( ) V 6 0T ') VT . 6 ') ') ;
') ') 3 76 ') VT . 6 ') 3 0T $ $
- /
- / / /- /A
> +
+ + + +
( ) S 6 76 ')
7
3
')
7
06
')
')
7
3
')
7
;
') ') 3 76 $ $
- /
- / - -! -/
> + +
+ + + + +
( )
( ) = 6 0S6 ') S77 . = ') S ') =
0S6 ')
7
3
')
7
3
')
7
3
')
7
;
;
') VT . 6 ') 3 0T ') VT . 6 ') 0T 7 0S6 . $ $ & ; . $ $ & 7
- /
- -
/ / !- -! /A A/
> + +
+
,
_

+ +
+ + + + + + +
/y solving &V., &S. + &=. we get
V=T . 36 ')
V0; . V ')
TVV . = ')
-
/
+

+
Substituting these values in the slope deflection eHuations we get
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) <*$ 66 . 0= V=T . 36
7
3
. V0; . V &
7
3
$
<*$ 0T . 3; V=T . 36
7
3
. V0; . V &
7
;
$
<*$ 0T . 3; TVV . = V0; . V 3 76 $
<*$ 0S.TT " V.V0; " =.TVV 3 76 " $
<*$ TT . 0S V=T . 36 VT . 6 TVV . = 3 0T $
<*$ 60 . 30 V=T . 36 VT . 6 TVV . = 0T $
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/


+ +
+
+ +
+
R*#1.('+,: -onsider free body diagrams of the members
M*)5*/ AB:
<* @0T . 0T
;
3 76 60 . 30 TT . 0S
:
A

"ve sign indicates the direction of :A is from right to left.

M*)5*/ BC:
<* ;6 . 70 @6 . 3S ( @6 (
<* @6 . 3S
;
0T . 3; 3 @6 TT . 0S
(
/ -
/

M*)5*/ CD:
<* 7S . 0;
7
0T . 3; 0=
:
!

+

C2*19:
W: > 6
:A A :! A 76 > 6
"0T.@3 0;.7S A 76 > 6
:ence okay
E$#)4-*: Analyse the frame using slope deflection method and draw the /ending
$oment !iagram.
S'-0.('+: Assume sway towards right
)t can be observed from figure in that direction of moments due to sway in
member A/ are anticlockwise and that for member -! are clockwise. #ise shall be
taken to incorporate the same in the slope deflection eHuation.
C'$S
6 :ere
$ <* 73
03
w)
C
$ <* 73
03
; 3;
"
03
w)
C
! A
3
-/
3
3
/-

+ +

Slope deflection eHuations areG
( )
( ) 3 ')
7
3
')
7
;

7
7
3
7
') 3

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
0 "" " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

7
7
7
') 3

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
/
/
A / /A /A
/
/
/ A A/ A/
>

,
_

,
_

+ +
>

,
_

,
_

+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) T ')
7
3
')
7
;

7
7
3
7
3')

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
; " " " " " " " " ') ') 3 73
3
;
) 3 ' 3
73
3
5
') 3
C $
7 "" " " " " " " " ') ') 3 73
3
;
) 3 ' 3
73
3
5
') 3
C $
-
-
! - -! -!
/ -
/ -
/ - -/ -/
- /
- /
- / /- /-
> +
1
]
1

,
_

+ + +
> + + +
+ + +
+ +
> + +
+ +
+ +
( ) @ " " " " " " " " ')
7
3
')
7
3

7
7
7
') 3

5
7
3
5
') 3
C $
-
-
- ! !- !-
> +

,
_

+
1
]
1

+ + +
The unknown are
+ ,
- , /
are conditions boundary the y Accordingl
6 =6 $ $ $ $
6 76
7
$ $
7
$ $
, e . i
6 76 : :
6 $ $
6 $ $
!- -! /A A/
!- -! /A A/
! A
-! -/
/- /A
+ +
+
+

+
+
+
+
( ) V 6 73 ')
7
3
') ')
7
06

') ') 3 73 ')
7
3
')
7
;
$ $ , *ow
- /
- / / /- /A
> +
+ + +
( ) S 6 73 ')
7
3
')
7
06
')
')
7
3
')
7
;
') ') 3 73 $ $
- /
- / - -! -/
> + + +
+ + + + + +
( ) = 6 ;T ')
7
;
') ')
=6 ')
7
S
') 3 ') 3
=6 ')
7
3
')
7
3
')
7
3

')
7
;
')
7
3
')
7
;
')
7
3
')
7
3
=6 $ $ $ $
- /
- /
-
- / / !- -! /A A/
> +
+
+
+ + +
Crom &V. + &=.
( ) 06 "" " " " " " 6 06= ') 7 ')
7
0V

6 ;T ')
7
;
') ')
6 @; ')
7
;
') 3 ')
7
36
- /
- /
- /
> +
+
+
/y &S. and &=.
( ) 00 " " " " " " " " 6 06= ')
7
0V
') 7
6 ;T ')
7
;
') ')
6 @; ')
7
;
')
7
36
') 3
- /
- /
- /
> + +
+
+ + +
/y &06. + &00.
6 V0 . 0@@ ')
7 0V
36S
6 V0 . TV ') 7 ')
0V
3V
6 06= ') 7 ')
7
0V
/
- /
- /

+ +
+
SS . ;6
36S
7 0V V0 . 0@@
')
/
+


Crom &06.
SS . ;6 ')
7
0V
06=
7
0
')
/ -

1
]
1

Crom &=.
[ ]
( ) [ ] 6V . =T ;T SS . ;6 SS . ;6
;
7
;T ') ')
;
7
')
- /
+ +
+
Thus
6V . =T ') , SS . ;6 ') , SS . ;6 ')
- /

Substituting these values in slope deflection eHuations
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) <*$ 03 . 7@ 6V . =T
7
3
SS . ;6
7
3
$
<*$ SS . S 6V . =T
7
3
SS . ;6
7
;
$
<*$ SS . S SS . ;6 SS . ;6 3 73 $
<*$ SS . S SS . ;6 SS . ;6 3 73 $
<*$ SS . S 6V . =T
7
3
SS . ;6
7
;
$
<*$ 03 . 7@ 6V . =T
7
3
SS . ;6
7
3
$
!-
-!
-/
/-
/A
A/
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +



To find the reaction consider the free body diagram of the frame
R*#1.('+,:
-olumn A/
<* 0T
7
03 . 7@ SS . S
:
A

+

/eam A/
<* ;S
;
3
;
; 3; SS . S SS . S
(
/

+ +

<* ;S ;S ; 3; (
-

-olumn -!
<* 0T
7
03 . 7@ SS . S
:
!

+

-heck
W: > 6
:A A :! AP > 6
"0T 0T A 76 > 6
:ence okay
1*/B9T :N:!BT 79AT293/T9NB :!TUN7
A&/"n!"$e' of Fi0e& En&' or Fi0e& Su((or!'
;. Alope at the ends is 8ero.
#. i$ed beams are stiffer" stronger and more stable than AA3.
H. 9n case of fi$ed beams" fi$ed end moments will reduce the 3: in each section.
<. The ma$imum defection is reduced.
:N:!BT 79AT293/T9NB :!TUN7
MOMENT DISTRI:UTION METCOD A
INTRODUCTION AND :ASIC RINCILES
In!ro&u)!ion
&:ethod de.eloped by Prof. Uardy 5ross in ;'H#(
The method sol.es for the 4oint moments in continuous beams and
rigid frames by successi.e appro$imation
S!"!emen! of :"'i) rin)i(#e'
5onsider the continuous beam A357" sub4ected to the gi.en loads"
as shown in igure below. Assume that only rotation of 4oints occur
at 3" 5 and 7" and that no support displacements occur at 3" 5 and
7. 7ue to the applied loads in spans A3" 35 and 57" rotations occur at 3" 5 and 7.
;,+FB
9n order to sol.e the problem in a successi.ely appro$imating manner"
it can be .isuali8ed to be made up of a continued two*stage problems
.i8." that of locking and releasing the 4oints in a continuous se%uence.
The 5oin!' :, C "n& D "re #o).e& in (o'i!ion +efore "n% #o"& i' "((#ie& on !he +e"m A:CDN
!hen $i/en #o"&' "re "((#ie& on !he +e"m7 Sin)e !he 5oin!' of +e"m A:CD "re #o).e& in
(o'i!ion, +e"m' A:, :C "n& CD ")!' "' in&i/i&u"# "n& 'e("r"!e fi0e& +e"m', 'u+5e)!e& !o
!he "((#ie& #o"&'N !he'e #o"&' &e/e#o( fi0e& en& momen!'7
9n beam A3
i$ed end moment at A ) *wl
#
T;# ) * &;,(&D(&D(T;# ) * D+ kB.m
i$ed end moment at 3 ) 0wl
#
T;# ) 0&;,(&D(&D(T;# ) 0 D+ kB.m
9n beam 35
i$ed end moment at 3 ) * &Pab
#
(Tl
#
) * &;,+(&H(&H(
#
T6
#

) *;;#., kB.m
i$ed end moment at 5 ) 0 &Pab
#
(Tl
#
) 0 &;,+(&H(&H(
#
T6
#

) 0 ;;#.,
9n beam A3
i$ed end moment at 5 ) *wl
#
T;# ) * &;+(&D(&D(T;# ) * ,H.HH kB.m
i$ed end moment at 7 ) 0wl
#
T;# ) 0&;+(&D(&D(T;# ) 0 ,H.HHkB.m
Aince the 4oints 3" 5 and 7 were fi$ed artificially &to compute the the fi$ed*end moments(" now
the 4oints 3" 5 and 7 are released and allowed to rotate. 7ue to the 4oint release" the 4oints rotate
maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. 7ue to the 4oint release" the fi$ed end moments
on either side of 4oints 3" 5 and 7 act in the opposite direction now" and cause a net unbalanced
moment to occur at the 4oint.
These unbalanced moments act at the 4oints and modify the 4oint moments at 3" 5 and 7"
according to their relati.e stiffnesses at the respecti.e 4oints. The 4oint moments are distributed
to either side of the 4oint 3" 5 or 7" according to their relati.e stiffnesses. These distributed
moments also modify the moments at the opposite side of the beam span" .i8." at 4oint A in span
A3" at 4oints 3 and 5 in span 35 and at 4oints 5 and 7 in span 57. This modification is
dependent on the carry*o.er factor &which is e%ual to +., in this case(?
The )"rr%Ao/er momen! +e)ome' !he un+"#"n)e& momen! "! !he 5oin!' !o *hi)h !he% "re
)"rrie& o/er7 S!e(' 3 "n& D "re re(e"!e& !i## !he )"rr%Ao/er or &i'!ri+u!e& momen! +e)ome'
'm"##.
Sum u( "## !he momen!' "! e")h of !he 5oin! to obtain the 4oint moments.
SOME :ASIC DEFINITIONS
9n order to understand the fi.e steps mentioned in section C.H" some words need to be defined
and rele.ant deri.ations made.
;7379 S!iffne'' "n& C"rr%Ao/er F")!or'
Atiffness ) 2esistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a point" for gi.en
support constraint conditions
A clockwise moment :
A
is applied at A to produce a 0.e bending in beam A3. ind
A
and :
3
.
U'in$ me!ho& of )on'i'!en! &eform"!ion'
Con'i&erin$ momen! M
:,
M
:
? M
A
? R
A
L O 0
M
:
O M
A
K2O >9K2@M
A

C"rr% A o/er F")!or O 9K2
;7372 Di'!ri+u!ion F")!or
7istribution factor is the ratio according to which an e$ternally applied unbalanced moment : at
a 4oint is apportioned to the .arious members mating at the 4oint
M O M
:A
? M
:C
? M
:D

( )
( )
% ) ! %
*
*
%
% ) ! %
*
*
%
Similarl
% ) ! %
*
*
* %
*
%
* * *
%
* * *
L
I $
L
I $
L
I $
"!
"!
"!
"C
"C
"C
"A
"A
" "A "A
"! "C "A
"
" "! "C "A
"
( . &
( . &
( . &
< < <
H
H H
#
# #
;
; ;

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +

+ +
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

Mo&ifie& S!iffne'' F")!or

The stiffness factor changes when the far end of the beam is simply*supported.
As per earlier e%uations for deformation" gi.en in :echanics of Aolids te$t*books.

So#/e !he (re/iou'#% $i/en (ro+#em +% !he momen! &i'!ri+u!ion me!ho&
Fi0e& en& momen!'

S!iffne'' F")!or' >Unmo&ifie& S!iffne''

fixed A"
A
A
A"
A
A
*
L
$I
L
$I %
*
$I
L %
( &
<
H
<
<
H H
H

,
_

,
_

m k0
wl
% %
m k0
wl
% %
m k0
wl
% %
!C C!
C" "C
"A A"
. HHH . ,H
;#
( D (& ;+ &
;#
. , . ;;#
D
( 6 (& ;,+ &
D
. D+
;#
( D (& ;, &
;#
# #
# #



$I
$I
*
$I $I
$I
*
$I
$I
L
$I
* *
$I
$I
L
$I
* *
!C
C!
C" "C
"A A"
, . +
D
<
, . +
D
<
D
<
66C . +
6
( (& < & <
, . +
D
( (& < & <


1
]
1

Di'!ri+u!ion F")!or'

Momen! Di'!ri+u!ion T"+#e

Com(u!"!ion of She"r For)e'
++ . ;
<#D< . +
,++ . + 66C . +
,++ . +
,C;6 . +
,++ . + 66C . +
66C . +
,C;6 . +
66C . + , . +
66C . +
<#D< . +
66C . + , . +
, . +
+ . +
( & , . +
, . +

!C
!C
!C
C! C"
C!
C!
C! C"
C"
C"
"C "A
"C
"C
"C "A
"A
"A
wall "A
"A
A"
*
*
!)
$I $I
$I
* *
*
!)
$I $I
$I
* *
*
!)
$I $I
$I
* *
*
!)
$I $I
$I
* *
*
!)
stiffness wall
$I
* *
*
!)
8oint A / - !
$ember A/ /A /- -/ -! !-
!istribution Cactors 6 6.;3S; 6.TV0@ 6.@; 6.7@ 0
-omputed end moments "S6 S6 "003.T 003.T "T7.77 T7.77
-ycle 0
!istribution 07.=37 0S.TVV "7V.SV "30.7 "T7.77
-arry"over moments @.=@3 "0S.=7 =.3S= "3@.@V "06.@T
-ycle 3
!istribution S.000 06.S37 00.033 @.3T@ 06.@T
-arry"over moments ;.6T@ T.T@0 T.;03 T.73T 7.03S
-ycle 7
!istribution "3.7S3 "7.0V= "@.SV3 "7.S@T "7.03S
-arry"over moments "0.0=0 "7.;7@ "0.T= "0.T@; "0.=77
-ycle ;
!istribution 0.;V3 0.=@; 3.60= 0.07T 0.=77
-arry"over moments 6.V7@ 0.60 6.=S3 6.=@V 6.T@S
-ycle T
!istribution "6.;77 "6.TVV "0.3;V "6.V63 "6.T@S
Summed up "@=.;; 066.@= "066.V =7.V;S "=7.VT 6
moments