:

2011


1. ........................................................................ 8
1.1 ........................................... 8
1.2 & ................... 11
1.3 ........................................................ 13
1.4 ............................................................... 14
1.5 ............ 15

2. Business Game .............................................................. 18

2.1 ........................................................................... 18
2.2 ............................................................................................................... 19
2.3 ........................................................................................................ 19
2.4 ....................................................................................... 20
2.5 ........................................................................................... 27
2.6 ............................................................................................ 29
2.7 & ............................ 30

3. ............................................................ 35
3.1 ........................................................................................ 35
3.2 ................................................................................. 36

4. ......................................................................... 52
4.1 ........................................................................................................ 52
4.2 ...................................................... 53

5. ................................................................ 64

5.1 ........................................................................................ 64
5.2 ............................................................................................ 64
5.3 ............................................................................................. 65
5.4 ........................................................................................................ 65
5.5 ............................................. 66
5.6 ...................................... 72

6. ........................................................................................................ 75

7. ................................................................................................................. 82


.1: ................................................................................................. 12
.2: Business Strategy Game ...................................................................... 15
.3: MONOPOLY ....................................................................................... 18
.4: .......................................................................................... 19
.5: Business Game ...................................................................................... 20
.6: MS Excel ................................................................... 21
.7: Cmmon data .......................................................... 24-25
.8: Calculation .................................................................. 26
.9: 1 ............................ 27
.10: 1 ............................................. 28
.11: ............................................................................................ 29
.12: ........................................................................................................ 31
.13: ...................................................................................... 33
.14: .................................................................. 35
.15: .................................................. 36
.16: ............................................. 36
.17: ......................................................................... 38
.18: ................................................. 40
.19: ....................................................... 42
.20: ......................................................... 46
.21: ................................................................... 49
.22: ........................................ 49
.23: Common data .............................................. 56
.24: 4 Common data ....................................... 58
.25: 1, 27.......................................................... 59
.26: Calculation ............................................ 60
.27: ............................................................................... 62
.28: ..................................... 64
.29: ......................................... 64
.30: ........................................................................ 65
.31: P1 ............... 69

.32: ......................................... 69
.33: & ..................... 70
.34: .............................................................................. 71
.35: 1
1 .................................................................................................................................... 72
.36: ........................................................................... 73
.37: ...................................................................... 74
.38: ............................... 75
.39: ................................................. 76

.

/
,

.

,
,


.

.

1.1

, 1956,
Top Management Decision Game
(American Management Association) (http://www.ssagsg.org/).
.
1958-1961 89
,
,
. 1971

 , .

(management), , , .
1980, 228
8.500 .
,
.
,

,
.
,
.
1980
,

.
(Burgess, T. F., 1995)
, (business game) ()


.
business game management game,
. (business
game)
.
,

.
(management games) (Elgood, 1996).


.
.

-7-

.1:

[.1]:
(actors) , (rules)
, (resources) .

1.2 &

1960
management (Pidd, 1994).
,

.
,

.

:
-8-

1. (data management simulations)

2. (diagnostic simulations)
3. (crisis management simulations)
4. (social-process simulations)

,

.


,

. (
)
,

.
Biggs(1) (1990)
:

-9-

()

()

//

,
.

- 10 -

1.3

,


,

1.Markstrat ( http://www.stratxsimulations.com/markstrat_online_home.htm )
2.Industry Player ( http://www.industryplayer.com/ )

3.Business Strategy Game ( http://www.bsg-online.com/ )

/
, . & . /
, [.2].
(http://academics.epu.ntua.gr///tabid/79/Default.aspx).

.2: Business Strategy Game

- 11 -

 ,

,

.
Internet,
online mode , Business Strategy Game,
online mode standalone mode

Microsoft Windows.
. Business Strategy Game
Markstrat Industry Player ,


,
Boston University/School of Management. ,
Business Strategy Game ,

Microsoft Excel.

1.4
() (
2),

.

.
-.
,
.
,
-manager:
- 12 -

(http://biznewsletter.wordpress.com/2007/03/04/the-five-roles-of-a-great-leader/ ):
(futurist). .
stakeholders
.
(historian).
,

, product-driven,
.
(ambassador).
. .
: CEOs ,
, .
.
(analyst). ,
,
.
: ,
;
Contrarian ().
.
me too management.
, ,

.

1.5

,
( / ). -

- 13 -


( ,
), ( ,
) ,
.
,

,

.

.
( , )
.
MONOPOLY
Business Game.
2 , (),
,
,
.

(Business Game) [.3].

- 14 -

.3: MONOPOLY

,
,

o , .
,
.
( )
.


.
, , .
, [.4]
:

, (
)
(, , )
.

- 15 -

...

( )

...

.4:

- 16 -

Business Game

2.1

&
, Microsoft Excel
[.5,6]. (11)
Microsoft Excel
(10)
(7) ( http://epixeirein.ntua.gr ).
,
Excel

( ..
, ,
.).
.

- 17 -

.5: Business Game ...

.6: MS Excel

2.2
Business Game
- ,

- 18 -

 .

,
.
,


. ,
, ,
.

2.3


.
,

(
).


.
, , ,
.


.
,

, ,
. ,
(, , cash flow )

- 19 -

 .
,
,
.

. ,
.
.

2.4
.

( , )
,

.

,
.
[.7, 8 & 9].
[.9] .

( 10 )

[.10] (, ,
, ), - (cash flw)
, (, , ) .


- 20 -


.
9 s Excel o
8 .
Common data
, Calculation

P1, P2 P7
,
Common data ( )
P1 P7 (P1 1 )
,

- 21 -

- 22 -

.7: Cmmon data

- 23 -

.8: Calculation
- 24 -

.9: 1
- 25 -

.10: 1
- 26 -

2.5
,

, .. (
), (
),
( ,
, .) .
: ) , ) , ) -Marketing )
[.11].

:





Marketing

.11:

.
:
, % ,

- 27 -

 ,
.

Marketing .
( )
Marketing
.

Marketing
- Marketing
,

.
(R&D), ( ,
,
, ) .

. ,
,
, ,
,


.

.
.

- 28 -

2.6

.
[.12]:

(R&D)

.12:

,
.
(, )
, .
,

- 29 -

 , ,
, ( ,
, ..)
, , , (stock)
.
.

2.7 &

,

,
.
.
.



.

.

.


.
,
[.13]
.

- 30 -

( )

i=1

1
(
)

2
(
)

....

n
(
)

( ,
)

i=T?

.13:

- 31 -

i +1

i=i+1


:
( n, n=1, 2, 3, ., , i, o
i=1, 2, 3, ..)
1 : ,
.
2 : , (common data)
, , .
3 :
.
4 :
.
5 : ,
,
( , ),
.
6 : , i ,

.

- 32 -

3.1

[.14]
(
, , marketing ).

.

( )
(),
. ,


.

.14:
- 33 -

3.2

:
. K

.

:
1. : ,


[.15].

.15:

2. : (
) .

. [.16]
:

.16:
- 34 -


:
,
,
. ,
.

:
.

:

,
(
).
50%
. ,
50.000 ,
25.000 ,
75.000.

( overhead ):


.

( overhead ):

.

.

:
( )
.
t (
1-5%) t+1
.

- 35 -


:
( )
( ) .
( 1-5%)
. t
20.000,00 2%

t+1 400,00 .

:
,

.

:

.

3. :
,
.
: ,

.

.

.

[.17]:

.17:
- 36 -


:
(/)
.

:

.

:

(/)
.
:

.

:

(/)

:

.

: o
(, , )
.

.

:

.

4. : [.18]
( ,
.

- 37 -

.18:

: %
.
15%
85%
15%
.

:

.

.
(, , )
( )

( * %).

,
.
.
.

:
,

.

- 38 -


:


() .

:

.
, % 80%
.

: ( * =
). ,
%
.

:

.

:
.
.

5. :
, ) , ) ,
) ) (R&D).

. , ,
(),
(%).
,

. ,

. ,


- 39 -

 .
( )
.
,
(..
, )
.

.19:
[.19]
:

:

.

:
,
( )
.

: %,
,

.

- 40 -

:
,
.

K :
.

:
, .

: %,

,
40%
60% 40%.

: ,

(-20%).

:
,
0
1,
.

: ,

,
0 1,
.

: ,

,
0 1,
.

:
.
(
) p,

- 41 -

 (p <0), (p >0)
(p =0.001).

:

. (
)
p,
(p <0), (p >0) (p =0.001).

:

( ).
( )
p,
(p <0), (p >0)
(p =0.001).

:

.
(
) p,

(p <0), (p >0) (p =0.001).

:

.
0% ( ) 20% (
) . 5.000

5%, :
5.000x(1+5%x(rand-0.5)/0.5) rand [0,1].

6. :
, .
4 () :

- 42 -

,
(
).

,
.
.

/,
( )

. .
.

,

.

,
.

. :
, ,

0 1 .


.


.


[.20].

- 43 -

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

()
()

(%)
(%)

R&D

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

&

-
1.
2.
3.
4. (overhead)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

&

9.
10.

11.
12.

.20:

- 44 -

. E

.
,
. :

1. :
:

.
: ()
.
: (%)
().
:

. ,
()
,
.

.

2. :
:

.
,

30% .
:

.

- 45 -

 :

.
& :
.

3. :
:

. ,


( / ).
:

.
.
: ( )

.

4. :
o :


.
:

, .

5. :
:
1.

3.

2.

4.

- 46 -

 ,

,
. ,
.
( )
.
.

[.21]

0
0

.21:
,
[.22].

0
0

.22:

- 47 -


:
y = 1-e k * x / 1-e k

(1)

k . k > 0
, k < 0
k=eps eps ( eps=0.001). (1) x
[0,1].

y=1 y=0. ,

( ) x
:

x = Amax A / Amax Amin

(2)

Amin Amax
. ,
( )
(2) :
x = A Amin / Amax Amin

(3)

min
Amax (
A

.
(1) y

[0,1].
(1), (2) (3)
. ,
i (1) pr(i)
(price), ad(i) (advertisement),
cr(i) (credit)
rd(i) (research and
development).

dm(i) :

- 48 -

dm(i) = pr(i)a * ad(i)b * cr(i)c * rd(i)d

(4)

a b c d

(4)

.
[0,1]
.

(Edman J. and I. Stahl, 2002).
ms(i)
:

ms(i) = dm(i) / j dm(j)

(5)

(5)
,
.
:
,
Lmin
Lmax. Lmin
4 . Lmax
( )
4 .

Lmin Lmax.
(avg)
.
(1) (3)
:
dm(avg) = pr(avg)a * ad(avg)b * cr(avg)c * rd(avg)d

(6)

dm(min) =0 Lmin
dm(max)=1 Lmax.

- 49 -


dm(avg) (L).
L = Lmin + dm(avg) * (Lmax Lmin)

(7)

,
(5),
S(i).
S(i) = ms(i) * L

(8)

(
) . rp
i
:
S(i) = S(i) * (1+ rp*[rand-0,5/0,5])

(9)

rand [0,1].

(
).
,

. ,
,
.

6. :
4 :

1.

3.

2.

4.

- 50 -

 ()
4 .
wj

wj(t), [0,1]
.
:
t , j,
sc(t)jmax sc(t)jmin i
t :
4
(t)

sci = wj(t) scij(t)- sci(t)min / sci(t)max - sci(t)min

(10)

j=1

(10)
0 1
(=1) (=0)
.
,

.
,
.
i (1<<=7)
csci(T) , :
T

c sc i

(T )

= t* s c i (t)

(11)

t= 1

- 51 -

4.1
,
.
,

.

.
, ,
, ,
.
(, , ..) manager-,
( , ..).
manager-
.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, manager-
,
:
,

, cash flow. manager-

,
.

- 52 -

M ,
manager - (
)
manager- ,
.
(/ ) .
/ 5-10

.
4-7
.

4.2

.
.
bgame_admin.xls,
Excel, 9 . Common
data
, Calculation

-, 7 1, 2 7

,

,
(, ,
).

1.
Common data ()
[E.23] :

- 53 -

.23: Common data

- 54 -

, 5:B8
( 7 ),
( 10 ), .
,

, C10:C18 20:B22

,
C20:C22
.
, C
.
,
.

, C35:C36
, C37:C39
, , ,
,
( )

. C40:C41
Lmin
Lmax 4,
.
C42:C45
(4),
[0,1]
C48:C51
( , ),
-5 5
=0.001.
60 [.24]
.

- 55 -

, ,
( D
I ). , 58
(
, Capital recovery Factor).

.24: 4 Common data

- 56 -

2.
Calculation Excel bgame_admin.xls

2.

C5:L17 [.26]
. (
)
-.
,

.
45-52, 59-61

.

,
(1 , 2
, 3 ), S1:AD11 [.25],


.

.25: 1, 27

- 57 -

.26: Calculation
- 58 -

bgame_team_1.xls, bgame_team_2.xls, bgame_team_10.xls,

Excel, 8 . Common data,
[.23],


. 7
1, 27
,
( ,
cash flow, , )

.
27,
,

.

1.
Common data
C3:C15 [.27] ,
, .
C11:C13,

(, )
.



, C26:C28. ,
D26:D28
.

- 59 -

.27:
- 60 -

 C6
C18,

.
, ,

, C18 .
, ,
, ,

(, , , cash flow),

.

E2:G45, I2:G32,
L2:Q15, I35:J41.

2.

[.28]
.

, ,
. ,
35:B45
()
, C3:C15.
,

35

[.29]
C3:C15
.

3.
,
-

- 61 -

.28:

.29:
- 62 -

,
. ,
,
,

[.30] .

bgame_team_1.xls, bgame_team_2.xls, bgame_team_n.xls
bgame_admin.xls
().
C18, C19, C21, C22, D22.
, C18 ,

,
.
,
.

.30:

- 63 -

5.1
-
. - 10.
7 (1 = 1).
1.000.000 1 (
1.000.000 ) .

5.2
Common data
. :

(t).

50%
. 100%
( ).

( 90% ).

80%
.

:
, ,
( & ).

180 /t 500 /t.

200.000 .

(R&D) 50.000
.
- 64 -

40%
.

5.3
:

;
.

( ) ;

(
).

(.. )

EXCEL (bgame_team_n.xls)

5.4
4 :
(40%), (30%), (10%)
- 65 -

 (20%) ( / ).
(.
Common data). .

.
.

( EXCEL)
.

5.5
, 5.1,

1.
P1
. 250,00/t
,

. 150.000,00

,
.

, 20%
, ,
. 2.500t
[.31].

- 66 -

.31: P1

, - 2.000t/y 50%
3.000t. 3.500t
500t stock ( )

. , 1.500t
(1t
2t ) .
(R/D),
50.000

,
[.32].

.32:

2.000t/y 400.000,00 [.33]
,
.

.33: &

- 67 -


, 320.000,00
80.000,00
.
80%
( 5.2).

2. &
,


.
[.34]

.
1.005.000
, , overhead,
R&D.
1.125.000 970.000, 1
155.000.

,
, . ,
1 , 234.100 [.35].

- 68 -

.34:

, Cash flow,
1
,

( ).
1.300.000
1.737.429 ( < ) ,
562.571 437.429 .
,
.
,
4.571
229%. ( %
)
.
,
( ,
)
.
- 69 -

.35: 1 1
- 70 -


[.36].

.36:

3.
,
C18:C22
[.37]. ,

10 . ,
[.36], C18
2.500
(), C6.
C18
4.500t
. ,
, 12%
30% .

- 71 -

.37:

5.6
1.

,
Calculation
2 [.38].

.

2.
,
.

,
,
(R&D). , [0,1]

- 72 -

.38:
- 73 -

 , 0
, 1 . ,

, 23 43.
, 47 52
, ,
.

Calculation -
1, 27.

3. &
1, 27 ( )
.
1 [.39], S1:AD11,

.

( , , / )
. ,
. ,
(.. 1) (T3*(U3-AE3)/(AF3AE3)+T4*(U4-AE4)/(AF4-AE4)+T5*(U5-AE5)/(AF5-AE5)+T6*(U6-AE6)/(AF6-AE6))/SUM(T3:T6)

i o , Ui , i
AFi . -
, 5.

.39:
- 74 -

/


, ,
,




,
,
.









. :

- 75 -

 ,
.
.


,
. , , .



() ,
,

,


, .
.

- 76 -




( ,
, ).

:

.

:
.

()
()
.

: % ,


(.. , , ..).

, , : - .
,
( ) ( ).
.
.

:

.
,
.

- 77 -

: ( ,
) ,

. :
.

: .
(, ) .
( ,
, , , - ,
.)

:
.
:
(, , ).
(entrepreneurship): ()

.
1: ()
(%). ,
10% 100 10
.

:
.
.
: , :
( ) (
), .

.
1

- 78 -

2 .

( 31 ).
( = )
( ) (
) (
). (
, )
.
:
,
(, , , , ).
.

: .

:
. , ,
, , .

:
. ,
( ),
.
( )
( ).

: (
) .
( ) ( ),
( ) (
).

( ),
.

- 79 -

 :
.

: .

: .
, :
-:
-
.
-:
.
-:
.
(.. ).

. , ,

, .
( )
.

(cash flow):

.


( )
. .

:
.
.
- 80 -

, .
) (
= / ),

) ,
.
.

: .
(
, , ).
( ,
, ) ( ,
, ).
.
%
.
3:
(
). (
), .
.

(Break Even point):

(
). %
, .

.
,
.
,

2 : -

,
.
,

- 81 -

. ( %
)
.

:
.
- :

.
.
- : (
)
. ,
, ( )
, .. , .
(business game): ,

. ,

.
: ,
,
( ), .
: (/ )
.
, ,
, (, ).

:
.
, ,
.

- 82 -

(1) Biggs, William D. (1990): Introduction to Computerized Business Management

Simulations. In Gentry (ed.) Guide to Business Gaming and Experience Learning.
Nickols/GP, London, pp. 23 35
(2) Elgood, Chris (1996): Using Management Games. 2nd edition, Gower Press,
Aldershot, Hampshire, England
(3) Burgess, Thomas F. (1995): Business Gaming: An Historical Analysis and Future
Perspectives. In Saunders, Danny (ed.) The Simulation and Gaming Workbook Volume
3: Games and Simulations for Business. Kogan Page, London, pp 64 75
(4) Edman J. and I. Stahl, (2002): The anatomy of a business game, SSE/EFI Working
Paper Series in Business Administration No 2002:8

(5) Pidd, M. (1994): Computer Simulation in Management Science. (3rd ed.). John
Wiley & Sons.

- 83 -

1. http://www.ssagsg.org/, SSAGSg - Society of Simulation and Gaming of

Singapore
2.

http://www.stratxsimulations.com/markstrat_online_home.htm,
Markstrat

3. http://www.industryplayer.com/,
Industryplayer

4. http://www.bsg-online.com/,
Business Strategy Game

5. http://academics.epu.ntua.gr///tabid/79/Defa
ult.aspx.
6. http://biznewsletter.wordpress.com/2007/03/04/the-five-roles-of-a-greatleader/,
7. http://epixeirein.ntua.gr,
Business Game

- 84 -