Graffik History

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By aimee emerson
AN ILLUSTRATED VIEW ON KEY
historical EPISODES IN THE WORLD OF
FINANCE.
FTSE
NASDAQ
DAX
NIKKEI
HANG SENG
KOSPI
ASX 200
CAC 40
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WALL STREET/DOWJONES
STOCKS & SHARES
CITY TRADING
INSIDE INFORMATION
BLACK MONDAY
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
9/11 TWIN TOWERS
THE FINANCE CRISIS
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NASDAQ
DAX
NIKKEI
HANG SENG
KOSPI
ASX 200
CAC 40
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FTSE
NASDAQ
DAX
NIKKEI
HANG SENG
KOSPI
ASX 200
CAC 40
>>>>>>>>
>>>
<<>
>>
<>
WALL STREET/DOWJONES
STOCKS & SHARES
CITY TRADING
INSIDE INFORMATION
BLACK MONDAY
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
9/11 TWIN TOWERS
THE FINANCE CRISIS
FTSE
NASDAQ
DAX
NIKKEI
HANG SENG
KOSPI
ASX 200
CAC 40
>>>>>>>>
>>>
<<>
>>
<>
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Contents +++
1.Introduction
2.Lenins New Economic Policy
4.The Introduction of the Bitcoin
8.The Collapse of Barings Bank
10.The Economic Effects of the
9/11 Attacks
14.The Great Depression of 1929
Introduction
This book aims to explore current and past
affairs in the world of finance to test how
successfully low-fi street art style illustration
can bring subjects like this to life, and attract new
audiences. History was the subject of my first
degree, and is partly the reason why I hope to
prove that topics within this field can be brought
to life if they are told in the right way. Finance
history may well have preconceptions of being
dull, boring, or high-brow, and so this work
hopes to make such a subject more interesting,
accessible, and colourful via low-tech design
and illustration.
Key moments of the past and present will be
examined in overview from the introduction of
Bitcoins, Lenins New Economic Policy, and the
Great Depression of 1929. Such topics as
these will be discussed from the perspective
of an illustrator who is interested in hand
-made sign writing, and the unpolished punk
anti-consumerist ideology of using found
materials, and rough jagged design aesthetics.
It is inspired by work from the San Franciscan
Mission School art movement, and punk fanzines
such as Mark Perrys, Sniffin Glue.
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1
Lenins New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy was an
economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by
Vladimir Lenin,who called it state
capitalism.
The NEP represented a more capitalist
oriented economic policy, deemed necessary
after the Russian Civil War of 1917
to 1922, to foster the economy of the
country, which was almost ruined.
The complete nationalization of industry,
established during the period of War
Communism, was partially revoked and a
system of mixed economy was introduced, which
allowed private individuals to own small
enterprises, while the state continued to
control banks, foreign trade, and large
industries. In addition, the NEP abolished
prodrazvyorstka (forced grain requisi-
tion) and introduced prodnalog: a tax on
farmers, payable in the form of raw
agricultural product. The Bolshevik regime
adopted the NEP in the course of the 10th Congress
of the All-Russian Communist Party (March 1921)
and promulgated it by a decree on 21 March 1921
On the Replacement of Prodrazvyorstka by
Prodnalog. Further decrees refined the policy.
Other policies included the monetary reform (1922
to 1924) and the attraction of foreign capital.
The NEP policy created a new category of
people called NEP men nouveau riches due to NEP.
Stalin abolished the New Economic Policy in 1928.
2
Lenins New Economic Policy, 1917
The New Economic Policy was an
economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by
Vladimir Lenin,who called it state
capitalism.
The NEP represented a more capitalist
oriented economic policy, deemed necessary
after the Russian Civil War of 1917
to 1922, to foster the economy of the
country, which was almost ruined.
The complete nationalization of industry,
established during the period of War
Communism, was partially revoked and a
system of mixed economy was introduced, which
allowed private individuals to own small
enterprises, while the state continued to
control banks, foreign trade, and large
industries. In addition, the NEP abolished
prodrazvyorstka (forced grain requisi-
tion) and introduced prodnalog: a tax on
farmers, payable in the form of raw
agricultural product. The Bolshevik regime
adopted the NEP in the course of the 10th Congress
of the All-Russian Communist Party (March 1921)
and promulgated it by a decree on 21 March 1921
On the Replacement of Prodrazvyorstka by
Prodnalog. Further decrees refined the policy.
Other policies included the monetary reform (1922
to 1924) and the attraction of foreign capital.
The NEP policy created a new category of
people called NEP men nouveau riches due to NEP.
Stalin abolished the New Economic Policy in 1928.
The Introduction of the Bitcoin
The Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment system
introduced as open source software in 2009.
The digital currency created and used in the
system is alternatively referred to as a virtual
currency, electronic money, or a cryptocurrency
because cryptography is used to control its
creation and transfer.
Conventionally, the capitalized word Bitcoin
refers to the technology and network,
whereas lowercase bitcoin refers to the digital
currency.
The Bitcoin system is not controlled by a
single entity, like a central bank, and this
has led the US Treasury to call bitcoin a
decentralized currency, while Peoples Bank of China
stated tha it is fundamentally not a currency.
Bitcoin has been a subject of scrutiny amid
concerns that it can be used for illegal
activities. In October 2013 the US FBI shut down
the Silk Road online black market and seized
144,000 bitcoins worth US$28.5 million at the
time. The US is considered Bitcoin-frivndly com-
pared to other governments. In China new rules
restrict bitcoin exchange for local currency.
MtGox closed doors in late February, after
blaming hackers for the loss of millions of
pounds worth of bitcoin. Since then, the firm's US
subsidiary has applied for bankruptcy, and two
class action lawsuits have been started by users.
4
6
8
The Collapse of Barings Bank
Barings Bank was an English merchant bank
based in London, and one of the worlds oldest
merchant banks. It was founded in 1762 and
was owned by the Baring family of German
origin. The bank collapsed in 1995 after suffering
losses of 827 million ($1.3 billion) resulting
from poor speculative investments, primarily in
futures contracts, conducted by an employee named
Nick Leeson working at its office in Singapore.
Barings was brought down in 1995 due to
unauthorized trading by its head
derivatives trader in Singapore, Nick Leeson. At
the time of the massive trading loss, Leeson was
supposed to be arbitraging, seeking to profit
from differences in the prices of Nikkei 225
futures contracts listed on the Osaka Securities
Exchange in Japan and the Singapore
International Monetary Exchange. However, instead
of buying on one market and immediately selling
on another market for a small profit, the strategy
approved by his superiors, Leeson bought on one
market then held on to the contract, gambling on
the future direction of the Japanese markets.
According to Eddie George, Governor of the Bank
of England, Leeson began doing this at the end of
January 1995. Due to a series of internal and
external events, his unhedged losses escalated
rapidly.
The Economic Effects of the 9/11
Attacks
The September 11 attacks were a series of four
coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the
Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the United
States in New York City and the Washington, D.C.
metropolitan area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
The 9/11 attacks had a significant economic
impact on United States and world
markets. The stock exchanges did not open on
September 11 and remained closed until
September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial
Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a
record-setting one-day point decline. By the end
of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points
(14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point
drop in history].In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks
lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.
In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and
$2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the
three months after the attacks. The economic
effects were mainly on the economys export
sectors. The citys GDP was estimated to have
declined by $27.3 billion for the last three
months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S.
government provided $11.2 billion in immediate
assistance to the Government of New York City
in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early
2002 for economic development and infrastructure
needs.
10
10
14
The Great Depression of 1929
Predicted by Sir George Paish, the Wall
Street Crash of 1929 -also known as Black
Tuesday or the Stock Market Crash of 1929-
began in late October 1929 and was the most
devastating stock market crash in the
history of the United States, when taking
into consideration the full
extent and duration of its fallout.
The crash signaled the beginning of the
10-year Great Depression that affected all
Western industrialized countries. The market had
lost over $30 billion in the space of two days
which included $14 billion on October 29 alone.
Together, the 1929 stock market crash and the
Great Depression formed the largest financial
crisis of the 20th century.The 1929 crash
brought the Roaring Twenties to a shuddering
halt. The resultant rise of mass unemployment
is seen as a result of the crash, although
the crash is by no means the sole event that
contributed to the depression. The consequences
were dire for almost everybody. Most academic
experts agree on one aspect of the crash: It wiped
out billions of dollars of wealth in one day,
and this immediately depressed consumer buying.
FTSE
NASDAQ
DAX
NIKKEI
HANG SENG
KOSPI
ASX 200
CAC 40
>>>>>>>>
>>>
<<>
>>
<>
WALL STREET/DOWJONES
STOCKS & SHARES
CITY TRADING
INSIDE INFORMATION
BLACK MONDAY
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
9/11 TWIN TOWERS
THE FINANCE CRISIS
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