CHAPTER 20

Phrases & Clauses

20.1 Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional Phrase a group of words made
up of a preposition and a noun or pronoun
(object of the preposition).
Prepositional phrases can modify other words
by functioning either as adjectives or as
adverbs within the sentence.
20.1 Prepositional Phrases
Adjective Phrase is a prepositional phrase
that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what
kind or which one.
Mary took lunch in a box.
The mansion across the road has been
abandoned.
Lets take the picture of the Eiffel Tower.
France is a country with many charms.
We bought tickets for the trip to Paris.
20.1 Prepositional Phrases
Adverb Phrase is a prepositional phrase that
modifies a verb, an adjective or another
adverb by pointing out where, when, in what
way, or to what extent.
She ran with speed.
They were happy at the French caf.
The Loire Valley is rich in historical buildings.
The French exchange student arrived late for
class.
In the afternoon, we walked to Notre Dame.
20.1 Prepositional Phrases
France is situated above the Iberian
Peninsula.
During an avalanche, an alpine village
vanished.
The painting of the palace in the museum is
old.
The runner dashed past the spectators.
France has miles of coastline.
A French painting of great beauty hung in the
palace.
They gave the students on the bus a tour.
20.1 Appositives
Appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to
another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or
explain it.
They generally immediately follow the words
they identify, rename, or explain.
Commas if set off by commas they are
nonessential to the sentence. If they dont have
commas then they are essential to the
sentence.
Her greatest attribute, charm, was not enough.
The artist Monet was a great French painter.
Jacques, our guide, told us about French People.
20.1 Appositives
Appositive Phrase is a noun or pronoun with
modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun to
add information and details.
The modifiers within an appositive phrase can be
adjective, adjective phrases, or other groups of
words functioning as adjectives.
Amethyst, a purple birthstone, is the gem for
February.
Ernest Hemingway, a famous author, wrote in a terse
style.
The chef prepared escargots, a small dish.
Store the onions in the cellar, a cool, dry place.
20.1 Verbal Phrases -
Participles
Participle is a form of a verb that can act as
an adjective.
Present participle verbs ending in ing
(walking)
Past participle verbs ending in ed (walked)
Answer the questions what kind or which one
about the nouns or pronouns that they modify.
The hiker favored his aching ankle.
Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.
Irmas shining eyes betrayed her excitement.
20.1 Verbal Phrases
Verb or Participle?
Verbs show action, a condition, or that
something exists while a Participle acts like an
adjective a modifies a noun or pronoun.
The god is snarling at the plumber.
The snarling dog attacked the plumber.
Delighted, the audience applauded.
The mimes delighted their audience.
The French people have experienced increasing
prosperity since the 1940s.

20.1 Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases a participle modified by
an adverb or adverb phrase or accompanied
by a complement. The entire phrase acts as
an adjective.
Traveling quickly, we saw much of the French
countryside.
The tourist, confused by the signs, got lost.
The boy standing by the bus stop is Craig.
The mural painted in 1497 is almost beyond
repair.
Painted in 1497, the mural is Leonardos
masterpiece.
There is Craig, standing by the bus stop.
20.1 Gerunds
Gerund form of a verb that acts like a noun
Eating is my favorite pastime in France.
The French people make visiting a pleasure.
Mr. Mendozas lecture gave traveling a new
dimension.
Brandys profession, advertising, is very
competitive.
Their well-behaved dog showed signs of careful
training.

20.1 Gerund Phrases
Gerund Phrase is a gerund with modifiers or
a complement, all acting together as a noun.
Arguing about grades will get you nowhere.
Answering quickly is not always a good idea.
Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem.
The French teacher tried giving her students
praise.

20.1 Verbs, Participle or
Gerund?
Words ending in ing that act as nouns are
gerunds. They dont have helping verbs, nor
do they act as adjectives.
Kevin is yawning at his desk.
The yawning boy was very tired.
Yawning is contagious.
Reading is a popular pastime.
Reading newspapers and magazines, the
commuter waited for the metro.

20.1 Infinitives
Infinitive a form of a verb that generally appears
with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective
or an adverb.
When they are used as a noun, they can be used
in any part of a sentence (just like a gerund).
To understand requires maturity and acceptance.
The peasants of France decided to rebel.
The French soldiers only hope was to surrender.
Our flight from Paris was about to leave.
You have only one choice, to stay.
The children showed a willingness to cooperate.
Some people were unable to fight.
20.1 Infinitive Phrases
Infinitive Phrase an infinitive with modifiers,
complements, or a subject, all acting together
as a single part of speech.
Jeffreys entire family likes to rise early.
To skate on the ice without falling was not easy
for him.
He hated to leave the city of Lyon.
They promised to show us the slides from their
trip to France.
I would like her to determine her own goals.
20.1 Infinitive or Prepositional
Phrase
Prepositional Phrase always ends with a
noun or pronoun.
Infinitives always end with a verb.
The French soldier listed to the command.
The generals purpose in the army is to
command.
When I am in Paris, I like to drive.
I travel is very easy in France.
There are many different ways to tour.
The subway will take you to every part of the city.
20.2 Clauses
Independent Clause can stand by itself as a
complete sentence. They contain both a subject
and verb.
That woman teaches Latin.
Mudslides will engulf these hillside villas, and some
will be ruined.
Subordinate Clause although it has a subject
and verb, it cannot stand by itself as a complete
sentence; it can only be part of a sentence.
Brian asked to be excused from studying because he
was ill.
The woman to whom I introduced you teaches Latin.
Unless the rain stops soon, mudslides will engulf
these hillside villas.

20.2 Adjective Clauses
Adjective Clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what
kind or which one.
They usually begin with a relative pronoun
(that, which, who, whom, or whose) or a
relative adverb (before, since, when, where, or
why). All of these words relate the clause to
the word it modifies.
I finished reading the book that you loaned me.
We gave the story, which we found fascinating, a
second read.
20.2 Adjective Clauses
Keep in mind the idea of essential vs.
nonessential when looking at the subordinate
clauses.
Spring is the time when peppers make their shrill
evening sound.
Our trip to Italy ended with a visit to the town
where my parents were born.
Jean McCurdy, who studied three hours every
evening for a month, won the statewide
competition.
The Roman Empire, which achieved greatness,
had humble beginnings.

20.2 Adjective Clauses
Relative Pronouns & Adverbs even though they
connect the adjective clauses to the word that they
modify, they also play a role within their clause.
An introductory word can be understood.
The movie that is playing now is a comedy.
Clause that is playing now
Subject - _____ Verb - _______
The movie we saw last night was a documentary.
Clause (that) we saw last night
Subject - _____ Verb - _______ Direct Object - ______
The movie in which Tony appeared was a hit.
He is an actor whose work I admire.
I remember the day when they began filming.
20.2 Adverb Clauses
Adverb Clause modify verbs, adjective, adverbs,
or verbals by telling where, when, in what way, to
what extent, under what condition, or why.
All adverb clauses begin with subordinating
conjunctions.
Tricia seemed happy wherever she was.
Faster than the eye could follow, the race car sped
away.
Drive a car if you do not wave a license is illegal.
Laughing until he gasped for breath, Fred could not
speak.
Before the year was over, Caesar made plans to
march into Rome.
20.2 Adverb Clauses
Elliptical Adverb Clause is a clause in which
the verb or subject and verb are understood
but not actually stated.
She resembles their father more than he.
She resembles their father more than him.
My little brother is now as tall as I.
The story appealed to me more than them.
The tour was more exhausting than informative.
20.2 Noun Clauses
Noun Clause is a subordinate clause that acts
as a noun.
In a sentence, a noun clause may act as a
subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate
nominative, object of the preposition, or
appositive.
Whoever is last must pay a penalty.
Please invite whomever you want.
His manner gave whoever met him a shock.
Our problem is whether we should stay here or leave.
Use the money for whatever purpose you chose.
The occupied country rejected our plea that orphans
be cared for by the Red Cross.