Computer Modeling of

Structure to Earthquake Load

By
John Li (johnli@src-asia.com)
Solutions Research Centre
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How Do Earthquake Affect Buildings
Earthquake
Seismic waves
Site/soil effects
Soil-structure
interaction
Structural
response
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Ground Motion Parameters
For engineering purposes, three
characteristics of earthquake motion are of
primary significance:
Amplitude
Frequency content
Duration of the motion
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Newton Equation of Motion
Building codes provide guidelines for:
F(t)
Computation method to solve equation
Solution interpretation and design
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } x M x C x K t F
Ma t F
& & &
+ + =
=
) (
) (
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Earthquake Analysis Procedure
Modal/Ritz Vectors Analysis
Equivalent Lateral Load
Static Pushover
Response Spectrum
Linear Time History
Nonlinear Time History
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Energy Conservation
Energy is the fundamental in dynamic analysis.
For earthquake resistant design, try to
minimize the mechanical energy.
Use to evaluate the accuracy of the solution.
Strain
Energy
+
Kinetic
Energy
=
Mechanical
Energy
Damped
Energy
+
Strain
Energy
+
Kinetic
Energy
=
Work
Done
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P-Delta Parameters
Non-iterative
Based on Mass
Iterative Based
on Load
Combination
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Modal Vs Ritz Vectors
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Equivalent Lateral Force Method
) 1 (
1
n ek
n
j
j j
i i
i
F
H W
H W
F =

=
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Response Spectrum Analysis
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Time History Record
24538-S2486-94020.06 SANTA MONICA - CITY HALL GROUNDS AT 90 DEG
3000 POINTS OF ACCEL DATA EQUALLY SPACED AT .020 SEC. (UNITS: CM/SEC/SEC)
2.321 1.647 .854 -.188 -1.492 -.155 1.559 1.468
1.468 .234 -1.725 -.507 .331 .014 1.031 1.911
1.272 -1.191 -.432 .994 1.705 1.341 -1.266 -1.638
-.495 3.286 4.705 -.057 -2.141 .031 2.391 3.937
3.209 -1.892 -4.787 -.361 4.965 2.778 -.768 -1.933
-3.859 -1.514 .460 -.759 -3.399 -1.470 5.361 .499
-3.190 -2.014 -6.361 -.327 5.597 -.284 -6.629 -1.982
3.192 -3.786 -5.605 -3.604 -3.588 1.536 1.673 .285
-2.091 -4.786 .461 1.878 6.096 6.154 -.362 -.090
8.028 15.086 9.537 2.588 -3.574 -1.133 2.995 -5.163
-12.471 -9.782 -4.950 -5.719 -9.039 -8.594 -7.362 -5.799
.590 6.948 5.881 1.054 5.206 7.877 .808 -8.184
-11.273 -6.557 -4.386 -5.915 -8.621 -6.395 4.616 11.018
7.740 4.030 7.361 13.319 14.179 13.029 12.126 7.768
1.784 -4.704 -10.645 -15.894 -16.559 -9.928 -4.541 3.332
10.073 5.642 1.994 5.629 6.987 3.263 -6.605 -14.153
-9.129 .915 .638 -7.667 -9.769 -11.986 -8.324 -4.435
-7.603 -8.013 -5.754 3.932 17.271 17.645 5.381 2.855
5.636 6.088 3.796 2.630 6.783 8.365 5.489 2.831
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Time History Function
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Time History Analysis
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Time History Trace
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Time History Video
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Nonlinear Time History Analysis
Full nonlinear behavior may be considered in a time-
history analysis using direct integration. P-delta effects,
large-displacements, and material nonlinearity are
available. Arbitrary loading may be applied. Applications
include seismic loading, dynamic pushover, and
instability analysis. Most commonly used implicit
integration schemes are available, as well as high-speed
explicit integration for wave propagation, blast, and
collapse problems. Nonlinear direct-integration time-
history analysis cases can be chained together with other
nonlinear time-history or static cases (including staged
construction), to address a wide range of applications.
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Nonlinear NLLink Element
Linear
Damper
Gap
Hook
Plasitc1
Isolator1
Isolator2
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Nonlinear Time History
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Energy Plots
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Pushover Curve
M3 Major Moment
P Axial
PMM Axial & Bi-Axial Moments
S Shear
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Pushover Hinge Types
M3 Major Moment
P Axial
PMM Axial & Bi-Axial Moments
S Shear
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Pushover Analysis Case
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Hinge Formation
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Pushover Curve
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The Reality!!
Dynamic Testing and Modelling of Existing Buildings in Hong Kong by Dr
Ray Su, Prof Adrian Chandler, Prof Peter Lee, Dr Alex To & Mr J H Li.
1.540 1.789 2.123 2.336 2.835 Torsion
TRB Building
0.860 1.148 1.401 1.302 1.588 Y Trans
BSB Building
0.578 0.661 0.727 1.287 1.622 Y Trans
TTT Building
3 2 1
Test
Result
Modifications Bare
Frame
Vibration Period (second)
Vibration
Mode
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Power Spectral Density Analysis
Power-spectral-density analysis is available to determine
the probabilistic response of a structure due to cyclic
(harmonic, sinusoidal) loading over a range of
frequencies. This is useful for fatigue studies, random
response due to earthquakes, and other applications.
Multiple loads may be applied at different phase angles,
and may be correlated or uncorrelated. The structure
may be damped or undamped. Frequency-dependent
stiffness and damping (complex impedance) properties
may be included for modeling foundations and far-field
effects, including radiation damping. Power-spectral-
density curves may be plotted for any response quantity,
and the integrated expected value is automatically
computed.