Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design PDF

Advanced Reinforced
Concrete Analysis and

Design
According to ACI-318 2005

This book presents some example of using ACI Codes in the design of various structural
elements
2008
Eng. Mohammed Osama Yousef
8/14/2008

2

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design
Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef
Water Tanks:

Resting on ground
Elevated

Circular
Under Ground
3


Rectangular Spherical
Intz Conical Bottom
4

Introduction:
Why concrete?
Concrete is particularly suited for this application because it will not warp or undergo change in
dimensions
When properly designed and placed it is nearly impermeable and extremely resistant to corrosion
Has good resistance to natural and processing chemicals
Economical but requires significant quality control

What type of structure?
Our focus will be conventionally reinforced cast-in-place or precast concrete structures
Basically rectangular and/or circular tanks
No prestressed tanks

How should we calculate loads?
Design loads determined from the depth and unit weight of retained material (liquid or solid), the
external soil pressure, and the equipment to be installed
Compared to these loads, the actual live loads are small
Impact and dynamical loads from some equipments

What type of analysis should be done?
The analysis must be accurate to obtain a reasonable picture of the stress distribution in the
structure, particularly the tension stresses
Complicated 3D FEM analysis is not required. Simple analysis using tabulated results in hand
books etc.

5

What are the objectives of the design?
The structure must be designed such that it is watertight, with minimum leakage or loss of
contained volume.
The structure must be durable it must last for several years without undergoing deterioration

How do you get a watertight structure?
Concrete mix design is well-proportioned and it is well consolidated without segregation
Crack width is minimized
Adequate reinforcing steel is used
Impervious protective coating or barriers can also be used
This is not as economical and dependable as the approach of mix design, stress & crack control,
and adequate reinforcement.

How to design the concrete mix?
The concrete mix can be designed to have low permeability by using low water-cement ratio and
extended periods of moist curing
Use water reducing agents and pozzolans to reduce permeability.

How to reduce cracking?
Cracking can be minimized by proper design, distribution of reinforcement, and joint spacing.
Shrinkage cracking can be minimized by using joint design and shrinkage reinforcement
distributed uniformly

How to increase durability?
Concrete should be resistant to the actions of chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freeze-
thaw cycles
Air-entrainment in the concrete mix helps improve durability. Add air-entrainment agents
Reinforcement must have adequate cover to prevent corrosion
Add good quality fly-ash or pozzolans
Use moderately sulphate-resistant cement
6

Design Load Conditions:
All the loads for the structure design can be obtained from ASCE 7 (2006), which is the standard
for minimum design loads for building structures endorsed by IBC
Content loads
Raw Sewage 10 kN/m
3

Grit from grit chamber .. 17.5 kN/m
3

Digested sludge aerobic. 10 kN/m
3

Digested sludge anaerobic 11 kN/m
3

For other numbers see ACI 350.
Live loads
Catwalks etc 5 kN/m
2

Heavy equipment room 14.5 kN/m
2

When using the LRFD (strength or limit states design approach), the load factors and
combinations from ACI 318 can be used directly with one major adjustment
The load factors for both the lateral earth pressure H and the lateral liquid pressure F
should be taken as 1.7
The factored load combination U as prescribed in ACI 318 must be increased by durability
coefficients developed from crack width calculation methods:
In calculations for reinforcement in flexure, the required strength should be 1.3 U
In calculations for reinforcement in direct tension, including hoop tension, the required
strength should be 1.65 U
The required design strength for reinforcement in shear should be calculated as V
s
>1.3
(V
u
- V
c
)
For compression use 1.0 U

7

Structural Design:
Large reinforced concrete reservoirs on compressible soil may be considered as beams on elastic
foundations.
Sidewalls of rectangular tanks and reservoirs can be designed as either:
(a) Cantilever walls fixed at the bottom
(b) Walls supported at two or more edges.
Circular tanks normally resist the pressure from contents by ring tension
Walls supporting both interior water loads and exterior soil pressure must be designed to support
the full effects of each load individually
Cannot use one load to minimize the other, because sometimes the tank is empty.
Large diameter tanks expand and contract appreciably as they are filled and drained.
The connection between wall and footing should either permit these movements or be
strong enough to resist them without cracking
The analysis of rectangular wall panels supported at three or four sides is explained in detail in
the PCA publication.
It contains tabulated coefficients for calculating stress distributions etc. for different
boundary conditions and can be used directly for design
It also includes some calculation and design examples
Reinforced concrete walls at least 3 m high that are in contact with liquids should have a
minimum thickness of 300 mm.
The minimum thickness of any minor member is 150 mm, and when 50 mm. cover is
required then it is at least 200 mm.
For crack control, it is preferable to use a large number of small diameter bars for main
reinforcement rather than an equal are of larger bars
Maximum bar spacing should not exceed 300 mm.
The amount of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is a function of the distance
between joints in the direction
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement should not be less thank the ratios given in
Figure 2.5 or ACI 350
The reinforcement should not be spaced more than 300 mm and should be divided
equally between the two surfaces
8

Figure showing minimum shrinkage reinforcement and table showing minimum cover for
reinforcement required

9

In order to prevent leakage, the strain in the tension reinforcement has to be limited; the strain in
the reinforcing bars is transferred to the surrounding concrete, which cracks, hence, minimizing
the stress and strain in the reinforcing bar will minimize cracking in the concrete.
Additionally, distributing the tension reinforcement will engage a greater area of the concrete in
carrying the strain, which will reduce cracking even more.
The strength design requires the use of loads, load combinations and durability coefficients
presented earlier
Serviceability for normal exposures
For flexural reinforcement located in one layer, the quantity Z (crack control factor of ACI)
should not exceed 115 kips/in.
The designer can use the basic Gergley-Lutz equation for crack width for one way flexural
members.
The reinforcement for two-way flexural member may be proportioned in each direction using the
above recommendation too.
Alternate design by the working stress method with allowable stress values given and tabulated in
ACI 350. Do not recommend this method.
Impact, vibration, and torque issues
When heavy machines are involved, an appropriate impact factor of 1.25 can be used in the
design
Most of the mechanical equipment such as scrapers, clarifiers, flocculates, etc. are slow moving
and will not cause structural vibrations
Machines that cause vibration problems are forced-draft fans and centrifuges for dewatering
clarifier sludge or digester sludge
The key to successful dynamic design is to make sure that the natural frequency of the support
structure is significantly different from frequency of disturbing force
To minimize resonant vibrations, ratio of the natural frequency of the structure to the frequency
of the disturbing force must not be in the range of 0.5 to 1.5, it should preferably be greater than
1.5
Methods for computing the structure frequency are presented in ACI 350 (please review if
needed)
Torque is produced in most clarifiers where the entire mechanism is supported on a central
column, this column must be designed to resist the torque shear without undergoing failure.

10

Material Design:
The cement should conform to:
Portland cement ASTM C150, Types I, IA, II, IIA
Blended hydraulic cement ASTM C595
Expansive hydraulic cement ASTM C845
They cannot be used interchangeably in the same structure
Sulfate-resistant cement must have C
3
A content not exceeding 8%. This is required for concrete
exposed to moderate sulfate attack (150 to 1000 ppm)
Portland blast furnace slab cement (C595 may be used)
Portland pozzolan cement (C595 IP) can also be used
But, pozzolan content not exceed 25% by weight of cementitous materials
The air entraining admixture should conform to ASTM C260
Improves resistant to freeze-thaw cycles
Improves workability and less shrinkage
If chemical admixtures are used, they should meet ASTM C494. The use of water reducing
admixtures is recommended
The maximum water-soluble chloride ion content, expressed as a % of cement, contributed by all
ingredients of the concrete mix should not exceed 0.10%
Mix proportioning all material should be proportioned to produce a well-graded mix of high
density and workability
28 day compressive strength of 24 MPa where the concrete is not exposed to severe
weather and freeze-thaw
28 day compressive strength of 28 MPa where the concrete is exposed to severe weather
and freeze-thaw
Type of cement as mentioned earlier
Maximum water-cement ratio =0.45
If pozzolan is used, the maximum water-cement +pozzolan ratio should be 0.45
Minimum cementitious material content
40 mm aggregate max 517 lb/yd
3

11

3

3

Air entrainment requirements
5.5 1 % for 40 mm aggregate
6.0 1 % for 1.0 or 15 mm aggregate
Slump requirements
25 mm minimum and 100 mm maximum
Concrete placement according to ACI 350
Curing using sprinkling, bonding, using moisture retaining covers, or applying a liquid
membrane-forming compound seal coat
Moist or membrane curing should commence immediately after form removal

Additional Criteria:
Concrete made with proper material design will be dense, watertight, and resistant to most
chemical attack. Under ordinary service conditions, it does not require additional protection
against chemical deterioration or corrosion
Reinforcement embedded in quality concrete is well protected against corrosive chemicals
There are only special cases where additional protective coatings or barriers are required
The steel bars must be epoxy coated (ASTM A775)
In special cases, where H
2
S evolves in a stagnant unventilated environment that is
difficult or uneconomical to correct or clean regularly, a coating may be required
Permissible Concrete Stresses:
Permissible concrete stresses in calculation relating to resistance the cracking.
Grade of
Concrete
Permissible Stress in tension
Direct (direct
tension)
Due to Bending
(rupture)
Shear Stress
fc' = 30MPa 1.3 MPa 1.7 MPa 1.9 MPa
fc' = 35 MPa 1.4 MPa 1.8 MPa 2.0 MPa
fc' = 40 MPa 1.5 MPa 2.0 MPa 2.2 MPa
fc' = 45 MPa 1.6 MPa 2.2 MPa 2.5 MPa
fc' = 50 MPa 1.7 MPa 2.4 MPa 2.7 MPa

12

Permissible Stresses in Steel:
Tensile stress in member in direct tension, Serviceability Limit State:

fs = 100 MPa ; this is for the crack limit of 0.1 mm.
fs = 130 MPa ; this for the crack limit of 0.2 mm.

1) Circular tanks resting in ground:

When the joints at base are flexible, hydrostatic pressure induces maximum increase in diameter
at base and no increase in diameter at top. This is due to fact that hydrostatic pressure varies
linearly from zero at top and maximum at base. Deflected shape of the tank is shown in Figure
When the joint at base is rigid, the base does not move. The vertical wall deflects as shown in
figure

Tank with flexible base
Tank with rigid base
13

Conventionally reinforced circular concrete tanks have been used extensively. They will be the
focus of our lecture today
Structural design must focus on both the strength and serviceability. The tank must withstand
applied loads without cracks that would permit leakage.
This is achieved by:
Providing proper reinforcement and distribution
Proper spacing and detailing of construction joints
Use of quality concrete placed using proper construction procedures
A thorough review of the latest report by ACI 350 is important for understanding the design of
tanks.

Loading Conditions:
The tank must be designed to withstand the loads that it will be subjected to during many years of
use. Additionally, the loads during construction must also be considered.
Loading conditions for partially buried tank.
The tank must be designed and detailed to withstand the forces from each of these
loading conditions

The tank may also be subjected to uplift forces from hydrostatic pressure at the bottom when
empty.
It is important to consider all possible loading conditions on the structure.
Full effects of the soil loads and water pressure must be designed for without using them to
minimize the effects of each other.
The effects of water table must be considered for the design loading conditions.
14

Design Methods:
Two approaches exist for the design of RC members
Strength design and allowable stress design.
Strength design is the most commonly adopted procedure for conventional buildings
The use of strength design was considered inappropriate due to the lack of reliable assessment of
crack widths at service loads.
Advances in this area of knowledge in the last two decades has led to the acceptance of
strength design methods
The recommendations for strength design suggest inflated load factors to control service load
crack widths in the range of 0.1 02 mm.
Service state analyses of RC structures should include computations of crack widths and their
long term effects on the structure durability and functional performance.
The current approach for RC design includes computations done by a modified form of elastic
analysis for composite reinforced steel/concrete systems.
The effects of creep, shrinkage, volume changes, and temperature are well known at service level
The computed stresses serve as the indices of performance of the structure.
The load combinations to determine the required strength (U) are given in ACI 318. ACI 350
requires two modifications
Modification 1 the load factor for lateral liquid pressure is taken as 1.7 rather than 1.4.
This may be over conservative due to the fact that tanks are filled to the top only during
leak testing or accidental overflow
Modification 2 The members must be designed to meet the required strength. The ACI
required strength U must be increased by multiplying with a sanitary coefficient
The increased design loads provide more conservative design with less cracking.
Required strength =Sanitary coefficient X U
Where, sanitary coefficient =1.3 for flexure, 1.65 for direct tension, and 1.3 for
shear beyond the capacity provided by the concrete.
Wall Thickness:
The walls of circular tanks are subjected to ring or hoop tension due to the internal pressure and
restraint to concrete shrinkage.
Any significant cracking in the tank is unacceptable.
15

The tensile stress in the concrete (due to ring tension from pressure and shrinkage) has to
keep at a minimum to prevent excessive cracking.
The concrete tension strength will be assumed 10% f
c
in this document.
RC walls 33 m or higher shall have a minimum thickness of 300 mm.
The concrete wall thickness will be calculated as follows:
Effects of shrinkage
Figure 2(a) shows a block of
concrete with a re-bar. The block
height is 300 mm t corresponds to
the wall thickness, the steel area is
A
s
, and the steel percentage is r.
Figure 2(b) shows the behavior of
the block assuming that the re-bar
is absent. The block will shorten
due to shrinkage. C is the
shrinkage per unit length.
Figure 2(c) shows the behavior of
the block when the re-bar is
present. The re-bar restrains some
shortening.
The difference in length between
Fig.
2(b) and 2(c) is xC, an unknown
quantity.
The re-bar restrains shrinkage of the concrete. As a result, the concrete is subjected to
tension; the re-bar to compression, but the section is in force equilibrium
Concrete tensile stress is f
cs
=xCE
c

Steel compressive stress is f
ss
=(1-x)CE
s

Section force equilibrium. So, rf
ss
=f
cs

Solve for x from above equation for force equilibrium
The resulting stresses are:
f
ss
=CE
s
[1/(1+nr)] and f
cs
=CE
s
[r/(1+nr)]
The concrete stress due to an applied ring or hoop tension of T will be equal to:
T * E
c
/(E
c
A
c
+E
s
A
s
) =T * 1/[A
c
+nA
s
] =T/[A
c
(1+nr)]
16

The total concrete tension stress =[CE
s
A
s
+T]/[A
c
+nA
s
]
The usual procedure in tank design is to provide horizontal steel A
s
for all the ring tension at an
allowable stress f
s
as though designing for a cracked section.
Assume A
s
=T/f
s
and realize A
c
=12t
Substitute in equation on previous slide to calculate tension stress in the concrete.
Limit the max Concrete tension stress to f
c
=0.1 f
c

Then, the wall thickness can be calculated as
t =[CE
s
+f
s
nf
c
]/[12f
c
f
s
]* T
This formula can be used to estimate the wall thickness
The values of C, coefficient of shrinkage for RC is in the range of 0.0002 to 0.0004.
Use the value of C=0.0003
Assume f
s
=allowable steel tension =125 MPa
Therefore, wall thickness t=0.0003 T
The allowable steel stress f
s
should not be made too small. Low f
s
will actually tend to increase
the concrete stress and potential cracking.
For example, the concrete stress =f
c
=[CE
s
+f
s
]/[A
c
f
s
+nT]*T
For the case of T=105 kN
n=8
E
s
=200000 MPa
C=0.0003 and
A
c
=1000 x 250=250000 mm
2

If the allowable steel stress is reduced from 140 MPa to 70 MPa, the resulting concrete
stress is increased from 1.8 MPa to 2.2 MPa.
Desirable to use a higher allowable steel stress.

17

Reinforcement:
The amount size and spacing of reinforcement has a great effect on the extent of cracking.
The amount must be sufficient for strength and serviceability including temperature and
shrinkage effects
The amount of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is dependent on the length
between construction joints

The size of re-bars should be chosen recognizing that cracking can be better controlled by using
larger number of small diameter bars rather than fewer large diameter bars
The size of reinforcing bars should not exceed 32 mm bar. Spacing of re-bars should be limited to
a maximum of 300 mm. Concrete cover should be at least 50 mm.
In circular tanks the locations of horizontal splices should be staggered by not less than one lap
length or 1 m.
Reinforcement splices should confirm to ACI 318
Chapter 12 of ACI 318 for determining splice lengths.
The length depends on the class of splice, clear cover, clear distance between adjacent
bars, and the size of the bar, concrete used, bar coating etc.
18

Crack Control:
Crack widths must be minimized in tank walls to prevent leakage and corrosion of reinforcement
A criterion for flexural crack width is provided in ACI 318. This is based on the Gergely-Lutz
equation z=f
s
(d
c
A)
1/3

Where z =quantity limiting distribution of flexural re-bar
d
c
=concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar located closest.
A =effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement
having the same centroid as the reinforcement, divided by the number of bars.

In ACI 350, the cover is taken equal to 50 mm for any cover greater than 50 mm
Rearranging the equation and solving for the maximum bar spacing give:
max spacing =z
3
/(2 d
c
2
f
s
3
)
Using the limiting value of z given by ACI 350, the maximum bar spacing can be
computed
For ACI 350 z has a limiting value of 20562 kN/m
For severe environmental exposures z =16986 kN/m
Analysis of Various Tanks:
Wall with fixed base and free top; triangular load
Wall with hinged base and free top; triangular load and trapezoidal load
Wall with shear applied at top
Wall with shear applied at base
Wall with moment applied at top
Wall with moment applied at base
19

Circular Tanks Analysis:
In practice, it would be rare that a base would be fixed against rotation and such an assumption
would lead to an improperly designed wall.
For the tank structure, assume
Height =H =6 m
Diameter of inside =D =16.5
Weight of liquid =w =10 kN/m3
Shrinkage coefficient =C =0.0003
Elasticity of steel =E
s
=200000 MPa
Ratio of E
s
/E
c
=n =8
Concrete compressive strength =f
c
=28 MPa
Yield strength of reinforcement =f
y
=420 MPa
It is difficult to predict the behavior of the subgrade and its effect upon restraint at the base. But,
it is more reasonable to assume that the base is hinged rather than fixed, which results in more
conservative design.
For a wall with a hinged base and free top, the coefficients to determine the ring tension,
moments, and shears in the tank wall are shown in Tables A-5, A-7, and A-12 of the Appendix
Each of these tables, presents the results as functions of H
2
/Dt, which is a parameter.
The values of thickness t cannot be calculated till the ring tension T is calculated.
Assume, thickness =t =250 mm
Therefore, H
2
/Dt =(6
2
)/(16.5 x 0.25) =8.89 (approx. 9)

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis

20


21

22


In these tables, 0.0 H corresponds to the top of the tank, and 1.0 H corresponds to the bottom of
the tank.
The ring tension per foot of height is computed by multiplying w
u
HR by the coefficients in Table
A-5 for the values of H
2
/Dt=9.0
w
u
for the case of ring tension is computed as:
w
u
=sanitary coefficient x (1.7 x Lateral Forces)
w
u
=1.65 x (1.7 x 10) =28 kN/m
3

Therefore, w
u
HR =28 x 6 x 16.5/2 =1386 kN/m
3

The value of w
u
HR corresponds to the behavior where the base is free to slide. Since, it cannot
do that, the value of w
u
HR must be multiplied by coefficients from Table A-5
A plus sign indicates tension, so there is a slight compression at the top, but it is very small.
The ring tension is zero at the base since it is assumed that the base has no radial displacement
Figure compares the ring tension for tanks with free sliding base, fixed base, and hinged base.
23


24

Which case is conservative? (Fixed or hinged base)
The amount of ring steel required is given by:
A
s
=maximum ring tension / (0.9 F
y
)
A
s
=(1386 x 0.713 x 1000) / (0.9 * 420) =2615 mm
2
/m
Therefore at 0.7H use 20mm bars spaced at 200 mm on center in two curtains.
Resulting A
s
=3140 mm
2
/m
The reinforcement along the height of the wall can be determined similarly, but it is better to
have the same bar and spacing.
Concrete cracking check
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under service loads including the effects of
shrinkage is
f
c
=[CE
s
A
s
+T
max, unfactored
]/[A
c
+nA
s
] =1.96 MPa <2.8 MPa
Therefore, adequate
The moments in vertical wall strips that
are considered 1 m wide are computed
by multiplying w
u
H
3
by the coefficients
from table A-7.
The value of w
u
for flexure =sanitary
coefficient x (1.7 x lateral forces)
Therefore, w
u
=1.3 x 1.7 x 10 =22.1
kN/m
3

Therefore w
u
H
3
=22.1 x 6
3
=4988.7
kN-m/m
Mu =0.005 x 4988.7 =24.9 kN.m
The figure includes the moment for
both the hinged and fixes conditions

25

The actual restraint is somewhere in between fixed and hinged, but probably closer to hinge.
For the exterior face, the hinged condition provides a conservative although not wasteful design
Depending on the fixity of the base, reinforcing may be required to resist moment on the interior face
at the lower portion of the wall.
The required reinforcement for the outside face of the wall for a maximum moment of 25 kN-m/m is:
M
u
/( bd
2
) =0.77
where d =t cover d
bar
/2 =250 50 20/2 =190 mm
1 2
1 (1 )
mR
m fy

0.00187
Required A
s
= bd =355 mm
2

min
=1.4/F
y
=0.0033 >0.00189
Use 16 mm bars at the maximum allowable spacing of 250 mm

The shear capacity of a 250 mm wall with f
c
=28 MPa is
V
c
=1/6 (f
c
)
0.5
b
w
d =220 kN
Therefore, V
c
=0.75 x 220 =165 kN
The applied shear is given by multiplying w
u
H
2
with the coefficient from Table A-12
The value of w
u
is determined with sanitary coefficient =1.0 (assuming that no steel will be
needed)
w
u
H
2
=1.0 x 1.7 x 10 x 6
2
=612 kN
Applied shear =V
u
=0.092 x w
u
H
2
=57 kN < V
c

26

T
T
Design of Circular Tanks resting on ground with flexible base:
Maximum hoop tension in the wall is developed at the base. This tensile force T is computed by
considering the tank as thin cylinder
2
D
H T ; Quantity of reinforcement required in form
of hoop steel is computed as
st st
st
2 / HD T
A or
0.3 % (minimum)
In order to provide tensile stress in concrete to be less to
be less than permissible stress, the stress in concrete is
computed using equation
st st c
c
A ) 1 m ( t 1000
2 / HD
A ) 1 m ( A
T
If
c

cat

where:
cat
=from table
then the section is from cracking, otherwise the thickness has to be increased so that
c
is less than
cat
.
While designing, the thickness of concrete wall can be estimated as t =30xH +50 mm, where H is in
meters. Distribution steel in the form of vertical bars are provided such that minimum steel area
requirement is satisfied. As base slab is resting on ground and no bending stresses are induced hence
minimum steel distributed at bottom and the top are provided
Example:
Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 4,00,000 liters. The tank
rests on a firm level ground. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed
3.5m. The tank is open at top. Use fc=30 MPa concrete and fy=420 MPa Steel. Draw to a suitable scale:
i) Plan at base
ii) Cross section through centre of tank.

Dimension of tank:
Depth of water H =3.5 -0.2 =3.3 m
Volume V =4,00,000/1000 =400 m
3

Area of tank A =400/3.3 =121.2 m
2

Diameter of tank m 42 . 12
A 4
D 13 m
The thickness is assumed as t =30H+50 =149 160 mm
27

Design of Vertical wall:
Max hoop tension at bottom kN 5 . 214
2
13 3 . 3 10
2
D
H T
Area of steel
2
3
mm 1650
130
10 5 . 214
st st
st
T T
A
Minimum steel to be provided
A
st min
=0.3% of area of concrete =0.003x1000x160 =480 mm
2

The steel required is more than the minimum required
Spacing of 16 mm diameter bar =100/(1650/201) =123 mm c/c
Provide #16 @ 100 c/c as hoop tension steel

Check for tensile stress:
Area of steel provided A
st provided
=201x1000/100 =2010 mm
2

Modular ratio m= 33 . 13
7 3
280
3
280
cbc

Stress in concrete
2
3
N/mm 16 . 1
2010 ) 1 33 . 13 ( 160 1000
10 5 . 214
) 1 ( 1000
st
c
A m t
T

Permissible stress
cat
=1.3 MPa
Actual stress is equal to permissible stress, hence safe.
Curtailment of hoop steel:
Quantity of steel required at 1m, 2m, and at top is tabulated. In this table the maximum spacing is
taken an 3 x 160 =480 mm
Height from top Hoop tension
T = HD/2 (kN)
A
st
=T/
st
Spacing of #16
mm c/c
2.3 m 149.5 996 200
1.3 m 84.5 563.33 350
Top 0 Min steel (480 mm
2
) 400
28

Vertical reinforcement:
For temperature and shrinkage distribution steel in the vertical reinforcement is provided @ 0.3 %
Spacing of 10 mm diameter bar =79x1000/480 =164.5 mm c/c 150 mm c/c
Tank floor:
As the slab rests on firm ground, minimum steel @ 0.3 % is provided. Thickness of slab is
assumed as 150 mm 8 mm diameter bars 200 c/c is provided both directions at top and botom

29

2) Rectangular Tanks:
The cylindrical shape is structurally best suited for tank construction, but rectangular tanks are
frequently preferred for specific purposes
Rectangular tanks can be used instead of circular when the footprint needs to be reduced
Rectangular tanks are used where partitions or tanks with more than one cell are needed.
The behavior of rectangular tanks is different from the behavior of circular tanks
The behavior of circular tanks is axisymmetric. That is the reason for our analysis of only
unit width of the tank
The ring tension in circular tanks was uniform around the circumference

Rectangle Tank Design:
The design of rectangular tanks is very similar in concept to the design of circular tanks
The loading combinations are the same. The modifications for the liquid pressure loading
factor and the sanitary coefficient are the same.
The major differences are the calculated moments, shears, and tensions in the rectangular
tank walls.
The requirements for durability are the same for rectangular and circular tanks. This is
related to crack width control, which is achieved using the Gergely Lutz parameter z.
The requirements for reinforcement are very similar to those for circular tanks.
The loading conditions that must be considered for the design are similar to those for
circular tanks.
The restraint condition at the base is needed to determine deflection, shears and bending moments
for loading conditions.
Base restraint considered in the publication includes both hinged and fixed edges.
However, in reality, neither of these two extremes actually exists.
It is important that the designer understand the degree of restraint provided by the
reinforcing that extends into the footing from the tank wall.
If the designer is unsure, both extremes should be investigated.
Buoyancy Forces must be considered in the design process
The lifting force of the water pressure is resisted by the weight of the tank and the weight
of soil on top of the slab

Rectangle Tank Behavior:
M
x
=moment per unit width about the x
plate is in the x-y plane. This moment determines the steel in the y (vertical direction).
M
y
=moment per unit width about the y
plate is in the x-y plane. This moment determines the steel in the x (horizontal direction).
M
z
=moment per unit width about the z
plate is in the y-z plane. This moment determi
M
xy or
M
yz
=torsion or twisting moments for plate or wall in the x
All these moments can be computed using the equations
M
x
=(M
x
Coeff.) x q a
2
/1000
M
y
=(M
y
Coeff.) x q a
2
/1000
M
z
=(M
z
Coeff.) x q a
2
/1000
M
xy
=(M
xy
Coeff.) x q a
M
yz
=(M
yz
Coeff.) x q a
These coefficients are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for rectangular tanks
The shear in one wall becomes axial tension in the adjacent wall. Follow force equilibrium
explain in class.

=moment per unit width about the x-axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
y plane. This moment determines the steel in the y (vertical direction).
=moment per unit width about the y-axis stretching the fibers in the x direction when the
y plane. This moment determines the steel in the x (horizontal direction).
=moment per unit width about the z-axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
z plane. This moment determines the steel in the y (vertical direction).
=torsion or twisting moments for plate or wall in the x-y and y-z planes, respectively.
All these moments can be computed using the equations
/1000
/1000
/1000
Coeff.) x q a
2
/1000
Coeff.) x q a
2
/1000
These coefficients are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for rectangular tanks
The shear in one wall becomes axial tension in the adjacent wall. Follow force equilibrium
30
axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
y plane. This moment determines the steel in the y (vertical direction).
x direction when the
y plane. This moment determines the steel in the x (horizontal direction).
axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
nes the steel in the y (vertical direction).

z planes, respectively.
The shear in one wall becomes axial tension in the adjacent wall. Follow force equilibrium -
31

The twisting moment effects such as M
xy
may be used to add to the effects of orthogonal
moments M
x
and M
y
for the purpose of determining the steel reinforcement
The Principal of Minimum Resistance may be used for determining the equivalent orthogonal
moments for design
Where positive moments produce tension:
M
tx
=M
x
+|M
xy
|
M
ty
=M
y
+|M
xy
|
However, if the calculated M
tx
<0,
Then M
tx
=0 and M
ty
=M
y
+|M
xy
2
/M
x
| >0
If the calculated M
ty
<0
Then M
ty
=0 and M
tx
=M
x
+|M
xy
2
/M
y
| >0
Similar equations for where negative moments produce tension

For rectangular tanks in which L/B tanks walls are designed as continuous frame subjected to
pressure varying from zero at top to max at H/4 or 1m.
M
cantilever
=
give us vertical reinforcements inside and for outside use min. reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcements:
P = H-h) take 1m strip
Now we have frame 1m with force from the inside.
Use moment distribution where stiffness = , 1/L and 1/B
For more detailed calculation see next material from PCA.

Rectangular tank with fixed base resting on ground:

Rectangular tanks are used when the storage capacity is small and circular tanks prove uneconomical for
small capacity. Rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from point of view of economy. It
is also desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice the smaller side.
Moments are caused in two directions of the wall ie., both in horizontal as well as in vertical direction.
Exact analysis is difficult and such tanks are designed by approximate methods. When the length of the
wall is more in comparison to its height, the moments will be mainly in the vertical direction, ie., the
panel bends as vertical cantilever. When the height is large in comparison to its length, the moments will
be in the horizontal direction and panel bends as a thin slab supported on edges. For intermediate
condition bending takes place both in horizontal and vertical direction.
32

In addition to the moments, the walls are also subjected to direct pull exerted by water pressure on some
portion of walls. The walls are designed both for direct tension and bending moment.
`
Maximum vertical moment =M
x w
a
3
( for x/a =1, y =0)
Maximum horizontal moment =M
y w
a
3
(for x/a =0, y =b/2)
Tension in short wall is computed as T
s
=pL/2
Tension in long wall T
L
=pB/2
Horizontal steel is provided for net bending moment and direct tensile force
A
st
=A
st1
+A
st2
;
jd
' M
A
st
1 st

A
st2
=T/
st

M=Maximum horizontal bending moment T x
x=d-D/2

a
-
+
T T
C
B
PLAN @ BASE
D
A
p= H
T
T
T
FBD OF AB
IN PLAN
FBD OF AD
IN PLAN
y
L
B
x
D/2
d T
Bending moment diagram
0.5b 0.5b
x
33

Example:
Design a rectangular water tank 5m x 4m with depth of storage 3m, resting on ground and whose walls
are rigidly joined at vertical and horizontal edges. Assume fc=30 MPa concrete and fy=420 MPa grade
steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the tank
Analysis for moment and tensile force:

Long wall:

L/a =1.67 1.75
at y =0 and x/a =1 M
x
=-0.074
at y =b/2 and x/a =1/4 M
y
=-0.052
Max vertical moment =M
x

w
a
3
=-19.98
Max horizontal moment =M
y

w
a
3
=-14.04
T
long
=
w
ab/2 =60 kN

Short wall:

B/a =1.33 1.5
at y =0 and x/a =1 M
x
=-0.06
at y =b/2 and x/a =1/4 M
y
=-0.044
Max vertical moment =M
x

w
a
3
=-16.2
Max horizontal moment =M
y

w
a
3
=-11.88
T
short
=
w
aL/2 =75 kN
E
B
A
F
D
C
Free
a=H=3m
b=4m
L=5m
Fixed
34

Design constants:
cbc
=7 MPa
st
=130 MPa m =13.33
41 . 0
st cbc
cbc
m
m
k
j =1- (k/3) =0.87
Q =
cbc
j k =1.15

Design for vertical moment:
For vertical moment, the maximum bending moment from long and short wall
(M
max
)
x
=-19.98 kN-m
mm 8 . 131
1000 x 15 . 1
10 x 98 . 19
Qb
M
d
6

Assuming effective cover as 33mm, the thickness of wall is
t =131.88+33 =164.8 mm 170 mm
d
provided
=170-33 =137mm
2
6
5 . 1289
137 87 . 0 130
10 98 . 19
mm
x x
x
jd
M
A
st
st

Spacing of 14 mm diameter bar = c mmc
x
/ 119
5 . 1289
1000 154
(Max spacing 3d=411mm)
Provide #14 @ 100 mm c/c

Distribution steel:
Minimum area of steel is 0.3% of concrete area
A
st
=(0.3/100) x1000 x 170 =510 mm
2

x
/ 100
510
1000 24 . 50

Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as distribution steel.
Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face.
35

C A
11.88
14.4
B
Design for Horizontal moment:
Horizontal moments at the corner in long and short wall produce unbalanced moment at the joint. This
unbalanced moment has to be distributed to get balanced moment using moment distribution method.

56 . 0
20 / 9
4 / 1
44 . 0
20 / 9
5 / 1
20
9
K ;
5
1
;
5
1
AB
AC
AC AC
DF
DF
K K

Moment distribution Table
J oint A
Member AC AB
DF 0.44 0.56
FEM -14 11.88
Distribution 0.9328 1.1872
Final Moment -13.0672 13.0672

The tension in the wall is computed by considering the section at height H
1
from the base. Where, H
1
is
greater of
i) H/4
ii) 1m
Ex:
i) 3/4=0.75
ii) 1m
H
1
=1m
Depth of water h =H-H
1
=3-1-2m; p =
w
h =10 x 2 =20 kN/m
2

Tension in short wall T
s
=pL/2 =50 kN
Tension in long wall T
L
=pB/2 =40 kN
36

Net bending moment M =M-Tx, where: x=d-D/2 =137-(170/2) =52mm
M =13.0672-50 x 0.052 =10.4672 kN-m
2
6
1
5 . 675
137 87 . 0 130
10 4672 . 10
mm
x x
x
A
st

2
3
2
385
130
10 50
mm
x
A
st

A
st
=A
st1
+A
st2
=1061 mm
2

x
/ 5 . 106
1061
1000 113
(Max spacing 3d=411mm)
Provide #12@100 mm c/c at corners

Base Slab:
The slab is resting on firm ground. Hence nominal thickness and reinforcement is provided. The thickness
of slab is assumed to be 200 mm and 0.3% reinforcement is provided in the form of #8 @ 150 c/c. at top
and bottom
A haunch of 150 x 150 x 150 mm size is provided at all corners

Note: More tables and examples included at appendix A from PCA notes for rectangle water tanks.
1
CO~r@tC
INFORMATION
Rectangular Concrete Tanks
While cylindrical shapes may be structurally best for
tank construction, rectangular tanks frequently are pre-
ferred for specific purposes. Special processes or oper-
ations may make circular tanks inconvenient to use.
When several separate cells are required, rectangular
tanks can be arranged in less space than circular tanks
of the same capacity. Tanks or vats needed inside a
building are therefore often made in rectangular or
square shapes. For these and other reasons, breweries,
tanneries, and paper mills generally use rectangular
tanks.
Data presented here are for design of rectangular
tanks where the walls are subject to hydrostatic pres-
sure of zero at the top and maximum at the bottom.
Some of the data can be used for design of counter-
forted retaining walls subject to earth pressure for which
a hydrostatic type of loading may be substituted in the
design calculations. Data also can be applied to design
of circular reservoirs of large diameter where lateral
stability depends on the action of counterforts built inte-
grally with the wall.
Another article on tank construction, Circular Con-
crete Tanks Withouf Prestressing, has been published
by the Portland Cement Association.
Moment Coefficients
Moment coefficients were calculated for individual
panels considered fixed along vertical edges, and coef-
ficients were subsequently adjusted to allow for a cer-
tain rotation about the vertical edges. First, three sets of
edge conditions were investigated, in all of which verti-
cal edges were assumed fixed while the other edges
were as follows:
1. Top hinged-bottom hinged
2. Top free-bottom hinged
3. Top free-bottom fixed*
Moment coefficients for these edge conditions are
given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In all tables, a
denotes height and b width of the wall. In Tables 1, 2,
and 3, coefficients are given for nine ratios of b/a, the
limits being b/a = 3.0 and 0.5. The origin of the coordi-
nate system is at midpoint of the top edge; the Y axis is
horizontal; the X axis is vertical and its positive direction
downward. The sign convention for bending moments is
based on the coordinate fiber that is being stressed. For
example, A$ stresses fibers parallel to the X axis, The
sign convention used here is not compatible with two
other conventions-namely, that (1) the subscript is the
axis of the moment, and (2) that the moment is in a par-
Q Portland Cement Association 1969 Revi sed 1961
titular principal plane. Coefficients are given-except
where they are known to be zero-at edges, quarter
points, and midpoints both in X and Y directions.
The slab was assumed to act as a thin plate, for which
equations are available in textbooks such as Theory ot
Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko, but since only a
small portion of the necessary calculations for moment
coefficients for specific cases is available in the engi-
neering literature, they have been made especially for
this text.
Table 4 contains moment coefficients for uniform
load on a rectangular plate considered hinged on all
four sides. The table is for designing cover slabs and
bottom slabs for rectangular tanks with one cell. If the
cover slab is made continuous over intermediate sup-
ports, the design can follow procedures for the design of
slabs supported on four sides.
Coefficients for individual panels with fixed side
edges apply without modification to continuous walls
provided there is no rotation about vertical edges. In a
square tank, therefore, moment coefficients can be
taken directly from Tables 1, 2, or 3. In a rectangular
tank, however, an adjustment must be made, as was
done in Tables 5 and 6, similar to the modification of
fixed-end moments in a frame analyzed by moment
distribution.
In this procedure the common-side edge of two ad-
jacent panels is first considered artificially restrained so
that no rotation can take place about the edge. Fixed-
edge moments taken from Tables 1,2, or 3 are usually
dissimilar in adjacent panels and the differences, which
correspond to unbalanced moments, tend to rotate the
edge. When the artificial restraint is removed these un-
balanced moments will induce additional moments in
the panels, Adding induced and fixed-end moments at
the edge gives final end moments, which must be iden-
tical on both sides of the common edge.
Moment distribution cannot be applied as simply to
continuous tank walls as it can to framed structures,
because moments must be distributed simultaneously
along the entire length of the side edge so that moments
become equal at both sides at any point of the edge. The
problem was simplified and approximated to some ex-
tent by distributing moments at four points only: quarter
points, midpoint, and top. The end moments in the two
intersecting slabs were made identical at these four
points and moments at interior points adjusted accord-
ingly.
Applicable tn cases wher e wal l sl ab, count er f or t , and base sl ab ar e
al l built I nt egr al l y
PublIshed by McGraw-HI11 Book Co, New York, 1959
Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Moment Coefficients for Slabs with Various Edge Conditions
Table 1 Table 2
Moment = Coef. x wa
/j f-lmi_ Moment=Coef.xwa3 d mlr
-
bl a
-
3. 00
2. 50
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
1. 25
1. 00
0. 75
0. 50
xla
y - o
MX MV
+0. 035 +0. 010
+0. 057 +0. 016
+0. 051 +0. 013
t o031 +0. 011
+0. 052 +0. 017
+0047 +0. 015
+0. 025 +0. 013
+0. 042 +0. 020
+0. 041 +0. 016
t o. 020 +0013
+0. 036 +0. 020
+0. 036 +0. 017
+0. 015 +0. 013
+0. 028 +0. 021
+0. 030 +0. 017
+o 009 +0. 012
+0. 019 +0. 019
+0. 023 +0. 017
+0. 005 +0. 009
+0011 +0. 016
+0. 016 +0014
+0. 001 +0. 006
t o. 005 +0. 011
+0. 009 +0. 011
0 +0. 003
+0. 001 + 0. 005
+0. 004 +0. 007
_wa Xl
y =b/4 y = b/2
vx 4 Y MV
+0026 +0. 011 - 0. 008 -0.039
+0. 044 +0. 017 - 0. 013 - 0. 063
+0. 041 +0. 014 - 0. 011 - 0055
+0. 021 +0010 - 0. 008 - 0. 038
+0. 036 +0. 017 - 0. 012 - 0. 062
+0. 036 +0. 014 - 0. 011 - 0. 055
+0. 015 +0. 009 - 0. 007 - 0. 037
+0. 028 +0. 015 - 0. 012 - 0. 059
+0. 029 +0. 013 - 0. 011 - 0. 053
+0. 012 +0. 008 - 0. 007 - 0. 035
+0. 023 +0. 013 - 0. 011 - 0. 057
+0025 +0. 012 - 0. 010 - 0051
+0. 008 +0007 - 0. 006 - 0. 032
+0. 016 +0. 011 - 0. 010 - 0. 052
+0. 020 +0. 011 - 0. 010 - 0. 048
+0. 005 +0. 005 - 0006 - 0. 028
+0. 011 +o 009 - 0 009 - 0. 045
+0. 014 +0. 009 - 0. 009 - 0. 043
+0. 002 +0. 003 - 0. 004 - 0020
+0006 +0. 006 - 0. 007 - 0. 035
+0. 009 +0. 007 - 0. 007 - 0. 035
0 +0. 002 - 0. 002 - 0. 012
+0. 002 +0. 003 - 0. 004 - 0022
+0. 005 t o. 005 - 0. 005 - 0. 025
0 +0. 001 - 0. 001 - 0. 005
+0. 001 +0. 001 - 0. 002 - 0. 010
+0. 002 +0. 002 - 0. 003 - 0. 014
Minus s,gn lndlcates ienslon on the loaded side I all tables
bl a
-
3. 00
2. 50
2. 00
1. 75
150
1. 25
1. 00
075
0. 50
y - o y =b/ 4
4 MY Y MY
0 t o. 070 0 +0. 027
t o. 028 +0. 061 +0. 015 +0. 028
kO. 049 +0. 049 +0032 +0026
bO. 046 +0. 030 +0. 034 +0. 018
0 +0. 061 0 +0. 019
bO. 024 +0053 +0. 010 +0. 022
bO. 042 +0. 044 +0. 025 +0. 022
bO. 041 10027 +0. 030 +0. 016
0 +0. 045 0 +0. 011
bO. 016 +0042 +0. 006 +0. 014
kO. 033 +0. 036 +0. 020 +0. 016
bO. 035 r0. 024 +0. 025 +0. 014
0 +0. 036 0 +0008
I O. 013 +0. 035 +0005 +0. 011
bO. 028 +0. 032 10017 co. 014
10. 031 +0. 022 r0. 021 10012
0 +0027 0 +0. 005
moo9 +0. 028 +0. 003 +0008
bO. 022 +0. 027 +0012 +0. 011
10. 027 +0020 +0. 017 +0. 011
0 co. 017 0 +0. 003
10. 005 +0020 +0. 002 +0. 005
bO. 017 +0023 +0. 009 +0. 009
10. 021 +0. 017 10013 +0. 009
0 +O. Ol O 0 +0. 002
t o. 002 +0013 +o 000 i o. 003
' 0 010 +0. 017 +0005 +0006
t oo15 +0. 015 +o 009 +0. 007
0 +0005 0 +0001
~0. 001 +0008 +o. ooo +0. 002
t o. 005 +0011 +0002 +0004
~0. 010 +0. 012 +0. 006 +0. 004
0 +0. 002 0 0
~0. 000 +0004 +o. ooo +0001
bO. 002 +0. 006 +0001 +0. 002
a007 +0008 +0. 002 +0. 002
!
y =b/2
MX 4
0 - 0. 196
- 0. 034 - 0. 170
- 0. 027 - 0. 137
- 0. 017 - 0. 087
0
- 0. 026
- 0023
- 0. 018
0
- 0. 019
- 0. 018
- 0. 013
0
- 0015
- 0015
- 0. 012
0
- 0012
- 0013
- 0. 010
0
- 0008
- 0010
- 0. 009
- 0. 138
- 0132
- 0. 115
- 0. 078
- 0. 091
- 0. 094 ~
- 0. 089
/ , "
- 0. 071
- 0. 076
- 0076
- 0. 059
- 0052
- 0. 059
- 0. 063
- 0. 052
- 0034
- 0. 042
- 0. 049
- 0. 044
0
- 0005
- 0. 007
- 0007
0
- 0. 003
- 0004
- 0. 005
0
- 0. 001
- 0002
- 0. 003
- 0. 019
- 0. 025
- 0. 036
- 0036
- 0. 008
- 0013
- 0022
- 0026
- 0. 003
- 0. 005
- 0. 010
- 0014
:
- 0. 065
Table 3 Table 4
Moment = Coef. x wa3
ID;;
,w
4
X l
bl a xla
1. 25
1. 00
0. 75
0. 50
y =o
MX MY
+0025
y = b/4
Mx 4
y = b/2
M* MY
0
+0. 010
+0. 005
- 0. 033
- 0. 126
+0. 019
+0. 010
- 0. 004
- 0. 025
0 t o. 014 0 - 0. 082
+0. 007 +0. 013 - 0014 - 0. 071
+0. 008 +0. 010 - 0. 011 - 0055
- 0. 018 - 0 000 - 0. 006 - 0. 028
- 0. 092 - 0. 018 0 0
0 +0. 027 0 +0. 013 0 - 0. 074
+0. 012 +0. 022 +0. 007 +0. 013 - 0. 013 - 0. 066
+0. 011 +0. 014 +0. 008 +0010 - 0. 011 - 0. 053
- 0. 021 - 0. 001 - 0. 010 +0. 001 - 0. 005 - 0. 027
- 0. 108 - 0. 022 - 0. 077 - 0. 015 0 0
0 +0. 027 0 +0. 009 0 - 0. 060
+0. 013 +0. 023 +0. 006 +0. 010 - 0. 012 - 0. 059
+0. 015 +0. 016 +0. 010 +0. 010 - 0. 010 - 0 049
- 0. 008 +0. 003 - 0. 002 +0. 003 - 0. 005 - 0. 027
- 0. 086 - 0. 017 - 0. 059 - 0. 012 0 0
0 +0. 025 0 +0. 007 0 - 0. 050
+0. 012 +0. 022 +0. 005 +0. 008 - 0010 - 0. 052
+0. 016 +0016 +0. 010 +0. 009 - 0 009 - 0. 046
- 0. 002 +0. 005 +0. 001 +0. 004 - 0. 005 - 0. 027
- 0. 074 - 0. 015 - 0. 050 - 0. 010 0 0
0 +0. 021 0 +0. 005 0 - 0. 040
t o. 008 +0. 020 +0. 004 +0. 007 - 0. 009 - 0. 044
t o. 016 +0. 016 +0. 010 +0. 008 - 0. 008 - 0042
t o. 003 +0006 +0. 003 +0. 004 - 0005 - 0. 026
- 0. 060 - 0. 012 - 0. 041 - 0. 008 0 0
0
t o. 005
+0. 014
+0. 006
- 0. 047
0
t o. 002
+0. 009
+0. 008
- 0. 035
+0. 015 0 +0. 003
+0. 015 +0. 002 +0. 005
+0. 015 +0. 008 +0. 007
+0. 007 +0. 005 +0. 005
- 0. 009 - 0031 - 0. 006
0
- 0. 007
- 0. 007
- 0. 005
0
0
- 0. 005
- 0. 006
- 0. 004
0
0
- 0. 002
- 0. 003
- 0. 003
0
0
- 0. 001
- 0. 002
- 0. 001
0
- 0. 029
- 0. 034
- 0. 037
- 0024
0
+0. 009 0
+0. 011 0
+0. 013 +0. 005
+0. 008 +0. 005
- 0. 007 - 0. 022
0 +0. 004 0
+0. 001 +0. 008 0
+0. 005 +0. 010 +0. 002
+0. 007 +0. 007 +0. 003
- 0024 - 0. 005 - 0. 015
0 +0. 001 0
0 +0. 005 0
+0. 002 +0. 006 +0. 001
+0. 004 +0. 006 +0. 001
- 0. 015 - 0. 003 - 0. 008
+0. 002
+0003
t o. 005
+0. 004
- 0. 005
+0. 001
+0. 002
+0. 003
+0. 003
- 0. 003
0
+0. 001
+0. 001
+0. 001
- 0. 002
- 0018
- 0. 023
- 0. 029
- 0. 020
0
- 0007
- 0. 011
- 0. 017
- 0. 013
0
- 0002
- 0. 004
- 0. 009
- 0. 007
0
- y i~hngea 1
Moment q Coef. x bvaz
_I
I m
1P@
M
X
bl a
3. 00
2. 50
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
125
1. 00
0. 75
0. 50
y = o
Mx MY
I O. 089
t o. 118
t o022
+o 029
+0077 t o. 025
+0101 t o. 034
bO. 085 +0. 024 +0. 070 +0. 027
t o112 +0. 032 +o 092 +0. 037
0076 +0. 027 +0. 061 +0. 028
+0. 100 +0. 037 +0. 078 +0038
+0. 070 +0. 029 +0. 054 +o 029
+0091 +0040 +0. 070 +0. 039
t o. 061 +0. 031 +0047 t o. 029
t 0. 076 +0. 043 +0. 059 +0. 040
t o 049 +0. 033 +0038 +0. 029
+0063 +0. 044 +0. 047 +0. 039
t o. 036 +0. 033 +0. 027 +0027
10. 044 +0044 +0033 +0036
t o. 022 +0. 029 +0. 016 +0023
t o. 025 +0. 038 +0. 018 +0. 030
. O. Ol O t o. 020 +0007 bO. 015
- 0 009 +0025 +0. 007 +0. 019
y = b/4
MX M
3
I
Table 5. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Free at Top and Hinged at Bottom
b/a = 3.0
$
y = o
Mx M
y =b/ 4
M, 4
y =b/ 2
4 4
z = cl 4
4 MZ
0 +0027
+0. 015 +0026
+0. 032 +0. 026
+0. 034 +0. 018
0 t o013
+0. 009 +0. 014
+0. 023 +0. 017
+0. 029 +0014
0 - 0. 005
+0. 002 - 0. 002
+o.o1f3 +0. 005
+0. 022 +0008
0 - 0. 018
- 0. 003 - 0. 012
+0011 - 0. 003
+0. 018 +0. 004
0 - 0033
- 0. 007 - 0. 024
+o 005 - 0. 012
+0013 0
0 - 0. 052
- 0. 011 - 0 039
0 - 0. 022
+0. 008 - 0006
0 - 0074
- 0. 015 - 0. 056
- 0005 - 0. 034
t o003 - 0. 014
0 - 0 098
- 0. 020 - 0 079
- 0. 011 - 0. 051
- 0. 002 - 0. 025
0 - 0. 126
- 0. 024 - 0105
- 0. 016 - 0. 073
- 0. 007 - 0. 040
I =0
M, M,
c/ a
-
3. 00
2. 50
R
Moment q Coef. x wa3
1. 25
0 +0. 070 0 +0. 027
+0. 028 +0. 061 +0. 015 +0. 028
+0. 049 +0. 049 +0. 032 +0026
+0. 046 +0. 030 +0. 034 +0. 018
0 - 0196
- 0. 034 - 0170
- 0. 027 - 0137
- 0. 017 - 0087
0 +0. 073 0 +0033 0 - 0. 169
+0. 028 +0. 063 +0. 016 +0033 - 0030 - 0. 151
+0. 049 +0. 050 +0. 033 +o 029 - 0. 025 - 0. 126
+0. 046 +0. 030 +0. 037 +0. 020 - 0. 017 - 0. 084
0 +0. 075 0 +o 039 0 - 0. 146
+0. 029 +0. 065 +0. 017 +0. 036 - 0. 027 - 0133
+0. 050 f 0. 051 +0. 035 +0. 032 - 0. 023 - 0. 113
+0. 046 +0. 031 +0. 037 +0. 021 - 0016 - 0078
0 +0. 076 0 +0041 0 - 0. 137
+0. 029 +0065 +0. 018 +0038 - 0025 - 0. 125
+0. 050 +0. 052 +0036 +0033 - 0. 021 - 0. 106
+0. 046 +0. 031 +0037 +0. 021 - 0. 015 - 0074
0 +0. 077 0 +0. 043 0 - 0. 129
+0. 030 +0. 066 +0. 018 +0. 039 - 0. 024 - 0. 118
+0050 +0. 053 +0. 037 +0. 034 - 0. 020 - 0. 100
+0. 046 +0031 +0. 038 +0. 022 - 0. 014 - 0. 070
0 +0. 078 0 +0. 045 0 - 0. 122
+0. 030 +0. 067 +0. 019 +0. 041 - 0022 - 0111
+0. 050 +0. 054 +0. 038 +0. 035 - 0. 019 - 0 095
+0. 047 +0. 032 +0. 038 +0. 023 - 0. 014 - 0. 068
0 +0. 079 0 +0. 047 0 - 0118
+0. 030 +0067 +0. 020 +0. 043 - 0. 021 - 0105
+0. 051 +0054 +0. 038 +0. 036 - 0. 018 - 0. 090
+0. 047 +0032 +0. 038 +0. 023 - 0. 013 - 0. 065
0 +o 079 0 +0. 047 0
+0. 029 +0. 066 +0. 020 +0. 042 - 0. 021
+0. 051 +0. 053 +0. 037 +0. 036 - 0. 018
+0. 047 +0. 031 +0. 037 +0. 022 - 0. 013
0 +0. 078 0 +0. 047 0
+0. 029 +0. 065 +0. 019 +0. 042 - 0. 023
+0. 050 +0. 053 +0. 035 +0. 035 - 0. 019
+0. 046 +0. 031 +0. 036 +0. 021 - 0. 014
- 0. 120
- 0107
- 0 090
- 0066
- 0. 130
- 0. 115
- 0. 095
- 0. 068
0 +0. 070
+0028 +0061
+o 049 t o. 049
+0046 +0030
0 +0057
+0022 +0050
+0041 +0043
+0040 +0027
0 +0031
+0. 013 +0. 032
10030 +o 029
+0034 +0020
0 +0014
+0. 007 +0. 018
+0. 023 +0. 020
+0. 027 +0015
0 - 0. 006
+0. 002 +0. 004
+0. 015 +0. 010
+0021 +0. 010
0 - 0. 031
- 0. 004 - 0. 018
+0. 008 - 0. 005
+0. 016 +0. 001
0 - 0. 060
- 0. 010 - 0. 042
+0001 - 0. 022
+0. 009 - 0. 009
0 - 0. 092
- 0. 016 - 0. 070
- 0. 006 - 0045
+0. 003 - 0024
0
- 0. 022
- 0. 013
- 0. 004
- 0123
- 0101
b/a = 2.5
c/a
y = b/4 y =b/2 z=o z = cl 4
4 M*
0 +0. 019
+0010 +0. 022
+0025 +0. 022
+0. 030 +0. 016
0 +0. 003
+0005 +0. 006
+0. 018 +0. 011
+0023 +0. 011
0 - 0. 006
+0. 001 - 0002
+0. 013 +0004
+0019 +0. 008
0 - 0018
- 0. 003 - 0. 012
+0. 008 - 0. 002
t oo15 +0004
0 - 0. 030
- 0. 006 - 0. 024
+0. 003 - 0012
+0011 - 0002
0 - 0. 045
- 0010 - 0. 036
- 0. 003 - 0. 021
+0. 006 - 0. 008
0 - 0062
- 0014 - 0053
- 0. 008 - 0. 035
+0. 002 - 0016
0 - 0. 081
- 0. 019 - 0. 072
- 0. 014 - 0. 056
- 0. 003 - 0030
MX MY 4 MY M MZ
0 +0.0.!31 0 co. 019
+0. 024 +0. 053 +0010 +0. 022
+0042 +0. 044 +0025 +0. 022
+0. 041 t o. 027 +0. 030 +0016
0 - 3138
- 0. 026 - 0132
- 0023 - 0. 115
- 0. 016 - 0. 078
0 +0065 0 +0. 026 0 - 0. 118
+0. 025 +0. 055 +0. 012 t o. 027 - 0. 023 - 0. 113
+0. 043 +0. 046 i O. 028 +0. 025 - 0. 020 - 0. 102
+0042 +0. 028 +0. 031 +0. 018 - 0014 - 0. 070
0 .-.,7 0 +0. 030 0 - 0. 108
+0. 025 +0. 057 +0. 013 +0. 030 - 0. 021 - 0. 104
+0. 044 +0. 047 +0. 029 +0. 027 - 0. 019 - 0. 096
+0043 +0. 028 +0. 033 +0. 019 - 0013 - 0. 066
0 t o. 068 0 +0033 0 - 0100
+0. 026 +0. 058 +0. 014 +0032 - 0. 019 - 0. 097
+0. 045 +0047 +0. 030 +0. 029 - 0. 018 - 0. 089
+0043 +0. 029 +0. 034 +0. 019 - 0. 013 - 0. 063
0 +0 069 0 +0035 0 - 0. 092
+0. 026 +0. 059 +0. 015 +0034 - 0. 018 - 0. 089
+0. 045 +0. 048 +0. 031 +0031 - 0. 016 - 0. 082
+0. 044 +0. 029 +0. 034 +0. 020 - 0012 - 0 059
0 +0. 070 0 +0037 0 - 0087
+0. 026 +0. 060 +0. 015 +0036 - 0. 017 - 0. 083
+0. 046 +0. 048 +0. 031 +0. 032 - 0. 015 - 0077
+0. 044 +0. 029 +0. 033 +0021 - 0. 011 - 0056
0 +0. 070 0 +0. 038 0 - 0082
+0. 025 +0. 060 t o. 015 +0. 037 - 0. 016 - 0. 078
+0. 045 +0. 047 +0. 030 +0. 032 - 0. 014 - 0071
+0043 +0. 029 +0. 033 +0. 020 - 0. 011 - 0. 054
0 +0. 069 0 +0. 039 0 - 0080
+0. 025 +0. 059 +0. 014 +0. 038 - 0. 015 - 0075
+0. 044 +0. 046 +0028 +0. 032 - 0. 014 - 0. 068
+0. 042 +0. 028 +0. 032 +0. 019 - 0. 010 - 0. 052
0 +0. 061
+0. 024 +0053
+0042 +0. 044
+0. 041 +0027
0 +0. 038
+0. 015 +0. 037
+0. 032 +0. 033
+0034 +0. 022
0 +0025
+0010 +0026
t o. 025 +0025
+0. 029 +0. 019
0 +0. 008
+0004 +0013
+0017 +0. 017
+0024 +0015
0 - 0010
- 0. 002 - 0. 003
+0. 008 +0. 007
+0. 018 +0008
0 - 0032
- 0. 008 - 0021
- 0. 001 - 0008
+0011 0
0 - 0. 055
- 0. 014 - 0. 042
- 0. 009 - 0. 025
+o 005 - 0. 011
0 - 0. 080
- 0019 - 0. 068
- 0017 - 0. 048
- 0002 - 0. 026
2. 50
1. 25
4
\
- 0071
- 0042
t
y =o y =b/4
M, MY M, M,
0 +0. 045 0 +0. 011
+0016 +0. 042 +0. 006 +0. 014
+0033 +0. 036 +o. ozo +0. 016
+0. 036 +0. 024 +0. 025 +0. 014
0 +0048 0 +0. 015
+0. 017 +0. 044 +0. 007 +0. 017
+0. 034 +0. 038 +0. 021 +0019
+0036 +0. 024 +0. 025 +0. 015
0 +0. 050 0 +0019
+0018 +0. 046 +o. ooa +0. 021
+0. 035 +0. 039 +0. 022 +0. 021
+0. 036 +0. 025 +0. 026 +0. 016
0 +0. 052 0 +0023
+0019 +0. 048 a009 +0. 024
+0036 +0. 041 +0. 023 +0. 023
+0037 +0. 025 +0. 026 +0. 017
0 +0054 0 +0. 027
+0. 019 +0. 050 +0. 010 +0. 027
+0. 037 +0. 042 +0. 024 +0. 025
t o. 037 +0. 026 +0. 027 +0. 018
0 +0. 055 0 +0. 030
+0. 018 +0. 051 +0. 011 +0. 029
+0. 038 +0. 043 +0. 025 +0026
+0. 037 +0. 026 +0. 027 +0. 018
0 +0054 0 +0. 030
+0. 018 +0. 052 +0. 011 +0. 029
+0. 038 +0. 044 +0. 025 +0. 025
+0037 +0. 026 +0. 026 +0. 017
= 2. 0
c a
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
1. 25
100
075
0. 50
z = cl 4 y =b/2
M, MY
- 0091 0
- 0. 019
- 0. 018
- 0. 013
- 0. 094
- 0. 089
- 0. 065
z=o
4 4
t o011 0
+0. 006
+0020
+0025
+0. 014
+0016
t o014
M, MZ
0 co. 045
0
- 0. 017
- 0. 017
- 0. 012
0
- 0015
- 0. 015
- 0. 012
0
- 0. 014
- 0. 014
- 0. 011
0
- 0. 012
- 0. 013
- 0. 010
0
- 0. 012
- 0. 012
- 0. 010
0
- 0. 014
- 0. 013
- 0. 010
- 0. 081 0 - 0001
- 0. 085 +0. 003 +0006
- 0. 083 +0. 015 +0011
- 0061 +0. 020 +0012
- 0072 0 - 0. 010
- 0077 0 - 0002
- 0. 076 +o 009 +0004
- 0. 058 +0. 016 +0. 008
- 0064 0 - 0021
- 0. 068 - 0. 002 - 0. 013
- 0. 069 +0. 005 - 0004
- 0054 +0. 011 +0. 002
- 0. 058 0 - 0037
- 0. 062 - 0. 005 - 0025
- 0. 064 0 - 0. 015
- 0051 +0006 - 0006
- 0. 058
- 0. 062
- 0. 062
- 0. 049
- 0 049
- 0040
- 0 029
- 0. 015
- 0. 065
- 0068
- 0064
- 0. 050
0
- 0. 009
- 0. 005
+o. ooz
0
- 0012
- 0010
- 0. 003
- 0. 064
- 0056
- 0. 045
- 0026
+0. 016 +0. 042
+0. 033 +0. 036
+0. 036 +0024
0 ~0032
+0. 012 co. 032
+0. 027 +0. 029
10. 031 +0021
0 +0. 018
t o. 007 ' 0020
+0. 020 co. 022
+0. 025 10017
0 0
+0. 001 ' 0005
+0011 +0012
+0016 +0. 011
0 - 0. 023
- 0. 005 - 0. 013
+0. 001 0
+0. 008 t o. 004
0 - 0. 044
- 0010 - 0031
- 0. 007 - 0. 015
+0. 001 - 0. 004
0 - 0061
- 0014 - 0051
- 0. 012 - 0034
- 0. 004 - 0. 018
I I =1. 5
y =b/4 y =b/2
4 M Y 4 MY
0 +0. 005 0 - 0. 052
+0. 003 +0. 008 - 0. 012 - 0. 059
+0. 012 +0. 011 - 0. 013 - 0. 063
+0. 017 +0011 - 0. 010 - 0. 052
0 +0. 008 0 - 0. 045
+0. 005 +0. 012 - 0010 - 0. 050
+0. 014 +0. 014 - 0. 011 - 0. 056
+0. 018 +0. 012 - 0. 010 - 0. 048
0 +0013 0 - 0. 038
+0. 006 +0. 016 - 0008 - 0. 042
+0. 015 +0. 017 - 0. 010 - 0. 049
t o. 019 +0. 014 - 0. 009 - 0. 045
0 +0. 016 0 - 0. 034
+0. 007 +0. 018 - 0. 008 - 0. 038
+0. 016 +0. 019 - 0. 008 - 0. 042
+0. 019 +0. 015 - 0. 008 - 0. 041
0 +0. 017 0 - 0. 036
+0. 007 +0. 019 - 0. 008 - 0040
+0. 017 +0. 020 - 0. 009 - 0. 044
+0. 018 +0. 016 - 0. 008 - 0. 040
1. 50
w/a
* = c/ 4 z=o
M" 4 MX MZ
0 +0005 0 co. 027
+0003 +0. 008 +0. 009 +0028
+0. 012 +0. 011 +0. 022 t o. 027
+0. 017 +0. 011 +0. 027 t o. 020
0 - 0005 0 coo11
+0. 001 - 0. 001 +0. 004 +0015
+0007 +0006 +0. 014 +0. 020
60. 013 +0006 +0. 018 10016
0 - 0. 016 0 - 0. 006
- 0. 002 - 0010 - 0001 +0. 001
+0. 002 - 0. 003 +0006 +0010
+0. 008 +0. 002 +o 009 +0. 010
0 - 0024 0 - 0. 019
- 0. 005 - 0. 020 - 0. 004 - 0013
- 0. 002 - 0. 014 - 0. 001 - 0. 004
+0. 003 - 0. 007 +0. 002 +0001
0 - 0030 0 - 0. 028
- 0. 008 - 0031 - 0. 007 - 0. 027
- 0. 006 - 0. 027 - 0. 006 - 0020
- 0. 002 - 0018 - 0. 004 - 0010
y - o
M. M
I
0 +0. 027
+0. 009 +0. 028
+0. 022 +0. 027
+0. 027 +0. 020
0 +0. 031
+0. 010 +0. 031
+0. 024 +0. 030
+0. 027 +0. 021
0 +0. 035
+0. 011 +0. 034
+0. 025 +0. 032
+0. 028 +0. 022
0 +0. 038
+0. 011 +0. 036
+0. 025 +0. 033
+0028 +0. 022
0 +0. 040
+0. 010 +0. 037
+0. 024 +0. 034
+0. 028 +0. 022
125
b/a = 1.0
c/a x/a
y - o Y =b/ 4 Y =b/ 2 z = c/ 4 z=o
M Mb M M M M,
0 +0. 010 0 +0. 002 0 - 0. 019 0 +0. 002
+0. 002 +0. 013 0 +0. 003 - 0. 005 - 0. 025 0 +0. 003
+0. 010 +0. 017 +0. 005 +0006 - 0. 007 - 0036 +0. 005 +0006
+0015 +0. 015 +0. 009 +0. 007 - 0. 007 - 0036 +0. 009 +0. 007
MX MZ
0 +0. 010
+0002 f 0. 013
+0. 010 +0017
+0. 015 +0. 015
0 +0. 016 0 +o.oc)7 0 - 0. 013 0 - 0. 004 0 +0. 003
+0. 003 +0. 017 +0. 001 +0. 008 - 0. 004 - 0. 020 - 0. 001 - 0. 005 - 0. 001 +0. 003
+0. 011 +0. 020 +0. 006 +0. 009 - 0. 007 - 0. 033 +0. 002 - 0. 001 +0. 005 +0. 007
+0. 016 +0. 014 +0. 009 +0. 009 - 0. 006 - 0. 032 +0. 004 +0. 002 +0. 009 f O008
0 +0. 020 0 +0. 011 0 - 0. 011 0 - 0. 007 0 - 0. 005
+0. 003 +0. 018 +0. 001 +0. 010 - 0. 004 - 0. 018 - 0002 - 0. 012 - 0. 003 - 0. 007
+0. 012 +0. 021 +0. 008 +0. 010 - 0. 006 - 0. 032 +0. 001 - 0. 009 +0. 002 - 0. 005
+0. 017 +0. 013 +0. 010 +0. 009 - 0. 006 - 0. 031 +0002 - 0. 005 +0. 006 +0. 001
5
Table 6. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Hinged at Top and Bottom
Moment = Coef. x wa3
b/a = 3.0
C/a
3. 00
2. 50
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
1. 25
1. 00
0. 75
0. 50
f
w/ a
y = o y = b/ 4 y = b/ 2 z = c/ 4 .?=O
MX MY Mx MY MX MI
+0. 035 +0. 010 +0. 026 +0011
+0. 057 +0. 016 +0. 044 +0. 017
+0. 051 +0. 013 +0. 041 +0014
+0. 035 +0. 010 +0. 026 +0. 011
+0057 +0. 016 +0. 044 +0. 017
+0. 051 +0. 013 +0. 041 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0. 010 +0. 026 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 016 +0045 +0. 017
t o. 051 +0013 +0. 042 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0010 +0027 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 045 +0017
+0051 +0013 +0. 042 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0. 010 +0. 027 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 045 +0. 017
+0. 051 +0. 013 +0. 042 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0010 +0027 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 046 +0. 017
+0. 051 +0. 013 +0. 042 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0. 010 +0. 027 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 046 +0. 017
+0. 051 +0013 +0. 043 +0. 014
+0. 035 +0. 010 +o. o2a +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 046 +0. 017
+0. 052 +0. 013 +0043 +0. 014
+0036 +0. 010 +0. 028 +0. 011
+0. 057 +0. 015 +0. 047 +0. 017
+0. 052 +0. 013 +0. 043 +0. 014
-0 008
- 0. 013
- 0011
- 0. 008
- 0. 012
- 0. 011
- 0. 008
- 0. 012
- 0011
- 0. 007
- 0. 012
- 0. 011
- 0. 007
- 0. 011
- 0. 010
- 0. 006
- 0. 011
- 0. 010
- 0. 006
- 0. 010
- 0. 009
- 0. 005
- 0. 008
- 0. 008
- 0. 004
- 0007
- 0. 007
-0 039
- 0. 063
- 0. 055
- 0. 039
- 0. 062
- 0055
- 0. 038
- 0. 062
- 0. 054
- 0037
- 0. 060
- 0053
- 0. 035
- 0. 057
- 0. 051
- 0. 032
- 0. 053
- 0. 048
- 0 029
- 0. 048
- 0. 044
- 0. 025
- 0. 042
- 0. 039
- 0. 021
- 0035
- 0. 033
+0026 +0. 011
10044 +0. 017
+0041 +0. 014
+0. 021 +0010
+0036 +0. 017
+0036 t o014
+0. 015 t o010
+0. 028 +0015
+0. 029 +0. 013
+0011 +0008
+0021 +0. 013
+0024 ' 0012
+0007 t o. 006
t o. 015 +0. 010
+0019 +0011
+0. 003 +0. 003
+0. 008 t o. 006
+0013 +0008
- 0001 0
t o. 002 +0002
+0. 007 +0. 004
- 0. 003 - 0005
- 0. 003 - 0005
+0. 002 - 0002
- 0004 - 0. 011
- 0007 - 0. 016
- 0. 004 - 0. 010
+0035 +0. 010
+0057 +0016
+0051 +0. 013
+0031 +0011
+0. 052 +0017
+0047 +0. 014
+0025 t o. 013
+0043 t o020
+0041 +0016
+0. 020 +0013
+0036 +0020
+0. 036 +0016
t o. 014 +0013
+0027 +0020
t o 029 t o. 017
+0008 +0011
10017 a017
+0. 021 +0. 016
t o002 +0. 008
+0. 007 +oc14
+0. 013 +0. 013
- 0002 +0. 001
- 0. 001 +0. 007
+0. 006 +0. 007
- 0. 005 - 0. 008
- 0. 006 - 0010
- 0001 - 0. 004
b/a = 2.5
c/a
2. 50
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
1. 25
100
0. 75
0. 50
y = b/ 2
4 M
- 0. 008 - 0. 038
- 0. 012 - 0. 062
- 0. 011 - 0. 055
- 0. 008 - 0. 038
- 0. 012 - 0. 061
- 0. 011 - 0. 054
- 0. 007 - 0. 037
- 0. 012 - 0. 059
- 0. 011 - 0. 053
- 0. 007 - 0. 035
- 0. 011 - 0057
- 0. 010 - 0. 051
- 0. 006 - 0. 032
- 0. 011 - 0. 053
- 0. 010 - 0. 048
- 0. 006 - 0028
- 0. 010 - 0048
- 0. 009 - 0044
- 0005 - 0. 024
- 0. 008 - 0041
- 0. 008 - 0. 039
- 0004 - 0. 021
- 0. 007 - 0035
- 0. 007 - 0034
z = c/ 4
M, MZ
+0. 021 +0010
+0036 +0017
co. 036 +0. 014
+0. 015 +o 009
+0. 028 +0015
+0. 029 +0. 013
+0011 +0. 008
+0. 022 +0. 013
+0. 024 +0. 012
+0. 007 +0. 006
+0. 015 +0. 010
+0019 +0. 010
+0003 +0. 004
+0. 008 +0. 007
+0. 014 +0. 008
- 0. 001 0
+0. 002 +0002
t o. 007 +a004
- 0003 - 0. 005
- 0. 003 - 0005
0 - 0002
- 0004 - 0. 011
- 0007 - 0016
- 0. 004 - 0. 010
z=o
4 MZ
+0. 031 +0. 011 +0. 021 +0. 010
+0. 052 +0. 017 +0. 036 t o. 017
+0. 047 +0. 015 +0. 036 +0. 014
+0. 031 +0. 011 +0. 021 +0. 010
+0. 052 +0. 017 +0. 036 t o. 017
+0. 047 +0. 015 +0. 036 +0. 014
+0. 032 +0. 011 +0. 021 +0. 010
+0. 052 +0. 018 +0. 036 +0. 017
+0. 047 +0. 015 +0. 036 +0. 014
+0. 032 +0. 011 +0. 022 +0. 010
t o. 052 +0. 018 +0. 037 +0. 017
+0. 047 +0. 015 +0036 +0. 014
+0. 032 +0. 011 +0. 022 +0010
+0. 052 +0. 018 +0. 038 +0. 017
+0. 048 +0. 015 +0. 037 +0. 014
+0. 032 +0. 011 +0. 023 +0. 011
+0. 053 +0. 018 +0038 +0. 017
+0. 048 +0. 015 +0. 038 +0. 015
+0. 033 +0. 011 +0024 co. 011
+0. 054 +0. 018 +0. 039 +0. 017
+0. 049 +0. 015 +0. 038 +0. 015
+0. 033 +0. 012 +0. 024 +0. 011
+0. 054 +0. 018 +0040 +0. 017
+0. 049 +0. 015 +o 039 t o015
+0031 +0. 011
+0. 052 +0. 017
+0. 047 +0. 015
+0025 +0. 012
+0042 +0. 020
+0. 041 +0. 016
+0. 020 +0. 012
+0035 +0021
+0. 035 +0. 017
' 0. 014 +0013
+0. 027 +0. 021
+0. 029 +0. 017
+0. 007 +0. 012
co. 018 +0019
+0022 t o. 018
+0. 002 +0. 008
t o007 +0014
+0013 +0013
- 0. 002 - 0. 002
0 +0005
10006 +0006
- 0. 005 - 0. 008
- 0. 006 - 0010
- 0. 001 - 0004
6
b/a = 2.0
l-
y - o y = b/ 4 y = b/ 2
Mx
4 Mx
4 4 MY
+0. 025 +0. 013 +0. 015 +0. 009 - 0007 - 0. 037
+0. 042 +0. 020 +0. 028 +0. 015 - 0012 - 0. 059
+0. 040 +0. 016 +0. 029 +0. 013 - 0. 011 - 0. 053
+0. 025 +0. 013 +0. 015 +0. 009 - 0. 007 - 0. 036
+0. 042 +o. ozo +0. 028 +0. 015 - 0. 012 - 0. 058
+0. 040 +0. 016 +0. 029 +0. 013 - 0. 010 - 0052
+0. 025 +0. 013 +0. 016 +0. 009 - 0. 007 - 0034
+0. 043 +0. 020 +0. 028 +0. 015 - 0. 011 - 0. 056
+0. 041 +0. 016 +0. 029 +0. 013 - 0. 010 - 0. 050
+0. 0?6 +0. 013 +0. 016 +0. 010 - 0. 006 - 0. 032
+0. 043 +0. 020 +0. 029 +0. 015 - 0. 010 - 0052
+0. 041 +0. 016 +0. 030 +0. 013 - 0. 010 - 0. 048
+0. 026 +0. 013 +0. 017 +0. 010 - 0. 006 - 0. 028
+0. 044 +0. 020 +0. 030 +0. 016 - 0. 009 - 0. 046
+0. 041 +0. 016 +0. 031 +0. 014 - 0. 009 - 0. 044
+0. 027 +0. 013 +0. 018 +0. 010 - 0. 005 - 0. 024
+0. 045 +0. 020 +0031 +0. 016 - 0. 008 - 0. 040
+0. 042 +0. 016 +0. 032 +0. 014 - 0. 008 - 0. 041
+0. 027 +0. 013 +0. 019 +0. 010 - 0. 004 - 0. 021
+0. 046 +0. 020 +0. 033 +0. 017 - 0. 007 - 0. 034
+0. 042 +0. 016 +0. 032 +0. 015 - 0. 007 - 0. 037
- -
c/ a
z=o
M, Mz
+0. 025 +0. 013
+0. 042 +0020
+0. 040 +0. 016
+0. 020 +0. 013
+0. 035 +0. 021
+0. 035 +0. 017
+0. 014 +0. 013
+0027 +0. 021
+0. 029 +0. 017
+0. 007 +0. 011
+0. 018 +0. 019
+0. 021 +0. 016
+0. 002 +0. 008
+0. 007 +0. 014
+0. 013 +0. 013
- 0. 001 +o. m2
0 +0. 005
t o. 005 t o. 008
- 0. 004 - 0. 007
- 0. 006 - 0. 009
- 0. 002 - 0. 003
z = cl 4
4 4
t o015 +0. 009
+0028 +0. 015
+0. 029 +0013
+0. 011 +0. 008
+0. 022 +0. 013
+0. 024 +0012
+0. 007 +0. 006
+0. 015 +0. 011
+0. 019 +0010
+0. 003 +0003
+0. 008 +0007
+0. 013 +0008
- 0. 001 0
+0. 002 +0. 002
+0. 007 +0. 004
- 0. 003 - 0. 004
- 0002 - 0004
+0. 002 - 0002
- 0. 004 - 0010
- 0. 006 - 0015
- 0. 003 - 0010
2. 00
1. 75
1. 50
125
1. 00
0. 75
0. 50
1
b/a = 1.5
c/ a
z=o
4 4
+0. 015 +0. 013
+0. 028 +0. 021
+0. 030 +0. 017
+0. 009 +0. 012
+0. 018 +0. 019
+0023 +0. 016
+0. 003 +0008
+0. 008 +0014
+0. 014 +0. 014
- 0. 001 t o. 002
+0. 001 +0. 005
+0. 006 +0. 008
- 0004 - 0006
- 0. 005 - 0007
- 0. 001 - 0001
z = c/ 4
4 MZ
+0008 +0. 007
+0. 016 +0. 011
+0. 020 +0. 011
+0. 004 +0. 004
+0. 009 +0008
+0. 014 +o 009
0 +0. 001
t o. 003 +0. 003
+0008 +0. 005
- 0002 - 0. 003
- 0. 002 - 0. 004
+0. 002 0
- 0. 003 - 0 009
- 0. 006 - 0. 014
- 0003 - 0. 008
y = b/ 4 y = b/ 2
4 MY 4 MY
+0. 008 +0. 007 - 0. 006 - 0. 032
+0. 016 +0. 011 - 0. 010 - 0. 052
+0. 020 +0. 011 - 0. 010 - 0. 048
+0. 009 +0. 008 - 0. 006 - 0. 029
+0. 017 t o. 012 - 0. 010 - 0. 049
+0. 020 +0. 012 - 0. 009 - 0. 045
+0. 010 +0. 009 - 0005 - 0. 025
+0. 019 +0. 012 - 0. 009 - 0. 043
+0. 021 +0. 013 - 0. 008 - 0. 041
+0. 011 +0. 010 - 0. 004 - 0. 021
+0. 021 +0. 014 - 0. 007 - 0036
+0. 022 +0. 014 - 0. 007 - 0. 036
+0. 013 +0. 012 - 0. 003 - 0. 017
+0. 023 +0. 018 - 0. 006 - 0. 031
+0. 024 +0. 016 - 0. 007 - 0. 033
y - o
4 MY
+0015 +0013
+0. 028 +0. 021
+0. 030 +0. 017
+0. 016 +0. 013
+0. 029 +0. 021
+0. 030 +0. 017
+0. 016 +0. 013
+0. 030 +0. 021
t o. 031 t o. 017
+0. 018 +0. 014
+0. 032 +0. 022
+0. 032 +0. 018
+0. 020 +0. 016
+0035 +0. 024
+0034 +0. 020
150
125
b/a = 1.0
y = b/ 2 I = c/ 4 z=o
c/ a
M.x 4
+0. 005 +0. 009
+0. 011 +0. 016
+0. 016 +0. 015
+0. 001 +0. 005
+0. 005 +o 009
+0. 008 +0010
- 0. 003 - 0. 002
- 0. 003 - 0. 002
0 +0. 001
y =o y = b/ 4
4 M
4 MY
+0. 005 +0. 009 +0. 002 +0. 003
+0. 011 +0. 016 +0. 006 +0. 006
+0016 +0. 015 +0. 009 +0. 007
+0. 006 +0010 +0. 003 +0. 004
+0. 013 +0. 017 +0. 008 +0. 008
+0. 017 +0016 +0. 010 +0. 008
t o. 007 +0. 011 +0. 005 +0. 006
+0. 015 +0018 +0. 010 +0. 010
+0. 018 +0. 016 +0. 012 +0. 010
M. M M M,
+0. 002 +0. 003
+0. 006 +0. 006
+0. 009 +0. 007
- 0.004 - 0. 020
- 0. 007 - 0. 035
- 0. 007 - 0. 035
- 0003 - 0. 016
- 0. 006 - 0. 029
- 0. 006 - 0. 031
- 0. 002 - 0. 010
- 0. 004 - 0. 021
- 0. 005 - 0. 026
0 0
+0. 001 +0. 001
+0. 004 +0. 003
- 0. 002 - 0. 005
- 0. 003 - 0. 007
- 0. 001 - 0. 004
7
In this manner, moment coefficients were computed
and are tabulated in Tables 5 and 6 for top and bottom
edge conditions as shown for single-cell tanks with a
large number of ratios of b/ a and c/a, b being the larger
and c the smaller of.the horizontal tank dimensions. Mo-
ments in vertical and horizontal directions equal the
coefficients times wa3, in which w is the weight of the
liquid. Note that the loading term is wa3 for all wall slabs
subject to hydrostatic pressure but is wa2 for the floor
slab in Table 4, which has uniformly distributed load. In
the first case, w is weight per cubic foot, but in the latter
it is weight per square foot.
There is a peculiarity about the horizontal end mo-
ments in the slabs at the free top edge. Calculations of
such moments by means of the trigonometric series
used result in a value of zero, whereas these moments
actually have finite values and may even be compara-
tively large. Horizontal end moments at the free edge
were therefore established by extrapolation. The con-
sistency of extrapolated moment coefficients was
checked by plotting and studying curves. This gave
reasonably good results, although coefficients thus
determined are probably not quite as accurate as the
coefficients that were computed. A condition prevails at
the quarter point of the free edge, similar to that at the
end point but to a lesser degree. At the midpoint of the
free edge the coefficients were computed, extrapolation
being used only for checking purposes.
When a tank is built underground, the walls must be
investigated for both internal and external pressure. The
latter may be due to earth pressure or to a combination
of earth and groundwater pressure. Tables and other
data presented can be applied in the case of pressure
from either side but the signs are opposite. In the case
of external pressure, actual load distribution may not
necessarily be triangular as assumed in the tables.
Consider for illustration a tank built below ground with
earth covering the roof slab and causing a trapezoidal
distribution of lateral earth pressure on the walls. In this
case it gives a fairly good approximation to substitute a
triangle with the same area as the trapezoid represent-
ing the actual load distribution. The intensity of load is
the same at middepth in both cases and when the wall
is supported at both top and bottom edges, the discrep-
ancy between triangle and trapezoid has relatively little
effect at and near the supported edges
Shear Coefficients
Shear values along the edges of a tank wall are needed
for investigation of shear and development stresses.
Along vertical edges, shear in one wall is also used as
axial tension in the adjacent wall and must be combined
with bending moment to determine tensile reinforce-
ment.
Various data for shear were computed and are given
in Table 7. The wall is considered fixed at the two verti-
cal edges while top and bottom edges are assumed to
be hinged. The wall panel with width b and height a is
subject to hydrostatic pressure due to a liquid weighing
w lb per cubic foot.
The first five lines in Table 7 are shears per linear foot
in terms of wa*. The remaining four lines are total shears
in kips or pounds depending on how w is given. Shears
per linear foot are for ratios of b/ a = %, 1,2, and infinity.
The difference between the shear for b/ a = 2 and infinity
is so small that there is no necessity for computing co-
efficients for intermediate values.
When b/ a is large, a vertical strip of the slab near mid-
point of the b dimension will behave essentially as a
0. 50waz, of which two-thirds or 0. 33wa2
is the reaction at the bottom support and one-third or
0.17wa2 is the reaction at the top. Note in Table 7 that
shear at midpoint of the bottom edge is 0. 3290waz for
b/ a = 2.0, the coefficient being very close to that of one-
third for infinity. In other words, maximum bottom shear
is practically constant for all values of b/ a greater than
Table 7. Shear at Edges of Slabs Hinged at Top and Bottom
bl a h 1 2 5 10 lnfmtty
Midpoint of bottom edge +o 1407wa +o 2419we
Corner at bottom edge - 0 2575wa -0 4397wa
M,dpo,t of flxed side edge +o 1260wa +O 2562wa
Lower third-pant of side edge *o 173&v@ +o 3113wa
Lower quarter-pant of side edge 0 1919wP +o 3153w.e
Total at top edge 0 OOOOwab 0 0052wab
Total at bottom edge 0 0460wa-b 0 0960wab
Total at one foxed side edge 0 2260wazb 0 1994wab
Total at all four edges 0 5000wab 0 5000waJb
Negatwe s,gn lndlcates reaction acts I darectlon of load
tEsbmated
+o 3290w.a
- 0 5633w.F
+0.3604waz
0 4023wa
0 3904w.3
0 0536w.+b 0 ,203~~b
0 1616wab 02715wab
0 1322wab 0 0541wa.b
0 5000wab 05000wa.b
+o 3333waz
-0 6000wa
0 3912w.a
+0 4116wa
0 39t30wa.
0 1435wab
0 3023wab
0 0271 wab
0 5000wab
0 1667wab
0 3333wa.b
0 275wav
0 5000wab
8
\a
simply supported one-way slab. Total pressure on a J
strip 1 ft wide is
2. As will be shown, this is correct only when the top
edge is supported, not when it is free.
At the corner, shear at the bottom edge is negative
and numerically greater than shear at midpoint. The
change from positive to negative shear occurs approxi-
mately at the outer tenth points of the bottom edge.
These high negative values at the corners arise be-
cause deformations in the planes of the supporting
slabs are neglected in the basic equations and are
therefore of only theoretical significance. These shears
can be disregarded in checking shear and development
stresses.
Unit shears at the fixed edge in Table 7 were used for
plotting the curves in Fig. 1. There is practically no
change in shear curves beyond b/a = 2.0. Maximum
value occurs at a depth below the top somewhere be-
tween 0.6a and 0.8a. Fig. 1 is useful for determination of
shear or axial tension for any ratio of b/a and at any
point of a fixed side edge.
Total shear from top to bottom of one fixed edge in
Table 7 must equal the area within the corresponding
curve in Fig. 1, and this relationship was used for check-
ing the curves Total shears computed and tabulated for
a hanged top were also used in making certain adjust-
ments to determine approximate values of shear for
walls with free too-recorded in Table 8.
For b/a = % in Table 7, total shear at the top edge is so
small as to be practically zero, and for b/a = 1 .O total
shear, 0.0052, is only 1% of total hydrostatic pressure,
0.5000. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that re-
moving the top support will not materially change total
shears at any of the other three edges when b/a =Y2 and
1. At b/a = 2.0, there is a substantial shear at the top
Loading term is omitted here.
9" 0. 3
g
i j a4
f
g 0. 5
%a6
p
B a7
1. 0
0
Fig. 1.
0. 1 0. 2 0. 3
Shear per lin. ft. = coef x wa2
Table 8. Shear at Edges of Slabs Free at Top
and Hinged at Bottom*
tJa 1 2 3
Mldpolnt of bottomedge 0 141wa: *o 242w.F 0 3awa7 0 45wet
Corner at bottom edge -0 258wa-$ -0 440-a. - 0 583~9 - 0 sowa
Top of flxed side edge 0 ooowa. 0 olowa *o 100wa -0 165wa-
Mldpomf of flxed side edge +O 128wa *O258wa .o375wa: 0 406WW
Lower third-wont of side edae *o 174ws *0311wa- *o 406W% *o 416w.F
Lower quarter-WI, of side edge 0 192-a- *o 315w.T *o 390wa ,O 398wa
Total at bottom edge 0 048wa b 0 096wa.b 0 204wa.b 0 286wa.b
Total at one faxed s,de edge 0 226wa b 0 202wa.b 0 148wa:b 0 107wa.b
Total al all four edges 0 500w.s. b 0 500wa-b 0 500wa. b 0 500~4 b
Data dewed by modlfymg values compufed for waifs hanged fop and boflom
tThls value could not be esflmated accurately beyond two decimal places
Wegat~ve s!gn lndlcates react~o acts I d,recfwn of load
edge when hinged, 0.0538, so that the sum of total
shears on the other three sides is only 0.4462. If the top
support is removed, the other three sides must carry a
total of 0.5000. A reasonable adjustment is to multiply
each of the three remaining total shears by 0.5000/
0.4462 = 1 .12, an increase of 12%. This was done in pre-
paring Table 8 for b/a = 2.0. A similar adjustment was
made for b/a = 3.0, where the increase is 22%.
Total shears recorded in Table 8 were used to deter-
mine unit shears also recorded in that table. Consider
for illustration the shear curves in Fig. 1 and imagine the
top is changed from hinged to free. As already stated, for
b/a = % and 1 it makes little difference in total shear-
the area within shear curves-whether the top is sup-
ported or not. Consequently, curves for b/a = % and 1
remain practically unchanged. They were transferred
almost without modification to Fig. 2, which covers the
case with top free. For b/a = 2 an adjustment was made.
A change in the support at the top has little effect upon
shear at the bottom of the fixed edge. Consequently, the
curves in Figs. 1 and 2 are nearly identical at the bottom.
Gradually, as the top is approached curves for the free
top deviate more and more from those for the hinged
top, as in Fig. 2. By trial, curve for b/a = 2 was so ad-
justed that its area equals the total shear for one fixed
edge for b/a = 2.0 in Table 8. A similar adjustment was
made for b/a = 3.0, which is the limit of moment coeffi-
cients given.
One point of interest stands out In a comparison of
Figs. 1 and 2. Whereas for b/a = 2.0 and 3.0 total shear
is increased 12% and 22%, respectively, when top is
free instead of hinged, maximum shear is increased but
slightly, 2%at most. The reason is that most of the in-
crease in shear is near the top where shears are rela-
tively small.
The same general procedure was applied, but not
illustrated, for adjustment of unit shear at midpoint of
bottom, but in this case the greatest change resulting
from making the top free is at midpoint where shear is
9
0
Fig. 2.
0.1 @.2 0.3
Shear per lin ft. - coef Y wa2
04
large for the hinged-top condition. For illustration, for
b/a = 3.0, unit shear at midpoint of the bottom is0.33wa2
with hinged top but 0.45wa2 with free top-an increase
of approximately one-third.
Shear data were computed for wall panels with fixed
vertical edges. They can be appli$d with satisfactory
results to any ordinary tank wall even if vertical edges
are not fully fixed.
Open-Top Single-Cell Tank
The tank in Fig. 3 has a clear height of a= 16 ft. Hori-
zontal inside dimensions are b = 40 ft and c = 20 ft. The
tops of the walls are considered free and the bottom
hinged. The tank contains water weighing 62.5 lb per
cubic foot.
Coefficients for moment and shear are selected from
tables or diagrams for b/a= 40/16 = 2.50 and c/a =
20/l 6 = 1.25. Moments are in foot-kips if coefficients
are multiplied by wa3/1000 = 62.5 x 163/1000 = 256;
and shears are in kips if coefficients are multiplied by
waz/lOOO = 62.5 x 16z/1000 = 16.
Moment coefficients taken from Table 5 for b/a=2.50
and c/a= 1 .25 are tabulated below. Coefficients for x =
a(bottom edge), being equal to zero, are omitted.
0 0 +0069 0 +0035 0 - 0. 092 0 - 0. 030
' A +0.026 GO59 +0015 +0034 - 0. 016 - 0. 089 - 0006 - 0. 024 - : 002 I:::;;
H +0.045 +0046 +0.031 +0.031 - 0. 016 - 0. 062 ' 0. 003 - 0. 012 +O.@X3 +OOO,
% +0.044 to.029 ' 0. 034 +0020 - 0. 012 - 0059 +001, - 0. 002 +o,o,i3 +0008
The largest moment occurs in the horizontal direc-
tion at the top of the corner common to both walls and
equals -0.092wa3 = -0.092 x 256 = -23.6 ft kips. The
negative sign simply indicates that tension is on the in-
10
Fig. 3.
side and need not be considered In subsequent calcu-
lations.
Maximum horizontal moment at midpoint of the longer
wall is +0.069wa3 = +0.069 x 256 = +17.7 ft kips. The
positive sign shows that tension is in the outside of the
wall. There is also some axial tenslon on this section
that can be taken equal to end shear at the top of the
shorter wall. For use in connection with Fig. 2, ratio of
b/a for the shorter wall is 20/ 16 = 1.25. Shear is 0.03wa2
= 0.03 x 16 =0.48 kips. The effect of axial tension is neg-
ligible in this case and the steel area can be determined
as for simple bending.
Horizontally at x = a/2, axial tension taken from Fig. 2
for b/a= 1.25 is equal to N = -0.30wa2 =-0.30 x 16 =
-4.80 kips per linear foot, which is not negligible. Mo-
ment is M= 0.048wa3 = 0.048 x 256 = 12.3 ft kips.
In the shorter wall, positive moments are all relatively
small. Maximum positive moment is vertical: 0.01 8wa3
x 256 = 4.6 ft kips.
Maximum Mx in the vertical strip at midpoint ot longer
0.045wa3 =0.045 x 256 = 11.5 ft klps.
Maximum shear at the bottom taken from Table 8 is
V= 0.42wa2 = 0.42 x 16 = 6.72 kips.
Closed Single-Cell Tank
The tank in this section differs from the preceding one
only in that the tops of the walls are considered hinged
rather than free. This condition exists when the tank is
covered by a concrete slab with dowels extending from
the wall into the slab without moment reinforcement
across the bearing surface.
Moment coefficients taken from Table 6 are given
below. All coefficients for x = 0 (top edge) and x = a (bot-
tom edge), being equal to zero, are omitted.
With a free top, maximum M, = +0.045wa3 and maxi-
mum My = -0.092wa3. With a hinged top, maximum n/l,
= +0.052wa3 and maximum My =-0.053wa3. It is to be
expected that a wall with hinged top will carry more load
vertically and less horizontally, but it is worth noting that
maximum coefficient for vertical moment is only 13%
A
= 0.018
,
panel is
less for wall with free top than with hinged top.
Another noteworthy point is that maximum M, coeffi-
cient at y = 0 is +0.069 for a free top but +0.018 for a
hinged top. Adding top support causes considerable
reduction in horizontal moments, especially at y = 0.
Maximum moment is -0.053~~1~ = -0.053 x 256 =
-13.6 ft kips.
Maximum moment in a vertical strip is M=0.052~~1~ =
0.052 x 256 = 13.3 ft kips. Axial compression (N) on the
section subject to this moment, and loads per linear foot
can be taken as follows:
8-ft-high wall: 8 x 1 .08 x 0.150 = 1.3 kips
12-in. top concrete slab: 0.150 x20/2 = 1.5 kips
3-ft fill on top of slab: 0.300 x 20/2 =3.0 kips
Live load on top of fill: 0.100 x 20/2 = 1
forN =
6.8 kips and to design tensile steel for N = 1 .3 + 1.5 = 2.8
kips, in which fill and live load are disregarded.
Top and Base Slabs
The closed single-cell tank is covered with a concrete
slab. Assume the slab is simply supported along all four
sides and has a live load of 100 psf and an earthfill
weighing 300 psf.
Estimating slab thickness as 12 in. gives a total design
load of 100 + 300 + 150 = 550 psf. From Table 4, for a
ratio of 40/20 = 2, select maximum coefficient of 0.100,
which gives maximum M=0.100wa2 F0.100 x 0.550 x
20.02 = 22.0 ft kips.
At the corners, a two-way slab tends to lift off the
supports; and if this tendency is prevented by doweling
slab to support, cracks may develop in the top of the
slab across its corners. Nominal top reinforcement
should therefore be supplied at the corners, say0.005bd
sq in. per foot in each direction. Length of these bars can
be taken as %a=l/4 x 20=5ft.
Assume the closed single-cell tank has a base slab of
reinforced concrete. Weight of base slab and liquid does
not create any bending or shearing stresses in concrete
provided the subsoil is uniformly well compacted. Weight
transferred to the base through the bottom of the wall is
Top slab: 0.550 x 22 x 42 = 510 kips
Walls: 16x0.162(2x41.1 +2~21,1)=320kips
830 ki ps
If the base slab extends 9 in. outside the walls, its area
is 43.7 x 23.7 = 1035 sq ft. The average load of w =
830,000/ 1035 = 800 psf is used for design of the base
slab just as w = 550 psf was used for design of the top
slab.
Total average load on the subsoil is 16 x 62.5 + 800 +
weight of base slab, say 1000 + 800 + 200 = 2000 psf,
which the subsoil must be able to carry.
If there is an appreciable upward hydrostatic pressure
on the base slab, the slab should also be investigated for
this pressure when the tank is considered empty.
\ -
ProportIons of tank being deslgned are such that for determlning
axial compression In sde walls, all the top load may be considered
carned the short way
Multicell Tank
Multicell tanks do not lend themselves readily to mathe-
matically accurate stress analysis It is possible, how-
ever, with the tables presented here for single-cell tanks
and for individual wall panels with fixed vertical edges to
estimate moment coefficients for symmetrical multicell
tanks with sufficient accuracy for design purposes. While
results obtained by the following procedure are approxi-
mate and should therefore be considered as a guide to
engineering judgment, the procedure does give a con-
servative design.
Because a rotation of one corner has comparatively
little effect on moments at adjacent corners in atankwith
wall panels supported on three or four sides, moments in
the walls of a multicell tank are essentially the same as
in single-cell tanks-except at corners where more than
two walls intersect. Moment coefficients from Tables 5
and 6, designated as L coefficients, apply to outer or L-
shaped corners of multicell tanks (see Fig. 4a) as well as
to interior sections in all walls, that is, sections desig-
nated as y = b/4, y = 0, z = c/4, and z = 0. Moment coeffi-
cients for design sections at corners where more than
two panels intersect depend on the loading condition
producing maximum moment and on the number of inter-
secting walls.
In Fig. 4b, three walls form a T-shaped unit. If the con-
tinuous wall, or top of the T, is part of the long sides of
two adjacent rectangular cells, the moment in the con-
tinous wall at the intersection is maximum when both
cells are filled. The intersection is then fixed and mo-
ment coefficients, designated as F coefficients, can be
taken from Tables 1, 2, or 3, depending on edge condi-
tions at top and bottom. These three tables cover panels
with fixed side edges. If the continuous wall is part of the
short sides of two adjacent rectangular cells, moment
at one side of the intersection is maximum, when the cell
on that side is filled while the other cell is empty. Like-
wise the end moment in the center wall is maximum
when only one cell is filled. For this loading condition the
magnitude of moment will be somewhere between theL
coefficients and the F coefficients. If the unloaded third
wall of the unit is disregarded, or its stiffness considered
negligible, moments in the loaded walls would be the
same as in Fig. 4a, that is, the L coefficients apply. If the
third wall is assumed to have infinite stiffness, the corner
is fixed and the f coefficients apply. The intermediate
value representing more nearly the true condition can
be obtained by the formula:
End moments = L -nG2(i -F)
(4 b)
Fig. 4.
4
11
.O kips
6.8 kips
t
It is conservative to check compressive stress
in which n denotes number of adjacent unloaded walls.
This formula checks for n equal to zero and infinity. In an
L-shaped unit n equals 0 and the end moments equal
L - O(L - F) = L. Inserting n equal to infinity will give
nl(n + 2) = 1 and the end moments equal L - 1 (L - F) = f,
which also checks.
In Fig. 4c, two continuous walls form a cross. If inter-
secting walls are the walls of square cells, moments at
the intersection are maximum when any two cells are
filled and the F coefficients in Tables 1,2, or 3 apply be-
cause there is no rotation of the joint. If the cells are rec-
tangular, moments in the longer of the intersecting walls
will be maximum when two cells on the same sideof the
wall under consideration are filled, and again the F coef-
ficients apply. Maximum moments in the shorter walls
adjacent to the intersection occur when diagonally
opposite cells are filled, and for this condition the L coef-
ficients apply.
Fig. 5 shows moment coefficients at wall intersec-
itions in two- and four-cell tanks. Where coefficients are
not shown, L coefficients of Tables 5 and 6 apply.
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
The tank in Fig. 6 consists of two adjacent cells, each
with the same inside dimensions as the open-top single-
cell tank and the closed single-cell tank. The top is con-
sidered free.
In accordance with the types of units in Fig. 4, the tank
consists of four L-shaped and two T-shaped units. L co-
eff icients from Table 5 for b/ a = 2.50 and c/a = 1.25, and
F coefficients from Table 2, for b/a = 2.50 and 1.25, are
tabulated as follows:
Long outer walls
L = coeffuents fromTable 5 for
bla=2.50 and cla = 1.25
x/ a
y =b/ 2
I
y =b/ 4
I
y =o
M Mv M. Mv Mx Mv
0 I 0 -0.092 I 0 +0035 I 0 to.069
%
I
- 0018 -0.089 to.015 to.034 +0.026 +0.059
h -0016 -0082 to031 to.031 +0.045 +o.o4a
% -0.012 -0 059 +0034 +0.020 I +0.044 +0.029
Short outer walls
L=coefficients fromTable 5 for I F =Tca~fetTfz I
bla =2.50 and c/a = 125 b/a =1 25
L .L&
.? = c/2 L =Cl4 z=o
3
x/a
.? =c/2
Mx Ml 4 Mz MN Mz M.Y M, 4 MZ
0 0 -0.092 0 -0.030 0 -0.010 0 -0034 0 -0.073
% -0.018 -0.089 -0.006 -0024
I
-0002 -0.003 -0.008 -0.042 -0.015 -0.073
h -0016 -0.082 +0.003 -0.012 0.008 +0.007 -0.010 -0.049 -0.014 -0.071
% -0.012 -0.059 +0.011 -0.002 +0.018 +0.008 -0.009 -0044 -0.011 -0.054
Center wall
F =coef from
L =coefficients fromTable 5 for Table 2 for
bla =2.50 and c/a = 1.25 bla = 2.50
L L-F
XIB
y =o y =b/ 4 y = b/2 y =b/ 2
3
4 MY 4 MY MI MY 4 MY 4 MY
0 0 +0.069 0 +0.035 0 -0.092 0 -0.138 0 -0.107
74 +0.026 to.059 to.015 to.034 -0.018 -0.089 -0.026 -0.132 -0.021 -0.103
h +0.045 +0.048 io.031 +0.031 -0.016 -0.082 -0.023 -0.115 -0.018 -0.093
% +0.044 +0.029 +0034 +0.020 -0.012 -0.059 -0016 -0.078 -0.013 -0.065
VLLg
Fig. 5.
._
r
12
Fig. 6.
Note that f coefficients in this tabulation are used
only for calculation of coefficients L-L-that are to be
3
used for design at the intersection of the center and
outer walls as shown in Fig. 5a.
Coefficients for the center wall are for one cell filled,
the negative sign indicating tension on the loaded side.
All signs must be reversed when the other cell is filled.
Shear coefficients in Tables 7 and 8 as well as in Figs.
1 and 2 can be applied both to center and outer walls.
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
M, coefficient that
occurs at the center wall of -0.138 instead of -0.092 at
the corner in the tank in Fig. 6. Maximum moment is M,,=
-0.1 38wa3 = -0.138 x 256 = -35.3 ft kips.
Short outer walls
L = coefflcents fromTable 5 for
b/a =250and c/a = 1 25
Long outer walls
F = coel from
L = coeffxwXs fromTable 5 for
Table 2 for
b a = 2 50 and cia =1 25
b/a = 2 50
y = b/ 2 y = b / 4 y=o y = b/ 2
0 lo -0 138
I
-0092 I 0 +0035 I 0 10069 1 0
1 -0016 - 0 069
I
+o 015 +o 034 *O 026 to 059 -0026 -0 132
I -0 016 -0 062 +o 031 *o 031 0 045 0 046 -0023 -0 115
J/r -0 012 -0 059 +o 034 -0020 0 044 *o 029 -0016 -0078
Center wall
F = cod f r om
L = coefflclents fromTable5for Table 2 for
b/a = 2. 50 and c a =125 ba= 125
L - F
z=o I = Cl4 z = Cl2 .? = Cl2
L- T
ma
Mx Mz Mx Mz Mx Mz 4 MZ Mx Mz
0 0 -0.010 0 -0030 0 -0092 0 -0.034 0 -0073
% -0002 -0003 -0.006 -0 024 -0 016 -0 089 -0006 -0.042 -0.015 -0 073
% +0OQ6 10007 to.003 -0.012 -0.016 -0 062 -0010 -0 049 -0.014 -0.071
y. +0018 +ooo6 +0.011 -0002 -0012 -0059 -0.009 -0044 -0011 -0.054
I t I t I
Counterforted Tank Walls
In a tank or reservoir with large horizontal dimensions,
say three or four times the height, and without a rein-
forced concrete cover slab, it becomes necessary to
design walls as cantilevers or, when they are quite high,
as counterforted walls. The slab in Fig. 8 is free at the top
and may be considered fixed at the bottom. If counter-
forts are spaced equidistantly, the slab may also be
taken as fixed at counterforts. For this type of construc-
tion, coefficients in Table 3 apply.
Fig. a.
Consider for illustration a wall panel of a counterfort-
ed wall in which spacing of counterforts is b = 40 ft and
height is a = 20 ft. From Table 3, for b/a=40/20 =2,
select the following coefficients.
r I t
y=o y = b/ 4
I
y = b/2
Mx MY 4 MV f"% MV
Fig. 7.
13
.
The tank in Fig. 7 consists of two cells with the same
inside dimensions as the cells in the two-cell tank with
the long center wall. The difference is that the center
wall is 40 ft wide in the previously discussed tank, but
20 ft wide in this example.
Design procedure is identical for both two-cell tanks,
but the schedule of coefficients is different because the
longer side of the cell in Fig. 7 is continuous instead of
the shorter side as in Fig. 6.
Note from the following tabulation that the long wall
must be designed for a maximum
Procedure for using these coefficients to determine
moments and design of the wall is similar to that illus-
trated for the open-top single-cell tank shown in Fig. 3.
Details at Bottom Edge
Note that all tables except one are based on the as-
sumption that the bottom edge is hinged. It is believed
that this assumption in general is closer to the actual
condition than that of a fixed edge. Consider first the
detail in Fig. 9, which shows the wall supported on a
relatively narrow continuous wall footing, and then Fig.
10 in which the wall rests on a bottom slab.
Fig. 9.
In Fig. 9 the condition of restraint at the bottom of the
footing is somewhere between hinged and fixed but
much closer to hinged than to fixed. Resultant of pres-
sure on the subsoil lies well within the edge of the foot-
ing, and the product of resultant and its eccentricity is
usually much smaller than the moment at the bottom of
the wall when it is assumed fixed. Furthermore, thefoot-
ing must rotate about a horizontal axis in order to pro-
duce eccentric loading on the subsoil and rotation itself
represents a relaxation of restraint.
When the wall footing is not capable of furnishing
much restraint, it is not necessary to provide for hinge
action at the construction joint in Fig. 9. The dowels are
close to the surface, leaving the center of the joint free
for insertion of a shear key. Area of steel in the dowels
along each face may be taken as not less thanO.O025bd,
and extension of the dowels above the construction
joint may be made not less than say 3 ft.
The base slab in Fig. 9 is placed on top of the wall foot-
ing and the bearing surface is brushed with a heavy coat
of asphalt to break the adhesion and reduce friction
between slab and footing. The vertical joint between
slab and wall should be made watertight. A joint width of
1 in. at the bottom and 1% in. at the top is considered
adequate. As indicated in Fig. 9, the bottom of the joint
may be filled with oakum, the middle with volcanic clay
of a type that expands greatly when moistened, and the
upper part sealed with mastic. Any leakage will make
the clay penetrate into fissures and expand, plugging
the leak. Mortar mixed with iron powder has been used
extensively for joints such as in Fig. 9, and so has lead
joint filler, but both iron powder and lead are not always
readily available. A waterstop may not be needed in the
construction joints when the vertical joint in Fig. 9 is
made waterti ght.
In Fig. 10 a continuous concrete base slab is provided
either for transmitting the load coming down through the
wall or for upward hydrostatic pressure. In either case,
the slab deflects upward in the middle and tends to ro-
tate the wall base in Fig. 10 in a counterclockwrse direc-
tion. The wall therefore is not fixed at the bottom edge.
It is difficult to predict the degree of restraint. The rota-
tion may be great enough to make the bottom edge
hinged or may be even greater. Under the circum-
stances it is advisable to avoid placing moment rein-
forcement across the joint and to cross the dowels at
the center. The waterstop must then be placed off cen-
ter as indicated. Provision for transmitting shear through
direct bearing can be made by inserting a key as in Fig. 9
or by a shear ledge as in Fig. 10.
The waterstop in Fig. 10 may be galvanized steel,
copper, preformed rubber, or extruded plastic.
At top of wall the detail in Fig. 10 may be applied ex-
cept that the waterstop and the shear key are not essen-
tial. The main thing is to prevent moments from being
transmitted from the top of the slab into the wall because
the wall is not designed for such moments.
Fig. 10.
14
Metric Conversion Factors
To convert from To Multiply by
inch (in.) meter (m) 0.0254
feet (ft) meter (m) 0.3048
square feet (sq ft) square meter (m2) 0.0929
pound (lb) kilogram (kg) 0.4536
kip (1000 lb) kilogram (kg) 453. 6
Ib/lin ft kg/m 1. 488
kip/lin ft kg/m 1488.
Ib/sq ft kg/m2 4. 88
Ib/cu ft kg/m3 16.02
ft-kips newton-meter (Nm) 1356.
ft-kips kilogram-meter (kgm) 138. 2
The prefixes and symbols listed are commonly used
to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples
and submultiples of the SI units.
Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 = 109
giga
G
1 oooooo= 106 mega M
1000=10~ kilo k
l=l
-
0.001
= 10-3
milli m
0.000 001
= 10-6
micro I-1
0.000 000 001 = 1 o-9 nano n

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