MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3

Differentiation
S. Sivaji Ganesh
Mathematics Department
IIT Bombay
July 28, 2009
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 1 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation:
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f ,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope and take the limit of these slopes as
x a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope and take the limit of these slopes as
x a. Then the point (x, f (x)) tends to (a, f (a)).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope and take the limit of these slopes as
x a. Then the point (x, f (x)) tends to (a, f (a)). the limit is nothing
but
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope and take the limit of these slopes as
x a. Then the point (x, f (x)) tends to (a, f (a)). the limit is nothing
but the slope of the tangent line at (a, f (a))
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
The derivative of a function f at a, denoted by f

(a), is
f

(a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
if this limit exists. We say f is differentiable at a.
If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h 0 if and only if x a.
Thus
f

(a) = lim
xa
f (x) f (a)
x a
.
Interpretation: Take the graph of f , draw the line joining the points
(a, f (a)), (x, f (x)). Take its slope and take the limit of these slopes as
x a. Then the point (x, f (x)) tends to (a, f (a)). the limit is nothing
but the slope of the tangent line at (a, f (a)) to the curve y = f (x).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 2 / 24
Derivatives
Example
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 3 / 24
Derivatives
Example Consider
f (x) = x
3
2
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 3 / 24
Derivatives
Example Consider
f (x) = x
3
2
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 3 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
2
f (x) = |x|
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
2
f (x) = |x|
3
f (x) = |x|
2
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
2
f (x) = |x|
3
f (x) = |x|
2
4
f (x) = x
3
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
2
f (x) = |x|
3
f (x) = |x|
2
4
f (x) = x
3
5
f (x) = sin x
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivatives
Denition
A function f is said to be differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at
every point in (a, b).
What is the derivative at x = 0 of the following functions? Look at their
graphs, use the interpretation given for derivate, and Guess!
1
f (x) = x
2
2
f (x) = |x|
3
f (x) = |x|
2
4
f (x) = x
3
5
f (x) = sin x
Now, Use the denition of f

(0) to compute.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 4 / 24
Derivative as a function
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function.

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation Some of the common notations are
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation Some of the common notations are f

(x),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation Some of the common notations are f

(x),
df
dx
(x),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation Some of the common notations are f

(x),
df
dx
(x),
dy
dx
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Derivative as a function
Let f be a function. collect all a at which f is differentiable i.e., the set
S := {a : f

(a) exists}. On this set, we can dene a new function. The

function which assigns to each x S, the number f

(x).
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
The domain of f

may be smaller than the domain of f .

Notation Some of the common notations are f

(x),
df
dx
(x),
dy
dx
(y = f (x)
indicates that x is an independent variable and y is the dependent
variable.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 5 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where? How to prove?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where? How to prove? What are all the numbers at
which f

exists?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where? How to prove? What are all the numbers at
which f

exists? How to prove?

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where? How to prove? What are all the numbers at
which f

exists? How to prove?

Now justify your answers
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Example (contd.)
Example Consider
f (x) =

x if x 0
x if 0 < x < 4
x + 8 if 4 < x < 8
. Is f continuous? Where? How to prove? What are all the numbers at
which f

exists? How to prove?

Now justify your answers for x = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 6 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem with
g(x) = 0 may be useful?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem with
g(x) = 0 may be useful?
Theorem
If f (x) ()g(x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits
of f and g both exist as x approaches a, then
lim
xa
f (x) () lim
xa
g(x).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem with
g(x) = 0 may be useful?
Theorem
If f (x) ()g(x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits
of f and g both exist as x approaches a, then
lim
xa
f (x) () lim
xa
g(x).
Suppose we are given graph of a function ,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem with
g(x) = 0 may be useful?
Theorem
If f (x) ()g(x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits
of f and g both exist as x approaches a, then
lim
xa
f (x) () lim
xa
g(x).
Suppose we are given graph of a function , what should be my choice
for f in the above theorem?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
By looking at the graph of the function, we can guess the sign of the
derivative function at every number. The following theorem with
g(x) = 0 may be useful?
Theorem
If f (x) ()g(x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits
of f and g both exist as x approaches a, then
lim
xa
f (x) () lim
xa
g(x).
Suppose we are given graph of a function , what should be my choice
for f in the above theorem? Newton quotients.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 7 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 8 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 9 / 24
Can we guess the values/Graph of derivative function?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 10 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true? The converse is not true.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true? The converse is not true. Give an example.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true? The converse is not true. Give an example. Give
another example,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true? The converse is not true. Give an example. Give
another example, it should not be
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
f (x) f (a) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a)
f (x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
(x a) + f (a)
What is next? Take limit as x a. Q.E.D.
Is the converse true? The converse is not true. Give an example. Give
another example, it should not be f (x) = |x|.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 11 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
1
Function is not continuous at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
1
Function is not continuous at a (by previous theorem)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
1
Function is not continuous at a (by previous theorem)
2
There is corner (in the graph) at (a, f (a)).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
1
Function is not continuous at a (by previous theorem)
2
There is corner (in the graph) at (a, f (a)). (as in |x| case)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
There are three ways in which a function fails to be differentiable at a.
1
Function is not continuous at a (by previous theorem)
2
There is corner (in the graph) at (a, f (a)). (as in |x| case)
3
Tangent at (a, f (a) to the graph is vertical. (next slide)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 12 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 13 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
1/3
with domainR
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 13 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
1/3
with domainR
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 13 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
1/3
with domainR
vertical tangent at x = 0
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 13 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 14 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
2/3
with domainR
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 14 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
2/3
with domainR
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 14 / 24
Reasons for non-differentiability of functions at a
f (x) = x
2/3
with domainR
vertical tangent at x = 0
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 14 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good!
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
Denition
The number e is that real number
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
Denition
The number e is that real number for which
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
Denition
The number e is that real number for which the graph of the function e
x
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
Denition
The number e is that real number for which the graph of the function e
x
has slope 1
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential functions
For n N, prove the formula
d
dx
x
n
= nx
n1
using the denition. What if n R? State and prove.
Exponential functions Let a > 0, let f (x) = a
x
. Then
f

(x) = lim
h0
f (x +h) f (x)
h
= lim
h0
a
x
(a
h
1)
h
= f

(0)a
x
Good! what is the meaning of a
x
when x is a real number? I know if x
is a natural number or a rational number. Find out the denition of a
x
,
after thinking for a while what it should be!
Denition
The number e is that real number for which the graph of the function e
x
has slope 1 at x = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 15 / 24
Differentiation Rules
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
2
(fg)

(a) = f

(a)g(a) + f (a)g

(a)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
2
(fg)

(a) = f

(a)g(a) + f (a)g

(a)
3
(
f
g
)

(a) =
g(a)f

(a)f (a)g

(a)
(g(a))
2
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
2
(fg)

(a) = f

(a)g(a) + f (a)g

(a)
3
(
f
g
)

(a) =
g(a)f

(a)f (a)g

(a)
(g(a))
2
if g(a) = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
2
(fg)

(a) = f

(a)g(a) + f (a)g

(a)
3
(
f
g
)

(a) =
g(a)f

(a)f (a)g

(a)
(g(a))
2
if g(a) = 0.
Proof: Note
f (x)g(x) f (a)g(a) = f (x)[g(x) g(a)] + g(a)[f (x) f (a)]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Differentiation Rules
Theorem
Let f and g be differentiable at a. Then f + g, fg are differentiable at a,
and so is f /g if g(a) = 0, and
1
(f + g)

(a) = f

(a) + g

(a)
2
(fg)

(a) = f

(a)g(a) + f (a)g

(a)
3
(
f
g
)

(a) =
g(a)f

(a)f (a)g

(a)
(g(a))
2
if g(a) = 0.
Proof: Note
f (x)g(x) f (a)g(a) = f (x)[g(x) g(a)] + g(a)[f (x) f (a)]
f (x)
g(x)

f (a)
g(a)
=
1
g(x)g(a)
[g(a) (f (x) f (a)) f (a) (g(x) g(a))]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 16 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f

(a) + (x a)(x),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f

(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Proof: Dene by
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f

(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Proof: Dene by
(x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
f

(a).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f

(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Proof: Dene by
(x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
f

(a).
Since f is differentiable at a,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f

(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Proof: Dene by
(x) =
f (x) f (a)
x a
f

(a).
Since f is differentiable at a, the result follows.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 17 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) =
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof:
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a), we
have
f (t ) f (g(a)) = (t g(a))f

(g(a)) + (t g(a))(t ),
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a), we
have
f (t ) f (g(a)) = (t g(a))f

(g(a)) + (t g(a))(t ),
with lim
tg(a)
(t ) = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a), we
have
f (t ) f (g(a)) = (t g(a))f

(g(a)) + (t g(a))(t ),
with lim
tg(a)
(t ) = 0.
Now
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = [g(x) g(a)].[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a), we
have
f (t ) f (g(a)) = (t g(a))f

(g(a)) + (t g(a))(t ),
with lim
tg(a)
(t ) = 0.
Now
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = [g(x) g(a)].[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x).[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule
Theorem (Chain Rule)
Suppose g is differentiable at a and f is differentiable at g(a). Then f g
is differentiable at a and (f g)

(a) = f

(g(a))g

(a).
Proof: By previous theorem applied to g, we have
g(x) g(a) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x),
with lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Once again, by previous theorem applied to f at the point g(a), we
have
f (t ) f (g(a)) = (t g(a))f

(g(a)) + (t g(a))(t ),
with lim
tg(a)
(t ) = 0.
Now
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = [g(x) g(a)].[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x).[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 18 / 24
Chain Rule (contd.)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 19 / 24
Chain Rule (contd.)
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x).[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 19 / 24
Chain Rule (contd.)
f (g(x)) f (g(a)) = (x a)g

(a) + (x a)(x).[f

(g(a)) +(g(x))]
Now take limit as x a.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 19 / 24
Problems
Consider
f (x) =

x sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 20 / 24
Problems
Consider
f (x) =

x sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 20 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
Is f differentiable?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
Is f differentiable? Is f

continuous?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
Is f differentiable? Is f

continuous? Does f

has the intermediate value

property?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
Is f differentiable? Is f

continuous? Does f

has the intermediate value

property?
Fact: If f is differentiable in an interval,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Problems
It is differentiable for x = 0 by Chain rule. How about at x = 0? not
differentiable at x = 0. Prove.
How about the function
g(x) =

x
2
sin(
1
x
) if x = 0
0 if x = 0
Is f differentiable? Is f

continuous? Does f

has the intermediate value

property?
Fact: If f is differentiable in an interval, then f

has the intermediate

value property.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 21 / 24
Implicit differentiation
We know how to do this.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 22 / 24
Implicit differentiation
We know how to do this. Proof will be seen when we do
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 22 / 24
Implicit differentiation
We know how to do this. Proof will be seen when we do multivariable
Chain rule!
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 22 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function,
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example? Can we apply chain rule
to f
1
f (x) = x?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function
Question: If f is an invertible function, and f is differentiable , then is it
true that the inverse function f
1
is also differentiable on its domain?
Answer is No.
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example? Can we apply chain rule
to f
1
f (x) = x? Explain your answer.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 23 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function (contd.)
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 24 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function (contd.)
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 24 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function (contd.)
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 24 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function (contd.)
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example?
Can we apply chain rule to
f
1
f (x) = x?
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 24 / 24
Derivative of Inverse function (contd.)
there is a vertical tangent at x = 0 for the function x
1/3
.
What do we learn from the above example?
Can we apply chain rule to
f
1
f (x) = x?
Explain your answer.
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 3 July 28, 2009 24 / 24