Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber Arfken

Physics 451, 452, 725: Mathematical Methods
Russell Bloomer
1
University of Virginia
Note: There is no guarantee that these are correct, and they should not be copied
1
email: rbloomer@virginia.edu
Contents
1 451: Problem Set 2 1
1.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.1 Problem 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Problem 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Problem 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Problem 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Problem5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
i
6.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A Special Functions 29
ii
Chapter 1
451: Problem Set 2
1.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.6
Prove:
(AB) (AB) = (AB)
2
(A B)
2
We know AB from Eq. 1.36c and 1.38
1
:
AB = (AyBz AzBy) x + (AzBx AxBz) y + (AxBy AyBx) z
We also know A B from Eq. 1.24
1
:
A B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
This same equation can be used to nd the magnitude of each of the vectors.
We will now examine the left side of this equation.
(AB) (AB) = (AyBz AzBy)
2
+ (AzBx AxBz)
2
+ (AxBy AyBx)
2
(AB) (AB)
= A
2
y
B
2
z
+ AzB
2
y
2AyBzAzBy + A
2
z
B
2
x
+
AxB
2
z
2AzBxAxBz + A
2
x
B
2
y
+ AyB
2
x
2AxByAyBx
(1.1)
Now that the left side has been examined, we can look at the right side of the equation.
(AB)
2
= A
2
B
2
= A
2
x
B
2
x
+ A
2
x
B
2
y
+ A
2
x
B
2
z
+ A
2
y
B
2
x
+ A
2
y
B
2
y
+
A
2
y
B
2
z
+ A
2
z
B
2
x
+ A
2
z
B
2
y
+ A
2
z
B
2
z
(1.2)
(A B)
2
= A
2
x
B
2
x
+ A
2
y
B
2
y
+ A
2
z
B
2
z
+ 2AxBxAyBy + 2AxBxAzBz + 2AyByAzBz (1.3)
Now we combine Eq.2 Eq.3 yields
A
2
x
B
2
y
+ A
2
x
B
2
z
+ A
2
y
B
2
x
+ A
2
y
B
2
z
+
A
2
z
B
2
x
+ A
2
z
B
2
y
2AxBxAyBy 2AxBxAzBz 2AyByAzBz (1.4)
Eq.1 = Eq.4
1
Arfken and Weber
1
Arfken and Weber
1
Show that if a, b, c and d are in one plane, then (a b) (c d) = 0.
The cross product of a and b will be one of three cases, which are perpendicular up, down and 0. The same is true
for the vectors c and d. We can dene vectors e = a b and f = c d. Since e and f are either up, down or 0, they
are either 0
or 180
to each other. By Eq. 1.44

2
, the cross product is 0, due to a sine function. In the case of 0,
the cross product is 0, because the 0 vector has no magnitude.
Find the magnetic induction B given the following information:
F = q(v B)
v = x,
F
q
= 2 z 4 y
v = y,
F
q
= 4 x z
v = z,
F
q
= y 2 x
The induction can be found using two cross products from the given information.
x y z
1 0 0
Bx By Bz
= 2 z 4 y
From this matrix, we nd By = 2 and Bz = 4.
Now we use the next relationship to nd the last term.
x y z
0 1 0
Bx By Bz
= 4 x z
From this matrix, we nd Bx = 1.
Combining these three yields B:
B = x + 2 y + 4 z
Show that:
a (b c) +b (c a) +c (a b) = 0
From the text, we know that:
a (b c) = b(a c) c(a b)
We can infer the other two relationship will be the same. Make these substitutions, we nd:
b(a c) c(a b) +c(b a) a(b c) +a(c b) b(c a)
Because the dot product is associative:
b(a c) c(a b) +c(a b) a(b c) +a(b c) b(a c) = 0
2
Arfken and Weber
2
For a vector A, which can be decomposed into a radial component Ar and tangential component At show that:
(a) Ar = r(A r)
We know from the denition of the vector that Ar = A r and that the radial magnitude multiplied by the radial
unit vector will yield the radial vector.
Ar = (Ar)r
(b) At = r (r A)
r A =
r

t n
1 0 0
Ar At 0
= At
n (1.5)
r At
n =
r

t n
1 0 0
0 0 At
= At
t = At (1.6)
Show that if (A), B and C are coplanar, then
A BC = 0
We know from the text that A BC = AxByCz AxBzCy +AyBzCx AyBxCz +AzByCx AzBxCy. If the vectors
are coplanar then one of the components can be set to 0 under a transportation. If one of the components is 0 and
all the terms have one of each of the components, then the triple value is 0. Thus it is a necessary condition.
Lets assume A BC = 0, now show that it is coplanar.
One way to write the dot product is with a cosine, and one way to write the cross product is with a sine. Since we
know that it equals 0, then either sine or cosine or both terms are 0. If the cosine term is 0, then the cross product
is perpendicular to A, which would place it in the same plane as B and C. Thus they are coplanar. Now if the sine
term is 0, then (B) and C form a line. A third vector would then form a plane with that line. Thus it is sucient
for this condition.
A BC = 0
Show that:
(AB) (CD) = (A C)(B D) (A D)(B C)
First we will expand the left side.
(AB) (CD)
= ((AyBz AzBy) x + (AzBx AxBz) y + (AxBy AyBx) z)
((CyDz CzDy) x + (CzDx CxDz) y + (CxDy CyDx) z)
= (AyBz AzBy)(CyDz CzDy) + (AzBx AxBz)(CzDx CxDz) + (AxBy AyBx)(CxDy CyDx)
= AyBzCyDz AyBzCzDy AzByCyDz + AzByCzDy + AzBxCzDx AzBxCxDz AxBzCzDx
+AxBzCxDz + AxByCxDy AxByCyDx AyBxCxDy + AyBxCyDx
3
= (AxCx + AyCy + AzCz)(BxDx + ByDy + BzDz) (AxDx + AyDy + AzDz)(BxCx + ByCy + BzCz)
= (A C)(B D) (A D)(B C)
This is exactly the same as the right side of the equation.
4
Chapter 2
451: Problem Set 5
2.1 Problem 1.
Show that:
Tij = Aij + Sij + cijT
k
k
Where Aij = Aji,antisymmetric, and Sij = Sji,symmetric, and T
k
k
,trace.
We can represent the antisymmetric and symmetric parts with two matrices.
Aij =
0 A12 A13
A12 0 A23
A13 A23 0
(2.1)
Sij =
0 S12 S13
S12 0 S23
S13 S23 0
(2.2)
Now combining any ij-term, one nds that as long as i = j then Tij = Aij +Sij. Now we have to nd for when i = j.
So the last term must vanish when ij, we know that the Kronecker delta function has this behavior. This yields:
Tij = Aij + Sij + ij
Well this is not all of the value, because the delta function only has a value of one. There must be some constant to
yield the proper result. The scalar value must have the property:
n
i,j=1
cij = T
k
k
Now combine this last term to the previous value.
Tij = Aij + Sij + cijT
k
k
So what is important to note is that on any average n-dimensional term c =
1
n
, but for an exact value there is a need
for an indency.
2.2 Problem 2.
a.
Show for the epsilon tensor that:
ijk
ilm
=
jl
km
jm
kl
The denition for the Levi-Civita Symbol given in Arfken
ijk
= ei ej e
k
(2.3)
5
for a nonzero value textbfej e
k
must be in the ei direction. Because of this then
ijk
ilm
= (ei ej e
k
) (ei e
l
em)
= (ej e
k
) (e
l
em)
From Arfken (pg 33)
(AB) (C D) = (A C)(B D) (A D)(B C)
We apply this property to nd
(ej e
k
) (e
l
em) = (ej e
l
) (e
k
em) (ej em) (e
k
e
l
)
From denition Kronecker delta, eu ev = uv with this then
(ej e
l
) (e
k
em) (ej em) (e
k
e
l
) =
jl
km
jm
kl
b.
Evaluate:
ijk
ijl
Using part a.
ijk
ijl
= jj
kl
jl
jk
Using inspection the last term is one when j=k=l, then the rst term is also one therefore it is 0. Now sum over all
of the terms.
3
j=1
3
k=l=j=1
jj
kl
jl
jk
=
3
k=l=1
2
kl
= 6
2.3 Problem 3.
Prove that
Ai;j Aj;i =
Ai
x
j

Aj
x
i
By the denition of a covariant derivative
Ai;j =
Ai
x
j
A
k
k
ij
(2.4)
With switching of the indencies
Aj;i =
Aj
x
i
A
k
k
ji
From Arfken, we know that
k
ji
=
k
ij
.
Ai;j Aj;i =
Ai
x
j
A
k
k
ij

Aj
x
i
+ A
k
k
ji
=
Ai
x
j

Aj
x
i
+ A
k
k
ji
A
k
k
ij
=
Ai
x
j

Aj
x
i
+ A
k
k
ji
A
k
k
ji
=
Ai
x
j

Aj
x
i
+ 0
=
Ai
x
j

Aj
x
i
2.4 Problem 4.
Not required to do.
6
2.5 Problem5.
From the transformation properties of gij and the denition of the Christoel Symbol
i
jk
obtain the transformation
law for
i
jk
given in class.
From Arfken (pg 154)
s
ij
=
1
2
g
ks
_
g
ik
x
j
+
g
jk
x
i

g
ij
x
k
_
(2.5)
so then
s
ij
=
1
2
g
ks
_
g
ik
x
j
+
g
jk
x
i

g
ij
x
k
_
We also know that
g
kl
= gij
x
i
x
k
x
j
x
l
(2.6)
g
kl
=
x
k
x
i
x
l
x
j
g
ij
(2.7)
let us examine on of part of the metric transformation and then we can use this to apply to the other parts.
x
k
g
ij
=

x
k
_
gpm
x
p
x
i
x
m
x
j
_
=
gpm
x
l
x
l
x
k
x
p
x
i
x
m
x
j
+ gpm
2
x
p
x
k
x
i
x
m
x
j
+ gpm
2
x
p
x
k
x
j
x
m
x
i
The other two parts of the metric transformation are just permutations of the pervious one. So
x
i
g
kj
+

x
j
g
ki

x
k
g
ik
=
x
l
x
k
x
p
x
i
x
m
x
j
_
g
ml
x
p
+
g
pl
x
m

gpm
x
l
_
+ 2gpm
2
x
p
x
i
x
j
x
m
x
k
With the denition of the Christoel Symbol we nd that
s
ij
=
x
s
x
p
x
l
x
i
x
m
x
j

p
lm
+
x
s
x
p
2
x
p
x
i
x
j
(2.8)
7
8
Chapter 3
451: Problem Set 6
a.
For
a + ib
_
a b
b a
_
Show that addition (i) and multiplication (ii) are valid
(i)
Let us dene another matrix
c + id
_
c d
d c
_
Now add the two complex numbers and convert to matrix form.
a + ib + c + id = (a + c) + i(b + d)
_
a + c b + d
b d b + c
_
Now add the two matrices directly.
_
a b
b a
_
+
_
c d
d c
_
=
_
a + c b + d
b d b + c
_
This does hold for addition.
(ii)
First for a real scalar
(a + ib) = a + ib
_
a b
b a
_
Now the scalar directly to the matrix
_
a b
b a
_
=
_
a b
b a
_
Next for two matrices.
_
a b
b a
__
c d
d c
_
=
_
ac bd ad + bc
bc ad bd + ac
_
For two complex numbers multiplied
(a + ib)(c + id) = (ac bd) + i(ad + cb)
_
ac bd ad + bc
ad bc ac bd
_
The product for two matrices.
9
b.
Find the matrix for (a + ib)
1
(a + ib)
1
_
a b
b a
_
1
From equation 3.50 in Arfken.
a
(1)
ij
=
Cji
|A|
(3.1)
So
Cji =
_
a b
b a
_
|A| = a
2
+ b
2
(a + ib)
1
=
_
a
a
2
+b
2
b
a
2
+b
2
b
a
2
+b
2
a
a
2
+b
2
_

If A is an n n matrix, show that
det(A) = (1)
n
detA
Let us look at the case of when the matrix is multiplied by a real scalar,
A = 1nA
detA = det(1n)detA
The determinate of a diagonal matrix is just the multiplication of the diagonal terms. In this case all the diagonal
terms have a value of .
det(1n) =
n
i=1
i =
n
Now substitute this term into the previous equation.
detA = det(1n)detA =
n
detA
Then set = 1
det(A) = (1)
n
detA
a.
Show that the square of the following matrix is 0
A =
_
ab b
2
a
2
ab
_
Then A
2
_
ab b
2
a
2
ab
__
ab b
2
a
2
ab
_
=
_
a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2
ab
3
ab
3
a
3
b + a
3
b a
2
b
2
+ a
2
b
2
_
= 0
b.
10
Show a numerical case for if C=A+B, in general det C = det A+det B
Let
A =
_
3 1
9 3
_
B =
_
2 1
4 2
_
Then
C =
_
5 2
13 5
_
Now for the determinants
detA = 0
detB = 0
detC = 1
Therefore, det C = det A+det B
a.
Show that [Mx, My] = iMz and so on.
Lets start with dening all the products of two M-matrices
MxMy =
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
= i
_
_
1
2
0
1
2
0 0 0
1
2
0
1
2
_
_
(3.2)
MyMx =
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
= i
_
_
1
2
0
1
2
0 0 0
1
2
0
1
2
_
_
(3.3)
MxMz =
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
= i
_
_
0 0 0
2
0
i
2
0 0 0
_
_
(3.4)
MzMx =
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
= i
_
_
0
i
2
0
0 0 0
0
i
2
0
_
_
(3.5)
MyMz =
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
= i
_
_
0 0 0
1
2
0
1
2
0 0 0
_
_
(3.6)
MzMy =
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
= i
_
_
0
1
2
0
0 0 0
0
1
2
0
_
_
(3.7)
11
Now for the commutation relations
[Mx, My] = MxMy MyMx = i
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
= iMz (3.8)
[My, Mx] = MyMx MxMy = i
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
= iMz (3.9)
[Mz, Mx] = MzMx MzMx = i
_
_
_
0
i
2
0
i
2
0
i
2
0
i
2
0
_
_
_ = iMy (3.10)
[Mx, Mz] = MxMz MzMx = i
_
_
_
0
i
2
0
2
0
i
2
0
i
2
0
_
_
_ = iMy (3.11)
[My, Mz] = MyMz MzMy = i
_
_
_
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
_
_
_ = iMx (3.12)
[Mz, My] = MzMy MyMz = i
_
_
_
0
1
2
0
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
_
_
_ = iMx (3.13)
This is equivalent as
[Mi, Mj] = i
ijk
M
k
b.
Show that
M
2
M
2
x
+M
2
y
+M
2
z
= 213
Examining term
M
2
x
=
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
1 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 1
_
_
(3.14)
M
2
y
=
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
1 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 1
_
_
(3.15)
M
2
z
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
(3.16)
Now combine these terms
1
2
_
_
1 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 1
_
_
+
1
2
_
_
1 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 1
_
_
+
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
_
_
= 2
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
= 213
c.
Show that
_
M
2
, Mi
= 0 (3.17)
_
Mz, L
+
= L
+
(3.18)
_
L
+
, L
= 2Mz (3.19)
12
where
L
+
Mx + iMy
L
Mx iMy
Lets begin with
_
M
2
, Mi
= 0. We know that M
2
= 213, so
_
M
2
, Mi
= 2 [13, Mi]
= 2 (13Mi Mi13)
= 2 (Mi Mi)
= 2 (0)
= 0
Now we have to nd L
+
L
+
Mx + iMy =
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
+
i
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
+
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
Now
_
Mz, L
+
= L
+
_
Mz, L
+
= MzL
+
L
+
, Mz
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
2
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
= L
+
Lastly for
_
L
+
, L
= 2Mz. We rst need L
Mx iMy =
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
2
_
_
0 i 0
i 0 i
0 i 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
2
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
0 0 0
2 0 0
0 2 0
_
_
13
Now for
_
L
+
, L
= 2Mz
_
L
+
, L
= L
+
L
L
+
=
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 0 0
2 0 0
0 2 0
_
_
2
_
_
0 0 0
2 0 0
0 2 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 0
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
4 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 0
_
_
1
2
_
_
0 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 4
_
_
= 2
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
= 2Mz
If A and B are diagonal, show that A and B commute.
For two matrices to commute [A, B] = ABBA = 0
If A and B are diagonal then they are must be of same dimension n
We can dene
A =
n
i,j=1
aijij (3.20)
B =
n
i,j=1
bijij (3.21)
Let C = AB and D = BA
C =
n
i,j
cij =
n
i,j=1
n
k=1
a
ik
b
kj
ik
kj
D =
n
i,j
dij =
n
i,j=1
n
k=1
b
ik
a
kj
ik
kj
We can reduce this, because of the double s
n
i,j
cij =
n
i,j=1
aiibjjij
n
i,j
dij =
n
i,j=1
biiajjij
n
i,j
cijij =
n
i=1
aiibii
n
i,j
dijij =
n
i=1
biiaii
So C and D are both diagonal matrices, also. Because each term of A and B are scalars, then aiibii = biiaii.
Therefore
C =
n
i,j
cijij =
n
i=1
aiibii =
n
i=1
biiaii =
n
i,j
dijij = D
C = AB = D = BA
Therefore
[A, B] = ABBA = 0
14
Show that
detA
1
= (detA)
1
Lets begin with the hint that we are given to use the product theorem of section 3.2 in Arfken, which is
det(AB) = detAdetB
so let A = A and B = A
1
, then
detAA
1
= detAdetA
1
det(13) = detAdetA
1
By the denition of determinate det(13) = 1, and that the determinate is a scalar value.
det(13) = detAdetA
1
1 = detAdetA
1
(detA)
1
= detA
1

Find the inverse of
A =
_
_
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 4
_
_
(3.22)
We begin with
_
_
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 4
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
Now reorder the rows by inspection.
_
_
1 1 4
3 2 1
2 2 1
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
Now cancel all but the diagonal terms.
_
_
1 1 4
3 2 1
2 2 1
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
_
_
1 1 4
0 1 11
0 0 7
0 0 1
1 0 3
0 1 2
_
_
_
_
1 1 4
0 1 11
0 0 7
0 0 1
1 0 3
0 1 2
_
_
_
_
1 0 7
0 1 11
0 0 7
1 0 2
1 0 3
0 1 2
_
_
_
_
1 0 7
0 1 11
0 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 3
0
1
7
2
7
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 1 0
1
11
7

1
7
0
1
7
2
7
_
_
So
A
1
=
_
_
1 1 0
1
11
7

1
7
0
1
7
2
7
_
_
(3.23)
15
Now lets check that this is indeed the inverse.
AA
1
=
_
_
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 4
_
_
_
_
1 1 0
1
11
7

1
7
0
1
7
2
7
_
_
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
AA
1
=
_
_
1 1 0
1
11
7

1
7
0
1
7
2
7
_
_
_
_
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 4
_
_
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
So this is indeed the inverse.
16
Chapter 4
725: Problem Set 4
4.1 Problem 1
Use only known functions (and series) to improve the convergence of
n=1
(1)
n1 z
n
n
so that the nal series con-
verges absolutely at z = 1. Where is the singularity and what happens to it?
This summation is equivalent to ln(1 + z) =
n=1
(1)
n1 z
n
n
. If both sides is multiplied by (1 + a1z) to nd
(1 + a1z) ln(1 + z) = (1 + a1z)
n=1
(1)
n1
z
n
n
=
n=1
(1)
n1
z
n
n
+ a1
n=1
(1)
n1
z
n+1
n
Now making everything to the same power
(1 + a1z) ln(1 + z) =
z +
n=2
(1)
n1
z
n
n
+ a1
n=2
(1)
n1
z
n
n 1
= z +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n

a1
n 1
_
z
n
n
= z +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
n(1 a1) 1
n(n 1)
_
z
n
Now set a1 = 1. So check when z = 1
(z = 1) +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
(z = 1)
n
=
1 +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
(1)
n
= 1 +
n=2
(1)
2n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
= 1 +
n=2
(1)
2n2
_
1
n(n 1)
_
Shifting the summation from n = 2 to n = 1, also (1)
2n2
= 1
(z = 1) +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
(z = 1)
n
n
= 1 +
n=1
1
n(n + 1)
= 1 + 1 = 0
17
The summation is known to be 1.
1
This means the series converges absolutely at z = 1. Now for z = 1
(z = 1) +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
(z = 1)
n
= 1 +
n=2
(1)
n1
_
1
n(n 1)
_
(1)
n
Now the absolute value of the summation, because if this converges absolutely, so does the actual summation.
1 +
n=2
1
n(n 1)
Shifting the summation from n = 2 to n = 1
1 +
n=2
1
n(n 1)
= 1 +
n=1
1
n(n + 1)
As earlier the summation is absolutely convergent. Therefore the function is absolutely convergent at z = 1. In the
original summation there was a singularity at z = 1. This is removed by multiplying by a function, which at 1
equals 0. This suppresses the singularity.
4.2 Problem 2
What is the threshold energy necessary to produce a at 1232 MeV in electron scattering according to e+p e
+?
The energy squared in the center of mass frame for the system is
s = (me + mp)
2
The threshold energy is the energy of the electron, which in four space
Ee =
pe (pp + pe)
s
=
pe pp + pe pe
s
Because of the small size of electrons mass pe pe = m
2
e
0. Also, pe pp =
1
2
_
(m
e
+ m)
2
_
m
2
e
+ m
2
p
__
. Again,
all m
2
e
and m
2
e
terms are set to 0. The energy becomes
Ee
m
2
+ 2mm
e
m
2
p
2
s
=
m
2
+ 2mm
e
m
2
p
2 (m + m
e
)
Now inserting the values for the masses
Ee
1232
2
+ 2(.511)(1232) 938.3
2
2(.511 + 938.3)
= 340.1MeV
4.3 Problem 3
Let A =

2
f
x
2
, B =

2
f
xy
, and C =

2
f
y
2
. We have a saddle point if B
2
AC > 0. For f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) apply
the Cauchy-Riemann conditions and show that u and v do not have both a maximum or minimum in a nite region
on the complex plane.
For u(x, y)
A =

2
u
x
2
, B =

2
u
xy
, C =

2
u
y
2
1
Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists 5
th
Ed. pg 316
18
Then B
2
AC > 0 becomes
_

2
u
xy
_
2
2
u
x
2
__
2
u
y
2
_
> 0
Applying the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
2
2
u
y
2

2
v
xy

2
u
x
2
Then B
2
AC > 0 simplies to
_

2
u
xy
_
2
+
_
2
u
x
2
_
2
> 0
This is always greater than 0, because u is a real value function. Therefore there are no maximum nor minimum for u.
For v(x, y)
A =

2
v
x
2
, B =

2
v
xy
, C =

2
v
y
2
Then B
2
AC > 0 becomes
_

2
v
xy
_
2
2
v
x
2
__
2
v
y
2
_
> 0
Applying the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
2
v
x
2

2
u
xy

2
v
y
2
Then B
2
AC > 0 simplies to
_

2
v
xy
_
2
+
_
2
v
y
2
_
2
> 0
This is always greater than 0, because v is a real value function, because the imaginary term comes from the i in
front of v. Therefore there are no maximum nor minimum for v.
4.4 Problem 4
Find the analytic function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
a
For u = x
3
3xy
From the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
u
x
= 3x
2
3y
2
=
v
y
From this, integrate with respect to y to nd v
_
v =
_
_
3x
2
3y
2
_
y v = 3x
2
y y
3
+ c
where c
is a constant of integration. So
w(x, y) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) + ic
= x
3
3xy
2
+ 3ix
2
y iy
3
+ c
2
Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists 5
th
Ed. pg 400
19
where c = ic
. Now in the form of f(z), where z is the form z = x + iy

w(x, y) = x
3
3xy
2
+ 3ix
2
y iy
3
+ c
= (x + iy)
_
x
2
+ 2ixy y
2
_
+ c
= (x + iy) (x + iy)
2
+ c f(z) = z
3
+ c
b
For v = e
y
sin x
Beginning with the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
v
y
= e
y
sinx =
u
x
Integrating this with respect to x to nd u
_
u =
_
e
y
sinxx u = e
y
cos x + k
where k is a constant of integration. So
w(x, y) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
= e
y
cos x + ie
y
sinx + k
Now in the form of f(z)
w(x, y) = e
y
cos x + ie
y
sin x + k
= e
y
(cos x + i sinx) + k
= e
y
e
ix
+ k e
i(x+iy)
+ k f(z) = e
iz
+ k
20
Chapter 5
725: Problem Set 5
5.1 Problem 1
Starting with the Euler integral, analytically continue the Gamma function into the left-hand complex plane and
determine its poles with their residues.
The Euler integral is
(z) =
_

0
e
t
t
z1
dt (5.1)
To extend into the the left hand side of the complex plane. Consider
(z + 1) =
_

0
e
t
t
z
dt
= e
t
t
z
0
+
_

0
e
t
zt
z1
dt = z(z)
So consider z = z
(z + 1) =
_

0
e
t
t
z
dt
= e
t
t
z
0
+
_

0
e
t
(z)t
z1
dt
= z(z)
This can be continued indenitely to the left. The poles can be found know that a 0 has to be in the denominator.
This occurs for z = 0, 1, 2, . . .. The value at these poles can be found from equation 6.47
f
(n)
(zo) =
n!
2i
_
f(z)dz
(z zo)
n+1
(5.2)
For the Gamma function from the Euler integral form, f(z) = e
t
. The value of f
(n)
(0) = 1 depending if n is even
or odd. This becomes f
(n)
(0) = (1)
n
. Therefore the residues are
(1)
n
n!
5.2 Problem 2
What kind of analytic functions are sinz, 1/ sinz and what are their singularities?
Let sinz = sin(x + iy). This can be expanded to
sin(x + iy) = sin xcos iy + cos xsiniy
= sinxcosh y + i cos xsinhy
21
At large values for y, the function approaches , so the behavior at large z must be examined. So replace z =
1
w
, in
the summation representation
sinz =
n=0
(1)
n
z
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
=
n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!w
2n+1
So as z , w 0 means there are poles at z = . The problem is that the largest poles has power of .
This means that sin z has an essential singularity at z =
Now for
1
sin z
. This function has poles at z = n, where n is an integer. The pole expansion can be found using
the method form equation 7.15.
f(z) = f(0) +
n=1
bn
_
(z an)
1
+ a
1
n
_
(5.3)
For this f(z), the above expansion must include all negative n. For f(z), bn = 1/ cos z|z
O
. This means bn = 1.
When n is even b2n = 1 and -1 for odd.
1
sinz
=
1
z
+
n=1
(1)
n
__
1
z n
+
1
n
_
+
_
1
z + n
+
1
n
__
=
1
z
+
n=1
(1)
n
_
1
z n
+
1
z + n
_
This reduces to
1
sin z
=
1
z
+
n=1
(1)
n
_
1
z n
+
1
z + n
_
=
1
z
+
n=1
(1)
n
_
2z
z
2
(n)
2
_

5.3 Problem 3
Evaluate the series
n=
1
n
2
+2
2
at least approximately and exactly if possible.
An approximation of the sum is with an integral.
n=
1
n
2
+ 2
2

_

dx
x
2
+ 2
2
This integral can be evaluated in the complex plane on the semi circle of the upper plane.
_

dx
x
2
+ 2
2
=
_
dz
(z + 1/2i) (z 1/2i)
The only pole in the upper plane is zo = 1/2i. The integral becomes
_
dz
(z + 1/2i) (z 1/2i)
= 2i
f(z)
zo
= 2i
_
1
1/2i + 1/2i
_
= 2
This value is a good approximation of the real value, which is 2 coth /2. The approximation is within 10% of the
actual.
22
5.4 Problem 4
Evaluate the integrals
_

0
dx
1 + 2x
2
+ x
4
,
_

0
dx
1 + 2x + 2x
2
+ x
3
(5.4)
For the rst integral, the function is an even function it can be extended to the negative axis. So
_

0
dx
1 + 2x
2
+ x
4
=
1
2
_

dx
1 + 2x
2
+ x
4
So then map it in complex plane to nd
1
2
_

dz
1 + 2z
2
+ z
4
Now factor into its roots
1
2
_

dz
1 + 2z
2
+ z
4
=
1
2
_

dz
(z i)
2
(z + i)
2
There are roots of second power. Applying equation 6.46
1
for z = i, because the contour is only of the upper plane.
1
2
_

dz
(z i)
2
(z + i)
2
=
2i
2
_
2
(zo + i)
3
zo=i
_
= i
_
1
4i
_
=

4

For the second integral, the use of natural logarithm as discussed in lecture will be applied. The integral can be
written as
_

0
dx
1 + 2x + 2x
2
+ x
3
=
_

0
dx
(x + 1)
_
x +
1+i
3
2
_ _
x +
1i
3
2
_
From lecture
_
f(z) lnzdz =
_

0
f(x)dxlnxdx +
_

0
f(x)dxln(x + 2i)dx = 2i
_

0
f(x)dx
Or in terms of the real integral
_

0
f(x)dx =
1
2i
_
f(z) ln zdz =
Res f(z)
z
i
ln zi
where zi are the poles. The poles are rst order, so
_

0
dx
(x + 1)
_
x +
1+i
3
2
_ _
x +
1i
3
2
_
=
1
2i
_

0
lnzdz
(z + 1)
_
z +
1+i
3
2
_ _
z +
1i
3
2
_
=
Res f(z)
z
i
ln zi
=
ln(1)
_
1 +
1+i
3
2
_ _
1 +
1i
3
2
_ +
ln
1i
3
2
_
1i
3
2
+ 1
_ _
1i
3
2
+
1i
3
2
_ +
ln
1+i
3
2
_
1+i
3
2
+
1+i
3
2
_ _
1+i
3
2
+ 1
_
=
3
9
+

3
9
+
i
3
+

3
9

i
3
=

3
9

1
Arfken and Weber 5
th
23
24
Chapter 6
725: Problem Set 6
6.1 Problem 1
Solve the ODE (1 + x
2
)y
+ (1 x)
2
y(x) = xe
x
with initial condition y(0) = 0
First solve the homogenous equation
(1 + x
2
)y
+ (1 x)
2
y(x) = 0
Writing y
=
dy
dx
. Placing all the ys on one side and the xs the other
dy
y
=
(1 x)
2
1 + x
2
dx
_
dy
y
=
_
(1 x)
2
1 + x
2
dx
ln C1 + ln y = x + ln 1 + x
2
y = C1(1 + x
2
)e
x
So the homogenous solution is
y
h
= C1(1 + x
2
)e
x
(6.1)
Now solve for the particular solution with the guess y = Axe
x
+ Be
x
(1 + x
2
)y
+ (1 x)
2
y = xe
x
(1 + x
2
)
(Ax + AB) e
x
+ (1 x)
2
(Ax + B) e
x
= xe
x
Since e
x
appears in every term it can be cancelled. Now group everything in terms of powers of x
Ax
3
+ Ax
3
= 0 Nothing is learned
(AB)x
2
2Ax
2
+ Bx
2
= 0 A = 0
Ax + Ax 2Bx = x B = 1/2
AB + B = 0 Nothing is learned
So the particular solution is
yp =
1
2
e
x
(6.2)
Finally solve for the boundary condition
y(0) = 0 y
h
(0) + yp(0) = 0
y = C1(1 + x
2
)e
x
1
2
e
x
C1(1 + 0
2
)e
0
1
2
e
0
= 0
C1
1
2
= 0 C1 =
1
2
Then the solution is
y =
1
2
(1 + x
2
)e
x
1
2
e
x
y =
1
2
x
2
e
x
25
6.2 Problem 2
Solve the ODE y
5
6
y
+
9
25
y(x) = 0 with initial conditions y(1) = 0, y
(1) = 2.
Lets guess that the solution has the form y = e
rx
, so the dierential equation becomes
r
2
e
rx
5
6
re
rx
+
9
25
e
rx
= 0
r
2
5
6
r +
9
25
= 0
Solving for r
r =
5
12

_
25
144

9
25
=
5
12

i
60
671
So the solution as the form
y = C1e
(
5
12
+
i
60
671)x
+ C2e
(
5
12
i
60
671)x
For ease of calculation
1 =
5
12
+
i
60
671, 2 =
5
12

i
60
671
Now solve for the boundary conditions.
y(1) = 0 C1e
1
+ C2e
2
= 0 C2 = C1e
2
Now the second condition
y
(1) = 2 C11e
1
+ C22e
2
= 2
C11e
1
C1e
2
2e
2
= 2
C1
_
1e
1
2e
2
+
2
_
= 2
C1 =
2e
1
1 2
Therefore
C2 = C1e
2
C2 =
2e
2
1 2
The nal solution is then
y =
2e
1
1 2
e
1
x
2e
2
1 2
e
2
x
y =
_
60ie
5
12
671
60
+
5
12
+
i
671
60
671
+
60ie
5
12
+
i
671
60
+
5
12
671
60
671
6.3 Problem 3
Solve (x
2
2x +1)y
4(x 1)y
14y(x) = x
3
3x
2
+3x 8 for the general solution. Then adjust it to the initial
condition y(0) = 9/20, y
(0) = 11/10
This dierential equation can be written as
(x 1)
2
y
4(x 1)y
14y = (x 1)
3
7
26
Dene z (x 1), then dierential becomes
z
2
y
4zy
14y = z
3
7
The homogenous equation is just Euler dierential equation with y = z
p
z
p
(p(p 1) 4p 14) = 0 p
2
5p 14 = 0
The solution for p is p = 7, 2. So the homogenous solution is then
y
h
= C1z
7
+ C2z
2
(6.3)
The particular solution is of the form
y = Az
3
+ Bz
2
+ Cz + D
Now, because the second derivative is multiplied by z
2
and the rst derivative is multiplied by z, all terms but the
constant and z
3
are zero, ie B = C = 0. So
6Az
3
12Az
3
14Az
3
14D = z
3
7
A =
1
20
, D =
1
2
Therefore the particular solution is
yp =
1
20
z
3
+
1
2
(6.4)
Finally for the constants with the boundary conditions y(1) = 9/20 and y
(1) = 11/10. For y(1) = 9/20

C1 + C2 + 1/20 + 1/2 = 9/20 C2 = C1 1/10
Now, y
(1) = 11/10
7C1 + 2 (C1 1/10) 3/20 = 11/10 C1 = 29/180
Then
C2 = 29/180 1/10 C2 = 11/180
The solution becomes when z = x 1 is substituted back in
y =
29
180
(x 1)
7
+
11
180
(x 1)
2
1
20
(x 1)
3
+
1
2
(6.5)
6.4 Problem 4
Determine the general solution of the ODE xy
= y(x)y
that depends on two integration constants. Find another

solution that cannot be obtained from the general solution. Explain.
The right hand side can be written as
yy
=
d
dx
_
1
2
y
2
_
Integrating both sides
_
xy
=
_
d
dx
_
1
2
y
2
_
_
xy
=
1
2
y
2
+ C
1
The left hand side can be done by partial integration with u = x, du = dx, v = y
and dv = y
, so
_
xy
= xy
_
y
dx = xy
y + C
1
27
Combining the two constants in to one, then
xy
y =
1
2
y
2
+ C1
dy
1
2
y
2
+ y + C1
=
dx
x
Integrating both sides
_
dy
1
2
y
2
+ y + C1
=
_
dx
x
2 tan
1
_
1 + y
1 + 2C1
__
1 + 2C1 = ln x + C2
Solving for y
tan
1
_
1 + y
1 + 2C1
_
=
_
1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2)
1 + y
1 + 2C1
= tan
_
_
1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2)
_
y = 1 +
1 + 2C1 tan
_
_
1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2)
_
The solution that depends on two constant is
y = 1 +
1 + 2C1 tan
_
_
1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2)
_
(6.6)
The third solution that cannot be obtained form the general solution is y = constant. This solution cause the
dierential equation to become trivial, because y
= 0. Therefore, y
= 0. This is a solution because 0 times any

number is 0.
28
Appendix A
Special Functions
Hi
29
Index
Cauchy-Riemann Conditions, 18, 19
30

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Physics 451, 452, 725: Mathematical Methods

to each other. By Eq. 1.44

3.2 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.5

= 2Mz. We rst need L

3.7 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.36

. Now in the form of f(z), where z is the form z = x + iy

(1) = 11/10. For y(1) = 9/20

that depends on two integration constants. Find another

= 0. This is a solution because 0 times any

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