CNG TRUYN S LIU

CHNG 1: CAC KHAI NIM C BN

2. Phng php a hp phn thi gian v phng php a hp phn tn s
* Phng phap a hp phn thi gian
- Khoa chuyn mach c su dung ni tun t mi tn hiu cn truyn n ng truyn
trong mt khoang thi gian nht inh. Di nhin cac khoa chuyn mach o may phat (dn knh) va
may thu (phn knh) phai hoat ng ng b cac may thu thu ung tin hiu cua no.
- Ung dung: h thng mang va h thng in thoai
* Phng phap a hp phn tn s
- Tn s song mang cua mi b iu ch cua mi knh c chon lua sao cho mi tn hiu
c iu ch chim mt di tn ring trong ca ph tn cua ng truyn va phai c cach ly theo
qui inh
- Ung dung: h thng truyn thanh va truyn hinh
3. H thng truyn d liu tng t v truyn d liu s

* S truyn du liu tng tu
* S truyn du liu s
* So sanh
Truyn du liu tng tu Truyn du liu s
- H thng truyn du liu tng tu dung phng
phap iu ch (nu truyn dai nn thi khng cn b
iu ch va giai iu ch).
- Trong h thng nay tin hiu trn ng truyn la
tin hiu tng tu.
- B phn chuyn i o may phat bin tin tuc thanh
tin hiu tng tu, sau khi c xu ly (nh loc,
khuch ai, phi hp tro khang.....) s qua b phn
iu ch di ph tn; cui cung b phn giao
tip chun bi tin hiu phat tng thich voi mi
trng truyn hay knh truyn
- Cac cng vic c thuc hin theo chiu ngc
lai o may thu
- Tin hiu trn ng truyn cua h thng truyn
du liu s la tin hiu s, tuc cac in ap tng
ung cho cac muc 0 va 1 cua cac m nhi phn biu
thi cho tin tuc.
- B phn chinh cua h thng la b phn bin i
AD (Analog to Digital Converter, ADC) o may
phat (bin tin hiu tng tu thanh tin hiu s) va
bin i DA (Digital to Analog Converter,
DAC) o may thu (bin tin hiu s thanh tin hiu
tng tu).
! "# thu$t truyn ni ti%p v s&ng s&ng
Truyn ni tip Truyn song song
- Tin hiu ln lt c phat i tung bit trn cung
mt ng dy. Tc truyn chm nhng it tn
kem hn so voi cach truyn song song
- M ky tu c gui i doi dang song song,
nghia la cac bit c phat i ng thi trn cac
ng truyn. Tc truyn song song kha nhanh
nhng phai tn nhiu ng dy. Do o, cach
truyn nay c dung trong thuc t khi phn phat
va thu o gn nhau
5. "# thu$t truyn 'ng ()
- La phng thuc truyn hong bit
- Du liu c truyn hinh thanh theo cac dang c inh bao gm mt dy huu han cac bit va c
chia thanh cac khung tin (F!"#$
* Mi Frame bao gm cac thng tin sau:
Ky hiu anh du im bt u va kt thuc Frame (F%!g)
Thng tin iu khin ng b hoa giua bn truyn va bn nhn (C&nt&%).
Du liu cn truyn (D!t!): la chui cac bit m ta
* Vi du cac ky tu c m hoa bng m ASCII va ban tin c truyn thanh tung khung tin, su
ng b c thuc hin o nhung khoang thi gian giua cac khung tin cua ban tin.
Do truyn mt ln ca ban tin nn vn tc truyn kha lon, tu 2400bps, 4800bps, 9600bps cho
n hang Mbps.
Mt bt li cua cach truyn ng b la may phat phai gui tin hiu xung ng h ng b
may thu.
Nu vic nay khng thuc hin c thi o may thu phai thit k mt vong khoa pha (PLL)
phuc hi xung ng b tu dong du liu.
Flag Contr
ol
Data Contr
ol
Flag
* C'( ('(h )*ng +, h-!
. *ng +, th#& th/i gi!n th0(1 thi gian tu nhin.
Vi du: Ung dung Email, Chat tun thu thi gian GMT cua h thng.
. *ng +, th#& th/i gi!n %&gi(: theo qui oc giua 2 bn truyn va bn nhn.
Vi du: Su dung ng h bm trong chi c vua.
* Vi du truyn thng ip MsgICTNEWS voi quy inh dai khung truyn la 10 bit

6. *+ d, truyn th-ng ip. /sg01P2345671 v8i vi9 :- t; th-ng ip th<& :=
>?2@@ A (it
C2NG 31 2 T2NG TRUYN T24NG
Flag Contr
ol
ICTNEW Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
S Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1010000 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1000011 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1010111 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1001111 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1010010 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1001100 Contr
ol
Flag
Flag Contr
ol
1000100 Contr
ol
Flag
Contr
ol
9: S5 )* h6 th7ng tu89n th:ng ;< ('( (h=( n>ng
Cac chuc nng:
. DT? (Data Terminal Equipment): thit bi u cui du liu voi chuc nng truyn cac du
liu tu ngi su dung doi dang s hoc tng tu (thng thng la du liu s voi tc thp).
. DC? (Data Circuit Terminal Equipment): thit bi chuyn i du liu voi chuc nng chuyn
i cac tin hiu tu DTE sang dang tng thich voi mi trng truyn.
. M:i t@/ng tu89n (Transmission Media): mi trng vt li xac inh, thng tin c
chuyn thanh tin hiu thich hp voi mi trng truyn lan.
. NhiAu (Noise): la thanh phn khng mong mun c thm vao tin hiu truyn goi la
nhiu.
. Ngu*n tin (Source): tp hp cac tin ma h thng truyn tin dung lp cac ban tin khac
nhau khi truyn.
. NhBn tin (Receive): nhn bit thng tin va xu li
* Vi du minh hoa
14: Chu:n DEng DF %i6u tu89n th#& (huGn RS-3H3C
- Khun dang du liu truyn la cac Frame
- Du liu truyn c m hoa theo phng phap m ASCII 7 bit
- Cac bit bt u va kt thuc Frame goi la Start va Stop1, Stop2
- Bit kim tra chn le (Parity bit)
0 X X X X X X X X 1 1
Start Parity Stop1 Stop2
Vi du:
Msg HELLO voi m ASCII 7 bit
15: S5 )* "E(h )i9u khiIn J7 %i6u UKT L3MNAO Ch=( n>ng (P! ('( th<nh QhRn
Chuc nng:
- Dm du liu: lu tru tam thi du liu truyn
- Dm thu : chuyn i tin hiu song song sang tin hiu ni tip truyn
- Dm phat: chuyn i tin hiu ni tip sang tin hiu song song truyn
- Logic iu khin oc ghi: iu khin hoat ng thu phat tin hiu giao tip voi modem
theo chun RS- 203. RD;WR;CS;IR
16. N,i Dung ;< S nghT! th!nh ghi tEng th'i )@/ng tu89n t&ng UART- L3MNA
Mt thanh ghi khac trong vi mach 8250 c goi la thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn
LCR(Line Control Register). Thanh ghi nay lu tru cac tham s c ngi lp trinh thit lp va xac
inh khun mu khung truyn cua cuc trao i thng tin. Cac thng tin v: s cac bit du liu, s
lng bit dung va kiu chn le c su dung trong khung truyn u c ct giu trn thanh ghi
nay. Du liu co th c vit vao thanh ghi nay va c oc ra sau y. Chuc nng cac bit cua thanh
ghi LCR.
Cac bit 0 va 1. Gia tri c ct giu trong hai bit nhi phn nay ch r s cac bit du liu trong
tung ky tu c truyn. S cac bit trn mt ky tu co th nm trong khoang tu 5 n 8 bit, cho phep
CT Start Data Parity Stop1 Stop2
2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
? 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
L 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
L 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
U 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
xac inh dai cua tu (Word). Li giai thich cho bit 0 va 1 trn hinh v 12 lam sang t thm vai tro
cua cac bit nay.
Bit 2 ch r s cac bit dung trong mi khung truyn. Nu nh bit 2 co mt gia tri logic bng
0 thi s bit dung s c vi mach 8250 tao ra.
Nu ky tu c truyn co sau, bay hoc tam bit du liu va bit 2 c t vao mt logic 1 thi
hai bit dung s c tao ra va inh km vao tung tu c truyn. Nu nh nm bit du liu c
chon lam h thng m dung cho mt ky tu thi cn n 1,5 bit dung chn vao
trong tu du liu. u cu nay cn thit thich ung voi cac thit bi c trn o su dung nm bit du
liu.
Bit 3. Dc quy inh la bit cho phep chn le, nghia la co su dung bit chn le hay khng.Nu
bit nay co gia tri logic 1 thi bit chn le s c tao ra va chn vao tung xu ky tu. Do tinh chn le
c cho phep nn bt k ky tu nao nhn c cng u bi kim tra v
tinh chn le.
Bit 4. Kiu chn le c chon, le hoc chn, c xac inh bng cach t bit 4. Khi ct
giu mt trang thai logic 0 o vi tri nay co nghia la t tinh chn le la le va ngc lai, ct giu mt trang
thai logic 1 o bit 4 co nghia la t tinh chn le la chn. Nu nh bit 3, tuc la bit cho phep chn le, bi
cm bng cach t mt gia tri logic 0 vao vi tri nay thi bt k la gia tri bit nh th nao c t o vi
tri bit 4 cng khng co tac dung.
Bit 5. (Bit stick parity). Nu nh bit 3 va bit 5 c t gia tri logic 1 thi khi b truyn xut
ra mt ky tu, b nhn tai ch (local) s phat hin nh mt gia tri logic 3.
Bit 6. Dc quy inh la bit BREAK (dung). Khi bit nay c t mt gia tri logic 1 thi no
bt buc SOT (Serial out hay TxD) chuyn sang muc logic trng (muc LOW) cho n khi mt gia
tri logic 0 c ct giu vao bit 6. Nh co bit nay ma may tinh co th bao hiu cho thit bi u cui
bit la c ni nh mt phn cua h thng truyn thng.
Bit 7. Phai c t mt gia tri logic 1 truy nhp cac cht s chia (divisor latches). Cac
cht nay la nhung thanh ghi ct giu s chia i voi tin hiu giu nhip (ng h), s nay quy inh tc
baud cua h thng truyn thng ni tip. Mi ln tc baud c t lai thi bit nay (bit 7) lai
c t v gia tri logic 0.
17: N,i Dung ;< S nghT! th!nh ghi tEng th'i )@/ng tu89n t&ng UART-L3MNA
Thanh ghi trang thai ng truyn (LSR: Line Status Register) thanh ghi 8 bit, chua thng tin
v qua trinh du liu qua cng ni tip cn cung cp cho b vi xu ly.
- Bit 0, c dung thng bao cho bit du liu nhn c (DR: Data Received). Khi bit
0 co gia tri logic 1 co nghia la du liu c nhn va sn sang b xu ly oc.
- Bit 1: Mt gia tri logic 1 o bit nay co nghia la ky tu nhn troc o bi mt vi no khng
c oc troc khi mt ky tu moi c nhn nn ky tu moi ghi ln ky tu troc.
- Bit 2: Mt gia tri logic 1 o bit li chn le co nghia la ky tu c nhn co tinh chn le
sai.Khi thanh ghi trang thai ng truyn (LSR) c oc thi bit nay lai c t v gia tri logic 0.
- Bit 3: Dy la bit li khung truyn. Nu ky tu nhn khng co mt bit dung hp l, nghia
la co li khung truyn, thi bit 3 trong thanh ghi LSR c t vao mt gia tri logic 1.
- Bit 4: c quy inh la bit gian oan ngt (break interrupt bit). Bit nay c tu ng t
vao mt gia tri logic 1 khi du liu nhn c c giu o mt muc trng trn toan b
chiu dai cua mt tu du liu.
- Bit 5: c quy inh la bit bao hiu trang thai rng cua b m truyn (THRE: Transmit
Holding Register Empty). Bit nay bao hiu la cng ni tip sn sang tip nhn ky tu khac c
truyn toi.
- Bit 6: Bit nay la mt bit ch oc. Khi bit nay co gia tri logic 1 thi b m truyn ang con
trng.
- Bit 7: khng c su dung va lun c t gia tri logic 0.
18OS5 )* "E(h )i9u khiIn tu89n J7 %i6u UART-L3MVAO Ch=( n>ng (P! ('( th<nh QhRn
Cc khi chc nng ch yu
- m d liu:m BS 3 trang thai, 2 chiu, 8 bit nay c su dung ghep ni 8251 voi
BS du liu h thng VXL. Du liu c thu va phat thng qua m du liu nay bng cac lnh IN,
OT cua VXL. Tu iu khin (Control Words), lnh hay thng tin trang thai c chuyn thng qua
m BS du liu nay.
- !gic iu "hi#n ghi:Khi nay nhn cac tin hiu tu BS iu khin cua VXL, tu o tao ra
cac tin hiu iu khin cho cac hoat ng cua thit bi. No bao gm thanh ghi tu iu khin (Control
Word Register) va thanh ghi lnh (Command Word Register) co chua cac dang iu khin khac nhau
cho chuc nng cua thit bi.
- $%&%t:Nu u vao nay o muc cao s chuyn 8251A v trang thai ch (Idle mode). Vi mach
s o trang thai nay toi khi cac tu iu khin khac c ghi vao va thit lp chuc nng cua no. Xung
RESET co rng it nht 6 t
C .
-'(:u vao nay cung cp xung nhip cho vi mach hoat ng. No thng c ly tu u ra
PCCLK cua vi mach tao xung nhip 8284. CH NG B nhip cua CLK phai lon hn 30 ln
xung nhip cua b thu va nhn (Receiver, Transmitter) va 4,5 ln o ch khng ng b.
-)$:Muc thp o chn nay cho phep CP gui s liu hoc tu iu khin toi 8251.
-$*:Muc thp o chn nay cho phep CP oc s liu hay thng tin v trang thai cua 8251
-iu "hi#n +!d%m:Vi mach 8251 co mt b cac u vao ra c su dung giao tip mt
cach n gian voi hu ht cac modem. Cac tin hiu iu khin nay co th dung voi muc ich khac
ngoai vic iu khin modem.
-*,$: u vao nay c CP nhn bit thng qua c ch oc trang thai. No c su dung
kim tra trang thai modem (co th la thit bi ngoai khac)
-*-$: u ra nay co th c thit lp thng qua vic lp trinh truc tip toi bit trong tu lnh
(Command intruction Word). No c dung bao trang thai cho modem.
-$-,: u ra nay co th c thit lp thng qua vic lp trinh truc tip toi bit trong tu lnh
(Command intruction Word). No c dung bao trang thai cho modem.
-'-$: Muc thp o u vao nay va bit TxEN trong byte lnh c dung cho phep 8251 truyn
du liu.
-m .h/t:m phat nhn du liu doi dang song song tu m BS du liu, chuyn no sang
dang ni tip, chn cac bit cn thit (tu vao k thut truyn) sau o gui ra thng qua chn TxD.
- iu "hi#n .h/t:B iu khin phat iu khin tt ca cac hoat ng truyn du liu ni tip.
No thu nhn va phat ra cac tin hiu ca ni va ngoai thuc hin chuc nng iu khin.
--0*:Tin hiu ra thng bao cho CP bit khi truyn sn sang nhn cac ky tu. Tin hiu
nay co th c dung lam tin hiu ngt hay trong hoat ng hi vong, CP kim tra tin hiu nay
thng qua vic oc trang thai.
- m thu:m thu tip nhn s liu ni tip, bin i thanh dang song song va kim tra cac
ky tu truyn thng c bit sau o gui cac ky tu cho CP. Tin hiu ni tip c a vao tu chn
RxD.
- iu "hi#n thu:No co chuc nng iu khin cac hoat ng lin quan n hoat ng nhn du
liu.
-$0*: Chn ra nay thng bao cho CP rng 8251A chua ky tu a vao CP. RxD co th
c dung lam tin hiu ngt hay trong hoat ng hi vong CP kim tra tin hiu nay thng qua vic
oc trang thai. RxRD tu ng reset khi ky tu c CP oc.
20. N,i Dung ;< S nghT! th!nh ghi tW (hX ), ;< th!nh ghi tW %6nhY th!nh ghi tEng th'i t&ng
"E(h )i9u khiIn UART-L3MVA
* Thanh ghi tu ch :
* Thanh ghi tu lnh :
* Thanh ghi trang thai:
C2NG H1
MZ 2[A \] IU C2^ D_ LIU
21: NR`
NR L
Nguyn tc:
Din ap cao tng ung voi bit 0
Khng co in ap tng ung voi bit 1
NR - I
Nguyn tc:
Chuyn muc in ap nu gp bit 1
Khng chuyn muc in ap nu gp bit 0
Vi du
Chui bit 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
NR L
NR - I
22. AMI
* Nguyn tc:
- Su dung in ap 0 cho gia tri nhi phn 0
- Su dung muc in ap dng hoc m cho gia tri nhi phn 1
- Su thay i in ap tu m sang dng c thuc hin an xen giua cac bit 1 lin tip
trong chui bit nhi phn ban u
* Vi du:
Chui bit 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
AMI
23: M!n(h#Jt# ;< Dia##nti!% M!n(h#Jt#
Manchester
Nguyn tc:
Bit 1: tu thp ln cao
Bit 0: Tu cao xung thp
Dierential Manchester
Nguyn tc:
Bit 1 ban u: tu cao xung thp
Bit 0 ban u: tu thp ln cao
Bit 0 thu 2: tu cao xung thp
Cac bit tip theo
Gp bit 0: giu nguyn
Gp bit 1: Chuyn trang thai troc o
Vi du
Chui bit 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Manchester
Di Manchester

B. 6C9 -D nhiC phn nhiEDu :F9 GBHIJK
BA. 6C9 -D :aL nhiC phn nhiEDu :F9G /6MNO s9h<:<K
Bit 0
Bit 1 Bit 1
Bit 1
Bit 0
Bit 0 Nu bit trc la Nu bit trc la -
*iF du. IIIIIIII
Time
BP. "yL thuCt tr-Cn -Qi tDn GHPR?K
B8S la ma AMI co thm cac tinh nng sau:
- Chui 8 bit 0 lin tuc c thay th 1 chui 8 bit co ca bit 0 va bit 1 vi 2 ma vi pham
lut ao bit 1
- Nu trc chui 8 bit la xung , thi cac bit 0 c thay th bi 000-0-
- Nu trc chui 8 bit la xung -, thi cac bit 0 c thay th bi 000-0-

S*
I I I I I I I
T
N*
0
-V V
VD: 1100000000110000010
Chui 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
B8S

BU. "yL thuCt tr-Cn -Qi tDn GH7HOK
HDB3: la ma AMI co thm tinh cht sau: Chui 4 bit 0 lin tip c thay th bi chui 4 bit co ca
bit 0 va bit 1 vi 1 ma vi pham lut ao bit

Cc tinh cua xung trc o S bit 1 t ln thay th cui cung
Le Chn
- 000- 00
000 -00-
VD
Chui 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HDB3
C2NG b1
cd Le S LIU TRfN gNG TRUYN
37. hh@5ng Qh'Q i J!i V+itY Di J!i 3 +it
* Phng phap ro sai 1 bit: Dy la phng phap kim tra n gian nht, bng cach thm vao sau
chui du liu mt bit sao cho tng s bit 1 k ca bit thm vao la chn( hoc le), o may thu kim tra
lai tng s nay bit co li hay khng. Phng phap n gian nn cht lng khng cao, nu s li
la chn thi may thu khng phat hin ra c.

VD:
Msg PROCESSING
Chui bit du liu truyn i:
0000101.0|0100101.1|1111001.1|1100001.1|1010001.1|1100101.0|1100101.0|1001001.1|
0111001.0|1110001.0
Bit1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P1
P 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
E 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
S 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
S 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
I 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
N 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
G 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
* Phng phap ro sai 2 bit: D do ra 2 bit li cua mt chui du liu co th thuc hin 2 phep kim
tra , 1 voi cac bit o vi tri chn va 1 voi cac bit o vi tri le. Ln lt thuc hin kim tra chn voi cac bit
o vi tri 1,3,5,7 va cac bit o vi tri 2,4,6 cua tung ky tu
VD:
MsgPROCESSING
Chui bit du liu truyn i :
0000101.00|0100101.01|1111001.10|1100001.01|1010001.10|1100101.11|1100101.11 |
1001001.01|0111001.00|1110001.11
Bit1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P1 P2
P 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
E 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
S 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
S 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
I 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
N 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
G 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
38. hh@5ng Qh'Q Di J!i 3 (hi9u
* La phng phap kts hp 2 phng phap VRC va LRC. Kim tra cac bit chn le theo ca chiu
doc va chiu ngang. Phng phap nay cho phep phat hin va sua li do co th xac inh c vi
tri li la giao im cua hang va ct
Nhc im cua phng phap nay la khng th phat hin ra cac li ma cac vi tri li tao thanh
hinh chu nht.
* VD:
MsgINFORMATION
I: 1001001
N: 1001110
F: 1000110
O: 1001111
R: 1010010
M: 1001101
A: 1000001
T: 1010100
I: 1001001
Chui du liu truyn i:
1001001.1|0111001.0|0110001.1|1111001.1|0100101.1|1011001.0|1000001.0|
0010101.1|1001001.1|1111001.1|0111001.0|0011001
Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VRC
I 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
N 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
F 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
M 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
A 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
T 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
I 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
N 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
LRC 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
40.hh@5ng Qh'Q kiI" t! (hjn %k \RC ;< LRC
* VRC:
- La phng phap kim tra bit chn le theo chiu doc. Ch co kha nng phat hin li , khng co
kha nng sua li. DO ko th xac inh vi tri li bi sai
- Phat hin ra li sai khi tng cac li sai la le
VD: MsgCOMPTER
C: 1000011; O: 1001111; M: 1001101; P: 1010000; : 1010101; T: 1010100; E: 1000101;
R: 1010010
Chui du liu truyn i:
1100001.1|1111001.1|1011001.0|0000101.0|1010101.0|0010101.1|1010001.1|0100101.1
Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VRC
C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
M 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
P 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
T 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
E 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
*LRC:
- La phng phap kim tra chn le theo chiu ngang
VD: Msg COMPTER
Chui du liu truyn i:
110001|1111001|1011001|0000101|1010101|0010101|1010001|0100101|1110000
Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
M 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
P 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
T 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
E 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
LRC 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
41: BSC theo Parity
VD: MsgPROBLEMS
Chui truyn i:
0000101.0|0100101.1|1111001.1|0100001.0|0011001.1|1010001.1|1011001.0|1100101.0|
0001100.0
Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VRC
P 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
O 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
L 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
E 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
M 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
S 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
LRC 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
42: lSC
- Bn truyn s ly cac ky tu trong khi cn truyn c xem nh cac s nhi phn ko du
cng lai voi nhau bu tru trong khi bao gm ca cac ky tu kim tra. Voi phep toan bu 1 la
s nh cui c dung bt k gia tri nao vt ra ngoai vi tri bit co nghia lon nht s c
cng vao tng nhi phn hin huu. Chui bit biu din ky tu km theo ca chui bit BCC.
- Bn nhn sau khi nhn c s thuc hin lai phep cng theo bu 1.Nu kt qua la 0 trong
bu 1 thi chui bit truyn ko xay ra li va ngc lai.
- VD: MsgVIRS
V:1010110; I: 1001001; R: 1010010; : 1010101; S: 1010011
1010110
1001001
1010010
1010101
1010011

110011001
11
0011100
Dao bit 1100011
Chui bit truyn i: 011010110010010100101101010111001011100011
43: CRC biu din nhi phn
VD: Msg1011101101011
Da thc : 10011
T 1011101 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
P 10011
0010001
10011
00010 1 0 1
10 0 1 1
00 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
0 0 V N V N
T = 1011101101011|1010
44: CRC biu din a thc
VD: M 10111011010 X10X8X7X6X4X3X
P 1011 X3X1
T X13X11X10X9X7X6X4 X3X1
X13 X11X10
X9X7X6X4 X10X6 X
X9X7X6
X4
X4X2X
c3.c
T= 10111011010| 110
45: Hamming
VD : Msg=Test du ng ma A!"" #$it
T: 0010101
%: 1010001
: 1100101
T: 0010101
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C0 C1 0 C2 0 1 0 C3 1 0 1 1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 0 0 C4 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 C5 0 1
Vi tri C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C0
6 0 0 0 1 1 0
& 0 0 1 0 0 1
11 0 0 1 0 1 1
12 0 0 1 1 0 0
13 0 0 1 1 0 1
1# 0 1 0 0 0 1
1& 0 1 0 0 1 1
20 0 1 0 1 0 0
22 0 1 0 1 1 0
26 0 1 1 0 1 0
2& 0 1 1 1 0 1
31 0 1 1 1 1 1
34 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Cu 46:trinh bay phng phap nen du liu Human.Ly vd
MsgDATACOMMNICATION:
Cac buoncs tao m Haman:
Tng ung voi mi du kin lien kt 1 cy nhi phn chua duy nht mt nut.
mi cy ghi tn s xut hin ma ta goi la trong lng cua cy.
Tim 2 cy nh nht.Nu co nhiu hn hai ,ta chon ngu nhin 2 cy trong s cac
cy co trong lng nh nht,ghep chung la thnah mt cy n voi nut gc
moi.Tng trong lng cua 2 cy la trong lng cua cy moi.
Lp lai cac boc cho toi luc ch con 1 cy duy nht.
Cac cy ban u tro thanh cac la cy nhi phn cui cung nay.T bit rng i voi
cy nhi phn thi ch co mt ng duy nht tu gc toi la.Voi mi la,ng tu
gc n no chinh la m Human tng ung.M nay xac inh bng cach ghi gia
tri 0 cho nhanh bn trai va 1 cho nhanh bn phai.
VD:Xet trong MSG ta co tn xut xut hin cac ki tu D,A,T,C,O,M,,N,I ln lt
la:0.0588:0,176:0.117:0.177:0.177:0.177:0,0588:0.177:0.177.

Ky tu M
D 1110
A 000
T 001
C 100
O 101
M 010
1111
N 011
I 110
Cu 47:Trinh bay phng phap nen du liu FANO,Ly vd
MsgDATATRANSMISSION:
Cac boc tao cy FANO:
Thit lp bang tn s xut hin cua tung ky hiu trong tp ngun.
Sp xp bang tn s theo thu tu giam dn cua tn s xut hin,ky hiu xut hin
nhiu nht s ung u bang,ky hiu xut hin it nht s ung cui bang.
Chia bang ra thanh 2 phn sao cho tng tn s cua nua trn va tng tn s cua
nua doi gn nhau nht.
Nua trn c gan boi s 0,nua doi c gan boi s 1.Co nghia la m cua cac
ky hiu thuc nua trn bt u bng bit 0,m cua cac ky hiu thuc nua doi bt
u bng bit 1.
Mi nua lai tip tuc chia lam phn theo cach trn.Sau mi ln nh vy lai thm
0 hoc 1 vao n sau m m.
ua trinh trn c thuc hin cho n khi mi nhom ch con duy nht 1 ky tu.
VD: Tn xut cac ky tu D,A,T,R,N,S,M,I,O theo thu tu la
0.0625:0.1875:0.125:0.0625:0.125:0.1875:0.0625:0.125:0.0625
Ky tu Tn xut Ln nhom M
1 2 3 4
A 0.1875 0 0 00
S 0.1875 0 1 0 010
T 0.125 0 1 1 011
N 0.125 1 0 0 100
I 0.125 1 0 1 101
D 0.0625 1 1 0 0 1100
R 0.0625 1 1 0 1 1101
M 0.0625 1 1 1 0 1110
O 0.0625 1 1 1 1 1111
Cu 48:Trinh bay phng phap nen du liu RNLENGTH:
M hoa:
Dung 4 bit nhi phn thay th cac chui bit 0 lin tip.
Mt bit 1 giua cac chui bit 0 s ko dc m.
Hai bit 1 lin tip xem nh 1 bit 0 o giua.
Nu co s 0 nhiu hn 15:20155,3015150May thu khi gp chui bn
bit 1,no phai hiu la phai ly tng s nay voi cac s phia sau,nu s sau cung
cng gm 4 bit 1 ,may thu phai c bao bng chui 4 bit 0 theo sau.
Nu chui bt u bng bit 1,may phat s gui i 4 bit 0 u tin.
Cui ban tin,tin hiu bao chm dut ban tin va nh o may thu bit cach xu ly
cho trng hp ban tin kt thuc boi chui bit 0 hay bit 1.
Msg0100000000001100000000000000011100000000000000000100011110000
1 10 15 17 3 4
S0001.1010.0000.1111.0000.0000.1111.0010.0011.0000.0000.0000.0100
Cu 50:Trinh bay phng phap nen m vi phn.Ly vd:
M vi phn con goi la m tng i (Relative encoding).Trong nhiu trng
hp.Trong nhiu trng hp,cac du liu ln tip nhau thay i rt it.Thi du trng hp
m tin hiu hinh anh trong k thut video,do phai xu ly 30 ban anh trong 1s to anh
ng,nn chi tit cua cac anh khng khac nhau bao nhiu,thay vi phai nen tin hiu
tung khung ngi ta nghi toi vic xac inh su khac nhau cua cac khung lin tip,m
thng tin nay va gui i.
Nguyn tc cua m vi phn nh sau:khung thu nht c phat i ng thi lu o b
m cua may phat va thu.May phat s so sanh khung thu 2 voi khung thu nht nay,m
su khac bit va phat i doi dang mt khung.May thu khi nhn khung thu 2,nh cac
m ch su khac bit ma so sanh voi khung thu nht tai tao khung thu 2,ng thi no
lu khung thu 2 nay trong b m va qua trinh tip tuc voi cac khung moi.