Shape Function Generation

and Requirements
Requirements
Requirements
(A) Interpolation condition. Takesa unit valueat
nodei , andis zeroat all other nodes.
Requirements
(B) Local support condition. Vanishes over any element
boundary (a side in 2D, a face in 3D) that does not include
node i .
(C) Interelement compatibility condition. Satisfies C0
continuity between adjacent elements over any element
boundary that includes node i .
(D) Completeness condition. The interpolation is able to
represent exactly any displacement field which is a linear
polynomial in x and y; in particular, a constant value.
If (C) and (D) are considered together,this case can be
called CONSISTENCY.
Requirements
What aretheminimum requirementsthat thefiniteelement
shapefunctionsmust showsothat convergenceis assured.
Twohavebeenacceptedfor a longtime:
Continuity (which is the toughest to meet!)
A structureis sub-dividedintosub-regionsor elements. Theoverall deformation
of thestructureis built-upfromthevaluesof thedisplacementsat thenodesthat
form thenet or gridandtheshapefunctionswithinelements.
Completeness
Inthefiniteelement method, or for that matter,in anyapproximatemethod, we
aretryingtoreplacean unknownfunction(x), whichis theexact solutiontoa
boundaryvalueproblem over a domain enclosedbya boundarybyan
approximatefunction(x ) whichis constitutedfroma set of shapeor basis
functions.
Generation ofShape Functions
Generation of shape functions is the most fundamental task in any finite
element implementation.
Howisoparametricshapefunctionscan be directlyconstructedbygeometric
considerations;
Traditional interpolationtakesthefollowingsteps
1. Choosea interpolationfunction
2. Evaluateinterpolationfunctionat knownpoints
3. Solveequationstodetermineunknownconstants
=[X] {a} e=[A] {a}
() =
1
+
2

1

2






=
1 1
1 1

2






=
1
2
1 1
1 1







1

2






() =

1
+
2
2
+

1
+
2
2

() =
1
2

1
+
1+
2

2
() =
1
2

1
+
1+
2

2
() = N
(1)
()
1
+ N
(2)
()
2
N
(1)
()=
1
2
, N
(2)
() =
1+
2

(1)
= 1

(2)
=1
N
(n)
()=
1+
(n)

2
, n =1,2
4 Node Bilinear Quadrilateral 9 Node Biquadratic Quadrilateral
QuadrilateralElements
HigherOrderRectangularElements
Morenodes;still2translationald.o.f.pernode.
Higherorder higherdegreeofcompletepolynomial
containedindisplacementapproximations.
Twogeneralfamilies ofsuchelements:
Serendipity Lagrangian
QuadrilateralElements
Lagrangian Elements:
Ordern elementhas(n+1)
2
nodesarrangedinsquare
symmetricpattern requiresinternalnodes.
Shapefunctionsareproductsofnthorderpolynomialsin
eachdirection.(biquadratic,bicubic,)
BilinearquadisaLagrangian elementofordern =1.
QuadrilateralElements
Lagrangian ShapeFunctions:
Usesaprocedurethatautomatically satisfiesthe
Kronecker deltapropertyforshapefunctions.
Consider1Dexampleof6points;wantfunction=1at and
function=0atotherdesignatedpoints:
( )
( )( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )( )
0 1 2 4 5 (5)
3
3 0 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5
. L

=

0
1
2
3
4
5
1;
.75;
.2;
.3;
.6;
1.

=
=
=
=
=
=
3
0.3 =
QuadrilateralElements
Lagrangian ShapeFunctions:
Canperformthisforany numberofpointsatany
designatedlocations.
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
0 1 1 1 ( )
0
0 1 1 1
.
m
k k m i m
k
i
k k k k k k k m k i
i k
L

+
=
+

= =

L L
L L
No -
k
term!
Lagrange
polynomial
of order m
at node k
QuadrilateralElements
NotesonLagrangian Elements:
Onceshapefunctionshavebeenidentified,thereareno
proceduraldifferencesintheformulationofhigherorder
quadrilateralelementsandthebilinearquad.
PascalstrianglefortheLagrangian quadrilateralelements:
3 x 3 n x n
QuadrilateralElements
SerendipityElements:
Ingeneral,onlyboundarynodes avoidsinternalones.
NotasaccurateasLagrangian elements.
However,moreefficientthanLagrangian elementsand
avoidscertaintypesofinstabilities.
QuadrilateralElements
SerendipityShapeFunctions:
Shapefunctionsformidsidenodes areproductsofan
nthorderpolynomialparallel tosideandalinearfunction
perpendicular totheside.
E.g.,quadraticserendipityelement:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 1
6 7 2 2
1 1 ; 1 1 . N N = + = +
QuadrilateralElements
Shapefunctionsforcornernodes aremodifications ofthe
shapefunctionsofthebilinearquad.
Step#1:startwithappropriatebilinearquadshapefunction, .
Step#2:subtractoutmidsideshapefunctionN
5
withappropriate
weight
Step#3:repeatStep#2usingmidsideshapefunctionN
8
andweight
1

N
( )
1
1 2

node #5 N =
( )
1
1 2

node #8 N =
( )( )( )
1
4
1 1 1 ; 1,2,3,4.
k k k k k
N k = + + + =
QuadrilateralElements
NotesonSerendipityElements:
Onceshapefunctionshavebeenidentified,thereareno
proceduraldifferencesintheformulationofhigherorder
quadrilateralelementsandthebilinearquad.
Pascalstrianglefortheserendipityquadrilateralelements:
3 x 3 m x m
(,) =
1
+
2
+
3
+
4

1D Shape
Function
() =
1
+
2

(,) =
1
+
2
+
3
+
4

1

2

3

4










=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

4










=
1
4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1











1

2

3

4










(,) =
1
+
2
+
3
+
4

4










=
1
4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1











1

2

3

4










(,) =

1
+
2
+
3
+
4
4
+

1
+
2
+
3

4
4
+

1

2
+
3
+
4
4
+

1

2
+
3

4
4

(,) =
1 +
4





1
+
1+
4





2
+
1+ + +
4





3
+
1 +
4





4
(,) = N
(1)

1
+ N
(2)

2
+ N
(3)

3
+ N
(4)

4
N
(n)
(,)=
1
4
(1+
(n)
)(1+
(n )
)
N
(1)
=
1
4
(1)(1)
N
(2)
=
1
4
(1+ )(1)
N
(3)
=
1
4
(1+ )(1+)
N
(4)
=
1
4
(1)(1+)
(,) =
1 +
4





1
+
1+
4





2
+
1+ + +
4





3
+
1 +
4





4
N
(1)
=
1
4
(1)(1)
N
(2)
=
1
4
(1+ )(1)
N
(3)
=
1
4
(1+ )(1+)
N
(4)
=
1
4
(1)(1+)
9 Node Biquadratic Quadrilateral Shape
Function Plots
Triangular Elements
Isoparametric Representation for Triangular
Elements
Triangular Elements
From the diagram below, it is easy to see that points near nodes 2 and 3 will
not move as far as points near node 1 when the triangle deforms. We will
assume thedeformation is linear and we will compute it with areas. The area
of a triangle is;
Triangular Elements
The interior point divides the triangle into 3 regions. All 3 nodal points may move
and the motion of the interior point is some combination of their displacement. Let
A1, A2, and A3 be the areas of each of triangular regions and A the total area of the
element. We can see from the diagram that;
Wecan deriveshapefunctions;
Triangular Elements
The shape functions are not independent of one another
because:
Knowing two of the shape functions makes it possible to compute the third.
Because of this we can let
Triangular Elements
6 Node Triangle:Shape Function Plots