Well Logs

Geol472-2009
What do we need to find out?
Rock type?
Sandstone? Shale?
Limestone?
Rock Properties
Porosity
Permeability
Bedding Orientation
Fractures?
Temperature
Fluids
Type (water, oil, gas)
Saturation
Salinity
Pressure
Engineering
Well trajectory (coord)
Shape of hole
Casing Joints
Quality of cement
etc
What for? (Log applications)
Stratigraphic correlation
Formation Tops
Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water saturations
Porosity
Correlation with seismic data
Sedimentological studies
Reservoir modeling
Structural studies
etc
What can we measure?
Electrical Properties
Natural radioactivity
Induced radioactivity
Acoustic Properties (velocity)
Shape of hole
Noise
Temperature
Depth
Orientation of hole

Log Types
Lithologic Logs
Spontaneous Potential
(SP)
Gamma Ray (GR)
Porosity Logs
Neutron
Density
Sonic
Resistivity Logs (Fluid
Type)
Resistivity
Induction
Other
Dipmeter
Caliper
Temperature
Acoustic
FMI
Many more
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
One of the Oldest Logging Measurements
Used Commercially in 1931
Discovered as Noise in Resistivity
Found to be Related to Presence of Sandstone
Surface
Downhole
The earth well
works like a battery
E = -K log (a
w
/a
mf
)
E is in millivolts
a
w
= water salinity
a
w
= mud salinity
Ion flow is easier in
permeable
sandstones
Typical SP log Typical SP log
SP has Poor SP has Poor
Limestone Limestone
Response Response
Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
Drift
Gamma Ray Log
Lithology log
Measures natural radioactivity
Uses a scintilometer (Gaiger counter)
Potassium (K), Uranim, Thorium,
Phosphorous
K abundant in clay shales
Unaffected by fluids
SP and
Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray in API
Units
Shales swing right
Spectral Gamma Ray
Differentiates the different sources of gamma rays
Resistivity Log Applications Resistivity Log Applications
True R
t
Formation Resistivity
Fluid Saturation S
w
from Archies Equation
Determination of Hydrocarbon-Bearing vs. Water-
Bearing Zones
Geopressure Detection
Diameter of Invasion
Porosity
Correlation
Resistivity Tool Background Resistivity Tool Background
Three Classes
Electrode Logs
Laterologs
Focused Electrodes
Induction
Measure Resistivity in Ohms
Resistivity Resistivity
Resistivity of Water - Rw
Resistivity of Water and Formation
Resistivity of Water, Hydrocarbons,
and Formation
Resistivity of Formation
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Normal Resistivity Tool Normal Resistivity Tool
Spacing of electrodes determines penetration
Induction (Conductivity) Tool Induction (Conductivity) Tool
Receiver coil measures the induced electrical field
created in the rocks by the transmitter coil
Guard or Guard or Laterolog Laterolog Tool Tool
The guard electrodes focus the current in a narrow
disk
Log Presentation and Scales Log Presentation and Scales
ID, IM, LL8 measure
resistivity at different
distances form the
borehole.
ID= deep induction
IM= medium induction
LL8= shallow induction
Resistivity logs :
spherically-
focussed (SFL),
medium
induction (ILM),
and deep
induction (ILD)
from
KGS Jones #1
The Borehole Environment The Borehole Environment
Calculating Fluid Saturation
(R
xo
/R
t
)
5/8
S
w
=
(R
mf
/R
w
)
R
xo
= Resistivity of flushed zone
R
w
= Resistivity of formation water
R
mf
= Resistivity of mud filtrate
Rt= Resistivity of uninvaded zone
Wellbore Environment
Depth, Diameter,
Temperature,
Mud Parameters
Header Header
Sonic (Acoustic) Logs Sonic (Acoustic) Logs
Measures of acoustic travel time in formation
t = 1/V t = 1/V
t t is related to Porosity, Fluid Content and
Lithology
Used to generate Synthetic Seismic traces
to link wells logs to seismic data
Acoustic impedance
from Sonic log
Seismic
Reflectivity
Wavelet
Synthetic
Seismic
Creating synthetic seismic data: Creating synthetic seismic data:
Convolution
GEOL553Lecture3; SubsurfaceAnalysis
Density Log Density Log
Measures of Density -
Tied to Porosity, Fluid Content and Lithology
Tool emits gamma rays
Detects returning scattered gamma rays
Gamma ray absorption is proportional to rock
density
Neutron Log (CNL)
Tool has a neutron source
H absorbs neutrons and emits gamma rays
Tool detects the emitted gamma rays
H is mostly in formation fluids (water and
hydrocarbons)
Can be run through casing
Reads low in gas zones
Cannot distinguish oil from water
Neutron-density
cross over
indicates gas!
High resistivity
Porosity calibration
If lithology is
known, neutron and
density logs can be
calibrated for
porosity
Applications of logs
Stratigraphic studies
Sedimentary facies
Well correlation
Reservoir models
Structural interpretation
Fault recognition
Relating log character to sedimentary Relating log character to sedimentary facies facies
Building a reservoir Building a reservoir
model model model model
1. Define
facies in core
2. Relate
facies to log
3. Predict facies in wells
without core, but with good logs
4. Fill the gaps between wells
28 cores
1600 wells
108 Million Cells
Log Datum Terminology Log Datum Terminology
KB KB - - Kelly Bushing elevation Kelly Bushing elevation. .
MD MD - - Measured Depth along the wellbore Measured Depth along the wellbore
from the Kelly bushing from the Kelly bushing (usually) (usually)
SS SS - - Depth Relative to Depth Relative to Sealevel Sealevel
TVD TVD True Vertical Depth, (important for True Vertical Depth, (important for
non non- -vertical wells) vertical wells)
SSTVD SSTVD - - Sub Sub- -Sea True Vertical Depth Sea True Vertical Depth
Correlation Correlation
Example Example
Major Sands Major Sands
on SP on SP