Heinemann Senior Science 2 Chapter 1 answers

Heinemann Senior Science 2 Chapter 1 answers
Chapter 1 Lifestyle chemistry

1.1 Chemicals in everyday life
Questions
1 Chemical substances applied to the skin may harm the skin if they have properties
that are different from those of the skin. They may react with normal substances
within the skin.
2 a Butter is a liquid-in-liquid colloid. It is therefore an emulsiona water-in oil
emulsion.
b Milk is a liquid-in-liquid colloid and therefore an emulsionan oil-in-water
emulsion.
c Toothpaste is a solid-in-liquid colloid.
3 eter!ent is a surfactant. "urfactants improve the #wettin!$ power of water.
4 % surfactant molecule has a hydrophilic &water-attractin!' head and a lipophilic &oil-
or fat-attractin!' end. This structure allows a surfactant to reduce the surface
tension of water by breakin! up water$s #skin-like$ surface. The surfactant is able to
dissolve in both fat and water.
5 % colloid contains particles that are evenly distributed throu!hout the mi(ture &they
are homo!eneous'. Therefore the mi(ture can be evenly spread over the skin.
6
Property Solution Colloid Suspension
Particle size smallest intermediate large
Distribution of
particles in
medium
homogeneous homogeneous uneven, non-
homogeneous
Particle settling particles remain in
solution indefinitel
particles remain in
solutions for long
periods of time
particles settle over
time
!ffect of filtering particles cannot be
filtered
particles cannot be
filtered
particles can be
filtered
!ffect on light
beam
light beam is not
visible
scatters light"light
beam is visible
scatters light
Further questions
1 Individual student response.
Copright # Pearson $ustralia %a division of Pearson $ustralia &roup Pt 'td( 1
2
3 )aundry deter!ents work by allowin! the water to #wet$ fabric easily* by reducin!
the surface tension of the water. ishwashin! deter!ents contain surfactants whose
hydrophobic ends attach to !rease and whose hydrophilic ends allow and oil-in-
water emulsion for form.
5 Mercury has a much !reater surface tension than water. The forces of cohesion
&holdin! mercury particles to!ether' are much !reater than the forces of adhesion
&forces holdin! mercury particles to the !lass container'.
1.2 Cleaning products
Questions
1 %n emulsion is a colloid containin! one liquid evenly dispersed within another liquid.
% suspension is a mi(ture in which small solid or liquid particles are suspended in a
liquid or !as. The particles of a suspension settle into separate phases after a short
time* whereas an emulsion remains stable for a lon! period.
2 %n emulsifier or emulsifyin! a!ent causes particles of one liquid to become evenly
dispersed in a stable suspension in another liquid. This stable suspension is called an
emulsion.
3 Cleanin! products contain surfactants so that the cleanin! solvent* usually water* can
wet the surface bein! cleaned. They contain emulsifiers so that the !rease and oil on
the surface bein! cleaned can form an emulsion with the cleanin! solvent* usually
water.
4 +ou could test the electrical conductivity of each moisturiser. The water-based
moisturiser will conduct electricity* while the oil-based moisturiser will not. +ou
could test both moisturisers with food dyes. The water-based moisturiser will absorb
the dye* while the oil-based moisturiser will not .,owever* the oil-based moisturiser
will absorb oil-based dyes such as fuchsin. %lso* oil-in-water emulsions feel cool on
the skin* but water-in-oil emulsions do not.
5 Biode!radable means #able to be broken down readily by natural processes of
microbial decay$. It is important that deter!ents be biode!radable so that they do not
persist in the environment and pose a ha-ard to livin! thin!s.
6 % soap is made by a reaction between fat and alkali in a reaction called
saponification. % synthetic deter!ent is made from petroleum by-products and
contains a different water-attractin! end on its molecules.
7 In automatic washin! machines* the soap would form an insoluble scum with the soil
durin! washin!. This scum causes discolouration of clothin! and may form a
sediment on the washin! machine tub..
8 The hydrophobic tails attract each other less stron!ly than did the water molecules*
reducin! surface tension and allowin! the water to wet surfaces more effectively.
Further questions
1 a Cooks prefer a water-in-oil emulsion because the oil wets the wa(y surface of
salad ve!etables better and more evenly than water does.
b %dd a whisked e!! yolk and beat in thorou!hly.
2 a .efer to /i!ure 0.11 of te(t &top and middle pictures* p. 12'.
b .efer to /i!ure 0.11 of te(t &bottom picture* p. 12'.
c The dirty wash water can be described as an emulsion because the deter!ent
emulsifies any !rease in the water.
3 a "urfactants lower the surface tension of water* thus allowin! it to wet the
surface of the pine needles. The salt water can then penetrate the outer surface
of the needles and alter the salt balance inside the trees* eventually killin! them.
b Modern surfactants are more biode!radable* causin! less dama!e to the
environment.
4 3ater striders make use of the fact that water has a hi!h surface tension in order to
walk on the surface of water. eter!ents lower the surface tension of the water so
Copright # Pearson $ustralia %a division of Pearson $ustralia &roup Pt 'td( )
that water striders sinkthis would reduce their population. eter!ents also
emulsify oils* and this would interfere with the fatty layers of or!anisms.
5 )ecithin added to cocoa powder helps to form an emulsion when the cocoa is added
to water or milk. The cocoa fats form an emulsion in the water because of the
presence of lecithin* and these cocoa fats provide the flavour that consumers like.
1.3 Cleaning the human body
Questions
1 The skin consists of different kinds of specialised cells !rouped to!ether. 4ach of
these specialised !roups of cells is a tissue. The two ma5or tissue types in the skin
are the epidermis and dermis. %n or!an consists of at least two tissue types workin!
to!ether for a common purpose* as the epidermis and dermis act to!ether to perform
the ma5or skin functions. Therefore the skin is an or!an.
2 6rotection* e(cretion* assists heat re!ulation* helps provide immunity from infection.
3 Because it is an acid it must have a p, less than 7.
4 % skin soap is based on soap made from fat and alkali* whereas a skin cleanser
contains synthetic deter!ents.
5 .efer to /i!ure 0.28b of te(t &p.29'.
6 "urfactants wet and emulsify !reasy soils from the hair and skin.
7 Microflora are any !roup of microor!anisms that inhabit a particular place.
Microflora on the skin can include bacteria* fun!i* viruses* proto-oa and al!ae.
8 :ormal bacteria and yeasts in the skin di!est dead epidermal cells and secrete
substances that maintain the acidity of the skin.
Further questions
1 Most of the skin has little moisture available to support microbes. It is sli!htly
acidic* which inhibits the !rowth of most microflora. The surface temperature of the
skin &around 22C' is lower than that required by most microbes. "alt in sweat* and
chemicals such as sebum* fatty acids and urea* make the fluid medium of the skin
unsuitable for most microbes. "weat* like tears and saliva* also contains an
antibacterial en-yme called lyso-yme.
2 a 9.;0
Copright # Pearson $ustralia %a division of Pearson $ustralia &roup Pt 'td( *
b The avera!e p, of the boys$ skin is hi!her than the avera!e p, of the !irls$
skin.
c There is no obvious e(planation. It could be due the differences in hormones.
d 6erform the same e(periment with a much lar!er sample of boys and !irls.
e <=8> would suit the lar!est number of students in the class in terms of its
avera!e p, values.
3 3hen on the surface of the skin this bacterium does not cause disease because it is
present in small numbers* does not attack body tissue and does not provoke an
inflammatory response.
1.4 Solvents
Questions
1 water and alcohol
2 3ater does not react adversely with the skin or any other substance in cosmetics. It
dissolves a wide ran!e of substances.
3 %lcohol does not chan!e the way that !lycerin works* it dissolves !lycerin easily and
it evaporates readily leavin! an even layer of !lycerin on the skin..
6 "olvents should not be able to penetrate the skin because the balance of fluids in the
body would be disturbed.
Further questions
1 a =itamin C is hi!hly soluble in water. =itamin % and stearic acid have low
solubility due to fewer polar bonds in their structures.
b stearic acid
3 If someone swallows kerosene? .eassure the patient* make him or her as
comfortable as possible and ensure airways are not restricted. o not induce
vomitin!. Call the 6oisons Information Centre for informationthey will instruct
you if it is necessary to take the patient to hospital.
Copright # Pearson $ustralia %a division of Pearson $ustralia &roup Pt 'td( +
1.5 outes for administering drugs to the body
Questions
1 /unction and p, of each part of the di!estive system.
!ame of part "unction of part p# range
teeth ,echanicall brea- down food into small pieces. n/a
salivar glands Secrete enzmes to begin the chemical brea-down of
carbohdrates.
012
oesophagus Carries food b peristalsis to the stomach.
stomach Churns food. Protein and fat digestion begins here with
the aid of enzmes and hdrochloric acid.
11)
bile $ li3uid made in the liver to emulsif fat droplets in the
duodenum.
214
small intestine !nzmes from the pancreas and the small intestine itself
complete digestion. 5utrients and water are absorbed.
614
large intestine 7ater and minerals are absorbed. about 6
2 The solubility of a dru! can be different in the stomach from in the small intestine. %
dru! may be more soluble in alkaline conditions than it is in acidic conditions* or
vice versa.
3 ru!s are usually absorbed into the bloodstream via the walls of the small intestine
or stomach* or even throu!h the walls of the mouth. %lternate routes include via
hypodermic syrin!e* where a dru! is directly administered to the bloodstream* or
throu!h dermal patches* subdermal implants or nasal sprays.
4 %n enteric-coated tablet is a tablet with a special coatin!* usually cellulose acetate
phthalate* which only dissolves at p, @ 9.A. This means that dru!s coated with this
material will not dissolve in the stron!ly acid conditions in the stomach* but will
dissolve in the sli!htly alkaline small intestine.
5 a #"low release dru!s$ means dru!s that release their active in!redients over an
e(tended period of time* usually up to ei!ht hours.
b They are used in place of normal tablets for conditions that require a constant
level of release of the dru! into the bloodstream.
c The osmotic pump system uses the principle of osmosis to release the dru!. The
dru! and a water absorbent substance are surrounded by a semipermeable
membrane pierced by small* laser-drilled holes. %s water from the di!estive tract
is drawn throu!h the membrane* the substance e(pands* pushin! the dru!
throu!h the holes.
In diffusion-controlled systems* the dru! simply diffuses throu!h a polymer
coatin!either a film or a matri(.
In dissolution-controlled systems* the rate of dissolution of the dru! is
controlled by slowly soluble polymers or by microencapsulation. Bnce the
coatin! is dissolved* the dru! becomes available for dissolution. By varyin! the
thickness of the coat and its composition* the rate of dru! release can be
controlled. .
6 4(cess water-soluble vitamins are easily flushed out of the body via the kidneys in
urine. 4(cess fat-soluble vitamins stay in the body much lon!er* since they remain
dissolved in the fatty parts that are not flushed out by the urinary system* so their
to(ic effects are more serious.
7 The breakdown of food in the di!estive system.
"ood $ype of digestive
en%yme
&here bro'en do(n p# range
re)uired
starch amlases mouth
small intestine
612
614
protein proteases %pepsin,
trpsin(
stomach
small intestine
11)
614
fat lipases stomach
small intestine
11)
614
Further questions
1 The parts of the di!estive system most important for chemical breakdown of foods
are the mouth* the stomach and the small intestine. The chemical breakdown of
carbohydrates be!ins in the mouth. The chemical breakdown of fats and proteins
be!ins in the stomach. The initial breakdown of proteins requires an acidic
environment &low p,'. The stomach walls secrete hydrochloric acid to produce this
acidic environment. Chemical di!estion is completed in the small intestine. The
pancreas and the walls of the small intestine produce en-ymes that help break down
carbohydrates* proteins and fats. The environment in the small intestine is sli!htly
basic &alkaline'.
3 a =itamin % has only one CCBC, !roup. The rest of the molecule is lar!e and
non-polar. =itamin C has many CCBC, !roups providin! many sites for
attraction to water molecules.
b The CC:C, !roup is polar and will be attracted to water molecules.
c If there are a lar!e number of polar bonds in the molecules of a vitamin then it is
likely to be soluble in water
4 =itamin appears to be the most dan!erous as it is capable of causin! death in
some cases. The to(ic effects of vitamin include kidney dama!e* lethar!y*
vomitin!* diarrhoea* loss of appetite* hypertension and e(cess urine production.
*+am,style )uestions
1
2 B
3
4 %
5 B
6 C
7 B
8 % water-in-oil emulsion !ives complete covera!e of the skin with an oily layer
containin! the active sunscreen a!ent. %n oil-in-water emulsion would not be
suitable because the water medium would evaporate quickly* leavin! areas of the
skin without complete covera!e.
9 a % hi!hly acidic substance will have a p, near 0. :eutral substances have a p,
of 7. "tron!ly alkaline substances have p, values close to 08.
b Choose which different parts of the skin will be tested* makin! sure that the
sites include both dry and moist areas of the skin such as the back of the hand
and under the arms. 6lace a piece of p, paper dipped in distilled water on each
site for one minute. .epeat each test twice. .epeat the test on a number of
people.
10 The oil produced by sebaceous !lands consist of fatty acids and other acids
produced by bacteria. The bacteria break down the dead linin! the walls of the
!lands and secrete substances that help to maintain the skin$s p, of about 9.9. The
sweat !lands also secrete fatty acids that contribute to the maintenance of the skin$s
p,.
11 a 3ets the surface of the skin and emulsifies any !reasy soil on the skin.
b 6revents deterioration of skin cleansers by destroyin! microbes.
c Makes the skin feel soft.
12 a Microflora are microbes that normally occupy a certain habitat* such as the skin.
b The normal microflora on the dry parts of the skin include Staphylococcus
epidermidis and Corynebacterium* which help to maintain the p, of the skin
and ward off potentially harmful microbes. Bacteria called Propionibacterium
acnes inhabit the sebaceous !lands. 3hile these bacteria help break down dead
skin cells and produce acids to keep p, in balance* they can also cause an
inflammatory response and lead to acne.
13 a %lcohol !ives a coolin! effect as it evaporates quickly from the skin. %lso* it is a
mild antiseptic.
b Dlycerin retains moisture and makes the skin feel soft.
14 a The dru! reaches the affected cells throu!h the bloodstream* after passin!
throu!h the di!estive system and the walls of the small intestine.
b Because this dru! passes throu!h the di!estive system before it reaches the
blood* it can only remain available for as lon! as it takes to pass throu!h the
small intestine. This is usually 8 to ; hours.
c Bnly soluble dru!s can pass throu!h the walls of the di!estive system into the
bloodstream to reach the part of the body where they are needed. % dru! may
be soluble in water or fat.
15 a It is fat-soluble.
b =itamin C is water-soluble and therefore easily flushed out of the body when
taken in lar!e doses.
16 a 0 to 2.
b "ome materials coatin! the dru! or the dru! itself may be insoluble in the acidic
conditions in the stomach. Bther dru!s may dissolve quickly in acidic
conditions.
c To avoid dissolvin! in the stomach* a dru! can be coated with an enteric coatin!
that does not dissolve in acidic conditions.
d The stomach is acidic with a p, ran!e of 0 to 2 while the duodenum is sli!htly
alkaline. The en-ymes in the stomach are different from those in the duodenum.

Heinemann Senior Science 2 Chapter 1 answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heinemann Senior Science 2 Chapter 1 answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heinemann Senior Science 2 Chapter 1 answers

Chapter 1 Lifestyle chemistry

You might also like