Lama Hamoudeh 9/26/11

BIOL 3350 Exam 2 Review

1. Define hypospadias. Congenital defect in males in which there is malpositioning of the urethral opening.
2. What is the function of the seminal vesicles? Adds fluid to the ejaculate to move the sperm forward. The
fructose secreted by the seminal
3. Explain the function cremaster muscles and the pampiniform plexus of the testes. The paminiform plexus
absorbs heat from the arterial blood cooliting it as it enters the testes. The cremaster muscles, which respond to
decreases in testicular temperature move the testes closer to the body.
4. What role does nitric oxide play in erections? It involves increased inflow of blood into the corpora cavernosa
due to relacation of the travuclar smooth muscle that surrounds the sinusoidal spaces and compression of the veins
controlling outflow of blood from the venous plexus.
5. What nervous system controls erection? Parasympathetic nervous system.
6. What are the major sources of estrogen in premenopausal and menopausal women? Ovaries and adipose
tissue.
7. The secretion of FSH and LH are under the control of ___ Gonadotrophin-releasing factor ___.
8. What hormones would be used to treat exceptionally tall children by effecting early epiphyseal closure?
Estrogen and testosterone.
9. ____ Testosterone ____ is produced and secreted by the interstitial Leydig cells in the testes, while under
the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH)
10. Describe the functions of testosterone. Differentiation of the male genital tract in fetal development, induction
of secondary male sex characteristics and promotion of musculoskeletal growth.
11. The ___ Scrotum ___ houses the testes and regulates their temperature.
12. What describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina? Cystocele.
13. What is testicular torsion and what is it a common consequence of? A twisting of the spermatic cord that
suspends the testis; consequence of cryptorchidism, infertility and malignancy.
14. What is the most common cause of cancer in males between the ages of 15-35? Testicular cancer.
Lama Hamoudeh 9/26/11
15. Describe the causes of scrotal cancer. It has been linked to dirty occupation, poor hygiene and chronic
inflammation.
16. What cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in the US affecting men 65 years of age and older?
Prostate cancer.
17. A hydrocele forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the ___ Tunica vaginalis ___.
18. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome are conditions that alter estrogen
metabolism and elevate estrogen levels. Increased estrogen levels are associated with __ Endometrial
cancer ___.
19. Undesired or harmful effects of supraphysiologic doses of androgens including estrodial and estrone are
Acne, decreased testicular size and a change in libido.
20. In order for embryonic gonads to become testes, what is required? Y chromosome.
21. What condition is characterized by heavy bleeding during and between menstrual cycles.
Menometrorrhagia.
22. Describe the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle. After ovulation, the follicle collapses, and the luteal stage of
the menstrual cycle begins. A rapid accumulation of blood and fluid forms a mass called the corpus luteum. During
the luteal stage, progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum.
23. What are the local effects of progesterone on reproductive organs? The glandular development of the lobular
and alveolar tissue of the breasts and the cyclic glandular development of the endometrium.
24. What role does oxytocin and prolactin play in a womans body? Secretion of milk of alveolar cells, which are
under the influenced of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin.
25. ____ Priapism ____ is an abnormal, painful, sustained erection that can lead to ischemic damage of penile
structures.
26. What hormone(s) are produced after ovulation when the follicle becomes lutinized as the corpus lutium?
Estrogen and progesterone.
27. What is a term for benign neoplasms of smooth muscle in the uterus? Leiomyomas.
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28. What is usually recognized as the leading cause of osteoporosis? Decreased estrogen levels.
29. During lactation, milk is secreted by _______ Alveolar tissue _______.
30. What forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the tunica vaginalis? A hydrocele
31. What is oogenisis? Generation of the primordial ova by mitotic division occurs during fetal life.
32. A preponderance of evidence suggests a causal link between both cervical cancer, penile cancer and
______ HPV (human papilloma virus)______.
33. What is stored in the ampulla of the vas deferens? Sperm.
34. What are causes of male infertility? Varicocele, ejaculatory dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism, infection, immunologic problems (IE antisperm antibodies), obstruction (including wearing tight
jeans), and congenital anomalies.
35. Infertility, malignancy and testicular torsion are long-term consequences of ______ Cryptochidism ______.
36. When does gonadotrophin-stimulated production of testosterone normally begin? Between 10-12 years old.
37. ________ Vas deferens ________ serves as a storage reservoir for sperm.
38. The ________ Urethral opening ________is the site of the Skene glands, which have a lubricating function.
39. The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers (___The perimetrium ___, ___ the myometrium ___ and
_____ and the endometrium _____) one (_____the permetrium _____) of which extends to form a cul-de-sac.
40. High levels of what hormone exert a negative feedback loop on FSH? Estrogen
41. What are common causes of vaginitis in women of childbearing age? Candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis
and bacterial vaginosis.
42. What structure secretes fluid and serves as a buffer and prolongs the life of spermatozoa once they reach
the vagina? Prostate gland.
43. Gradual cessation of ovarian function and diminished estrogen levels during perimenopause and
menopause may lead to _______ Vasomotor instability _______.
44. What is the role of the fructose in seminal fluid? Sperm motility.
45. What is the function of inhibin in males? Inhibits FSH production leading to reduction in spermatogenesis.
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46. What microorganism causes candidiasis? A yeast.
47. Why might antibiotic therapy cause vulvovaginal candiasis in females? Suppresses the normal protective flora.
48. What is a complication associated with women having chlamydial infections? Pelvic inflammatory disease and
infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
49. What are the symptoms associated with trichomoniasis? Coious, frothy, malodorous, green or yellow
discharge.
50. Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? Pelvic inflammatory disease, therapeutic abortion,
tubal ligation or reversal and fertility drugs.
51. Which structure in the female anatomy begins to dilate upon parturition (birth)? Cervix.
52. Describe testicular torsion? What structures are affected? Two risk factors are trauma and strenuous
physical activity. Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testes.
53. How many spermatozoa are produced by one spermatognium in spermatogenesis? 4.
54. What kind of cells does a Pap smear detect? Cancerous and precancerous cells.
55. What is endometriosis? The condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the
uterus.
56. What hormone surge causes ovulation? LH.
57. Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? What is the greatest danger? Pelvic inflammatory
disease, therapeutic abortion, tubal ligation or reversal, and fertility drugs. Tubal rupture is the greatest danger.
58. What is a chocolate cyst and where does it form? In the ovary, the endometrial tissue may form cysts (IE
endometriomas filled with old blood).
59. What hormone is responsible for fluid retention in females during PMS? Increased aldosterone secretion.
60. Untreated syphilis might cause complications in what organs? Aorta, liver, and central nervous system.