Chapter2 System Parametters and Transciever Architectures

Cuong Huynh Telecommunications DepartmentHCMUT
1
Huynh Phu Minh Cuong
hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
Chapter 2
System Parameters and Transceiver Architectures

MICROWAVE INTERGRATED CIRCUITS
2
General Considerations: Unit in Microwave Design
Units in RF Design
This relationship between Power and Voltage only
holds when the input and output impedance are
equal
An amplifier senses a sinusoidal signal and delivers a power of 0 dBm to a load
resistance of 50 . Determine the peak-to-peak voltage swing across the load.

Solution:
where R
L
= 50 thus,

3
1. Noise
Noise in Microwave System
4
1. Noise
Higher temperature
The average current remains equal to V
B
/R but the instantaneous current
displays random values

T must be long enough to accommodate several cycles of the lowest frequency.

Noise: Noise as a Random Process
1. Noise
Noise in Bipolar Transistors
In low-noise circuits, the base resistance thermal noise and the collector
current shot noise become dominant. For this reason, wide transistors biased
at high current levels are employed.

Bipolar transistors contain physical resistances in their base, emitter, and collector regions,
all of which generate thermal noise. Moreover, they also suffer from shot noise associated
with the transport of carriers across the base-emitter junction.

1. Noise
7
1. Noise
8
Noise Figure
1. Noise
9
Noise Figure
No=N
in
G + N
a
=KTBG + N
a
N
a
is the added noise power generated
from internal components
a
in
o in a
in in in
N
N
N GN N
G
NF
GN GN N

1. Noise
10
Noise Figure
3
n
is the noise factor in linear (not in dB) of the n-th stage,
G is the power gain in linear (not in dB), too.
n
NF
-1
1. Noise
3 2
1
1 1 2 1 2 1
equation
1 1 1
. . . +
...
n
n
Friis
NF NF NF
NF NF
G G G G G G

11
Noise Figure :
2
1
1
1
NF
NF NF
G

1. Noise
1. In a two stage system, show that :
2. Using Friis equation, find the total NF of a system having the BPF
(with the insertion loss of L) as the first block.
What is your conclusion from the result ?
12
Sensitivity
a
in
o in a
in in in
N
N
N GN N
G
NF
GN GN N

2. Sensitivity
Required Receiver Sensitivity A Qualitative View
To find Receiver NF
Transmit Power FCC
regulated
Path loss
Receiver sensitivity govern
by standards and applications
Required SNR depends on
BER requirement and
modulation scheme
Noise floor thermal noise or
circuit noise limited
depending on the modulation
schemes
What is the required receiver NF to achieve
a certain level of sensitivity?
Transmit Power
Input Noise Floor (No/G)
Required SNRo
Noise Figure
Path Loss
Receiver Sensitivity
Input Noise (Ni)
a
in
o in a
in in in
N
N
N GN N
G
NF
GN GN N

2. Sensitivity
In this idealized case, the circuit displays only second-order nonlinearity
linear
nonlinear
The input/output characteristic of a memoryless nonlinear system can be
approximated with a polynomial
3. Nonlinear Distortion in Microwave Systems
15
Nonlinear Distortion
Harmonic generation (multiples of a fundamental signal)
Gain Compression (gain reduction in an amplifier)
Inter-modulation Distortion (products of a two-tone input
signal)
Cross-modulation (modulation transfer from one signal to
another)
AM-PM conversion (amplitude variation causes phase shift)
Spectral regrowth (intermodulation with many closely spaced
signals)
v
i
Taylor series:
f(x)=
v
o
Effects of Nonlinearity: Harmonic Distortion
Even-order harmonics result from
j
with even j
nth harmonic grows in proportion to An

DC Fundamental Second
Harmonic
Third
Harmonic
Gain Compression: 1-dB Compression Point
Output falls below its ideal value by 1 dB at the 1-dB compression point
Peak value instead of peak-to-peak value

18
Nonlinear Distortion Harmonic Generation and Gain Compression
FM signal carries no information in its amplitude and hence tolerates
compression.
AM contains information in its amplitude, hence distorted by compression

Gain Compression: Effect on FM and AM Waveforms
Effects of Nonlinearity: Cross Modulation
Desired signal at output suffers from amplitude modulation

Suppose that the interferer is an amplitude-modulated signal

Thus

Solution:
Example of Cross Modulation
Suppose an interferer contains phase modulation but not amplitude modulation.
Does cross modulation occur in this case?

Expressing the input as:

The desired signal at
1
does not experience cross modulation

where the second term represents the interferer (A
2
is constant but varies with time)

We now note that (1) the second-order term yields components at
1

2
but not at
1
; (2)
the third-order term expansion gives 3
3
A
1
cos
1
t A
2
2 cos2(
2
t+), which results in a
component at
1
. Thus,

Gain Compression: Desensitization - Blocking
Desensitization: the receiver gain is reduced by the large excursions produced
by the interferer even though the desired signal itself is small.

For A
1
<< A
2

23
Nonlinear Distortion Desensitization and Blocking
Effects of Nonlinearity: Intermodulation
Recall Previous Discussion
Harmonic distortion
Desensitization
Intermodulation
So far we have considered the case of:

Single Signal

Signal + one large interferer

Signal + two large interferers
Effects of Nonlinearity: Inter-modulation Distortion (IMD)
assume

Thus

Intermodulation products:

Fundamental components:

26
Nonlinear Distortion Inter-modulation Distortion (IMD)
Intermodulation Product Falling on Desired Channel
desired
Interferer
A received small desired signal along with two large interferers
Intermodulation product falls onto the desired channel, corrupts signal.

Solution:
Example of Intermodulation
Suppose four Bluetooth users operate in a room as shown in figure below. User 4
is in the receive mode and attempts to sense a weak signal transmitted by User 1
at 2.410 GHz. At the same time, Users 2 and 3 transmit at 2.420 GHz and 2.430 GHz,
respectively. Explain what happens.

Since the frequencies transmitted by Users 1, 2, and 3 happen to be equally spaced, the
intermodulation in the LNA of R
X4
corrupts the desired signal at 2.410 GHz.

Intermodulation: Third Intercept Point
IP3 is not a directly measureable quantity, but a point obtained by
extrapolation

is the point where the output power at
1
equals to
output power at (2
1
-
2
)
Third Intercept Point: A reasonable estimate
For a given input level (well below P
1dB
), the IIP
3
can be calculated by halving
the difference between the output fundamental and IM levels and adding the
result to the input level, where all values are expressed as logarithmic
quantities.

32
3rd order intercept point : IP3
33
34
Input IP is the point where
the output power at
1
equals
to output power at (2
1
-
2
)
35
Determine IP3 by Spectrum Measurement
6. Nonlinear Distortion 3. Nonlinear Distortion in Microwave Systems
Example of Third Intercept Point
Solution:
A low-noise amplifier senses a -80-dBm signal at 2.410 GHz and two -20-dBm
interferers at 2.420 GHz and 2.430 GHz. What IIP
3
is required if the IM products
must remain 20 dB below the signal? For simplicity, assume 50- interfaces at the
input and output.

At the LNA output:

Thus

37
Input IP is the point where
the output power at
1
equals
to output power at (2
1
-
2
)
38
Determine IP3 by Spectrum Measurement
39
40
Nonlinear Distortion SFDR)
41
Nonlinear Distortion SFDR)
Prove ?
Transmitter
Receiver
Signal In
Signal Out
What are the functions of each building block ?

4. Transceiver Architectures
43
44
2 MHz
Channel selection why not at RF?
45
- Image Frequency ?
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Receiver Architecture

Receiver architectures
Heterodyne receiver image problem
Super-heterodyne receiver more image problem
Image-reject receivers
Harley receiver
Weaver architecture
Homodyne (direct conversion, zero-IF) DC offset
Digital IF
53
54

55
Digital-IF receiver:
The idea is to perform the demanding channel filtering
completely in the digital domain.
Thus, simple RF filters may be employed for coarse band
selection.
The major advantage is the flexibility of the architecture.
The receiver can be reconfigured for a variety of systems with
different modulation types, channel frequencies and
bandwidths meeting the demands of different standards.
56
57
58
59
DECT: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications
60
SAW: Surface Acoustic Wave
61
62
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits: RFIC
63
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits for Communications

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Cuong Huynh Telecommunications DepartmentHCMUT

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