Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3M FAQ Fluorinert
3M FAQ Fluorinert
=
= =
=
6. I frequently have to add fluid to my Fluorinert or Novec
system. Where is the fluid going?
than at high temperatures. Therefore, as a heat transfer system warms, air
will leave the system not only because the fluid is expanding, but also
because the air solubility is decreasing in accordance with Henrys Law.
Vapor carried with this air can be estimated as shown below
dx
air,liq
=change in mole fraction of air in liquid
K = Henrys law constant for air in liquid
n
liq
= moles of liquid
As an example, consider a 5 gallon HFE-7100 (boiling point = 61C) system operating
between 10 and 55C and kept at atmospheric pressure via a breathing expansion
reservoir:
If HFE-7500 (boiling point 128C) is used, the picture looks much different:
Obviously, staying as far from the boiling point of the fluid can reduce the
losses from both of these mechanisms. In practice, the boiling point of the
fluid is often dictated by heat transfer properties of the fluid more info.
A system is often outfitted with a vacuum break and a positive pressure
purge. An analysis similar to that shown above can be used to calculate if
and when such a system will vent and how much fluid loss will result. In
practice, this analysis depends upon many variables and can be quite
involved. 3M engineers can provide tools for modeling such systems.
leaky seals
The low viscosity and surface tension combined with the excellent surface
wetting properties of fluorochemicals makes them very difficult to seal.
Below are some seals which, in our experience, are likely to leak:
Pipe threads This 150 year old technology works very well for a variety of
fluids and this is probably why so many off-the-counter fluid components
are still sold with pipe thread connections. Unfortunately, common
methods of sealing pipe threads, such as PTFE tape or pipe sealants, will
not work with Fluorinert and Novec HFE fluids. Leakage can range from
very small leaks detectable only with a sensitive halogen leak detector, to
gross leaks detectable by the large puddle beneath them. These leaks can
be avoided by using compression fittings (Swagelok is an example)
wherever possible. Since pipe thread connections seem to be unavoidable
in some cases, we recommend sealing them with an epoxy. Another option
is a product called Leak Lock. It is sold by Highside Chemicals
(www.highsidechem.com).
Pump shaft seals Any pump with a shaft seal is suspect more info.
Shrunken or cracked O-rings An O-ring which is not compatible with the
fluid may well shrink to the point that it is no longer able seal. This is
common in dimensionally critical applications like quick disconnects and
pump shaft seals. Even in applications which are not dimensionally
critical, such as face seals or gaskets, sufficient material (plasticizer, etc.)
may be extracted by the fluid that the O-ring will crack and allow fluid to
leak more info.
Reliance on lubricated O-rings Some fluid couplings rely heavily on
lubricated seals. Without this lube, the coupling may be difficult to
operate or it may fail quickly due to friction. Though the particular lube
may be soluble in the fluid only at part per million levels, there is generally
a very large amount of fluid in the system relative to the amount of lube.
Even if the solubility limit of the lube in the fluid is inadequate to dry the O-
ring, the lube may use the fluid as a vehicle to get to a sink such as a
polymeric hose. If lubricants must be used, choose a silicone grease with
the highest molecular weight available.
Diffusive losses Diffusion rates of Fluorinert and Novec HFE fluids
though most polymeric materials will be very low. For example,
experiments indicate that diffusion of HFE-7100 through Stillman EPDM
SR721-80 is less than 0.0007 g-mm/(in
2
-day). This means that diffusion
through a 10 foot length of 0.5 inch I.D. hose with a 1 mm wall thickness
will be less than 0.13 g/day. Experiments with one particular PTFE
indicated diffusion rates as high as 0.002 g-mm/(in
2
-day).
Any halogen leak detector can be used to detect fluid leaks. These
detectors are commonly used to detect refrigerants and are available from
local refrigerant retailers in every major city.
Heaters should be sized such that their heat flux or power output does not
exceed 6-10 W/cm
2
. Much larger heat fluxes are possible but the safe value
for a given application depends strongly upon the geometry, flow field etc.
The decision to go beyond this level should be made by the customer.
How do we get 6-10 W/cm
2
? 3M performs nucleate boiling experiments
with our fluids: A 0.5 mm diameter platinum wire is immersed in a
quiescent pool of saturated liquid. The current through the wire is
gradually increased. The heat flux being dissipated is recorded as a
function of the wire superheat (the difference between the wire temperature
and the bulk fluid temperature). Typical results are shown below:
As the heat flux is increased, the wall temperature rises in the natural
convection regime until boiling begins. Boiling for both Fluorinerts and
Novec HFEs generally begins at heat fluxes of around 1-2 W/cm
2
though this
incipience point can vary greatly depending upon surface finish, level of
7. How can I detect fluid leaks?
8. How do I size a heater for use with Fluorinert or Novec HFE fluids?
degassing, etc. Once boiling starts, the wall superheat drops and remains
relatively low throughout the nucleate boiling regime until the critical heat
flux is reached. At this distinct and repeatable point, boiling is no longer
stable, a vapor blanket forms on the wire and the wire temperature
skyrockets. This is the condition to avoid. Keep in mind that very high
heat fluxes may be obtainable if fluid is forced over the wire. We
recommend 6-10 W/cm
2
because it appears to offer a good margin of safety
for applications in which the heater is simply immersed in still fluid.
The above recommendations are based upon safety considerations.
Designers should be aware that there may be other practical reasons to
keep heat fluxes far below 6-10 W/cm
2
. For example, an HFE-7100
recirculating chiller system which operates between 40 and 50 C may be
expected to reach 15.5 psig assuming that it has a vacuum break and a 20
psig pressure seal. However, if a large amount of gas is liberated at the
heater surface, system pressures may exceed the purge setting and allow
vapor leakage.
No. Corrosion in fluorochemical heat transfer systems can generally be
linked to either a separate water phase or thermal decomposition of the
fluid.
Water in the fluid: By this we mean water beyond the saturation level of the
fluid. The saturation level of water in a Fluorinert or Novec HFE fluid is
usually less than 100 ppm by weight. Water present in the fluid at or below
this level has never been linked to significant corrosion. Water present
above this level means a separate water phase. If such water is entrained
into contact with metal parts, corrosion can be rapid.
This is shown in the picture below: Vial #1 contains HFE-7100 with water on
top. The water does not contact the zinc-plated iron wire. Vial #2 contains
HFE-7100 with no water and some desiccant to keep the fluid dry. Vial #3
contains HFE with water on top. Unlike vial #1, the water contacts the wire
at about mid height. Vials #1 and #2 show no corrosion whatsoever
indicating that even water-saturated HFE-7100 will not corrode the metal.
Vial #3 shows zinc and iron oxide. These samples had been aged 5 months
but the corrosion was evident in vial #3 at 1 day.
Water can enter heat transfer systems in a few different ways:
Components can be hydro-tested and never dried before installation. The
moisture contained in air which enters an expansion reservoir while the
fluid in contracting can condense if the fluid is below the dew point. Air
which enters an expansion reservoir can become saturated with water
vapor if the purge is set much higher than the inlet regulator.
Water from these sources can be removed with any common molecular
sieve or silica gel desiccant sold for refrigeration systems.
9. Will Fluorinert or Novec fluids cause corrosion?
Thermal decomposition of the fluid: Fluoride ion can be generated any time
the fluid is brought above its decomposition temperature and this can lead
to corrosion. Decomposition is generally very slow below 200-300C with
most Fluorinert and HFE products. Experience indicates that corrosion
resulting from decomposition is very rare and is only observed in systems
which have undergone a failure. Examples include: a burned out heater,
high voltage discharge in dielectric systems or a burned out electrical
component in a direct contact electrical application.