Sanskrit - Jnu.ac - in Elearning Samasa

5/18/2014
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Sanskrit E-Learning and Multimedia (Secondary Level)

(Compounds)
(Compounds) : In Sanskrit simple words, whether
substantives, adjectives, verbs or indeclinables, have
the power of entering into combination with one another
and forming what are called 'samasas', compound words
or in short compounds. As for example

=
.
- : Which is already combbined is known as
, as
. In this word the samasa is occured
so it is a .
: Being spilt the , forming them as the form
of
is known as . As -

.
Compounds are divided into four principle classes :
1. (Adverbial Compound)
2. (Determinative Compound)
i. (Compound of Adjective or Comparison)
ii.
(Numerical Compound)
3.
(Compulative Compound)
4. (Attributive Compound)
1.

-- - It means that in
adverbial compound, the first member of the
has priority. As for example, in the compound ,
the meaning of the word has less priority then the
meaning of the word .
2.
- - It means that in
Determinative Compound, the second member has
priority. As, in the compound
, the has more
priority more than .
3.
-
- It means that, in
Compulative Compound both the first and second
members of have equal priority. As, in
, meaning of both and have
priority in the Compound.
4.
- - It means that in Attributive
Compound rather then first and second member of
, another member has priority in the Compound.
As for example - in the compound
, rather then
the meaning of both and
, the meaning is
expressed.
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Rather then the types of samasa as mentioned above,
there is also an one type, which is known as
,
which is nameless -
--
.
Only one identity of this samasa is that, here most
cases are not elided.
-
1. (Adverbial compound) : An Adverbial
compound consists of two members, the first of which
is, in most cases, an indeclinable(a preposition or an
adverb) and the second a noun. The whole being treated
like the Nomonative Singular of Neuter, the compound
so formed is indeclinable. As for example - -

.
In forming the Avyayibhava Compound the following
rules should be observed :
i. The final long vowel is shortened, and the ending
and is changed to and . As for examples ;

-

-

-
ii. is attached with the final consonant of words

iii. is also attached when compounded in an and
the
becomes elided

iv. is alternatively added in the final consonant of
some words ,
,

The Adverbial Compound is occured in these senses --- -

- - - -
i. In the case of , in the sense of locative the

indeclinable '' is used. In the , being applied
locative in the , the is used after it .

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2. In the sense of , with the indeclinable , the

Adverbial Compound is occured.

3. In the sense of , with the indeclinable
, the
4. In the sense of , with the indeclinable

,the
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5. in the sense of , with the indeclinable ,the




-


-

8. In the sense of -
, with the indeclinable ,
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the Adverbial Compound is occured.

9. In the sense of ,with the indeclinable

, the

10. In the sense of : (
) It means that, used in the sense of ,
and .
i. In the sense of , with the indeclinable
, the

ii. In the sense of , with the indeclinable
, the
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iii. In the sense of , with the indeclinable ,

11. In the sense of
, with the indeclinable

,



13. In the sense of

, with the indeclinable , the

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-

-
-
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
18. With the particles

is compouded.

, , and
, the word
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19. With the words
and , the words ended with
genitive have Adverbial Compound.

2. (Determinative Compound)
Types of Determinative Compound :
i.
ii.
There are six types of :
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.
v.
vi.
There are seven types of :
i.

ii.

iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

. (
1. ( ) - (

)
In this samasa in
, the 2nd case is occurs and in
adding with the words , , , , ,
, , being compounds, the 2nd case is in the
and in cases are elided.

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2.
: When in the the first word is
in the instrumental, then it is known as
. If
in
ended with instrumental, words like
, ,
, , ,
, ,
are added or their
synonymes are added the compounds occur with

affixes.

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3.
: When in the the first word is in the
dative, then it is known as
. The words ended
with dative have compound with the words , , ,
and .

()

(
)
(
)

4. : When in the the first word is
in the ablative, then it is known as .
Generally is occured with the words ,
, , and , , and their descriptives
, , ,
, , .

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5. : When in the the first word is in
the genitive, then it is known as . It occurs in
all words ended with 6th case.

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6. : When in the the first word is
in the locative, then it is known as .
occurs when words ended with locative are added
with the words like ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, and .

(Compound of Adjective or Comparison) : It is of
that type of Determinative Compound, where the first
word is the adjective of the second word and the bothe
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words are in apposition to each other. In this compound

both members having verb, as .
In this compound both members are in Nomonative, but
in the first member may be in any cases except
Nominative.
i. If the first member is adjective and the second one is
noun then it is known as -
-

ii. The compound of and

is known as
- =
iii. If the
and are occured equally then it is
known as . As -
=

i.
-
: In this type of , the
particle is used in and the pronouns , ,
are used as per mesculine, faminine and neuter
genders.

ii. -
: In this type of , is used in the
. and
may be use in both first and
second member. In the the becomes elided.

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iii.
- : The compound of two
adjectives of is known as
-
.

: In the if the first member

denotes number and the second one is noun then it is
known as
. generally it is in the sense of
neuter, but words are in faminine gender and
alternatively in faminine gender .

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-
: It is used in the sense of negative. If
in , the first member is and the second one is
either noun or adjective then it is known as -
.

: If the first member of
compound is noun or adverb, because of which the
second member has not its exact form, then it is known
as . In this compound the is in
and not in . The

is known as . as for
example in - , the is and
is the form of
.

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3.
- (Compulative Compound) : When two or
more nouns are added with the particle and both
members have priority in the sentence, then it is known
as Dwandwa Samasa or Copulative Compound.
There are three types of
Compound :
or Compulative
1.
2.
3.
1.
: When the several members of a

Dwandwa Compound are viewed separately, It is called
Itaretara Dwandwa. It takes the dual and the plural
according as the objects denoted by it are two or more
in number.

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2. : Samahara Dwandwa is that species

of Dwandwa which implies an aggregate or the things
enumerated in which constitute a complex idea. It is
always singler and neuter.

3.
: When
or Compulative
Compound is added in two or more words, then only one
masculine form remains.It is known as the
Some other examples of

or Compulative
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Compound :

4. (Attributive Compound) : The meaning of
the is - ' ( ) ' . Here
the first word
is the adjective of the second word
. And when both of them are the adjective of another
third word then it becomes known as ' '.
A Attributive compound consists of two or more nouns in
apposition to each other the attributive member being
placed first and denotes or refers to somthing else than
what is expressed by its members. It generally
attributes that which is expressed bt its second member
determined or modified by what is denoted by its first
member , to something denoted by neither of the two.
As for example - - .Here
we see that, neither the first member nor the second
member have priority, but both of them are the
adjective of one another member (
).
There are two types of or Attributive
Compound i.
ii.
1. : A Samanadhikaran
Bahuvreehi is that in which both the members are in
apposition to each other that means have the same
case relation when dissolved.
It is of six types :
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.
v.
vi.
i.
ii.

-

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iii.

iv.

v.

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vi.

2. : A is that whose
members are not in apposition to each other. They are
in different cases when disolved. A is not
allowed in any case except in the Genitive and the
locative.

ii. The of and
words :
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iii.

iv. '

' - It means that, the Attributive
Compound or is added with the words ended
in third case-ending and .

v. When the ' ' becomes substitute in the word ,
joining with the particles
and
in the sense of friend
and enemy, then the Attributive Compound or

is added( - ).

vi. When the of a Attributive Compound is ended
with of any gender and ended with and them the

affix is added.

Some various examples :

Some examples from the text book ' ' :

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Sanskrit E-Learning and Multimedia (Secondary Level)

i. In the case of , in the sense of locative the

2. In the sense of , with the indeclinable , the

4. In the sense of , with the indeclinable

5. in the sense of , with the indeclinable ,the

6. In the sense of , with the indeclinable , the

the Adverbial Compound is occured.

9. In the sense of ,with the indeclinable

, with the indeclinable

12. In the sense of , with the indeclinable , the

13. In the sense of

, with the indeclinable , the

Adverbial Compound is occured.

18. With the particles

and in cases are elided.

words are in apposition to each other. In this compound

ii. The compound of and

: In the if the first member

and not in . The

: When the several members of a

2. : Samahara Dwandwa is that species

Some other examples of

and enemy, then the Attributive Compound or

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