Solucionario Transferencia de Masa

1.
1
a
. Concentration of a gas miture.
A ie f be gae [hei (1), ag (2), (3), ad e (4)] i a a a ee f
200 Pa ad a eeae f 400 K. If he ie ha ea e faci f each f he gae,
deeie:
a) The cii f he ie i e f a faci.
Si:
Bai: 100 e f he ie
b) The aeage eca eigh f he ie.
Si
c) The a a cceai.
Si
d) The a dei.
Si
1.2
a
. Concenaion of a liid olion fed o a diillaion colmn.
A olion of cabon eachloide (1) and cabon dilfide (2) conaining 50% b eigh each i o
be coninol diilled a he ae of 4,000 kg/h Deemine:
a) The concenaion of he mie in em of mole facion.
Solion
Bai: 100 kg mie
b) The aeage molecla eigh of he mie.
Solion
c) Calclae he feed ae in kmol/h.
Solion
1.3
a
. Concenaion of liified naal ga.
A ae f iified aa ga, LNG, f Aaa ha he fig a cii: 93.5%
CH
4
, 4.6% C
2
H
6
, 1.2% C
3
H
8
, ad 0.7% CO
2
. Cacae:
a) Aeage eca eigh f he LNG ie.
Si
b) Weigh faci f CH
4
i he ie.
Si
Bai: 100 e f LNG
c) The LNG i heaed 300 K ad 140 Pa, ad aie cee. Eiae he dei f he
ga ie de hee cdii.
Si
1.4
b
. Concenaion of a fle ga.
A fle ga coni of cabon dioide, ogen, ae apo, and niogen. The mola facion of CO
2
and O
2
in a ample of he ga ae 12% and 6%, epeciel. The eigh facion of H
2
O in he ga
i 6.17%. Eimae he deni of hi ga a 500 K and 110 kPa.
Solion
Bai: 100 kmole of ga mie
Le = mola facion of ae in he mie (a a pecen)
Iniial eimae
Fom he gien ae eigh facion (0.0617):
1.5
b
. Material balances around an ammonia gas absorber.
A ga ea f a he ae f 10.0
3
/ a 300 K ad 102 Pa. I ci f a eia
ie f aia ad ai. The ga ee hgh he b f a aced bed ga abbe
hee i f cece a ea f e iid ae ha abb 90% f a f he
aia, ad ia ai. The abbe ee i cidica ih a iea diaee f 2.5 .
a) Negecig he eaai f ae, cacae he aia faci i he ga eaig he
abbe.
Si:
Bai: 1 ecd
A = aia B = ai
b) Cacae he e ga a eci (defied a a f ae e i e be
c-ecia aea).
Si:
1.6
b
. Velocities and flues in a gas miture.
A ga ie a a a ee f 150 Pa ad 295 K cai 20% H
2
, 40% O
2
, ad 40% H
2
O
b e. The abe eciie f each ecie ae -10 /, -2 /, ad 12 /, eecie, a
in the direction of the -ais.
a) Determine the mass average velocit, v, and the molar average velocit, V, for the miture.
Solution
Molar average velocit, V
Mass average velocit, v
m
Basis: 1 kmole of gas
miture
b) Evaluate the four flues: j
O2
, n
O2
, J
O2
, N
O2
.
Solution:
1.7
b
. Popeie of ai aaed ih ae apo.
Ai, ed i a 30-
3
caie a 340 K ad 101.3 Pa i aaedih ae a. Deeie he
fig eie f he ga ie:
a) Me faci f ae a.
b) Aeage eca eigh f he ie.
c) Ta a caied i he a.
d) Ma f ae a i he a.
Si
a) Aie eai f ae a:
F a aaed ie
b)
c)
d)
1.8
c
. Wae balance aond an indial cooling oe.
The cig ae f ae he cdee f a big ca-fied e a i 8,970 g/. The
ae ee he cdee a 29 C ad eae a 45 C. F he cdee, he ae f
a cig e hee i i ced d bac 29 C b cece cac ih ai (ee
Fige 1.11). The ai ee he cig e a he ae f 6,500 g/ f d ai, a a d-bb
eeae f 30 C ad a hidi f 0.016 g f ae/g f d ai. I eae he cig e
aaed ih ae a a 38 C.
a) Cacae he ae e b eaai i he cig e.
Si
Cide he ai eaig he e aaed a 38 C.
Aie eai f ae a:
E = ae b eaai i he ai
b) T acc f ae e i he cig e, a f he effe f a eab icia
aeae eae a i be ed a ae ae. Thi ae ae cai 500 g/L
f died id. T aid fig f he cdee hea-afe face, he cicaig ae
i cai e ha 2,000 g/L f died id. Theefe, a a a f he
cicaig ae be deibeae dicaded (bd). Widage e f he e ae
eiaed a 0.2% f he ecicai ae. Eiae he ae-ae eiee.
Si
W = idage e
= 500
c
= 2000
M = ae ae ae B = bd ae
Iiia eiae
Wae baace
Sid baace:
1.9
b
. Water balance around a soap drer.
It is desired to dr 10 kg/min of soap continuousl from 17% moisture b weight to 4% moisture in
a countercourrent stream of hot air. The air enters the drer at the rate of 30.0 m
3
/min at 350 K,
101.3 kPa, and initial water-vapor partial pressure of 1.6 kPa. The drer operates at constant
temperature and pressure.
a) Calculate the moisture content of the entering air, in kg of water/kg of dr air.
Solution
b) Calculate the flow rate of dr air, in kg/min.
Solution
c) Calculate the water-vapor partial pressure and relative humidit in the air leaving the drer.
Solution
Calclae ae a ee a 350 K
Aie eai f ae a:
1.10
b
. Actiated carbon adsorption; material balances.
A ae ga cai 0.3% ee i ai, ad ccie a e f 2,500
3
a 298 K ad 101.3
Pa. I a eff edce he ee ce f hi ga, i i eed 100 g f aciaed
cab, iiia fee f ee. The e i aed each eiibi a ca eeae
ad ee. Aig ha he ai de adb he cab, cacae he eiibi
cceai f ee i he gae hae, ad he a f ee adbed b he cab.
The adi eiibi f hi e i gie b he Fedich ihe(EAB C C
Maa, 3d. ed., U. S. E. P. A., Reeach Tiage Pa, NC, 1987.):
hee W i he cab eiibi adii, i g f ee/g f cab, ad * i he
eiibi ee aia ee, i Pa, ad be beee 0.7 ad 345 Pa.
Si
M = a f cab
= e f ee adbed
Iiia eiae
1.11
b
. Actiated carbon adsorption; material balances.
It is desired to adsorb 99.5% of the toluene originall present in the waste gas of Problem 1.10.
Estimate how much activated carbon should be used if the sstem is allowed to reach equilibrium
at constant temperature and pressure.
Solution
1.12
a, d
. Estimation of gas diffusivit b the Wilke-Lee equation.
E. M. La (MS hei, Oeg Sae Uiei, 1964) eaed he diffii f chf
i ai a 298 K ad 1 a ad eed i ae a 0.093 c
2
/. Eiae he diffi
cefficie b he Wie-Lee eai ad cae i ih he eeiea ae.
Si
F
Aedi
B
1.13
a, d
. Estimation of gas diffusivit b the Wilke-Lee equation.
a) Eimae he diffii of naphhalene (C
10
H
8
) in ai a 303 K and 1 ba. Compae i ih he
epeimenal ale of 0.087 cm
2
/ epoed in Appendi A. The nomal boiling poin of
naphhalene i 491.1 K, and i ciical olme i 413 cm
3
/mol.
Solion
Epeimenal ale
b) Eimae he diffii of pidine (C
5
H
5
N) in hdogen a 318 K and 1 am. Compae i ih he
2
/ epoed in Appendi A. The nomal boiling poin of pidine i
388.4 K, and i ciical olme i 254 cm
3
/mol.
Solion
Epeimenal ale
c) Eimae he diffii of aniline (C
6
H
7
N) in ai a 273 K and 1 am. Compae i ih he
2
/ (Gilliland, E. R., Id. Eg. Che., 2:681, 1934). The
nomal boiling poin of aniline i 457.6 K, and i ciical olme i 274 cm
3
/mol.
Solion
Epeimenal ale
1.14
d
. Diffusivit of polar gases
If one or both components of a binary gas mixture are polar, a modified Lennard-Jones relation is
often used. Brokaw (Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Deelop., 8:240, 1969) has suggested an
alternative method for this case. Equation (1-49) is still used, but the collision integral is now given by
m
p
= dipole moment, debyes [1 debye = 3.162 10
-25
(J-
m
3
)
1/2
]
a) Modify the Mathcad routine of Figure 1.3 to implement Brokaw's method. Use the function
name
DAB
p
(T, P, M
A
, M
B
, m
A
, m
B
, V
A
, V
B
, Tb
A
, Tb
B
)
Solution
b) Eiae he diffi cefficie f a ie f eh chide ad f diide a 1 ba ad
323 K, ad cae i he eeiea ae f 0.078 c
2
/. The daa eied e Ba'
eai ae h be (Reid, e a., 1987):
Paaee Meh chide Sf diide
T
b
, K 249.1 263.2
V
b
, c
3
/ 50.6 43.8
, debe 1.9 1.6

M 50.5 64.06
Si
1.15
d
Eaae he diffi cefficie f hdge chide i ae a 373 K ad 1 ba. The daa eied
e Ba' eai (ee Pbe 1.14) ae h be (Reid, e a., 1987):
Paaee Hdge chide Wae
T
b
, K 188.1 373.2
Vb , c
3
/ 30.6 18.9
, debe 1.1 1.8

M 36.5 18
Si
1.16
d
Eaae he diffi cefficie f hdge fide i f diide a 298 K ad 1.5 ba. The daa
eied e Ba' eai (eePbe 1.14) ae h be (Reid, e a., 1987):
Paaee Hdge fide Sf diide
Tb , K 189.6 263.2
Vb , c3/ 35.03 43.8
, debe 0.9 1.6
M 34.08 64.06
Si
1.17
a,d
. Effective diffusivit in a multicomponent stagnant gas miture.
Calculate the effective diffusivit of nitrogen through a stagnant gas miture at 373 K and 1.5 bar.
The miture composition is:
O
2
15 mole %
CO 30%
CO
2
35%
N
2
20%
Sol;ution
Calculate mole fractions on a nitrogen (1)-free basis:
ogen (2); carbon monoide (3); carbon dioide (4)
Calculate binar MS diffusivities from Wilke-Lee equation
1.18
a,d
. Mercur removal from flue gases b sorbent injection.
Mercur is considered for possible regulation in the electric power industr under Title III of the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments. One promising approach for removing mercur from fossil-fired flue gas
involves the direct injection of activated carbon into the gas. Meserole, et al. (J. Ai & Wae
Manage. Aoc., 49:694-704, 1999) describe a theoretical model for estimating mercur removal b
the sorbent injection process. An important parameter of the model is the effective diffusivit of
mercuric chloride vapor traces in the flue gas. If the flue gas is at 1.013 bar and 408 K, and its
composition (on a mercuric chloride-free basis) is 6% O
2
, 12% CO
2
, 7% H
2
O, and 75% N
2
,
estimate the effective diffusivit of mercuric chloride in the flue gas. Assume that onl the HgCl
2
is
adsorbed b the activated carbon. Meserole et al. reported an effective diffusivit value of 0.22
cm
2
/s.
Solution
HgCl
2
(1) O
2
(2) CO
2
(3) H
2
O (4) N
2
(5)
1.19
a
. Wilke-Chang method for liquid diffusivit.
Eiae he iid diffii f cab eachide i die i i eha a 298 K.
Cae he eeiea ae eed b Reid, e a. (1987) a 1.5 10
-5
c
2
/. The ciica
e f cab eachide i 275.9 c
3
/. The ici f iid eha a 298 K i 1.08 cP.
Si
1.20
b
. Diffusion in electrolte solutions.
Whe a a diciae i i, i ahe ha ece diffe. I he abece f a
eecic eia, he diffi f a ige a a be eaed a eca diffi. F die
i f a ige a, he diffi cefficie i gie b he Ne-Hae eai (Haed,
H. S., ad B. B. Oe, "The Phica Chei f Eecic Si," ACS Mg. 95, 1950):
a) Eiae he diffi cefficie a 298 K f a e die i f HC i ae.
Si
b) Eiae he diffi cefficie a 273 K f a e die i f CSO
4
i ae. The
ici f iid ae a 273 K i 1.79 cP.
1.21
a
. Ogen diffusion in ater: Haduk and Minhas correlation.
Estimate the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in liquid water at 298 K. Use the Hayduk and
Minhas correlation for solutes in aqueous solutions. At this temperature, the viscosity of water
is 0.9 cP. The critical volume of oxygen is 73.4 cm
3
/mol. The experimental value of this
diffusivity was reported as 2.1 10
5
cm
2
/s (Cussler E. L., Diffsion, 2nd ed, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997).
Solution
1.22
a, d
. Liquid diffusivit: Haduk and Minhas correlation.
Estimate the diffusivity of carbon tetrachloride in a dilute solution in n-hexane at 298 K using the
Hayduk and Minhas correlation for nonaqueous solutions. Compare the estimate to the reported
value of 3.7 10
5
cm
2
/s. The following data are available (Reid, et al., 1987):
Solution
1.23
b
. Eimaing mola olme fom liid diffion daa.
The diffusivity of allyl alcohol (C
3
H
6
O) in dilute aqueous solution at 288 K is 0.9 10
5
cm
2
/s
(Reid, et al., 1987). Based on this result, and the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for aqueous
solutions, estimate the molar volume of allyl alcohol at its normal boiling point. Compare it to the
result obtained using the data on Table 1.2. The viscosity of water at 288 K is 1.15 cP.
Solution
Iniitial estimates
From Table 2.1
1.24
b, d
. Concentration dependence of binar liquid diffusivities.
a) Eiae he diffii f eha i ae a 298 K he he faci f eha i i i
40%. Ude hee cdii (Had, B. R., ad R. H. Se, Trans. Farada Soc., 49, 890,
1953):
The eeiea ae eed b Had ad Se (1953) i 0.42 10
-5
c
2
/.
Si
Eiae he ifiie dii diffii f eha i ae a 298 K
f Had-Miha f ae i
F Aedi A, he ifiie dii diffii f ae i eha
a 298 K i
b) Eiae he diffii f acee i ae a 298 K he he faci f acee i i
i 35%. F hi e a 298 K, he acii cefficie f acee i gie b Wi eai
(Sih, J. M., e a., Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodnamics, 5h ed, McGa-Hi
C., Ic., Ne Y, NY, 1996):
Si
Eiae he hedaic fac
F Aedi A
Eiae he ifiie dii diffii f acee i ae a 298 K
f Had-Miha f ae i
1.25
b, d
. Stead-state, one-dimensional, gas-phase flu calculation.
A flat plate of solid carbon is being burned in the presence of pure ogen according to the
reaction
Molecular diffusion of gaseous reactant and products takes place through a gas film adjacent
to the carbon surface; the thickness of this film is 1.0 mm. On the outside of the film, the gas
concentration is 40% CO, 20% O
2
, and 40% CO
2
. The reaction at the surface ma be
assumed to be instantaneous, therefore, net to the carbon surface, there is virtuall no
ogen.The temperature of the gas film is 600 K, and the pressure is 1 bar. Estimate the rate
of combustion of the carbon, in kg/m
2
-min.
Solution
CO (1), CO
2
(2), O
2
(3)
Calculate binar MS diffusivities from Wilke-Lee
Appendi C-2: Solution of the Maell-Stefan equations for a
multicomponent miture of ideal gases b orthogonal collocation (C =
3).
Orthogonal collocation matrices
The pee and empeae in he apo phae ae
The Maell-Sefan diffion coefficicien ae
The length of the diffusion path is
The densit of the gas phase follows from the ideal gas law
Initial estimates of the flues
Initial estimates of the concentrations
Stoichiometric relations
(No ogen)
1.26
b
. Stead-state, one-dimensional, liquid-phase flu calculation.
A G' (N
2
SO
4
10H
2
O) 288 K.
E N
2
SO
4

. A
0.085 . A (
) N
2
SO
4
,
. T G' 288 K 36 /100
1,240 /
3
(P C,
1973). T N
2
SO
4
288 K
P 1-20. T 288 K 999.8 /
3
;
1.153 P.
S
A = N
2
SO
4
B = H
2
O
C
A1
(
)
B: 100 H
2
O (36 )
(P )
Calculate diffusivity
1.27
c, d
. Molecla diffion hogh a ga-liid ineface.
Ammonia, NH
3
, is being selectively removed from an air-NH
3
mixture by absorption into water. In
this steady-state process, ammonia is transferred by molecular diffusion through a stagnant gas
layer 5 mm thick and then through a stagnant water layer 0.1 mm thick. The concentration of
ammonia at the outer boundary of the gas layer is 3.42 mol percent and the concentration at the
lower boundary of the water layer is esentially zero.The temperature of the system is 288 K and
the total pressure is 1 atm. The diffusivity of ammonia in air under these conditions is 0.215 cm
2
/s
and in liquid water is 1.77 10
5
cm
2
/s. Neglecting water evaporation, determine the rate of
diffusion of ammonia, in kg/m
2
-hr. Assume that the gas and liquid are in equilibrium at the
interface.
Solion:
Iniial eimae:
1.28
c
. Stead-state molecular diffusion in gases.
A ie f eha ad ae a i beig ecified i a adiabaic diiai c. The
ach i aied ad afeed f he iid he a hae. Wae a cdee
(egh he ae hea f aiai eeded b he ach beig eaaed) ad i
afeed f he a he iid hae. Bh ce diffe hgh a ga fi 0.1
hic. The eeae i 368 K ad he ee i 1 a. The e faci f eha i 0.8
e ide f he fi ad 0.2 he he ide f he fi. Cacae he ae f diffi f eha
ad f ae, i g/
2
-. The ae hea f aiai f he ach ad ae a 368 K ca be
eiaed b he Pie aceic fac ceai (Reid, e a., 1987)
hee i he aceic fac.
Si
A = eha B = ae
Cacae eha hea f aiai
Cacae ae hea f aiai
Eiae diffii f Wie-Lee
1.29
a, d
. Analog among molecular heat and mass transfer.
It has been observed that for the sstem air-water vapor at near ambient conditions, Le = 1.0
(Trebal, 1980). This observation, called the Lewis relation, has profound implications in
humidification operations, as will be seen later. Based on the Lewis relation, estimate the diffusivit
of water vapor in air at 300 K and 1 atm. Compare our result with the value predicted b the Wilke-
Lee equation. For air at 300 K and 1 atm:C
p
= 1.01 kJ/kg-K, k = 0.0262 W/m-K, m = 1.846 10
-5
kg/m-s, and r = 1.18 kg/m
3
.
Solution
Estimate diffusivit from the Wilke-Lee equation
1.30
b, d
. Stead-state molecular diffusion in gases.
Wae eaaig f a d a 300 K de b eca diffi ac a ai fi 1.5
hic. If he eaie hidi f he ai a he e edge f he fi i 20%, ad he a ee i 1
ba, eiae he d i he ae ee e da, aig ha cdii i he fi eai
ca. The a ee f ae a a fci f eeae ca be accae eiaed f
he Wage eai (Reid, e a., 1987)
Si
F Aedi A
1.31
b, d
. Stead-state molecular diffusion in a ternar gas sstem.
Cacae he fe ad cceai fie f he ea e hdge (1), ige (2), ad
cab diide (3) de he fig cdii. The eeae i 308 K ad he ee i 1
atm. The diffusion path length is 86 mm. At one end of the diffusion path the concentration is 20
mole% H
2
, 40% N
2
, 40% CO
2
; at the other end, the concentration is 50% H
2
, 20% N
2
, 30% CO
2
.
The total molar flu is ero, = 0. The MS diffusion coefficients are D
12
= 83.8 mm
2
/s, D
13
= 68.0
mm
2
/s, D
23
= 16.8 mm
2
/s.
Solution
Appendi C-1: Solution of the Maell-Stefan equations for a
multicomponent miture of ideal gases b orthogonal collocation (C =
3).
Orthogonal collocation matrices
The pee and empeae in he apo phae ae
The Maell-Sefan diffion coefficicien ae
The lengh of he diffion pah i
The deni of he ga phae follo fom he ideal ga la
Initial estimates of the flues
Initial estimates of the concentrations
2.1
a
. Ma-anfe coefficien in a ga abobe.
A ga abbe i ed ee beee (C
6
H
6
) a f ai b cbbig he ga ie
ih a aie i a 300 K ad 1 a. A a ceai i i he abbe, he beee e
faci i he b f he ga hae i 0.02, hie he cedig iefacia beee ga-
hae cceai i 0.0158. The beee f a ha i i eaed a 0.62 g/
2
-.
a) Cacae he a-afe cefficie i he ga hae a ha i i he eie,
eeig he diig fce i e f e faci .
Si
b) Cacae he a-afe cefficie i he ga hae a ha i i he eie,
eeig he diig fce i e f a cceai, /
3
.
Si
c) A he ae ace i he eie, he beee e faci i he b f he iid hae
i 0.125, hie he cedig iefacia beee iid-hae cceai i 0.158.
Cacae he a-afe cefficie i he iid hae, eeig he diig fce i e f
e faci.
Si
2.2
a
. Ma-anfe coefficien fom naphhalene blimaion daa.
I a aba eeie, ai a 347 K ad 1 a i b a high eed ad a ige
ahhaee (C
10
H
8
) hee, hich biae aia. Whe he eeie begi, he diaee
f he hee i 2.0 c. A he ed f he eeie, 14.32 i ae, he diaee f he hee i
1.85 c.
a) Eiae he a-afe cefficie, baed he aeage face aea f he aice,
eeig he diig fce i e f aia ee. The dei f id ahhaee i 1.145
g/c
3
, i a ee a 347 K i 670 Pa (Pe ad Chi, 1973).
Si
b) Cacae he a-afe cefficie, f he diig fce i e f a cceai.
Si
2.3
a
. Mass-transfer coefficients from acetone eaporation data.
I a aba eeie, ai a 300 K ad 1 a i b a high eed aae he face f a
ecaga ha a ha cai iid acee (C
3
H
6
O), hich eaae aia. The a i
1 g ad 50 c ide. I i ceced a eei caiig iid acee hich
aaica eace he acee eaaed, aiaiig a ca iid ee i he a. Dig
a eeiea , i a beed ha 2.0 L f acee eaaed i 5 i. Eiae he a-
afe cefficie. The dei f iid acee a 300 K i 0.79 g/c
3
; i a ee i 27
Pa (Pe ad Chi, 1973).
Si
2.4
b
. Mass-transfer coefficients from etted-all eperimental data.
A eed-a eeiea e- ci f a ga ie, 50 i diaee ad 1.0 g.
Wae a 308 K f d he ie a. D ai ee he b f he ie a he ae f 1.04
3
/i, eaed a 308 K ad 1 a. I eae he eed eci a 308 K ad ih a eaie
hidi f 34%. Wih he he f eai (2-52), eiae he aeage a-afe cefficie,
ih he diig fce i e f a faci.
Si
2.7
c
. Ma anfe in an annla pace.
a) I dig ae f diffi f ahhaee i ai, a ieiga eaced a 30.5-c eci f
he ie ie f a a ih a ahhaee d. The a a ced f a 51--OD
ba ie ie ded b a 76--ID ba ie. Whie eaig a a a eci ihi he
a f 12.2 g f ai/
2
- a 273 K ad 1 a, he ieiga deeied ha he aia
ee f ahhaee i he eiig ga ea a 0.041 Pa. Ude he cdii f he
ieigai, he Schid be f he ga a 2.57, he ici a 175 P, ad he a
ee f ahhaee a 1.03 Pa. Eiae he a-afe cefficie f he ie a f
hi e f cdii. Ae ha eai (2-52) aie.
Si
b) Mad ad Pe (Tan. AIChE, 38, 593, 1942) eeed he fig ceai f
hea-afe cefficie i a aa ace:
hee d
ad d
i
ae he ide ad iide diaee f he a, d
e
i he eiae
diaee defied a
Wie d he aag eei f a afe ad e i eiae he a-afe
cefficie f he cdii f a a). Cae bh e.
Si
2.8
c
. The Chilton-Colburn analog: flow across tube banks.
W C (Id. Eg. Che., 40, 1087, 1948) 310 K 1
. T ,
. T 10
38--OD ( = 38 ) 57- , 76 . T -
. T
:
G' , /
2
-,
G
/
2
-
-P.
) R (2-68) C
D
-. T
310 K 1 0.074
2
/.
S
P 310 K 1 :
D :
b) Eiae he a-afe cefficie be eeced f eaai f - ach i
cab diide f he ae geeica aagee he he cab diide f a a ai
eci f 10 / a 300 K ad 1 a. The a ee f - ach a 300 K i 2.7 Pa.
Si
Peie f die ie f ach i cab diide a 300 K ad 1 a:
c) Zaaa (Ad. Heat Transfer, , 93, 1972) ed he fig ceai f he hea-
afe cefficie i a aggeed be ba aagee iia ha died b Widig ad
Chee:
Ue he a-afe eei aag eai (2-69) eiae he a-afe
cefficie f a b). Cae he e.
Si
2.9
b
. Ma anfe fom a fla plae.
A 1-m square thin plate of solid naphthalene is oriented parallel to a stream of air flowing at 20
m/s. The air is at 310 K and 101.3 kPa. The naphthalene remains at 290 K; at this temperature
the vapor pressure of naphthalene is 26 Pa. Estimate the moles of naphthalene lost from the plate
per hour, if the end effects can be ignored.
Solution
2.10
b
. Ma anfe fom a fla plae.
A thin plate of solid salt, NaCl, measuring 15 by 15 cm, is to be dragged through seawater at a
velocity of 0.6 m/s. The 291 K seawater has a salt concentration of 0.0309 g/cm
3
. Estimate the
rate at which the salt goes into solution if the edge effects can be ignored. Assume that the
kinematic viscosity at the average liquid film conditions is 1.02 10
6
m
2
/s, and the diffusivity is
1.25 10
9
m
2
/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 g/cm
3
, and the density of the
saturated solution is 1.22 g/cm
3
(Perry and Chilton, 1973) .
Solution
Laminar flo
At the bulk of the solution, point 2:
At the interface, point 1:
2.11
b
. Ma anfe fom a fla liid face.
Dig he eeie decibed i Pbe 2.3, he ai eci a eaed a 6 /, aae
he ge ide f he a. Eiae he a-afe cefficie ediced b eai (2-28)
(2-29) ad cae i he ae eaed eeiea. Nice ha, de he high aii f
acee, he aeage acee cceai i he ga fi i eaie high. Theefe, eie
ch a dei ad ici hd be eiaed caef. The fig daa f acee igh
be eeded: T
c
= 508.1 K, P
c
= 47.0 ba, M = 58, V
c
= 209 c
3
/, Z
c
= 0.232 (Reid, e a., 1987).
Si
Aeage fi eie:
Eiae he ici f he ie f Lca Mehd
Eiae he diffii f he Wie-Lee eai
2.12
b
. Eaporation of a drop of ater falling in air.
Repeat Eample 2.9 for a drop of ater hich is originall 2 mm in diameter.
Solution
2.13
b
. Dissolution of a solid sphere into a floing liquid stream.
Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for the dissolution of sodium chloride from a cast sphere, 1.5
cm in diameter, if placed in a flowing water stream. The velocity of the 291 K water stream is 1.0
m/s.
Assume that the kinematic viscosity at the average liquid film conditions is 1.02 10
6
m
2
/s, and
the mass diffusivity is 1.25 10
9
m
2
/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 g/cm
3
, and
the density of the saturated solution is 1.22 g/cm
3
(Perry and Chilton, 1973) .
Solution
From Prob. 2.10:
2.14
b
. Sublimation of a solid sphere into a gas stream.
During the experiment described in Problem 2.2, the air velocity was measured at 10 m/s. Estimate
the mass-transfer coefficient predicted by equation (2-36) and compare it to the value measured
experimentally. The following data for naphthalene might be needed: T
b
= 491.1 K, V
c
= 413
cm
3
/mol.
Solution
For air at 347 K and 1 atm:
Estimate D
AB
from the Wilke-Lee
equation
Lennard-Jones parameters for naphthalene
2.15
b
. Dissolution of a solid sphere into a floing liquid stream.
The crstal of Problem 1.26 is a sphere 2-cm in diameter. It is falling at terminal velocit under the
influence of gravit into a big tank of water at 288 K. The densit of the crstal is 1,464 kg/m
3
(Perr
and Chilton, 1973).
a) Estimate the crstal's terminal velocit.
Solution
b) Estimate the rate at which the crstal dissolves and compare it to the answer obtained in Problem
1.26.
Solution
From Prob.1.26
From Prob.1.26:
2.16
c
. Mass transfer inside a circular pipe.
Water flows through a thin tube, the walls of which are lightly coated with benzoic acid (C
7
H
6
O
2
).
The water flows slowly, at 298 K and 0.1 cm/s. The pipe is 1-cm in diameter. Under these
conditions, equation (2-63) applies.
a) Show that a material balance on a length of pipe L leads to
where v is the average fluid velocity, and c
A
* is the equilibrium solubility concentration.
b) What is the average concentration of benzoic acid in the water after 2 m of pipe. The solubility of
benzoic acid in water at 298 K is 0.003 g/cm
3
, and the mass diffusivity is 1.0 10
5
cm
2
/s
(Cussler, 1997).
Solution
2.17
b
. Mass transfer in a etted-all toer.
Water flows down the inside wall of a 25-mm ID wetted-wall tower of the design of Figure 2.2, while
air flows upward through the core. Dry air enters at the rate of 7 kg/m
2
-s. Assume the air is
everywhere at its average conditions of 309 K and 1 atm, the water at 294 K, and the mass-transfer
coefficient constant. Compute the average partial pressure of water in the air leaving if the tower is 1
g.
Si
F ae a 294 K
2.18
c
. Ma anfe in an annla pace.
I dig he biai f ahhaee i a aiea, a ieiga cced a 3--g
aa dc. The ie ie a ade f a 25--OD, id ahhaee d; hi a
ded b a 50--ID ahhaee ie.
Ai a 289 K ad 1 a fed hgh he aa ace a a aeage eci f 15 /. Eiae
he aia ee f ahhaee i he aiea eiig f he be. A 289 K, ahhaee
ha a a ee f 5.2 Pa, ad a diffii i ai f 0.06 c
2
/. Ue he e f Pbe 2.7
eiae he a-afe cefficie f he ie face; ad eai (2-47), ig he
eiae diaee defied i Pbe 2.7, eiae he cefficie f he e face.
Solion
In hi iaion, hee ill be a mola fl fom he inne all, N
A1
, ih pecific inefacial aea, a
1
,
and a fl fom he oe all, N
A2
, ih aea a
2
. A maeial balance on a diffeenial olme
elemen ield:
Define:
Then:
Fo he ineio all:
For the outer all:
2.19
c
. Benene evaporation on the outside surface of a single clinder.
Beee i eaaig a he ae f 20 g/h e he face f a 10-c-diaee cide.
D ai a 325 K ad 1 a f a igh age he ai f he cide a a eci f 2 /. The
iid i a a eeae f 315 K hee i ee a a ee f 26.7 Pa. Eiae he egh
f he cide. F beee, T
c
= 562.2 K, P
c
= 48.9 ba, M = 78, V
c
= 259 c
3
/, Z
c
= 0.271
(Reid, e a., 1987).
Si
Cacae he aeage eie f he fi
F he Wie-Lee eai
F he Lca Mehd
F E. 2-45:
2.20
b
. Ma anfe in a packed bed.
Wilke and Hougan (Tan. AIChE, 41, 445, 1945) reported the mass transfer in beds of granular
solids. Air was blown through a bed of porous celite pellets wetted with water, and by evaporating
this water under adiabatic conditions, they reported gas-film coefficients for packed beds. In one run,
the following data were reported:
effective particle diameter 5.71 mm
gas stream mass velocity 0.816 kg/m
2
-s
temperature at the surface 311 K
pressure 97.7 kPa
k
G
4.415 10
3
kmol/m
2
-s-atm
With the assumption that the properties of the gas mixture are the same as those of air, calculate
the gas-film mass-transfer coefficient using equation (2-55) and compare the result with the value
reported by Wilke and Hougan.
Solution
From the Wilke-Lee equation
2.21
b
. Ma anfe and pee dop in a packed bed.
Air at 373 K and 2 atm is passed through a bed 10-cm in diameter composed of iodine spheres
0.7-cm in diameter. The air flows at a rate of 2 m/s, based on the empt cross section of the bed.
The porosit of the bed is 40%.
a) How much iodine will evaporate from a bed 0.1 m long? The vapor pressure of iodine at 373 K is
6 kPa.
Solution
From the Wilke-Lee equation:
b) Eimae he pee dop hogh he bed.
Solion
2.22
b
. Volumetric mass-transfer coefficients in industrial toers.
The interfacial surface area per unit volume, a, in many types of packing materials used in
industrial towers is virtually impossible to measure. Both a and the mass-transfer coefficient
depend on the physical geometry of the equipment and on the flow rates of the two contacting,
inmiscible streams. Accordingly, they are normally correlated together as the volumetric mass-
transfer coefficient, k
c
a.
Empirical equations for the volumetric coefficients must be obtained experimentally for each type of
mass-transfer operation. Sherwood and Holloway (Trans. AIChE, 36, 21, 39, 1940) obtained the
following correlation for the liquid-film mass-transfer coefficient in packed absorption towers
The values of a and n to be used in equation (2-71) for various industrial packings are listed in the
following table, when SI units are used exclusively.
a) Consider the absorption of SO
2
with water at 294 K in a tower packed with 25-mm Raschig
rings. If the liquid mass velocity is L' = 2.04 kg/m
2
-s, estimate the liquid-film mass-transfer
coefficient. The diffusivity of SO
2
in water at 294 K is 1.7 10
9
m
2
/s.
Solution
For dimensional consistency, add the constants:
b) Whitney and Vivian (Chem. Eng. Progr., 45, 323, 1949) measured rates of absorption of SO
2
in
water and found the following expression for 25-mm Raschig rings at 294 K
where k
a is in kmole/m
2
-s. For the conditions described in part a), estimate the liquid-film
mass-transfer coefficient using equation (2-72). Compare the results.
Solution
2.23
b
. Mass transfer in fluidied beds.
Cavatorta, et al. (AICE J., 45, 938, 1999) studied the electrochemical reduction of ferrycianide
ions, {Fe(CN)
6
}
3
, to ferrocyanide, {Fe(CN)
6
}
4
, in aqueous alkaline solutions. They studied
different arrangements of packed columns, including fluidized beds. The fluidized bed experiments
were performed in a 5-cm-ID circular column, 75-cm high. The bed was packed with 0.534-mm
spherical glass beads, with a particle density of 2.612 g/cm
3
. The properties of the aqueous
solutions were: density = 1,083 kg/m
3
, viscosity = 1.30 cP, diffusivity = 5.90 10
10
m
2
/s. They
found that the porosity of the fluidized bed, e, could be correlated with the superficial liquid velocity
based on the empty tube, v
s
, through
where v
s
is in cm/s.
a) Using equation (2-56), estimate the mass-transfer coefficient, k
L
, if the porosity of the bed is
60%.
Solution
b) Caaoa e al. popoed he folloing coelaion o eimae he ma-anfe coefficien fo
hei flidied bed epeimenal n:
hee Re i baed on he emp be eloci. Uing hi coelaion, eimae he ma-anfe
coefficien,
L
, if he pooi of he bed i 60%. Compae o el o ha of pa a).
Solion
2.24
b
. Mass transfer in a hollo-fiber boiler feedater deaerator.
Conide he hollo-fibe BFW deaeao decibed in Eample 2-13. If he ae flo ae
inceae o 60,000 kg/h hile eehing ele emain conan, calclae he facion of he
eneing dioled ogen ha can be emoed.
Solion
2.25
b
. Mass transfer in a hollo-fiber boiler feedater deaerator.
a) Conide he hollo-fibe BFW deaeao decibed in Eample 2-13. Aming ha onl ogen
diffe aco he membane, calclae he ga olme flo ae and compoiion a he lmen
ole. The ae ene he hell ide a 298 K aaed ih amopheic ogen, hich mean a
dioled ogen concenaion of 8.38 mg/L.
Solion
b) Cacae he a-afe cefficie a he aeage cdii iide he e. Negec he
hice f he fibe a he eiaig he ga eci iide he e.
Si
Cacae he aeage f cdii iide he fibe
Cacae he aeage ge a faci i he ga
F Lca ehd f e N
2
F he Wie-Lee eai
(From Eample 2.13)
3.1
a
. Application of Raoult's law to a binar sstem.
Reea Eae 3.1, b f a iid cceai f 0.6 e faci f beee ad a
eeae f 320 K.
Si
3.2
b
. Application of Raoult's law to a binar sstem.
a) Deeie he cii f he iid i eiibi ih a a caiig 60 e ece
beee-40 e ece ee if he e ei i a ee de 1 a ee. Pedic
he eiibi eeae.
Si
Iiia eiae
b) Deeie he cii f he a i eiibi ih a iid caiig 60 e ece
beee-40 e ece ee if he e ei i a ee de 1 a ee. Pedic
he eiibi eeae.
Si
3.3
a
. Application of Raoult's la to a binar sstem.
Na heae, -C
7
H
16
, ad a cae, -C
8
H
18
, f idea i. A 373 K, a
heae ha a a ee f 106 Pa ad a cae f 47.1 Pa.
a) Wha d be he cii f a heae-cae i ha bi a 373 K de a 93 Pa
ee?
Si
b) Wha d be he cii f he a i eiibi ih he i ha i decibed i
(a)?
Si
3.4
a
. Henr's la: saturation of ater ith ogen.
A i ih ge died i ae caiig 0.5 g O
2
/100 g f H
2
O i bgh i cac
ih a age e f aheic ai a 283 K ad a a ee f 1 a. The He' a
ca f he ge-ae e a 283 K ea 3.27 10
4
a/e faci.
a) Wi he i gai e ge?
b) Wha i be he cceai f ge i he fia eiibi i?
Si
A eiibi:
Bai: 1 L ae (1 g ae)
Eiibi cceai, c
e
= 11.42 g ge/L
Iiia cdii:
The i gai ge.
3.5
c
. Material balances combined ith equilibrium relations.
Reea Eae 3.3, b aig ha he aia, ai, ad ae ae bgh i cac i a
ced caie. Thee i 10
3
f ga ace e he iid. Aig ha he ga-ace e
ad he eeae eai ca i eiibi i achieed, dif he Mahcad ga i
Fige 3.2 cacae:
a) he a ee a eiibi
Si
Iiia gee
A: P = 1.755
) .
A:
A
= 0.145;
A
=
0.162
3.6
b
. Ma-anfe eiance ding abopion.
I A ( = 60)
,

A,G
= 0.1 ,
A,L
= 1.0 A/
3
. T 2.0
; 1,100 /
3
. T H'
0.85 / . T K
G
= 0.27 /
2
--. I 57%
,
) - ,
G
;
S
b) the liquid-film coefficient, k
L
;
Solution
Basis: 1 m
3
of aqueous solution
c) the concentration on the liquid side of the interface,
A,i
;
Solution
Initial estimates of interfacial concentrations:
d) the mass flu of A.
Solution
Check this result b calculating the gas-phase flu:
3.7
b
. Mass-transfer resistances during absorption.
F a e i hich ce A i afeig f he ga hae he iid hae, he
eiibi eai i gie b
hee
A,i
i he eiibi aia ee i a ad
A,i
i he eiibi iid cceai
i a faci. A e i i he aaa, he iid ea cai 4.5 e % ad he ga
ea cai 9.0 e % A. The a ee i 1 a. The idiida ga-fi cefficie a
hi i i
G
= 3.0 e/
2
--a. Fif e ce f he ea eiace a afe i
be eceed i he iid hae. Eaae
a) he ea a-afe cefficie, K
;
Si
b) he a f f A;
Si
(
Ae
=
A
*)
c) The iid iefacia cceai f A.
Si
3.8
d
. Absorption of ammonia b water: use of F-tpe mass-transfer coefficients.
Mdif he Mahcad ga i Fige 3.6 eea Eae 3.5, b ih
A,G
= 0.70 ad
A,L
=
0.10. Eehig ee eai ca.
Solion
Iniial gee
3.9
d
. Absorption of ammonia b water: use of F-tpe mass-transfer coefficients.
Modif he Mahcad pogam in Fige 3.6 o epea Eample 3.5, b ih F
L
= 0.0050 kmol/m
2
-.
Eehing ele emain conan.
Solion
Iniial gee
3.10
b
. Ma-anfe eiance ding abopion of ammonia.
I he abi f aia i ae f a ai-aia ie a 300 K ad 1 a, he
idiida fi cefficie ee eiaed be
L
= 6.3 c/h ad
G
= 1.17 /
2
-h-a. The
eiibi eaihi f e die i f aia i ae a 300 K ad 1 a i
Deeie he fig a-afe cefficie:
a)
Si
b)
Si
c) K
y
Solution
d) Fraction of the total resistance to mass transfer that resides in the gas phase.
Solution
3.11
b
. Mass-transfer resistances in hollo-fiber membrane contactors.
For mass transfer across the hollow-fiber membrane contactors described in Example 2.13, the
overall mass-transfer coefficient based on the liquid concentrations, K
L
, is given by (Yang and
Cussler, AICE J., 32, 1910, Nov. 1986)
where k
L
, k
M
, and k
c
are the individual mass-transfer coefficients in the liquid, across the
membrane, and in the gas, respectively; and H is Henry's law constant, the gas equilibrium
concentration divided by that in the liquid. The mass-transfer coefficient across a hydrophobic
membrane is from (Prasad and Sirkar, AICE J., 34, 177, Feb. 1988)
where D
AB
= molecular diffusion coefficient in the gas filling the pores,
e
M
= membrane porosity,
t
M
= membrane tortuosity,
d = membrane thickness.
For the membrane modules of Example 2.13, e
M
= 0.4,t
M
= 2.2, and d = 25 10
6
m (Prasad
and Sirkar, 1988).
a) Calculate the corresponding value of k
M
.
Solution
For oxygen in nitrogen at 298 K and 1 atm:
b) Uig he e f a (a), Eae 2.13, ad Pbe 2.25, cacae K
L
, ad eiae ha
faci f he a eiace a afe eide i he iid fi.
Si
F Eae 2.13:
F Pb. 2.25:
Via a f he eiace eide i he iid hae.
3.12
c
. Combined use of F- and k-tpe coefficients: absorption of low-solubilit gases.
Dig abi f -bii gae, a afe f a high cceaed ga ie
a e die iid i fee ae ace. I ha cae, ahgh i i aiae e a
-e a-afe cefficie i he iid hae, a F-e cefficie be ed i he ga
hae. Sice die iid i a be He' a, he iefacia cceai dig
abi f -bii gae ae eaed hgh
A,i
=
A,i
.
a) Sh ha, de he cdii decibed abe, he ga iefacia cceai aifie he
eai
Si
I he ga hae:
I he iid hae:
F He' La:
The:
Reaagig:
b) I a ceai aaa ed f he abi f SO
2
f ai b ea f ae, a e i i
he eie he ga caied 30% SO
2
b e ad a i cac ih a iid caiig
0.2% SO
2
b e. The eeae a 303 K ad he a ee 1 a. Eiae he
iefacia cceai ad he ca SO
2
a f. The a-afe cefficie ee
cacaed a F
G
= 0.002 /
2
-,
= 0.160 /
2
-. The eiibi SO
2
bii daa a
303 K ae (Pe ad Chi, 1973):
g SO
2
/100 g ae Paia ee f SO
2
, Hg ()
0.0 0
0.5 42
1.0 85
1.5 129
2.0 176
2.5 224
Si
Defie: = g SO
2
/100 g ae
= Paia ee f SO
2
, Hg ()
Iniial ge:
3.13
d
. Distillation of a miture of methanol and ater in a packed toer: use of F-tpe
mass-transfer coefficients.
At a different point in the packed distillation column of Example 3.6, the methanol content of the
bulk of the gas phase is 76.2 mole %; that of the bulk of the liquid phase is 60 mole %. The
temperature at that point in the tower is around 343 K. The packing characteristics and flow rates
at that point are such that F
G
= 1.542 10
3
kmol/m
2
-s, and F
L
= 8.650 10
3
kmol/m
2
-s.
Calculate the interfacial compositions and the local methanol flux. To calculate the latent heats of
vaporization at the new temperature, modify the values given in Example 3.6 using Watson's
method (Smith, et al., 1996):
For water, T
c
= 647.1 K; for methanol, T
c
= 512.6
K
Solution
For methanol (A)
For water (B)
Paamee
Iniial eimae
3.14
b
. Material balances: adsorption of benene vapor on activated carbon.
Aciaed cab i ed ece beee f a ige-beee a ie. A ige-
beee ie a 306 K ad 1 a caiig 1% beee b e i be aed
cece a he ae f 1.0
3/
a ig ea f aciaed cab a ee
85% f he beee f he ga i a ci ce. The eeig aciaed cab cai
15 c
3
beee a (a STP) adbed e ga f he cab. The eeae ad a
ee ae aiaied a 306 K ad 1 a. Nige i adbed. The eiibi adi
f beee hi aciaed cab a 306 K i eed a f:
Beee a adbed Paia ee beee, Hg
c
3
(STP)/g cab
15 0.55
25 0.95
40 1.63
50 2.18
65 3.26
80 4.88
90 6.22
100 7.83
a) P he eiibi daa a X' = g beee/g d cab, Y' = g beee/g ige f a
a ee f 1 a.
Si
b) Cacae he ii f ae eied f he eeig aciaed cab (eebe ha he
eeig cab cai e adbed beee).
Si
O he XY diaga, cae he i (X
2
,Y
2
). Sice he eaig ie i abe he eiibi
ce ad he eiibi ce i ccae ad, he ii eaig ie i baied b
caig, a he ieeci f Y = Y
1
ih he eiibi ce, X
1a
.
c) If the carbon flow rate is 20% above the minimum, what will be the concentration of benene
adsorbed on the carbon leaving?
Solution
d) F he cdii f a (c), cacae he be f idea age eied.
Si
See eie cci he XY gah
3.15
b
. Material balances: desorption of benene vapor from activated carbon.
The aciaed cab eaig he adbe f Pbe 3.14 i egeeaed b cece cac
ih ea a 380 K ad 1 a. The egeeaed cab i eed he adbe, hie he
ie f ea ad debed beee a i cdeed. The cdeae eaae i a
gaic ad a ae hae ad he hae ae eaaed b decaai. De he
bii f beee i ae, f he beee i be cceaed i he gaic hae, hie
he ae hae i cai ace f beee. The eiibi adi daa a 380 K
ae a f:
Beee a adbed Paia ee beee, Pa
g beee/100 g cab
2.9 1.0
5.5 2.0
12.0 5.0
17.1 8.0
20.0 10.0
25.7 15.0
30.0 20.0
a) Cacae he ii ea f ae eied.
Si Eiibi ce
From Problem 3.14
From the XY diagram:
b) For a steam flow rate of twice the minimum, calculate the benene concentration in the gas
mixture leaving the desorber, and the number of ideal stages required.
Solution
3.16
b
. Material balances: adsorption of benene vapor on activated carbon; cocurrent
operation.
If the adsorption process described in Problem 3.14 took place cocurrentl, calculate the
minimum flow rate of activated carbon required.
Solution
Fom Problem 3.14:
From the XY diagram:
3.17
b
. Material balances in batch processes: dring of soap with air.
I i deied d 10 g f a f 20% ie b eigh e ha 6% ie b
cac ih h ai. The e a i aced i a ee caiig 8.06
3
f ai a 350 K, 1 a,
ad a ae-a aia ee f 1.6 Pa. The e i aed each eiibi, ad
he he ai i he ee i eie eaced b feh ai f he igia ie ce ad
eeae. H a ie he ce be eeaed i de each he ecified a
ie ce f e ha 6%? Whe hi a i eed ai a 350 K ad 1 a, he
eiibi diibi f ie beee he ai ad he a i a f:
W % ie i a Paia ee f ae, Pa
2.40 1.29
3.76 2.56
4.76 3.79
6.10 4.96
7.83 6.19
9.90 7.33
12.63 8.42
15.40 9.58
19.02 10.60
Si
Geeae he XY diaga
From the XY diagram, at the eit of the fifth equilibrium stage, X = 0.06 and
3.18
b
. Material balances in batch processes: etraction of an aqueous nicotine solution
ith kerosene.
Nicotine in a ater solution containing 2% nicotine is to be etracted ith kerosene at 293 K.
Water and kerosene are essentiall insoluble. Determine the percentage etraction of nicotine if
100 kg of the feed solution is etracted in a sequence of four batch ideal etractions using 49.0 kg
of fresh, pure kerosene each. The equilibrium data are as follos (Claffe et al., Id. Eg. Che.,
42, 166, 1950):
X', 10
3
kg nicotine/kg ater Y', 10
3
kg nicotine/kg kerosene
1.01 0.81
2.46 1.96
5.02 4.56
7.51 6.86
9.98 9.13
20.4 18.70
Solution
From the XY diagram, after 4 etractions, X = 0.00422
3.19
b
. Cross-flo cascade of ideal stages.
The dig ad iid-iid eaci eai decibed i Pbe 3.17 ad 3.18,
eecie, ae eae f a f cfigai caed a c-f cacade. Fige 3.27 i a
cheaic diaga f a c-f cacade f idea age. Each age i eeeed b a cice,
ad ihi each age a afe cc a if i cce f. The L hae f f e
age he e, beig caced i each age b a feh V hae. If he eiibi-diibi
ce f he c-f cacade i eehee aigh ad f e , i ca be h ha
(Teba, 1980)
hee S i he iig fac, V
S
/L
S
, ca f a age, ad N i he a be f
age.
Se Pbe 3.18 ig eai (3-60), ad cae he e baied b he ehd.
Si
Iiia eiae
3.20
a
. Cross-flo cascade of ideal stages: nicotine etraction.
Cide he icie eaci f Pbe 3.18 ad 3.19. Cacae he be f idea age
eied achiee a ea 95% eaci efficiec.
Si
Ue 8 idea age
3.21
b
. Kremser equations: absorption of hdrogen sulfide.
A chee f he ea f H
2
S f a f f 1.0 d
3
/ f aa ga b cbbig ih
ae a 298 K ad 10 a i beig cideed. The iiia cii f he feed ga i 2.5 e
ece H
2
S. A fia ga ea caiig 0.1 e ece H
2
S i deied. The abbig
ae i ee he e fee f H
2
S. A he gie eeae ad ee, he e i
f He' a, accdig Y
i
= 48.3X
i
, hee X
i
= e H
2
S/e f ae; Y
i
= e
H
2
S/e f ai.
a) F a cece abbe, deeie he f ae f ae ha i eied if 1.5 ie he
minimum flo rate is used.
Solution
at SC
b) Determine the composition of the eiting liquid.
Solution
c) Calculate the number of ideal stages required.
Solution
3.22
b
. Absorption ith chemical reaction: H
2
S scrubbing ith MEA.
A h i Pbe 3-21, cbbig f hdge fide f aa ga ig ae i
acica ice i eie age a f ae de he bii f H
2
S i ae. If a 2N
i f ehaaie (MEA) i ae i ed a he abbe, hee, he eied
iid f ae i edced daaica becae he MEA eac ih he abbed H
2
S i he
iid hae, effecie iceaig i bii.
F hi i egh ad a eeae f 298 K, he bii f H2S ca be aiaed
b (de Nee, N., Air Pollion Conrol Engineering, 2d ed., McGa-Hi, B, MA, 2000):
Reea he cacai f Pbe 3.21, b ig a 2N ehaaie i a
abbe.
Si
3.23
b
. Kremser equations: absorption of sulfur dioide.
A flue gas flows at the rate of 10 kmol/s at 298 K and 1 atm with a SO
2
content of 0.15 mole %.
Ninety percent of the sulfur dioxide is to be removed by absorption with pure water at 298 K. The
design water flow rate will be 50% higher than the minimum. Under these conditions, the
equilibrium line is (Bentez, J., Poce Engineeing and Deign fo Ai Pollion Conol,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993):
where X
i
= moles SO
2
/mole of water; Y
i
= moles SO
2
/mole of air.
a) Calculate the water flow rate and the SO
2
concentration in the water leaving the absorber.
Solution
b) Calculate the number of ideal stages required for the specified flow rates and percentage
SO
2
removal.
Solution
3.24
b
. Kremser equations: absorption of sulfur dioide.
An abobe i aailable o ea he fle ga of Poblem 3.23 hich i eialen o 8.5
eilibim age.
a) Calclae he ae flo ae o be ed in hi abobe if 90% of he SO
2
i o be emoed.
Calclae alo he SO
2
concenaion in he ae leaing he abobe.
Solion
Iniial eimae
b) Wha i he eceage ea f SO
2
ha ca be achieed ih hi abbe if he ae f
ae ed i he ae ha a cacaed i Pbe 3.23 (a)?
Si
Iiia eiae
3.25
b
. Kremser equations: liquid etraction.
A ae aceic acid i f a he ae f 1,000 g/h. The i i 1.1% (b eigh)
aceic acid. I i deied edce he cceai f hi i 0.037% (b eigh) aceic
acid b eaci ih 3-hea a 298 K. The ie 3-hea cai 0.02% (b eigh) aceic
acid. A eaci c i aaiabe hich i eiae a cece cacade f 15
eiibi age. Wha e f ae i eied? Cacae he cii f he e
hae eaig he c. F hi e, eiibi i gie b
W ai aceic acid i e = 0.828 W ai aceic acid i ae
Si
Le he ae hae be he V-hae; he e hae i he L-hae.
Initial estimate:
3.26
c
. Conecen e co-flo eacion.
A 1-butanol acid solution is to be etracted ith pure ater. The butanol solution contains
4.5% (b eight) of acetic acid and flos at the rate of 400 kg/hr. A total ater flo rate of
1005 kg/hr is used. Operation is at 298 K and 1 atm. For practical purposes, 1-butanol and
ater are inmiscible. At 298 K, the equilibrium data can be represented b Y
Ai
= 0.62 X
Ai
,
here Y
Ai
is the eight ratio of acid in the aqueous phase and X
Ai
is the eight ratio of acid in
the organic phase.
a) If the outlet butanol stream is to contain 0.10% (b eight) acid, ho man equilibrium
stages are required for a countercurrent cascade?
Solution
b) If he ae i i ea ag he ae be f age, b i a c-f cacade,
ha i he e 1-ba cceai (ee Pbe 3.19)?
Si
3.27
c
. Glucose sorption on an ion echange resin.
Chig ad Rhe (AIChE Smp. Ser., 81,. 242, 1985) fd ha he eiibi f gce a
i echage ei i he caci f a iea f cceai be 50 g/L. Thei eiibi
eei a 303 K i Y
Ai
= 1.961 X
Ai
, hee X
Ai
i he gce cceai i he ei.(g f
gce e ie f ei) ad Y
Ai
i he gce cceai i i.(g f gce e ie f
i).
a) We ih b gce hi i echage ei a 303 K i a cece cacade f
idea age. The cceai f he feed i i 15 g/L. We a a e cceai f 1.0
g/L. The ie ei cai 0.25 g f gce/L. The feed i f a he ae f 100 L/i,
hie he ei f a he ae f 250 L/i. Fid he be f eiibi age eied.
Si
b) If 5 equilibrium stages are added to the cascade of part a), calculate the resin flo required to
maintain the same degree of glucose sorption.
Solution
4.1
a
. Void fraction near the alls of packed beds.
Cide a cidica ee ih a diaee f 305 aced ih id hee ih a diaee
f 50 .
a) F eai (4-1), cacae he aic i f he bed.
Si
Ae
b) Eiae he id faci a a diace f 100 f he a.
Ae
4.2
b
Becae f he cia ae f he id-faci adia aiai f aced bed, hee ae a
be f cai ce he a hee he ca id faci i eac ea he aic
ae f he bed. F he bed decibed i Eae 4.1, cacae he diace f he a he
fi fie ch cai.
Si
The ca i ea he a ea he aic i he J0(
d
) = 0. F
Eae 4.1,
Iiia eiae f he ca be baied f Fig. 4.4
Iiia eiae
Iiia eiae
Iiia eiae
Iiia eiae
Iiia eiae
4.3
c
(a) Sh ha he adia cai f he aia ad iia f he fci decibed b Eai
(4-1) ae he f he eai
Si
b) F he aced bed f Eae 4.1, cacae he adia cai f he fi fie aia, ad f
he fi fie iia; cacae he aide f he id faci ciai a he i.
Si
Iniial eimae of he oo can be obained fom Fig. 4.4
Iniial eimae
Iniial eimae
Repeaing hi pocede, he folloing el ae obained:
Maima: Minima
, mm (*) Amplide, % ,mm (*) Amplide, %
20.8 (1.04) 37.2 11.3 (0.57) -56.7
39.6 (1.98) 21.1 30.2 (1.51) -27.3
58.3 (2.92) 13.5 49.0 (2.45) -16.7
77.1 (3.85) 9.2 67.7 (3.39) -11.1
95.8 (4.79) 6.4 86.4 (4.32) -7.6
c) Calclae he diance fom he all a hich he abole ale of he pooi flcaion ha
been dampened o le han 10% of he ampoic bed pooi.
Solion
Fom he el of pa (b), hi m happen a * beeen 3.39 and 3.85
(d) What fraction of the cross-sectional area of the packed bed is characterized by porosity
fluctuations which are within 10% of the asymptotic bed porosity?
Solution
From part (c)
(f) For the packed bed of Example 4.1, estimate the average void fraction by numerical integration of
equation (4-65) and estimate the ratio
a
/
b
.
Solution
4.4
c
. Void fraction near the alls of annular packed beds.
Annular packed beds (APBs) involving the flow of fluids are used in many technical and engineering
applications, such as in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and fusion reactor blankets. It is well
known that the wall in a packed bed affects the radial void fraction distribution. Since APBs have two
walls that can simultaneously affect the radial void fraction distribution, it is essential to include this
variation in transport models. A correlation for this purpose was recently formulated (Mueller, G. E.,
AIChE J., 45, 2458-60, Nov. 1999). The correlation is restricted to randomly packed beds in annular
cylindrical containers of outside diameter D
o
, inside diameter D
i
, equivalent diameter D
e
= D
o
D
i
,
consisting of equal-sized spheres of diameter d
p
, with diameter aspect ratios of 4 D
e
/d
p
20. The
correlation is
Consider an APB with outside diameter of 140 mm, inside diameter of 40 mm, packed with identical
10-mm diameter spheres.
(a) Estimate the void fraction at a distance from the outer wall of 25 mm.
Solution
(b) Plot the void fraction, as predicted by Eq. (4-66), for r* from 0 to R*.
(c) Sho ha he aeage pooi fo an APB i gien b
(d) Eimae he aeage pooi fo he APB decibed aboe.
Solion
4.5
a
. Minimum liquid mass velocit for proper wetting of packing.
A 1.0-m diamee bed ed fo abopion of ammonia ih pe ae a 298 K i packed ih
25-mm plaic Inalo addle. Calclae he minimm ae flo ae, in kg/, neded o ene
pope eing of he packing face.
Solion
Fo plaic packing,
L,min
= 1.2 mm/.
Fom Seam Table
4.6
a
. Minimum liquid mass velocit for proper wetting of packing.
Repea Poblem 4.5, b ing ceamic inead of plaic Inalo addle.
Solion
Fo ceamic packing,
L,min
= 0.15 mm/.
From Steam Tables
4.7
b
. Secific iid hd ad id faci i fi-geeai ad
acig.
Repeat Example 4.2, but using 25-mm ceramic Berl saddles as packing material.
Solution
From Table 4.1:
From Example 4.2:
4.8
b
. Secific iid hd ad id faci i ced acig.
Repeat Example 4.2, but using Montz metal B1-200 structured packing (very similar to the one
shown in Figure 4.3). For this packing, a = 200 m
1
, = 0.979, C
h
= 0.547 (Seader and Henley,
1998).
Solution
From Example 4.2:
4.9
b
. Secific iid hd ad id faci i fi-geeai ad acig.
A e aced ih 25- ceaic Rachig ig i be ed f abbig beee a f a
die ie ih a ie ga ig a ah i a 300 K. The ici f he i i 2.0 cP ad i
dei i 840 g/
3
. The iid a eci i L' = 2.71 g/
2
-. Eiae he iid hd, he
id faci, ad he hdaic ecific aea f he acig.
Si
F Tabe 4.1:
4.10
b
. Pressure drop in beds packed ith first-generation random packings.
Repeat Eample 4.3, but using 15-mm ceramic Raschig rings as packing material. Assume that, for
this packing, C
= 1.783.
Solution
Packed Colmn Design Program
This program calculates the diameter of a packed
column to satisf a given pressure drop criterium,
and estimates the volumetric mass-transfer coefficients.
Enter data related to the gas and liquid streams
Enter liquid flow rate, mL, in kg/s Enter gas flow rate, mG, in kg/s
Enter liquid densit, in kg/m3 Enter gas densit, kg/m3
Enter liquid viscosit, Pa-s Enter gas viscosit, Pa-s
Enter temperature, T, in K Enter total pressure, P, in Pa
Enter data related to the packing
Enter packing factor, Fp, in ft2/ft3 Enter specific area, a, m2/m3
Introduce a units conversion factor in Fp
Enter porosit, fraction Enter loading constant, Ch
Enter pressure drop constant, Cp Enter allowed pressure drop, in Pa/m
Calculate flow parameter, X
Calculate Y at flooding conditions
Calculate gas velocit at flooding, vGf
As a first estimate of the column diameter, D, design for 70% of flooding
Calculate gas volume flow rate, QG, in m3/s
Calculate liquid volume flow rate, QL, in m3/s
Calculate effective particle sie, dp, in m
Ieae o find he oe diamee fo he gien pee dop
Colmn diamee, in mee
Facional appoach o flooding
4.11
b
. Pee dop and appoach o flooding in ced packing.
Repeat Example 4.3, but using Montz metal B1-200 structured packing (very similar to the one
shown in Figure 4.3). For this packing, F
p
= 22 ft
2
/ft
3
, a = 200 m
1
, = 0.979, C
h
= 0.547, C
p
=
0.355 (Seader and Henley, 1998).
Solution
Packed Colmn Design Program
This program calculates the diameter of a packed
column to satisf a given pressure drop criterium,
and estimates the volumetric mass-transfer coefficients.
Enter data related to the gas and liquid streams
Enter liquid flow rate, mL, in kg/s Enter gas flow rate, mG, in kg/s
Enter liquid densit, in kg/m3 Enter gas densit, kg/m3
Enter liquid viscosit, Pa-s Enter gas viscosit, Pa-s
Enter temperature, T, in K Enter total pressure, P, in Pa
Enter data related to the packing
Enter packing factor, Fp, in ft2/ft3 Enter specific area, a, m2/m3
Introduce a units conversion factor in Fp
Enter porosit, fraction Enter loading constant, Ch
Enter pressure drop constant, Cp Enter allowed pressure drop, in Pa/m
Calculate flow parameter, X
Calculate Y at flooding conditions
Calculate gas velocit at flooding, vGf
As a first estimate of the column diameter, D, design for 70% of flooding
Calculate gas volume flow rate, QG, in m3/s
Calculate liquid volume flow rate, QL, in m3/s
Calculate effective particle sie, dp, in m
Ieae o find he oe diamee fo he gien pee dop
Colmn diamee, in mee
Facional appoach o flooding
4.12
b, d
. Pressure drop in beds packed ith second-generation random packings.
A packed toer is to be designed for the countercurrent contact of a benene-nitrogen gas miture
ith kerosene to ash out the benene from the gas. The gas enters the toer at the rate of 1.5
m
3
/s, measured at 110 kPa and 298 K, containing 5 mole % benene. Esentiall, all the benene is
abbed b he eee. The iid ee he e a he ae f 4.0 g/; he iid dei i
800 g/
3
, ici i 2.3 cP. The acig i be 50- ea Pa ig, ad he e diaee
i be che dce a ga-ee d f 400 Pa/ f iigaed acig.
(a) Cacae he e diaee be ed, ad he eig facia aach fdig.
(b) Ae ha, f he diaee che, he iigaed aced heigh i be 5 ad ha 1 f
iigaed acig i be aced e he iid ie ac a eaie eaa. The be-
cbiai be ed a he ga ie i hae a ea echaica efficiec f 60%.
Cacae he e eied b he ga hgh he acig.
Si
(a) Deig f cdii a he b f he e hee he ai f f ga ad iid cc
Beee eeig ih he ga:
Aig ha a f he beee i abbed:
F he Lca ehd f ie f gae:
Uig he Paced C Deig Pga:
D = 0.913 f = 0.825
(b) Cacae he ee d hgh he d acig
From the Lucas method for mixtures of gases:
From equation (4-11):
(c) Estimate the volumetric mass-transfer coefficients for the gas and liquid phases. Assume that D
L
= 5.0 10
10
m
2
/s.
From the wilke-Lee equation, D
G
= 0.0885 cm
2
/s
From Table 4.2, C
L
= 1.192, C
V
=
0.410
Using the Packed Column Design Program:
k
L
a
h
= 0.00675 s
1
; k
y
a
h
= 0.26 kmol/m
3
-s
4.13
b, d
. Pressure drop in beds packed ith structured packings.
Redesign the packed bed of Problem 4.12, but using Montz metal B1-200 structured packing (very
similar to the one shown in Figure 4.3). For this packing, F
p
= 22 ft
2
/ft
3
, a = 200 m
1
, e = 0.979, C
h
= 0.547, C
p
=

0.355, C
L
= 0.971, C
V
= 0.390 (Seader and Henley, 1998).
Solution
D = 0.85 m f = 0.859
k
L
a
h
= 0.00861 s
1
; k
y
a
h
= 0.376 kmol/m
3
-s
4.14
c, d
. Air stripping of asteater in a packed column.
A wastewater stream of 0.038 m
3
/s, containing 10 ppm (by weight) of benzene, is to be stripped
with air in a packed column operating at 298 K and 2 atm to reduce the benzene concentration to
0.005 ppm. The packing specified is 50-mm plastic Pall rings. The air flow rate to be used is 5 times
the minimum. Henry's law constant for benzene in water at this temperature is 0.6 kPa-m
3
/mole
(Davis and Cornwell, 1998). Calculate the tower diameter if the gas-pressure drop is not to exceed
500 Pa/m of packed height. Estimate the corresponding mass-transfer coefficients. The diffusivity of
benzene vapor in air at 298 K and 1 atm is 0.096 cm
2
/s; the diffusivity of liquid benzene in water at
infinite dilution at 298 K is 1.02 10
5
cm
2
/s (Cussler, 1997).
Solution
Calculate m, the slope of the equilibrium curve:
For water at 298 K,
Calculate the minimum air flow rate:
Convert liquid concentrations from ppm to mole fractions
At these low concentrations the equilibrium and operating lines are straight, and
y
2
(max) = y
2
* = mx
2
D = 1.145 m f = 0.766 k
L
a
h
= 0.032 s
1
; k
y
a
h
= 0.335 kmol/m
3
-s
4.15
b
. Stripping chloroform from water b sparging with air.
Repeat Eample 4.5, but using an air flo rate that is tice the minimum required.
Solution
Initial estimate of the column height, Z
Iniial eimae of ga holdp
Calculate poer required
4.16
b
. Stripping chloroform from water b sparging with air.
Repeat Example 4.5, but using the same air flow rate used in Problem 4.15, and specifying a
chloroform removal efficiency of 99%.
Solution
For 99% removal efficiency, xin/xout = 100
Z = 1.30 m
W
T
(Z) = 5.0 kW
4.17
b
. Stripping chlorine from water b sparging with air.
A vessel 2.0 m in diameter and 2.0 m deep (measured from the gas sparger at the bottom to liquid
overflow at the top) is to be used for stripping chlorine from water by sparging with air. The water
will flow continuously downward at the rate of 7.5 kg/s with an initial chlorine concentration of 5
mg/L. Airflow will be 0.22 kg/s at 298 K. The sparger is in the form of a ring, 25 cm in diameter,
containing 200 orifices, each 3.0 mm in diameter. Henry's law constant for chlorine in water at this
temperature is 0.11 kPa-m
3
/mole (Perry and Chilton, 1973). The diffusivity of chlorine at infinite
dilution in water at 298 K is 1.25 10
5
cm
2
/s (Cussler, 1997).
(a) Assuming that all the resistance to mass transfer resides in the liquid phase, estimate the
chlorine removal efficiency achieved.
Solution
Ieaig i Z = 2.0 :
(b) Cacae e eied
4.18
c,d
. Batch asteater aeration using spargers.
I he eae f aeae, deiabe gae ae fee ied debed f he
ae, ad ge i adbed i he ae he bbbe f ai ae dieed ea he b f
aeai a d. A he bbbe ie, e ca be afeed f he ga he iid
f he iid he ga deedig he cceai diig fce.
F bach aeai i a ca e a, a ge a-baace ca be ie a
hee c
A
* i he ge aai cceai. Iegaig beee he ie ii e ad
ad he cedig died ge cceai ii c
A,0
ad c
A,
; aig ha c
A
*
eai eeia ca, ad ha a he eiace a afe eide i he iid
hae:
I aeai a, hee ai i eeaed a a iceaed iid deh, he bii f ge i
ifeced bh b he iceaig ee f he ai eeig he aeai a ad b he
deceaig ge aia ee i he ai bbbe a ge i abbed. F hee cae, he
e f a ea aai ae cedig he aeai a iddeh i ggeed
(Ecefede, W. W. J., Indial Wae Pollion Conol, 3d ed., McGa-Hi, B, Ma,
2000):
hee
c
= aai died ge cceai i feh ae eed

aheic ai a 101.3 Pa caiig 20.9% ge,
P
= abe ee a he deh f ai eeae,

P
= aheic ee,
O
= a ge ece i he ai eaig he aeai a.

The a ge ece i he ai eaig he aeai a i eaed he ge afe
efficiec, O
ef f
, hgh
hee
Cide a 567
3
aeai d aeaed ih 15 age, each ig ceed ai a a ae f
0.01 g/. Each age i i he f f a ig, 100 c i diaee, caiig 20 ifice, each
3.0 i diaee. The age i be caed 5 be he face f he d. The ae
eeae i 298 K; aheic cdii ae 298 K ad 101.3 Pa. Ude hee cdii,
c
= 8.38 g/L (Dai ad Ce, 1998).

(a) Eiae he eic a-afe cefficie f hee cdii f eai (4-23)
ad (4-25).
(b) Eiae he ie eied aie he died ge cceai f 0.5 g/L 6.0
g/L, ad cacae he eig ge afe efficiec.
(c) Eiae he e eied eae he 15 age, if he echaica efficiec f he
ce i 60%.
Si
Initial estimate of transfer efficienc
(b) Calculate power required
4.19
c,d
. Batch asteater aeration using spargers; effect of liquid depth.
Cide he iai decibed i Pbe 4.18. Accdig Ecefede (2000), f e
f bbbe-diffi aeai e he eic a-afe cefficie i a ih iid
deh Z accdig he eaihi
hee he ee ha a ae ea 0.7 f e. F he aeai d f Pbe
4.18, cacae
L
a a ae f Z = 3, 4, 6, ad 7 . Eiae he cedig ae f
f egei aai f he e. Hi: Reebe ha he a e f he d
eai ca, heefe he c-ecia aea f he d chage a he ae deh
chage.
Si
Uig he ga deeed i Pb 4.18, he fig ec f e i geeaed
4.20
c
. Flooding conditions in a packed cooling toer.
A cig e, 2 i diaee, aced ih 75- ceaic Hif ig, i fed ih ae a 316
K a a ae f 25 g/
2
-. The ae i caced ih ai, a 300 K ad 101.3 Pa eeia d,
da ad cece he ae f. Negecig eaai f he ae ad chage
i he ai eeae, eiae he eic ae f aif, i
3
/, hich d fd he e.
Si
LMV = iid a eci GMV = ga a eci
Inodce a ni coneion faco in Fp
Iniial eimae of GMV
4.21
c,d
. Design of a sieve-tra column for ethanol absorption
Repea he calclaion of Eample 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, and 4.9 fo a colmn diamee coeponding o
50% of flooding.
Solion
Fom he Siee-Plae Deign Pogam, he folloing el ae obained fo = 0.5
D = 1.176 m = 0.6 m P = 590 Pa/a
Fode No. = 1.22 (no eceie eeping) E = 0.0165
E
OG
= 0.8123 E
MG
= 0.8865 E
MGE
= 0.878
4.22
c,d
. Design of a sieve-tra column for aniline stripping.
A sieve-tray tower is to be designed for stripping an aniline (C
6
H
7
N)-water solution with steam.
The circumstances at the top of the tower, which are to be used to establish the design, are:
Temperature = 371.5 K Pressure = 100 kPa
Liquid:
Rate = 10.0 kg/s Composition = 7.00 mass % aniline
Density = 961 kg/m
3
Viscosity = 0.3 cP
Surface tension = 58 dyne/cm
Diffusivity = 4.27 10
5
cm
2
/s (est.) Foaming factor = 0.90
Vapor:
Rate = 5.0 kg/s Composition = 3.6 mole % aniline
Density = 0.670 kg/m
3
Viscosity = 118 mP (est.)
Diffusivity = 0.116 cm
2
/s (est.)
The equilibrium data at this concentration indicates that = 0.0636 (Treybal, 1980).
(a) Design a suitable cross-flow sieve-tray for such a tower. Take d
o
= 5.5 mm on an equilateral-
triangular pitch 12 mm between hole centers, punched in stainless steel sheet metal 2 mm
thick. Use a weir height of 40 mm. Design for a 75% approach to the flood velocity. Report
details respecting tower diameter, tray spacing, weir length, gas-pressure drop, and entrainment
in the gas. Check for excessive weeping.
Solution
For aniline, the molecular weight = 93. The average molecular weight of the gas = 20.7.
The composition of the liquid is calculated as 1.4 mole % aniline, the average molecular weight
= 19.1.
From the Sieve-Plate Design Program, the following results are obtained for f = 0.75
D = 1.93 m t = 0.6 m DP = 435 Pa/tray
Froude No. = 0.93 (no excessive weeping) E = 0.045
Weir length = 1.40 m
(b) Estimate the tray efficiency corrected for entrainment for the design reported in part (a).
Solution
E
OG
= 0.716 E
MG
= 0.722 E
MGE
= 0.720
4.23
c,d
. Design of a sieve-tra column for aniline stripping.
Repeat Problem 4.22, but for a 45% approach to flooding. Everything else remains the same as in
Problem 4.22.
Solution
D = 2.49 m t = 0.6 m DP = 399 Pa/tray
Froude No. = 0.491 ( excessive weeping) E = 0.0173
Solution
E
OG
= 0.660 E
MG
= 0.666 E
MGE
= 0.665
4.24
c,d
. Design of a sieve-tra column for methanol stripping.
A dilute aqueous solution of methanol is to be stripped with steam in a sieve-tray tower. The
conditions chosen for design are:
Temperature = 368 K Pressure = 101.3 kPa
Liquid:
Rate = 0.25 kmol/s Composition = 15.0 mass % methanol
Density = 961 kg/m
3
Viscosity = 0.3 cP
Surface tension = 40 dyn/cm
5
cm
2
Vapor:
Rate = 0.1 kmol/s Composition = 18 mole % methanol
Viscosity = 125 mP (est.) Diffusivity = 0.213 cm
2
/s (est.)
The equilibrium data at this concentration indicates that = 2.5 (Perry and Chilton, 1973).
o
triangular pitch 12 mm between hole centers, punched in stainless steel sheet metal 2 mm thick.
Use a weir height of 50 mm. Design for 80% approach to the flood velocity. Report details
respecting tower diameter, tray spacing, weir length, gas-pressure drop, and entrainment in the
gas. Check for excessive weeping.
Solution
D = 1.174 m t = 0.6 m DP = 386 Pa/tray
Solution
E
OG
= 0.5987 E
MG
= 0.707 E
MGE
= 0.700
4.25
c,d
. Sieve-tra column for methanol stripping; effect of hole sie.
Repeat Problem 4.24, but changing the perforation size to 4.5 mm, keeping everything else
constant.
Solution
From the Sieve-Plate Design Program, the following results are obtained for = 0.80
D = 1.174 m t = 0.6 m DP = 686 Pa/tray
Solution
E
OG
= 0.793 E
MG
= 0.936 E
MGE
= 0.918
4.26
c,d
. Design of sieve-tra column for butane absorption.
A gas containing methane, propane, and n-butane is to be scrubbed countercurrently in a sieve-tray
tower with a hydrocarbon oil to absorb principally the butane. It is agreed to design a tray for the
circumstances existing at the bottom of the tower , where the conditions are:
Temperature = 310 K Pressure = 350 kPa
Liquid:
Rate = 0.50 kmol/s Average molecular weight = 150
Density = 850 kg/m
3
Viscosity = 1.6 cP
5
cm
2
Vapor:
Rate = 0.3 kmol/s Composition = 86% CH
4
, 12% C
3
H
8
, 2% C
4
H
10
2
/s (est.)
The system obeys Raoult's law; the vapor pressure of n-butane at 310 K is 3.472 bar (Reid et al.,
1987).
(a) Design a suitable cross-flow sieve-tray for such a tower. According to Bennett and Kovak (2000),
the optimal value of the ratio A
h
/A
a
is that which yields an orifice Froude number, Fr
o
= 0.5. Design
for the optimal value of d
o
on an equilateral-triangular pitch 12 mm between hole centers, punched in
stainless steel sheet metal 2 mm thick. Use a weir height of 50 mm. Design for a 75% approach to
the flood velocity. Report details respecting tower diameter, tray spacing, weir length, gas-pressure
drop, and entrainment in the gas.
Solution
The slope of the equilibrium curve is approximately 1.0. The average molecular weight of the gas is
20.2. By trial-and-error, using the Sieve-Plate Design Program, it was found that the orifice
diameter that results in a Froude number = 0.5 is d
o
= 3.43 mm.
D = 2.73 m t = 0.6 m DP = 811 Pa/tray
Solution
E
OG
= 0.833 E
MG
= 1.038 E
MGE
= 1.034
4.27
c,d
. Design of sieve-tra column for ammonia absorption.
A process for making small amounts of hydrogen by cracking ammonia is being considered, and
residual uncracked ammonia is to be removed from the resulting gas. The gas will consist of H
2
and N
2
in the molar ratio 3:1, containing 3% NH
3
by volume. The ammonia will be removed by
scrubbing the gas countercurrently with pure liquid water in a sieve-tray tower. Conditions at the
bottom of the tower are:
Temperature = 303 K Pressure = 200 kPa
Liquid:
Rate = 6.0 kg/s Average molecular weight = 18
Density = 996 kg/m
3
Viscosity = 0.9 cP
5
cm
2
Vapor:
Rate = 0.7 kg/s
2
/s (est.)
For dilute solutions, NH
3
-H
2
O follows Henry's law, and at 303 K the slope of the equilibrium curve
is m = 0.85 (Treybal, 1980).
o
triangular pitch 12.5 mm between hole centers, punched in stainless steel sheet metal 2 mm thick.
Use a weir height of 40 mm. Design for an 80% approach to the flood velocity. Report details
Solution
D = 0.775 m t = 0.5 m DP = 624 Pa/tray
Solution
E
OG
= 0.806 E
MG
= 0.85 E
MGE
= 0.847
4.28
c,d
. Design of sieve-tra column for toluene-methlccloheane distillation.
A sieve-tray tower is to be designed for distillation of a mixture of toluene and methylcyclohexane.
The circumstances which are to be used to establish the design, are:
Temperature = 380 K Pressure = 98.8 kPa
Liquid:
Rate = 4.8 mole/s Composition =48.0 mol % toluene
Density = 726 kg/m3 Viscosity = 0.22 cP
Surface tension = 16.9 dyne/cm
5
cm
2
Vapor:
Rate = 4.54 mole/s Composition =44.6 mole % toluene
Density = 2.986 kg/m3 Viscosity = 337 mP (est.)
Diffusivity = 0.0386 cm
2
/s (est.)
The equilibrium data at this concentration indicates that m = 1.152.
o
triangular pitch 12.7 mm between hole centers, punched in stainless steel sheet metal 2 mm thick.
Use a weir height of 50 mm. Design for a 60% approach to the flood velocity. Report details
Solion
a) From the Sieve-Plate Design Program, the following results are obtained for = 0.60
D = 0.6 m t = 0.5 m DP = 295 Pa/tray
Solution
E
OG
= 0.611 E
MG
= 0.712 E
MGE
= 0.710
5.1
a
. Overall tra efficienc
Cide a a abbe ih a ca Mhee efficiec E
MGE
= 0.75, ad a aeage
abi fac A = 1.25.
a) Eiae he ea a efficiec.
Si
b) If he abbe eie 5.34 eiibi age, cacae he be f ea a.
Si
Ue 8 a
5.3
a
. Ammonia stripping from a wastewater in a tra tower.
A a e idig i eiibi age i ed f iig aia f a aeae
ea b ea f cece ai a 1 a ad 300 K. Cacae he cceai f
aia i he ei ae if he ie iid cceai i 0.1 e % aia, he ie ai i
fee f aia, ad 1.873 adad cbic ee f ai ae fed he e e iga f
aeae. The eiibi daa f hi e, i hi age f cceai ad 300 K, ca
be eeeed b
A,i
= 1.414
A,i
(Kig, C. J., Sepaaion Pocee, McGa-Hi, Ne Y,
NY, 1971).
Si
Initial estimate
5.4
a
The Murphree plate efficienc for the ammonia stripper of Problem 5.3 is constant at 0.581.
Estimate the number of real tras required.
Solution
Use 9 tras
5.5
b
If the air flow rate to the absorber of Problems 5.3 and 5.4 is reduced to 1.5 standard m
3
/kg of
ae, cacae cceai f aia i he ei ae if 9 ea a ae ed ad he
Mhee efficiec eai ca a 58.1%.
Si
Iiia eiae
5.6
b
. Absorption of an air pollutant in a tra tower.
A hea-i ea a 320 K i ed i a abbe ee die aiie f a A f
a ai ea. The hea i i he ecced bac he ce hee hee A i ied. The
ce i beig a i a bai, ad ifai f cae- i deied. The ce
abbe i a 16-ae iee-a c. Pi a daa ae a f:
Liid f ae = 5.0 e/h
Ga f ae = 2.5 e/h
A,i
= 0.04
A,
= 0.0001
A,i
= 0.0001
Eiibi f A i gie a
A,i
= 0.7
A,i
. Fid he ea c efficiec, ad he Mhee
ae efficiec. ae ha he iid ad ga f ae ae gh ca.
Si
5.7
b
. Absorption of ammonia in a laborator-scale tra tower.
An absorption column for laboratory use has been carefully constructed so that it has exactly 4
equilibrium stages, and is being used to measure equilibrium data. Water is used as the solvent
to absorb ammonia from air. The system operates isothermally at 300 K and 1 atm. The inlet
water is pure distilled water. The ratio of L/V = 1.2, inlet gas concentration is 0.01 mole fraction
ammonia; the measured outlet gas concentration is 0.0027 mole fraction ammonia. Assuming
that Henrys law applies, calculate the slope of the equilibrium line.
Solution
Initial estimate
5.8
c,d
. Absorption of ammonia in a seive-tra tower.
A process for making small amounts of hydrogen by cracking ammonia is being considered
and residual, uncracked ammonia is to be removed from the resulting gas. The gas will consist
of H
2
and N
2
in the molar ratio 3:1, containing 3% NH
3
by volume, at a pressure of 2 bars and
a temperature of 303 K.
There is available a sieve-tray tower, 0.75 m diameter, containing 6 cross-flow trays at 0.5 m
tray spacing. The perforations are 4.75 mm in diameter, arranged in triangular pitch on 12.5
mm centers, punched in sheet metal 2 mm thick. The weir height is 40 mm. Assume
isothermal scrubbing with pure water at 303 K. The water flow rate to be used should not
exceed 50% of the maximum recommended for cross-flow sieve trays which is 0.015 m
3
/s-m
of tower diameter (Treybal, 1980). The gas flow rate should not exceed 80% of the flooding
value.
a) Estimate the gas flow rate that can be processed in the column under the circumstances
described above.
b) Calculate the concentration of the gas leaving the absorber in part a).
Data:
Liquid density = 996 kg/m
3
Surface tension = 0.068 N/m
Foaming factor = 1.0 Liquid diffusivity = 2.42 10
9
m
2
/s
Gas viscosity = 1.122 10
5
kg/m-s Gas diffusivity = 0.23 cm
2
/s
Slope of the equilibrium line, = 0.85
Solution
a)
Run the sieve-tray design program of Appendix E with different values
of gas flow rate until D = 0.75 m at f = 0.8. The results are:
m
G
= 0.657 kg/s Gas pressure drop = 615 Pa per tray
E
MGE
= 0.841 F
o
= 1.042 E = 0.048
b)
Iniial eimae
5.9
b
. Absorption of carbon dioide in a bubble-cap tra toer.
A a afacig d ice i b ce i ai dce a fe ga hich, he ceaed ad
ced, i cai 15% CO
2
, 6% O
2
, ad 79% N
2
. The ga i be b i a bbbe-ca e
cbbe a 1.2 a ad 298 K, be cbbed cece ih a 30 % ehaaie
(C
2
H
7
ON) ae i eeig a 298 K. The cbbig iid, hich i ecced f a
ie, i cai 0.058 e CO
2
/ i. The ga eaig he cbbe i cai 2%
CO
2
. A iid--ga ai f 1.2 ie he ii i ecified. Ae ihea eai. A
298 K ad 1.2 a, he eiibi e faci f cab diide e ae i f
ehaaie (30 %) i gie b
hee
A,i
i he e faci f CO
2
i he iid i.
a) Cacae he iga f i eeig he e e cbic ee f eeig ga.
Si
F he ii iid f ae,
1a
i be i eiibi ih
N1
Iiia eiae
Calculate molecular weight of MEA solution
Basis: 100 gm of 30% MEA in water
b) Determine the number of theoretical tras required for part a)
Solution
Generate XY diagram
c) The monoethanolamine solution has a viscosit of 6.0 cP and a densit of 1,012 kg/m
3
.
Estimate the overall tra efficienc for the absorber, and the number of real tras required.
Seader and Henle (1998) proposed the following empirical correlation to estimate the overall
efficienc of absorbers and strippers using bubble-cap tras (it has also been used to obtain
rough estimates for sieve-tra towers):
where: E
O
= overall fractional efficienc
m = slope of equilibrium curve
m
L
= liquid viscosit, in cP
L
= liquid densit, in kg/m
3
Hint: In this problem, the equilibrium-distribution curve is not a straight line, therefore m is not
constant. Estimate thhe average value of m at liquid concentrations along the operating line
and use theaverage in the correlation given.
Solution
5.11
c,d
. Absorption of carbon disulfide in a sieve-tra tower.
Carbon disulfide, CS
2
, used as a solvent in a chemical plant, is evaporated from the product in a
dryer into an inert gas (essentially N
2
) in order to avoid an explosion hazard. The CS
2
-N
2
mixture
is to be scrubbed with an absorbent hydrocarbon oil. The gas will flow at the rate of 0.4 m
3
/s at
297 K and 1 atm. The partial pressure of CS
2
in the original gas is 50 mm Hg, and the CS
2
concentration in the outlet gas is not to exceed 0.5%. The oil enters the absorber essentially pure
at a rate 1.5 times the minimum, and solutions of oil and CS
2
follow Raoults law. Design a
sieve-tray tower for this process. Design for a gas velocity which is 70% of the flooding velocity.
Assuming isothermal operation, determine:
a) Liquid flow rate, kg/s
Data (at 297 K):
Oil average molecular weight = 254 Oil viscosity = 4 cP
Oil density = 810 kg/m
3
Surface tension = 0.030 N/m
Foaming factor = 0.9 CS
2
vapor pressure = 346 mm Hg
Solution
Iniial eimae
b) Toer diameter and plate spacing
Solution
Plate design conditions:
f = 0.7 4.5-mm holes in triangular pitch; 12 mm beteen centers
Weir height = 50 mm; Plate thickness = 2 mm
From the Mathcad program in Appendi E:
D = 0.705 m; t = 0.5 m; Pressure drop = 414 Pa/tra
Fr
o
= 0.712 E = 0.018 E
MGE
= 0.588
d) Number of real tras required
Solution
Approimation, assuming straight equilibrium and operating lines
Graphical solution: Generate operating line in diagram
Graphicall, the number of ideal stages is also slightl over 5
Use 10 tras
e) Total gas-pressure drop.
Solution
5.12
c
. Adiabatic absorption of carbon disulfide in a sieve-tra tower.
Determine the number of equilibrium tras for the absorber of Problem 5.11, assuming adiabatic
operation. The specific heats are:
Substance J/mole-K
Oil 362.2
CS
2
, liquid 76.2
N
2
29.1
CS
2
, gas 46.9
the latent heat of vaporiation of CS
2
at 297 K is 27.91 kJ/mole. The vapor pressure of CS
2
as a
function of temperature is given b
Solution
Base for enthalpies: liquid oil, liquid CS
2
, gaseous N
2
at 297 K
Assume T
1
= 298.0 K
Approimatel 12 ideal stages
Gas outlet temperature = 298 K
5.13
b
. Steam-stripping of benene in a sieve-plate column.
A straw oil used to absorb benzene from coke-oven gas is to be steam-stripped in a sieve-plate
column at atmospheric pressure to recover the disolved benzene, C
6
H
6
. Equilibrium conditions at
the operating temperature are approximated by Henrys law such that, when the oil phase contains
10 mole % benzene, the equilibrium benzene partial pressure above the oil is 5.07 kPa. The oil may
be considered nonvolatile. It enters the stripper containing 8 mole % benzene, 75% of which is to be
removed. The steam leaving contains 3 mole % C6H6.
a) How many theorethical stages are required?
b) How many moles of steam are required per 100 moles of the oil-benzene mixture?
c) If 85% of the benzene is to be recovered with the same steam and oil rates, how many theoretical
stages are required?
Solution
a)
b)
Kee eai
c)
(Gahica cci ahead)
Kremser equation
5.15
c,d
. Absorption of carbon disulfide in a random-packed toer.
Design a toer packed ith 50-mm ceramic Hiflo rings for the carbon disulfide scrubber of
Problem 5.11. Assume isothermal operation and use a liquid rate of 1.5 times the minimum and
a gas-pressure drop not eceeding 175 Pa/m of packing. Calculate the toer diameter, packed
height, and total gas-pressure drop. Assume that C
h
for the packing is 1.0.
Solution
From Prob. 5.11, the conditions at the bottom of the absorber are:
From Tables 4.1 and 4.2
Run the Packed Toer Design Program of Ap. D
Results:
Estimate the packed height; assume dilute solutions
From Prob 5.11:
Calculate H
tOG
at the bottom of the toer
Calculate H
tOG
at the top of the tower
From Prob. 5.11, the conditions at the top of the absorber are:
The mass-tranfer coefficients remain fairl constant along the tower
5.16
b,d
. Absorption of sulfur dioide in a random-packed toer.
It is desired to remove 90% of the sulfur dioxide in a flue gas stream at 298 K and 1 atm by
countercurrent absorption with pure water at the same temperature, using a packed tower that
is 0.7 m in diameter. The tower is packed with 35-mm plastic NORPAC rings. The average gas-
pressure drop is 200 Pa/m. Equilibrium is described by Henrys law with y
i
= 8.4x
i
.. If the
liquid flow is adjusted so that the driving force (y y*) is constant, calculate the height of the
packed section. Flue gases usually contain less than 1 mole % of SO
2
, an air pollutant
regulated by law. Assume that the properties of the liquid are similar to those of pure water,
and that the properties of the flue gases are similar to those of air.
Solution
For the driving force to be constant, the operating line is parallel to the equilibrium line, and
the absorption factor A = 1.0
It was found by trial and error with the Packed Column program that, for a pressure drop of
200 Pa/m and D = 0.7 m:
5.17
c
. Benene vapor recover sstem.
Benzene vapor in the gaseous effluent of an industrial process is scrubbed with a wash oil in a
countercurrent packed absorber. The resulting benzene-wash-oil solution is then heated to 398
K and stripped in a tray tower, using steam as the stripping medium. The stripped wash oil is
then cooled and recycled to the absorber. Some data relative to the operation follow:
Absorption:
Benzene in entering gas = 1.0 mole %
Operating pressure of absorber = 800 mm Hg
Oil circulation rate = 2 m
3
/1,000 m
3
of gas at STP
Oil specific gravity = 0.88 Molecular weight = 260
Henrys law constant = 0.095 at 293 K;
= 0.130 at 300 K
N
tOG
= 5 transfer units
Stripping:
Pressure = 1 atm Steam at 1 atm, 398 K
Henrys law constant = 3.08 at 398 K
Number of equilibrium stages = 5
a) In the winter, it is possible to cool the recycled oil to 293 K, at which temperature the
absorber then operates. Under these conditions 72.0 kg of steam is used in the stripper per
1,000 m
3
of gas at STP entering the absorber. Calculate the percent benzene recovery in the
winter.
Solution
Iiia eiae:
b) I he e i i iibe c he ecced ah i e ha 300 K ih he
aaiabe cig ae. Aig ha he abbe he eae a 300 K, ih he ae i
ad ea ae, ad ha N
OG
ad eiibi age eai he ae, ha e
ece f beee ca be eeced?
Si
c) If he oil ae canno be inceaed, b he eam ae in he mme i inceaed b 50%
oe he ine ale, ha mme ecoe of benene can be epeced?
5.19
c
. Abopion of gemanim eachloide ed fo opical fibe.
Germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4) and silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) are used in the production of
optical fibers. Both chlorides are oxidized at high temperature and converted to glasslike particles.
However, the GeCl4 oxidation is quite incomplete and it is necessary to scrub the unreacted GeCl4
from its air carrier in a packed column operating at 298 K and 1 atm with a dilute caustic solution.
At these conditions, the dissolved GeCl4 has no vapor pressure and mass transfer is controlled by
the gas phase. Thus, the equilibrium curve is a straight line of zero slope. The entering gas flows at
the rate of 23,850 kg/day of air containing 288 kg/day of GeCl4. The air also contains 540 kg/day of
Cl2, which, when dissolved, also will have no vapor pressure.
It is desired to absorb, at least, 99% of both GeCl4 and Cl2 in an existing 0.75-m-diameter column
that is packed to a height of 3.0 m with 13-mm ceramic Raschig rings. The liquid rate should be
set so that the column operates at 75% of flooding. Because the solutions are very dilute, it can be
assumed that both gases are absorbed independenttly.
Gas-phase mass-transfer coefficients for GeCl4 and Cl2 can be estimated from the following
empirical equations developed from experimental studies with 13-mm Raschig rings for liquid mass
velocities between 0.682.0 kg/m
2
-s (Shulman, H. L., et al., AICE J., 17, 631, 1971):
where:
d
s
= equivalent packing diameter (0.01774 m for
13-mm ceramic Raschig rings)
= gas density, kg/m3
G
x
,G
y
mass velocities, kg/m
2
-s
For the two diffusing species, take D
GeCl4
= 0.06 cm
2
/s; D
Cl2
= 013 cm
2
/s. For the packing,
F
p
= 580 ft
1
, e = 0.63.
Determine:
a) Liquid flow rate, in kg/s.
Solution
Iniial eimae
b) The pecen abopion of GeCl4 and Cl2 baed on he aailable 3.0 m of packing.
Solion (dile olion)
5.20
c,d
. Absorption of carbon disulfide in a structured-packed toer.
Redesign the absorber of Problem 5.15 using metal Montz B1-300 structured packing. The
characteristics of this packing are (Seader and Henley, 1998):
F
p
= 33 ft
1
a = 300 m
1
= 0.93 C
h
= 0.482
C
p
= 0.295 C
L
= 1.165 C
V
= 0.422
Solution
From the Packed Tower Program in Appendix D:
Estimate the packed height; assume dilute solutions
From Prob 5.11:
Calculate H
tOG
at the bottom of the toer
Calculate H
tOG
at the top of the tower
From Prob. 5.11, the conditions at the top of the absorber are:
The mass-tranfer coefficients remain fairl constant along the tower
5.21
c,d
. Absorption of ammonia in a random-packed toer.
It is desired to reduce the ammonia content of 0.05 m
3
/s of an ammonia-air mixture (300 K and 1
atm) from 5.0 to 0.04% by volume by water scrubbing. There is available a 0.3-m-diameter tower
packed with 25-mm ceramic Raschig rings to a depth of 3.5 m. Is the tower satisfactory, and if so,
what water rate should be used? At 300 K, ammonia-water solutions follow Henrys law up to 5
mole % ammonia in the liquid, with m = 1.414.
Solution
Calculate minimum water flow rate
Try
From Appendi D
Tr
From Appendi D
Tr
From Appendi D
Tr
From Appendi D
Cbic ie ieai
5.22
b,d
. Absorption of sulfur dioide in a structured-packed toer.
A e aced ih ea M B1-300 ced acig i be deiged abb SO
2
f ai b cbbig ih ae. The eeig ga, a a SO
2
-fee f ae f 37.44 e/
2
-
f bed c-ecia aea, cai 20 e % f SO
2
. Pe ae ee a a f ae f 1976
e/
2
- f bed c-ecia aea. The eiig ga i cai 0.5 e % SO
2
.
Ae ha eihe ai ae i afe beee he hae ad ha he e eae
ihea a 2 a ad 303 K. Eiibi daa f bii f SO
2
i ae a 303 ad 1
a hae bee fied b ea-ae he eai (Seade ad Hee, 1998):
a) Deie he fig eaig ie eai f he abbe:
Si
b) If the absorber is to process 1.0 m
3
/s (at 2 atm and 303 K) of the entering gas, calculate
the water flow rate, the tower diameter, and the gas-pressure drop per unit of packing height
at the bottom of the absorber.
Solution
From Ap. D, b trial-and-error:
c)
At the top of the column:
From Ap. D, b trial-and-error:
Average mass-transfer coefficients
Aeage heigh
Calclae N
G
Iniial eimae
6.1
a
. Flash vaporiation of a heptane-octane miture.
A liquid mixture containing 50 mole % n-heptane (A), 50 mole % n-octane (B), at 303 K, is to be
continuously flash-vaporized at a pressure of 1 atm to vaporize 30 mole % of the feed. What will
be the composition of the vapor and liquid and the temperature in the separator if it behaves as
an ideal stage?
Solution
From the program in Figure 6.3,
6.2
a
. Flash vaporiation of a heptane-octane miture.
A liquid mixture containing 50 mole % n-heptane (A), 50 mole % n-octane (B), at 303 K, is to be
continuously flash-vaporized at a temperature of 350 K to vaporize 30 mole % of the feed. What
will be the composition of the vapor and liquid and the pressure in the separator if it behaves as an
ideal stage?
Solution
From the program in Figure 6.3,
6.3
d
. Flash vaporiation of a ternar miture.
Modify the Mathcad program of Figure 6.3 for ternary mixtures. Test your program with the data
presented in Example 6.2 for a mixture of benzene (A), toluene (B), and o-xylene (C). Critical
temperatures and pressures,and the parameters of the Wagner equation for estimating vapor
pressure (equation 6-5) are included in the following table (Reid, et al., 1987).
Component Tc, K Pc, bar A B C D
benzene 562.2 48.9 6.983 1.332 2.629 3.334
toluene 591.8 41.0 7.286 1.381 2.834 2.792
o-xylene 630.3 37.3 7.534 1.410 3.110 2.860
Solution
Parameters of the Wagner equation, A = benzene, B, toluene, C = o-xylene:
Iniial eimae
6.4
d
Cide he ea ie f Eae 6.2 ad Pbe 6.3. Eiae he eeae, ad
cii f he iid ad a hae he 60% f he ie ha bee aied a a ca
ee f 1 a.
Si
6.5
d
Consider the ternar miture of Eample 6.2 and Problem 6.3. It is desired to recover in the vapor 75%
of the benene in the feed, and to recover in the liquid 70% of the o-lene in the feed. Calculate the
temperature, pressure, fraction of the feed vaporied, and the concentration of the
liquid and gas phases
Solution
6.6
b
.Batch distillation of a heptane-octane miture.
Repeat the calculations of Eample 6.3, but for 80 mole % of the liquid distilled.
Solution
Batch distillation of a miture of heptane and octane
Iiia eiae
6.8
a
. Binar batch distillation with constant relative volatilit.
Cide he bia bach diiai f Eae 6.3. F hi e, -heae ih -cae a 1
a, he aeage eaie aii i = 2.16 (Teba, 1980). Uig eai (6-102) deied i Pbe
6.7, ce he cii f he eide afe 60 e% f he feed i bach-diied.
Si
Iiia eiae:
6.9
b
Cide he bia bach diiai f Eae 6.3. F hi e, -heae ih -cae a 1
a, he aeage eaie aii i = 2.16 (Teba, 1980). The ie i be bach-diied i
he aeage cceai f he diiae i 65 e % heae. Uig eai (6-102) deied i
Problem 6.7, compute the composition of the residue, and the fraction of the feed that is distilled.
Solution
Initial estimates:
6.10
b
. Mitures of light hdrocarbons: m-value correlations.
What is the bubble point of a miture that is 15 mole % isopentane, 30 mole % n-pentane, and 55
mole % n-heane? The pressure is 1.0 atm.
Solution
Initial estimate
6.11
c
. Mitures of light hdrocarbons: m-value correlations.
A solution has the folloing composition, epressed as mole percent: ethane, 0.25 %; propane, 25 %;
isobutane, 18.5 %; n-butane, 56 %; isopentane, 0.25 %. In the folloing, the pressure is 10 bars. Use
equation (6-103) and Table 6.4 to calculate equilibrium distribution coefficients.
a) Calculate the bubble point
Solution
Initial estimate
b) Calculate the de point
Solution
Initial estimate
c) The solution is flash-vaporied to vaporie 40 mol % of the feed. Calculate the composition of the
products.
Solution
Initial estimates
Check!
6.12
b
A 30 mole % feed of benene in toluene is to be distilled in a batch operation. A product having an
aeage cii f 45 e % beeei be dced. Cacae he a f eide ef,
aig ha = 2.5 ad F = 100 e.
Si
Iiia eiae:
6.13
b
. Batch distillation of a miture of isopropanol in ater.
A ie f 40 e % ia i ae i be bach-diied a 1 a i 70 e % f he
chage ha bee aied. Cacae he cii f he iid eide eaiig i he i ,
ad he aeage cii f he ceced diiae. VLE daa f hi e, i e faci f
ia, a 1 a ae (Seade ad Hee, 1998):
T, K 366 357 355.1 354.3 353.6 353.2 353.3 354.5
0.220 0.462 0.524 0.569 0.593 0.682 0.742 0.916
0.012 0.084 0.198 0.350 0.453 0.679 0.769 0.944
Cii f he aee i = = 0.685; biig i f he aee = 353.2 K.
Si
Iiia eiae
6.15
a
. Continuous distillation of a binar miture of constant relative volatilit.
F ci diiai f a bia ie f ca eaie aii, Fee eai (6-58) ca
be ed eiae he ii be f eiibi age eied f he gie eaai, N
i
.
Ue Fee eai eiae N
i
f diiai f he beee-ee ie f Eae 6.4.
Ae ha, f hi e a 1 a, he eaie aii i ca a = 2.5.
Si
6.16
a
. Continuous distillation of a binar miture of constant relative volatilit.
F ci diiai f a bia ie f ca eaie aii, he ii ef ai ca
be deeied aaica f he fig eai (Teba, 1980):
(6-105)
Ue eai (6-105) eiae R
i
f diiai f he beee-ee ie f Eae 6.4.
Ae ha, f hi e a 1 a, he eaie aii i ca a = 2.5.
Si
Iiia eiae
6.17
b
. Continuous rectification of a ater-isopropanol miture.
A ae-ia ie a i bbbe i caiig 10 e % ia i be
ci ecified a aheic ee dce a diiae caiig 67.5 e %
ia. Nie-eigh ece f he ia i he feed be eceed. VLE daa ae
gie i Pbe 6.13. If a ef ai f 1.5 ie he ii i ed, h a heeica
age i be eied:
(a) If a aia ebie i ed?
Si
6.24
c
. A distillation-membrane hbrid for ethanol dehdration.
Ma idia ia iid e ae diffic iibe eaae b ie ci
diiai becae he hae behai cai a aee, a age ich, a ea eaie
aii. Oe i i cbie diiai ih e e ceea eaai echgie
f a hbid. A eae f ch a cbiai i he dehdai f eha ig a diiai-
ebae hbid.
I a gie aicai, 100 e/ f a aaed iid caiig 37 e % eha ad 63 e % ae
be eaaed ied a dc hich i 99 e % eha, ad a eide caiig 99 e %
ae. The i i be fed a diiai c eaig a aheic ee, ih a aia
ebie ad a a cdee. The ef ai i be 1.5 he ii. The diiae i ee a ebae
ih aaee a
= 70 ad = 0.6. The ebae b he cceai ha he eeae

ea i he eha-ich dc (
P
= 0.99). The eeae ea i eed a a aaed iid he
c he a a he eae iid cceai.
a) Cacae he a f ae f he dc ad f he eide.
Si
Iiia eiae:
b) Cacae he a f ae ad cii f he diiae cig f he c.
Si
Initial estimates
6.26
b
. Fenske-Underood-Gilliland method.
A distillation column has a feed of 100 kmoles/h. The feed is 10 mole % LNK, 55 mole % LK, and 35
mole % HK and is a saturated liquid. The reflu ratio is 1.2 the minimum. We desire 99.5 % recover of
the light ke in the distillate. The mole fraction of the light ke in the distillate should be 0.75. Use the
FUG approach to estimate the number of ideal stages required and the optimal location of the feed-stage.
Equilibrium data:
LNK
= 4.0
LK
= 1.0
HK
= 0.75
Solution
Kilomoles in distillate:
Kilomoles in bottoms:
Determine minimum reflu: Saturated liquid, q = 1
Initial estimate
Deemine nmbe of ideal age a R = 1.2 Rmin: Gilliland coelaion
Iniial eimae
Kikbide eaion:
Iniial eimae:
Feed a age 11
6.27
b
. Fenske-Underood-Gilliland method.
Oe hded e/h f a ea bbbe-i ie be eaaed b diiai ha he
fig cii:
Ce Me faci Reaie aii
A 0.4 5
B 0.2 3
C 0.4 1
a) F a diiae ae f 60 e/h, fie heeica age, ad a ef, cacae he diiae
ad b cii b he Fee eai.
Si
Iiia eiae:
b) Using the separation in part a) for components A and C, determine the minimum reflu ratio b the
Underood equation.
Solution
Initial estimate:
Initial estimate:
Initial estimate:
c) For a reflu ratio of 1.2 times the minimum, determine the number of theoretical stages
required, and the optimum feed location.
Solution
Iiia eiae
Kibide eai:
Iiia eiae:
Feed a age 5
6.35
c
Flash Calculations: the Rachford-Rice Method for Ideal Mitures.
a) Sh ha he be f fah aiai f a ice idea ie ca be efaed a
ggeed b Rachfd ad Rice (Dhe ad Mae, Ccea Deig f Diiai Se,
McGa-Hi, Ne Y, NY, 2001):
b) Solve Eample 6.2 using the Rachford-Rice method.
Solution
Initial estimate:
7.2 Single etraction.
Appendi G-1: Single-Stage Etraction
Iniial eimae:
7.3. Single-stage etraction: insoluble liquids
7.4. Single-stage etraction: insoluble liquids
7.5 Multistage crosscurrent etraction: insoluble liquids.
Reaagig eai (3-60)
Sle fl ae e age
Tal le fl ae
7.6 Multistage crosscurrent etraction.
Appendi G-2: Multistage Crosscurrent Etraction
Data presented are from Eample 7-3: acetone-ater-chloroform sstem at 298 K
Iniial eimae:
Iniial gee:
Iniial gee:
Composited etract
Check material balances
Acetone
Chloroform
Water

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1.

, debe 1.9 1.6

, debe 1.1 1.8

= aai died ge cceai i feh ae eed

= abe ee a he deh f ai eeae,

= a ge ece i he ai eaig he aeai a.

= 8.38 g/L (Dai ad Ce, 1998).

= 70 ad = 0.6. The ebae b he cceai ha he eeae

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