You are on page 1of 13



   

    "!#%$&  &('
"!) *+,'- /.(  &01,(  2
34 05$6,'
7*8:9:;=<?>A@CBD@CEGF)8:H
I@KJ 8:LNMOFP@CHM;:Q"RS;TF)JUMO@KLWV#XCYG@KHXC@
ZUMO[T@KL\B^](HY_<T@KL\BDY_M`
aYGB\XC8bMc8edS8e`TfhgWi)jTkTkTlTl f?]V m
nocp=orqtsPu:vwxu:y q{zG|}y#~#or|OpCzo\:y

"<b8:H[T@KEGY84?YGXc@KEGY{e8:H8:9:;TU
I@CJ8:LDM\F)@KH+M;bQ"SY_;TFP@CY_Xe8:E&H[TYGH@K@CLDYGH[
Z^U MO[T@KL\B^](HY{<T@KL\B\Y{M`
a&Y_B\XC8bMc8edS8=`:fhgi4jTkTkTlTl f?]V m
or~G=u:v%un wCso\zG|}y ~G#or|OpCzo\:y


r= :

ONc
}=(Nc^c%NCA_%}}DK(c=ccA{}c{}%tNC^NO ,cG{c4O
TNNr:"=:KctCtNC
N}b}_{}c Ccte-}:*NNONcTr{c:Nb}_{}
}&}NeNK
}D{KWec:66K_rNKeG^cT^N={}r{c"}2K{NttG^c:cb_{} SK:\r
+  *
"rNrr=K}\(NK:NcK}c}K%KS\=N}}KDr=}D(r2*\2}NDNr
2eO^r}rKre,D}:6}Cr\^,rr\N&rr&}NKK} KND_ r
Nrrb2C\D^"}rS6}rNrN
cTD,c"}r,cDNKD=rerD+
*DNrArr"6NCKDWDrr}&}reN\AK6r NrNrbKbCNr
r:ND"K b CNKeNC\br,D+K=N}r2WDb\S}K
r^}NWDrrD
2:NDr\bcce=Dbr(}KD}:NrD^=NCKN}NrK
D*=NNr
:}rDc"}e^=TNNCrD=Nr+}N}rD=b=D=NCbDcK+}rKrerCr
*DeKN:K&DSCKDCc\rA*DNr}r62N6c}r2cCNKN }K
=DCK=4OrDN^}rN^r}=NDrN,K=DbcN}b2r )D
r    = 

,DNND}D*b6}KrNc\KN"=NW cCNrD}K
N}=ber6DNNr\KcDKK+er   = 
^KNDr:NKKer*=N,D
^b*\}=rcDA:DD}6rrA}rDrr}CNDrCNK\2rN*==N:NNC}bA
NND NerKrKrrK:rcSr*NC=:DNbSec2D=KSDr "\DK
eD,Cr:Dr
S\},}CNrKSScKrtN({},r:ND2}DrNCcr^}
rr\N
S}KKW}KNKS=N-^:*D:Dr{rCDcDrKK }DKT}tD}}
NrDKcK^} }WrrKKN2}TNDWNr KbD}rK^"\Nrrb,e\}r 2

:K^r}(=D}6NKNC}rAD ND }ccKKc}rr:rDC}


eD}b^N=\N=rb2}
KKNWbDc

 



$'&)(*&+$ " &-,%= .0/1,


!#" %

^=N *Nr}}2re2 :}4rONrDK brSKr}e


} Nrr{r AD}6r
r"}KDDW(}D&KD}D&}^=DeK r\r =rD }
e ND}rK  2 r\}r
DrNCcr(e4 3,r}(r5NN  6 r2S=}\
rDKCr#&}rK-rN+r2r:ND,\r=D2DD&}:cr
NCr\W}:NN
ce }rK N*=Dr\ Ab DK {r*NNCD6}2^NKK}KPKDK8 7
r:r c6N\DKDK,rrKeNbrrr\rN"}rrCNNCD: 9<;=>1;@?:ACB

NeeKNCD==DDrKc  6 ED
K
3,eK
Sr=r&D}^2=c

3,eKr+=Dcr {NNCDr#2b=c

3,r=%S\}{OKN}rOT}2}bKCcKN#2=cPr&r}2DKN}b2=c
CSbKCD
6 
F2N:D}2D rbcK"C}crW=}N
r &DCN2:DNrDDb}AS\NDr
cK(r# ce rKrrrNWr
r
400

400
Final
300
density

density

300
200
100

200
Final
100

0
0

Initial
50
100
150
feature space (intensity)

400

Initial
50
100
150
feature space (intensity)

400
Initial
300

Final
density

density

300
200
100

200
100

Initial
Final

0
0

50
100
150
feature space (intensity)

50
100
150
feature space (intensity)

K#D-G5HJILKMKLNOQPRTSPIMUVHWUVXPYZ }e S KL[CUVR
ILPY\^] }rb}=2=c}brKN6ND
K%Nr}2 rTrKr rc2+rDrCrc=D\DC6K==Drb}t Dc
rN
2"KNNrT}=NDNCN^}rDKD
S}rr NrAN:}DA^KOWDrD` _}rrDrNC}rA6Kc2{Kr#:2

bDWrDK^r  6 aD
K
}}K=Kr?CPD}KP eNbrrK(KO)DrN
rr\^}b rDN}
eNbrr:rKK}KD
N&}r bCc"C6:N2} D}^2=c2}2r=r=N}rW"\c&rNr
 DCN}rA=NbNrrb,e^reS }e rKrS\rW2b=c
6  WNrrb,W}K
=K}Nr\:rb=&KW=D(Drr("D}brK

 r:K=DK}rr} Drr"K\r D=N\Nr}Cr K&r 7


=KD
cK(r#&}rrK}D^rd \==SDK}NK"2c2(A re =

200
150
100
50

Final

0
100

second prrincipal component

second prrincipal component

250

Initial
150
200
250
first principal component

250
200

Final

150
100

Initial

50
0
100

250
200
150
Final
100

150
200
250
first principal component

Initial

50
0
100

second prrincipal component

second prrincipal component

150
200
250
first principal component

250
200
Final

150
100

Initial

50
0
100

150
200
250
first principal component

K: D*G5HfIMKLKMN-OPQRTSPgILUCHhUVX@PYZ ce S KL[CUiRTILPY\^]}}b} 2c2}r:rK"ND


(KK=DK^:rKN\DK,S=NW}r
Nb==D((e>*jEklj2m j"KKrN  c G &}e\}
K\Nrb
DDNC}rS}T,6NrbNrbKNCN%}=K :KKr%KDSDC%}T
2=c 2D}D(}rKr2r\^6c2NKK%r c=6-=N}K"2=c
t
=bDAe(*}rr2KNKDWeWNr=*D}ArScbKCcrD2
2=c r(}c*&NNCD2} 2=c S2:rCDr=TNNC2}c2#
n 2K=N6Nrrb2D}rNrDbK6NDC6&e6:N r:=N "}c
}K
r CD\o _}rrrr&=K}+ceD^&=NK rDDNKK"{K2}tN
NK^rNcrD Cr)}KD A}rK \NC}bNcrD rDDPDrr*2
OK=NDK r%OrcK CNi _}rr&re6bDNNr\K&N==bDNrrbee}
rNGrK%}rK =DDe4K r=r rDr)2b=c-}rb=
Nr\:rb=(==r }DcC}\cr\rSr 2b=c r D}KK
erWrP=b\bPKrNNKK*D^
p
rNrWr=KcKPKPArr r
c,DKND
rDbK(^brerrbbK
rtDANK6rSKr}*cNKWNrA:
==bDCK(S"2=c }(DDbCr KNCN\: q%ce=Dc&K=rr
=rcrArbK=&DrrrCD\ec2 K b%&NKK2}&}rDN\e(Nrr}D2r
N CNbDcNr\r:\e
=D e}e2}%rKr Sc,D==Drb}
rNr
r &rSKKSC}SDrNCcrArKrc"=eD}}r6C(rNNrCrCcr
=rcrSc=D
N+r6\SDrr#2*rCrD}6Dr} bKrD=
*D}rDSrKc}}rcKN%*}:rrr+eD
{r  scNKN%N:N=Srr,=K}r

K D,6bCNKKrCD\6}rr} rreN DrrrrC,=e\r


\D}KDbKrNK6Drr+
}:r6(}rr }*WDrrrCNDSr r*OK^4K\6r*S&(DrrSeN
}D }{rK:SDbc\ c":K=\WrrKS:K=\Wrr}
=\,rKKrNrr:NcKr%DcC&rc\eD,}^} _r=bDe*N
NrrbK,D+K2e}bKrDrNKKN

 K 6 D ,eK\(NrCK,rNN2r@bC&}{KrSDD n N
e2r=NrN
,SDSDCD(
=N=ctD,D rrSNDD}"D,K=rb,rrTNKNC}r
}:rrrT\"Nrrb }cer{K %%Drr 2Drr r 6 r%}e
Krr
tbSDC} 6b}}N}DNKNC}rbC\DNC6NNC}rAD
&rS"2=c?N"crD,2Kb\ {}c}Dr DKWNrr2rN
NCK}\C=:DN:NcK
}+=TNNC%2=cN\r=TNNCrrTb\&NrSDK*br=\}e6}bD Nr
rr\+}' bC {}#K :Ne}_= cDr=r"r=Nr=DeND}"D e}
}rK,{r}%}6}r%ND}}&r}%OrNCK\r,r=K}r\""rNK%:N
NrDKcK\D^r=K+C*er%D}rDr:Drr}+KND
_}6D=bNKNC}r
\
rrr r(D}SNrbD r}N"DNC}r =}_+:KNKSDC
KK}KDD=DD+}AD\DCDu Fvpxw Nrr"KK+}*}b\C(u >*j2k+jom jKK
rN
{NAK b  c 2br rrCDKbKNC^NDNCD)Cy >*jr), KKcN NrbKNC
NDNC\6ez klj2}z m j}%%rKD6}}N%NrrrN2%SKrr2}b6e :Nr
r*Wb\{ A==(= }rK rrrNb \rrS}Drr}cN&}rN}
2=c2}
\&=TNNN
:ND^"SKeCNeNCr| e=NrrTDr
rW2=NC
rDrD^K eNbrrrK
6

M

,@~ /2&#e. ,@$


} &+$1. /1, &+~i&#&,,e .0/, 

qceDP}
DrNCcr^c{rrreD rc4,K)2Drr\ r
NrDKcK+J S(rDK\Nrrb*r^KD bKD\?t}e(eNcS=:DDC
Nrrb#r:}:r2r,CNbic_ KK O:\DC6rrN:N=DC&}:Dr*}Nrrrr

r:NcK*rTDK&rc"K Drr%rb
r+rDDTr:rDC+=D\ KNDr

}W}K*=\r
c
S=N DrD&^SrNN6}}er
ec2D=K6}:r=

Nrrb,bcK \NKK^DKSbr\%e:rrW}}K"rWSNNKNC}r
=eDr2ce=c{rKD"{r2SrCb
NrK"Nrr^K c =bCS
Nb=DCK\( 3,=C}W ADKK6DcDND2NKK^}CNDre}K

 K c D' DrrW} CD\Wb}rrK


%K Drr bCDD&NKN}{Nr=D K gbCD"N\DKcKNAr^:K}2rK Drr
}:*} 22rNADND=Sr6SNKKcW}\rb}K\Drr
}*N 7
DNC\4e4Kr*cr\}c rS\Pe rNKDcSW:KrS}
eDS:NrK
DrrrNNKNKNe2N*DAtN}S}=NDeAeNc}D"r rJ
eK=}D}%=N
} *NKK}bA}"}%Srr6N66N\DKcKc\r
 6rOrC}K}%N\DKcKWDS\}Ccr}N^rcK2e6D}'
&r
N}}#Nrr#

 K  D}NDNC}rAr%Drr+@*=N*rC^}r\Nr\:r(^rDD:r
r KDNr\:r NDC*r}NDD)A}K(KPrCrDbK6b}
NDNC}r(2"}KW=&KDbK,&DK(}(D\DCcK+
=DDTr}6Nrr r2K=rDWr Drr PeWDN}\rA} eDcrD
D}K}#D@ C n r}+cu ? NDNC&NKK P%
}Kc}+c ;
NDNC
Drrz c2e6:N rbKeCDNNrDeOrD2=:2}r :}*c\N% l VL ?*
2e 7_W}r\DKNec}} ?r iL ;
2d 7_rKDDKNec}}' ;6N VM ?* fg
iL ;

c

n ADKNec}Dr }}2 \rrbK=NCr2c}r"}bCANr=r


(eOr}b}}r6e(rbcK^}rDKcD rDKS=}}cK&e }NS}K\*}6
cSD
NKKrcD26=DWN(NK b c rxN}Nr\:r6NrNec}\
}Nr=D D:D},rrN#
:NrS\=:NDK,Nr=bD"}NrSr+
NDNC}r^r(rrW}b
DbcrDK}NrrbD}:2D\DCD6e*K}c}D rbc\rDSe&rKDK*c
:r}^=N2} NrrbN%N&}&r=c}C}r\2}=r=c}C}r\:}AD\DCcKD%K}r
K=K"DrrW2+KrD(}DK(}rDW6}D2DDNC}r+=ceD
bKrr%r}rDrNrr\A:r}},NKK){K r 6
Nrrrt=&2 rNDKA}ND}rr\KNN\DKcK}eW&r
}
rSr"D
}:c
NrDDc^KAbS=r6e(K^rKDD"Kb}#=Nc}DASKDbK=
cK}NDNK}rrrr\,}WK=S2Kr,cr\N WK=c}Crr
} ^NQ 7
NC}rrDKKrc}DcrDr\brDrAN\DKbKrDrb}}NDDWr
&c}c&D}*NKK&DrNPPNK(2N NbKr 6}rDD?G KWDrr
K}DrDr+D\KKK\ Wr =Nr rr\2bKrD*K b}KrAK 7
K 2KN*}%DK66}erbD}C%rr\ DKNec}DD}er:DrD}D%}*=D,r
:NcKD%  K
DKNec}DCbrDrKr(2D:DW 
}N&NDNCcr}2NKKN#SC }r&D*C}\cK+#& e=NK} CDK
K\rre2N"Drr,}NDNCDer}r+r2=N\r^"NKK=N}^2K
c}D}=N&rSrrDAbCNbDr,=NN5  D S}=\K b}DWr2
rA=NDArrKSr&D}:===Kr&Nr=DW^DrW=KAKeer
NrrbN K W DDNC}r}& } rKr# , NKK}CND^Kt}
NDNC\^Kr}r#brb2}=NCDDD
240

250

200
180
160

Intensity

Intensity

220

200

140

150

K D eNbrr#CNbKCK\ADDNC}rA}%,(DrrD
*bD
NKKA
NDNCDA
S=2"c,DNKK^2NDNC\WKCD
e : . /1,/1^ &+$.0/1,/'5.,%&+i&#KJ~.TSr&+~

,CD}Nr"eKrAr%Nrrb}CD\}&rrDKD J K*b}}"NK&r,D
rrNrDKcK+
K n r22WKrr:}K"rWrC _}e}^DNDrK
n Nr}"}Kerrr}rNrr&e^NKNCS}K
2AOg\S KLK1uILH-UOgIL#Zb
DN"rerrr-Nr=NcK(}b^DNKSDC,rr"2A
IM[V[CZRuIMH-UOgILZ:
M

r D"Kr}T}r"2r(Nt}W2Ser\(:rrWrWrCD

K D "}brerrb"rKNc:r}rr"}TDrr%^}rNrrK=D^CDb
="}+2=c NK
6 
qNr N= _ODKKbD}r,Nr}"Nrrb,DNDrK
rNr^rr^K}NKK}CNDA eNbrrTD\DCcK+
c v
 
3,r}
Drr}KND2SK"DNN(N}D}:DD

NNv
S

2cKc2K
rD}N}rr#&=N }cD(r}D}K
~
 
"" /'$%
3,rNWN}?bD ?rSKr}e}Wr)cr\K rDrN)=r4PcK
NDK% K
er^:NKDKS=D}
r t\rK==*}{crr}b^=rOK"cK}
*e}e}eDx DDrK:NDerD\AK=D
rDrrCr%}rr}D
K&rSK K=D&Or:NN DANb}NrSKr}D+rKC&brNCr%}rrDD#r


K5 iD}brerrb
chK:e}N6c=:DDK"NrrbObSrrb\AKrND
=6
}r
2c Dr
rrr}\%K,:NK(K,}rrK\ =*"NKKr KND^rSKr}eSS=N
KT=\:DNrrNK"rC=SNA}D^2r"}rr}
brD:Nc rrr }}4A=\D bKK }A}rKr {NK:D4r 2
}brerrb&Ncr\^K2=D:D(DrNc2(  6 C2&K
NKK}CND2rc2^ c
}N}D"^DK,D}NN%=NDrW}NKbN}r}#NN,r}\K K\N(r
  rrKD}Dr }Dr&rb\N*rC}D}NN&r}\r}%K
trNNC"D
}*c2+e Dr}KD
}*Nr=\2 ^br re}rNrW}, 3v3NrSD(crD
rCNWSKKb"}b^D(=\CKWNr=N22AS}"r}:N2Nr+
}KDS}"eNrANKSDCD2rN DrNCcr=Pc(NcDKN)})Kc
rbDKNc}}r+6NrDKcKW=\=":Nr2&N=DC^AeW}e^rD
}:rcKDDN}rKDrNC}r =D6ANr6}r }Dr=NDr4rDrr
rc2*brD(r}WNcrNDrWSN=(rDr=
rc KKKr,rr}b^}}^}t}*NrDKKerrKKQ 7
rrAbN\K
r5 TcrS6}K62rerrWDScKDAr(D
KN}tN
DNrDKcK(r &rrK%Ku  *rS"DrNDNCD( e=NK}TKN
}KSb}DWD}Nrb\Nb}DrDe}WrKS\N
z. " % $'&< " % $'&<i / " &~ & # &-, &</'^  " /
M
} & . ,%
K4 g
(NDNC}r&N}*r,}KKA}K*r,^er&*K=DDrrA"
NK2}D
(r &K
tSKr,bDN(r=D^}e}S2K
rC%
r=KcK=
c2+
\}D&=D\crr,bDN(=\^NK,N=rDr^Nrr,NrCDC
rNGD2rC,="cr\eD}Wb\r^=K"e^D\ScNKK(}b^Nr
2WK=DWrr

2 N*

S=N ce=DSr}Nr#NCN{r6W}rrA}KbSDKWeN=\
NrDr,=DKDb=bTNNC}K(NKSDCcKP}rKDKK*rNDD}PDrr4N 7
DNC}rD)=\DSrr\*Or rK}=4rEt:NK}K N\r

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4
Region 3

Kz #D NKKW6DKrT}} }r"N"re}(D}cD^KDK(rD2C(D}b


}%K=
NrAOKbDNOrr=\(eDNrDK*}K62^}N2=c N&DK
Nrrb,K=DWWDWK^eebrNNr^:NrD^CrK=r D}cNOrDrrCDK
NrDKcKbDD}KKrrDK4rAK, K^K:N}CKN _}KKNr:rDK{K=27
DDPe r}*c}(=\KS:Krb6r :W\ r WrCN=bDNNr(=N K
c2W:*rADr6}b(crrer NKN}#rDcKND}ArD}^D=b&TrbDC
rerrrNK:NcKA}%KS\=N}rr\r2NrNr6K^"}K6},rNWN=
=}KK"=ND
 S}6r(  6
&DNC6} r=crK}KD}br=crK}KD
}rrrrKr*r NKNC}r
}rK b\&"2 b=\r&WK:rc*rW{KrbT _OCNbi _cKKE _ONC=K}r
,K24KDKr}=rcD=N Kr cNNrKDN"}
rN2}2DrNtNW}K^:&}Dr\6rK(N=bDNN"2W}KDrr"}r
=Kr:TS}:6=KcK2 KNg bK*^rNA=:DDKNrDKcK}rrTrrW
SrKrDr  e% E S}Wr:rDC}%=D
} bK*=NCrW=Nr:
KD^NeSN2}}rKWN\}DD

8v

 2 xSV3,Nb'ADrWtD==NNerN%
5 l 
= 2 D8OiT##rbeg c


e%3,KNW}^ 3,KN##"DDSDC=,rrrNrCK%==D}brer%rv
7}b 7
cN cGNTcO6cT
retT| bNtCT iqlA
}r\N 1'
 a7 c D  6 e g
 &*V3,r}N+=*Kr+Cr5q NN\ n }:27rD}K=N=}bNc}:r=}KKbcr7
Krr Td bN:}_{}:}@A ccPcb cGG{cb={Nt cGN rtG{c lg
 6 &*3,K} }qANDDF2K*}b}e}D}^rNDD3,KK&rr^NKSDCcK+ '1
r: =rrD@ c c  c#c Ve
c\ cx {c cGl
 c dpSVp
KNr4h n n \N }c|{N:* }:T{*}:uN\Oocb_tcGtcSc^}::
r=Dx K r
D4 n rDri S\=K+l


cS=K

200

140

K
D  \r6ND6c r}D\DCNKK2} 6 Db\rD6} rx2KbNrK
=:D(N}#N}:DD 2DK:N}C=:DD"WN}CN\2} NKKD

 Ku D"rr}}KDNDNCDrr&}b Srr2"&:}KrN\DK


Nrrb@}b } rzK"Nr=DW=}N
:ND^
K(r   c er(bN,DN:}r
r2x  ==N}D2}Drr"}D}*Nrr *r(Nrr
Nb}5Sp }}D NrK&6Dr=r
''cN 5 +#Ka}ED   6   #K 

 n

K}DKbCr+DSOrDN"N\DKcK+

 g e
D7D}b}rK+
TKD8F n r8F&8F}}eTtr+}}bdbOrV3,rrr}:NrKN,K
rKr%K{rN
DNrKK+ b tS=cG{c 86 0OED c #=#KW# c
 n n }}^}b:6qNC}biA=r=}
rNr\:rb=NN,rS\rKr+ 5 
  2D c 6 c c  r
K # c
 T eb n rb 
 }TW
 r}DD S} }K^DrNCcr# '' }D c5# {c }_
 }T =}KD@  i e ige

 T xSl+-+K_+ p
rDD+rJF+cOz3,KS=DN\=NDr}NDS=NrNbDcK
)=rrrSKr}D5 N}rS}"}b}Drr=N  c{c eO{ b 2D c#cc c  
 Oi_8r :g#
 2 n 3e:e+S" n x+Dr}6 %@KF2NKK r:K+D)e }KDD6NKKhrc2bN7
DK _8w OrDE_T  r*=7 rrrNrDKcK+  b }D c# {c 2}KD 6   6
g c


K 6 D r rr:rSKr}errr:DW}b(2Arrerr&NcKDer2NrDKcK+

r c DAK
DN"}KDrNC}r(2AK}
Drr(}CD\2K=DWD

r  DW}K
K=rD^KDKrr


250

250

240

240

230
220
210

Intensity

Intensity

KzTDw\r2K2rerrNcr\e^r2DrNCcr#rNN2rNDD

230
220
210

Kz DF2D\DCcKWrWrrr^r &NDDWDN

g

riD N}}r"2AS}e}^D\D(bKK+

K* 8iD r & Ntr=K r}e}


2,K&,rC Drr&r#rb&e"=\Nb\
=N

You might also like