SBL Hebrew

Font User Manual

FonL vcrsion .x
Manual vcrsion ., Fcbruary :oo8
Prcparcd by 1ohn Hudson, Tiro Typcworks,
or Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc
1ohn Hudson, :oo & :oo,
SPL Hebrew is a Lradcmark o Lhc SocicLy o
Biblical IiLcraLurc
:
Vcrsion .x o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL is an inLcrim rclcasc. IL adds
supporL or Dcad Sca Scrolls LranscripLion (scc pagc ,), and or Lhc
ncw Unicodc .o ho|am haser jor vav characLcr (scc pagc 6), and xcs
somc bugs in prcvious vcrsions. For Lhc mosL parL, inpuL and cdiLing
is cxacLly as in vcrsion .: and laLcr.
Vcrsion :.oo is alrcady in dcvclopmcnL, and will bc rclcascd laLcr
Lhis ycar, Lhis updaLc will includc morc signicanL changcs, cspccial-
ly rcncmcnL o Lhc posiLioning posiLioning o marks rclaLivc Lo lcL-
Lcrs and Lo cach oLhcr, and o Lhc spacing bcLwccn lcLLcrs, cspccially
whcn onc or morc o Lhc lcLLcrs Lakcs mulLiplc marks.
Whcn wc rclcascd Lhc rsL vcrsion o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL, ad-
cquaLc applicaLion supporL was almosL cnLircly limiLcd Lo Occ
:oo on Lhc Windows plaLorm. Sincc Lhcn, as subscqucnL vcrsions
havc bccn madc availablc, wc havc bccn ablc Lo noLc improvcmcnLs
in supporL, boLh in oLhcr Windows applicaLions and on MacinLosh
and Iinux plaLorms. Thc currcnL vcrsion o Lhc manual no longcr
rccords such inormaLion, sincc Lhc pacc o ncw supporL is now such
LhaL Lhis dynamic inormaLion is bcLLcr prcscnLcd via Lhc SBI wcb-
siLc. For Lhis inormaLion, downloads or currcnL vcrsions, kcyboard
drivcrs and oLhcr rcsourccs, scc http.//www.sb|-site.org/resources (in
progrcss).
Manual version .
Fcbruary :oo8

I you havc noL alrcady downloadcd Lhc laLcsL vcrsion o Lhc SBI
Hcbrcw onL, you should do so now. Scc pagc : or download inor-
maLion and links Lo oLhcr uscul wcbsiLcs.
Plcasc Lakc somc Limc Lo rcvicw Lhis manual. SBI Hcbrcw is a
complcx onL LhaL makcs usc o ncw Lcchnologics LhaL may bc un-
amiliar Lo you i you havc noL workcd wiLh Unicodc cncodcd LcxL
or onL lcs bcorc. Many o Lhc lcssons you may havc lcarncd rom
using oLhcr Biblical Hcbrcw onLs and soLwarc may noL apply, and iL
may bc ncccssary Lo dcvclop somc ncw work habiLs.
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL is dcsigncd or usc wiLh sysLcms and applica-
Lions LhaL naLivcly supporL appropriaLc Unicodc LcxL proccssing and
OpcnTypc IayouL. MosL o Lhis manual is spccic Lo Windows in-
sLallaLions, sincc Lhis has, Lo daLc, bccn Lhc mosL common plaLorm
or uscrs o Lhc onL and has also providcd Lhc bcsL supporL. To in-
sLall Lhc onL on a Windows sysLcm, opcn Lhc FonLs oldcr and drag
and drop Lhc SPL_Hbrw.ttj lc onLo Lhc oldcr. Thc FonLs oldcr can
bc opcncd ciLhcr by navigaLing in Windows Fxplorcr Lo
c:\Windows\Fonts
(whcrc c. is Lhc rooL oldcr conLaining your Windows sysLcm lcs),
or by opcning Lhc FonLs oldcr rom Lhc ConLrol Pancl, acccssiblc
rom Lhc SLarL buLLon ScLLings mcnu. NoLc LhaL i a prcvious vcrsion
o Lhc onL is insLallcd, you will nccd Lo dclcLc LhaL rom Lhc FonLs
oldcr bcorc insLalling Lhc ncw vcrsion.
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL can also bc insLallcd on oldcr vcrsions o
Windows, buL bccausc Lhc onL uscs a purc Unicodc cncoding, noL an
8-biL codcpagc, iL may noL work consisLcnLly in all applicaLions.
IL is also possiblc Lo insLall Lhc onL on Iinux and oLhcr opcn
sourcc sysLcms using Lhc FrccTypc library, and on Mac os x. Plcasc
scc Lhc SBI wcbsiLc or morc inormaLion.
AlLhough SBI Hcbrcw is an OpcnTypc ormaL onL, iL has a .LL lc
namc cxLcnsion and will display Lhc rcgular TrucTypc icon, raLhcr
Lhan Lhc disLincLivc OpcnTypc icon. Thc .LL cxLcnsion allows Lhc
onL Lo bc rccogniscd on oldcr vcrsions o Windows (alLhough Lhcsc
do noL supporL all aspccLs o Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL). Thc rcgular Truc-
Typc icon is displaycd only bccausc Lhc onL docs noL conLain a dig-
iLal signaLurc. NoLc LhaL Lhc dicrcnL icons availablc or TrucTypc
o1 onLs do noL indicaLc anyLhing abouL Lhc prcscncc or abscncc o
OpcnTypc IayouL Lablcs or glyph subsLiLuLion or posiLioning, boLh
o which arc prcscnL prcscnL in Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL. Scc pagcs
or morc inormaLion.
Getting started
Installation
File name and icon

MosL onLs do noL comc wiLh uscr manuals, and mosL do noL nccd
Lhcm. SBI Hcbrcw is a complcx onL LhaL uscs ncw cncoding and
layouL Lcchnologics, and Lhis manual cxplains Lhcsc Lcchnologics
Lo hclp you gcL Lhc mosL ouL o your ncw onL. This manual also
discusscs known issucs rclaLing Lo Lhcsc Lcchnologics, cspccially Lhc
complicaLcd buL imporLanL issuc o LcxL normalisaLion. AlLhough
you can insLall Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL on mosL currcnL opcraLing sys-
Lcms, and can immcdiaLcly bcgin working wiLh iL, plcasc Lakc Limc
Lo rcvicw Lhis documcnL. UndcrsLanding issucs likc opLimal charac-
Lcr ordcring will hclp cnsurc LhaL Lhc SBI Hcbrcw corrccLly displays
your LcxL.
SBI Hcbrcw is a TrucTypc-avour OpcnTypc onL.
Thc original TrucTypc onL ormaL was dcvclopcd by Applc Com-
puLcrs and rclcascd in Lhc carly os. IL was quickly liccnscd by
MicrosoL CorporaLion and is Lhc sysLcm onL ormaL or Applc and
MicrosoL opcraLing sysLcms (Lhc packaging o Lhc ormaL dicrcd
on Lhc Lwo sysLcms prior Lo Lhc inLroducLion o Applcs Mac OS X,
which can insLall Windows 11 onLs). A TrucTypc onL is a collccLion
o Lablcs, cach conLaining inormaLion spccic Lo a parLicular aspccL
o Lhc onL. For cxamplc, Lhc g|yj Lablc conLains ouLlinc inormaLion,
Lhc cmap Lablc maps glyphs in Lhc onL Lo characLcr codcs or LcxL
cnLry and sLoragc, and so orLh.
Thc OpcnTypc onL ormaL is an cxLcnsion o Lhc TrucTypc or-
maL, joinLly dcvclopcd by MicrosoL and Adobc SysLcms. An Opcn-
Typc onL has Lhc samc Lablc sLrucLurc as a gcncric TrucTypc onL,
buL wiLh Lhc opLion Lo includc a numbcr o addiLional Lablcs. Thcrc
arc Lwo kcy componcnLs Lo Lhc OpcnTypc cxLcnsions: PosLScripL
ouLlinc daLa and o1 IayouL daLa. Thc rsL o Lhcsc dcLcrmincs Lhc
avour o a onLLhaL is, Lhc kind o ouLlinc and rcndcring Lcch-
nology uscd Lo painL LcxL. As noLcd abovc, SBI Hcbrcw is TrucTypc-
avour, mcaning LhaL iL uscs Lhc original TrucTypc ouLlinc ormaL
and rcndcring Lcchnology raLhcr Lhan PosLScripL. Thc sccond kcy
componcnL, OpcnTypc IayouL daLa, is csscnLial Lo Lhc corrccL rcn-
dcring o complcx scripLs likc Hcbrcw, and much o Lhis manual is
conccrncd wiLh Lhis Lcchnology and how iL rcndcrs Biblical Hcbrcw.
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL conLains Lwo kinds o OpcnTypc IayouL daLa:
glyph subsLiLuLion and glyph posiLioning. Thcsc arc sLorcd in Lhc
OpcnTypc opLional Lablcs cs0s and cros.
For morc inormaLion abouL Lhc OpcnTypc onL ormaL, scc Lhc
spccicaLion and oLhcr maLcrial on Lhc MicrosoL or Adobc wcbsiLcs.
Thc MicrosoL inLroducLory cssay windows C|yph Processing, which
also discusscs oLhcr aspccLs o complcx scripL shaping rccrrcd Lo in
Lhis manual, mighL bc a good placc Lo sLarL. Nonc o Lhis maLcrial is
Introduction
Te font format
Tis section is probab|y the
|east essentia| reading in this
manua|. Tis section exp|ains
the background to the deve|op-
ment oj the techno|ogy used
in the SPL Hebrew jont, and
exp|ains exact|y what kind oj
jont this is in technica| terms.
For these and other online
documents, please see the list
of s in Appendix C, p.

csscnLial Lo bcing ablc Lo usc Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL, buL iL will hclp
you bcLLcr undcrsLand LhaL Lcchnologics on which Lhc onL rclics.
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL uscs sLandard Unicodc characLcr codcs Lo cn-
codc Hcbrcw lcLLcrs and marks. Unicodc is an inLcrnaLional char-
acLcr cncoding sLandard LhaL providcs a singlc uniquc codc or cvc-
ry scmanLic clcmcnL ncccssary Lo cncodc plain LcxL in supporLcd
scripLs and languagcs. Today, mosL o Lhc worlds major scripLs and
languagcs arc supporLcd by Unicodc, and rcccnL corLs havc lcd Lo
Lhc cncoding o numcrous hisLorical scripLs. Bccausc cvcry characLcr
in Unicodc has a uniquc codc, raLhcr Lhan sharing codcs across mul-
Liplc codcpagcs or bcing assigncd Lo dicrcnL codcs e.g. on Windows
and Mac opcraLing sysLcms, LcxL cncodcd in Unicodc can bc sacly
cxchangcd bcLwccn dicrcnL opcraLing sysLcms and applicaLions
LhaL cmploy Unicodc. Thc bcncL o such a sLandard Lo scholarship,
whcrc auLhors and publishcrs arc oLcn using dicrcnL soLwarc,
should bc obvious.
In Lhc pasL, Hcbrcw LcxL was supporLcd on dicrcnL plaLorms,
and cvcn bcLwccn dicrcnL applicaLions, using a varicLy o sLand-
ard and noL-so-sLandard 8-biL cncodings. Bccausc Lhc onLs LhaL
supporLcd Lhcsc cncodings Lcndcd Lo bc dumb onLs, i.e. wiLhouL
builL-in layouL inLclligcncc, oLcn mulLiplc onLs would bc nccdcd
Lo corrccLly display complcx LcxLs such as ound in Biblical schol-
arship. This, o coursc, incrcascd Lhc likclihood LhaL LcxL produccd
wiLh Lhcsc cncodings could noL bc rcliably and accuraLcly cxchangcd
bcLwccn sysLcms and applicaLions, bccausc corrccL display rclicd on
noL only knowing which cncoding sLandard was uscd buL also which
onL was uscd whcrc. Unicodc and OpcnTypc solvc Lhcsc problcms
by using a uniquc codc or cach Hcbrcw consonanL and mark, and
cmploying layouL inLclligcncc Lo map rom Lhc cncodcd characLcrs
Lo Lhc appropriaLc arrangcmcnL o glyphs Lo display a givcn LcxL.
[Scc Lhc cxamplcs on Lhc ollowing pagcs.]
Whilc Lhc bcncL o Unicodc is casy Lo scc, iL docs rcquirc LhaL
Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL bc uscd in a Unicodc LcxL cncoding cnviron-
mcnL, i.e. in sysLcms and applicaLions LhaL usc Unicodc characLcr
codcs whcn sLoring, manipulaLing and displaying LcxL. No guaran-
Lccs can bc madc abouL iLs pcrormancc in non-Unicodc cnviron-
mcnLs. [NoLc, howcvcr, LhaL somc applicaLions will inLcrnally map
rom Unicodc characLcrs in a onL Lo 8-biL codcs uscd inLcrnally by
Lhc applicaLion. In Lhis casc somc LcxL may display corrccLly wiLh Lhc
SBI Hcbrcw onL, alLhough Lhc LcxL may bc subjccL Lo Lhc Lypical
cxchangc problcms o 8-biL LcxL.] IL may bc LhaL your currcnL docu-
mcnL publishing workow involvcs non-Unicodc applicaLions, and
Lhis will limiL, or Lhc Limc bcing, Lhc usculncss o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw
Unicode text encoding
Tis section exp|ains, in
simp|ied terms, what the
0nicode Standard is, and the
imp|ications oj this encoding
standard jor Pib|ica| Hebrew
and jor users oj the SPL
Hebrew jont.
An 8-bit encoding is one
that uses a sing|e byte oj
computer memory or storage
jor each character in text. 8-bit
encodings are |imited to .,
characters, which exp|ains the
need jor mu|tip|e encodings.
6
onL in your work. During Lhc pasL cw ycars, Unicodc has bccomc
Lhc dominanL cncoding sLandard or mosL major opcraLing sysLcms,
and is, or cxamplc, spccicd by Lhc World Widc Wcb consorLium
as Lhc dcaulL cncoding o xri documcnLs. IL is vcry likcly LhaL Lhc
makcrs o your prcscnL soLwarc will bc updaLing Lhcir applicaLions
Lo handlc Unicodc, and Lhcy may bc ablc Lo givc you csLimaLcs on
whcn suiLablc upgradcs will bc availablc. I you arc Licd Lo soLwarc
LhaL is noL bcing updaLcd Lo handlc Unicodc soon, or i you simply
cannoL waiL and likc Lhc design o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw Lypcacc, iL may
bc possiblc Lo arrangc Lo havc cusLom onLs madc or spccic 8-biL
cncodings, or Lo makc your own. For inormaLion on Lhc kind o
modicaLions LhaL arc pcrmiLLcd, or or conLacL inormaLion, plcasc
scc Lhc onL liccnsc in Appcndix A, pagc :o.
Thc layouL inLclligcncc in OpcnTypc onLs rclics on sysLcm or appli-
caLion supporL or basic linguisLic shaping. In simplc Lcrms, sysLcms
and applicaLions dcal wiLh characLcrs, and onLs dcal wiLh glyphs,
i.e. wiLh Lhc visual rcprcscnLaLion o characLcrs. Complcx scripLs likc
Hcbrcw rcquirc sysLcms and applicaLions Lo bc awarc o righL-Lo-lcL
and bidirccLional layouL and o characLcr propcrLics LhaL disLinguish
e.g. consonanLs rom combining marks. Somc applicaLions will havc
builL in supporL or such Lhings, whilc oLhcrs will rcly on sLandard
sysLcm componcnLs. MicrosoLs Unicodc ScripL Proccssorcom-
monly rccrrcd Lo as Uniscribcis a sLandard sysLcm componcnL
LhaL includcs shaping cngincs or various scripLs, including Hcbrcw.
Uniscribc works dirccLly wiLh OpcnTypc onLs, such as SBI Hcbrcw,
builL according Lo MicrosoL spccicaLions. An applicaLion LhaL uscs
Uniscribc will makc calls Lo iL as LcxL is cnLcrcd and cdiLcd, Uniscribc
proccsscs Lhc inpuL characLcrs, and applics Lhc layouL inLclligcncc in
Lhc onL accordingly.
I you arc using an applicaLion LhaL uLiliscs UniscribcLhcsc in-
cludc Lhc MicrosoL Occ SuiLc on Windows, InLcrncL Fxplorcr, and
any oLhcr app LhaL makcs sLandard sysLcm calls or LcxL inpuL and
ouLpuLyou will nd working wiLh Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL vcry casy
and Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL will auLomaLically corrccLly display mosL
LcxL. I say mosL LcxL, bccausc Lhcrc is always Lhc possibiliLy Lo crc-
aLc scqucnccs o consonanLs plus marks LhaL arc linguisLically non-
sLandard and which cannoL bc corrccLly rcsolvcd by Lhc layouL ca-
Lurcs in Lhc onL. Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL has bccn LcsLcd wiLh cvcry
combinaLion o consonanL plus mark(s) LhaL occurs in Lhc Michigan-
ClarcmonL Old TcsLamcnL LcxL. Thc rcsulLs o Lhis LcsLing arc avail-
ablc as AcrobaL documcnLs rom Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc
Hcbrcw onL wcbsiLc, and may bc hclpul in LroublcshooLing layouL
discrcpancics wiLh dicrcnL shaping cngincs.
Uniscribe
Tis section exp|ains the ro|e
oj the Microsojt 0nicode
Script Processor (0niscribe) in
shaping comp|ex scripts. Te
most important thing to note
in this regard is that dierent
versions oj 0niscribe wi||
produce dierent resu|ts jor
some Hebrew mark sequences.
Note that app|ications using
text processing ca||s on systems
o|der than windows .ooo may
not be 0niscribe c|ients.
Tese test documents are a|so
avai|ab|e jrom hLLp:www.Liro.
com/rcsourccs/hcbrcw/
,
DicrcnL vcrsions o Uniscribc ship wiLh and arc uscd by dicr-
cnL applicaLions and sysLcm vcrsions, which mcans LhaL rcndcring
rcsulLs may vary. Wc havc bccn orLunaLc, during Lhc dcvclopmcnL
o SBI Hcbrcw, Lo LcsL Lhc onLs wiLh unrclcascd vcrsions o Unis-
cribc LhaL will ship wiLh upcoming soLwarc. Thc ncw vcrsions o
Uniscribc havc bccn uscd Lo conrm LhaL all consonanL plus mark(s)
scqucnccs in Lhc Michigan-ClarcmonL LcxL will bc corrccLly rcndcrcd
when these versions oj 0niscribe are emp|oyed. Bccausc SBI Hcbrcw has,
in Lhis rcspccL, bccn dcsigncd or cuLLing cdgc Lcchnology, somc
scqucnccs will display incorrccLly in sysLcms and applicaLions using
oldcr vcrsions o Uniscribc. IL is imporLanL Lo noLc LhaL Lhcsc sc-
qucnccs may bc corrccLly cncodcd, and LhaL documcnLs wiLh display
problcms arc noL crroncous. Typically, whcn a scqucncc o marks
cannoL bc corrccLly rcndcrcd by Uniscribc, Lhc shaping cnginc will
inscrL a doLLcd-circlc, and Lhc mark or marks LhaL cannoL bc applicd
Lo Lhc prcccding consonanL will bc applicd Lo Lhc circlc. Thc cxamplc
bclow shows Lhrcc possiblc lcvcls o display or a uniquc scqucncc
o consonanL plus marks rom 1ob ,: (a|ej + hataj patah + zw+ +
meteg + dehi).
c. !ncorrect s. !ncorrect t. Correct
t. This cxamplc shows Lhc corrccL rcndcring applicd by Uniscribc
vcrsion .,.o6.o, which ships wiLh MS Occ :oo. This and
laLcr vcrsions can bc cxpccLcd Lo corrccLly rcndcr Lhis and oLhcr
consonanL plus mark scqucnccs.
s. This cxamplc shows incorrccL rcndcring applicd by Uniscribc vcr-
sion .:.:8o., Lhis is Lhc vcrsion o Uniscribc LhaL ships wiLh
Windows :ooo. As you can scc, Lhis vcrsion o Uniscribc is unablc
Lo corrccLly apply dehi Lo a consonanL LhaL alrcady carrics a com-
binaLion o hataj vowcl and meteg, so inscrLs a doLLcd circlc.
c. This vcry incorrccL cxamplc shows Lhc samc scqucncc crudcly dis-
playcd by an applicaLion LhaL docs noL usc Uniscribc and cannoL
implcmcnL Lhc glyph posiLioning inLclligcncc in Lhc SBI Hcbrcw
onL. Thc marks arc blindly ccnLcrcd bclow Lhc consonanL, buL
Lhcy collidc and do noL inLcrracL corrccLly. In somc applicaLions,
Lhc marks may noL cvcn bc ccnLcrcd bclow Lhc consonanL, buL will
clusLcr bcLwccn iL and Lhc ncxL lcLLcr.


Sojtware deve|opers producing
sojtware jor use in Pib|ica|
scho|arship can arrange jor
a redistribution |icense jor
0niscribe. Tis enab|es them
to bund|e more recent versions
oj 0niscribe jor uti|isation by
their sojtware. P|ease contact
Microsojt Typography jor more
injormation.
8
NoLc LhaL in Lhc Lwo cxamplcs rcndcrcd by Uniscribc Lhc meteg com-
bincs wiLh Lhc hataj patah, orming a mark ligaLurc in which Lhc me-
teg appcars bcLwccn Lhc Lwo parLs o Lhc vowcl. For morc inorma-
Lion abouL Lhis and oLhcr aspccLs o meteg handling, scc Lhc sccLion
o Lhis manual on pagc .
AlLhough implcmcnLaLion o Lhc Unicodc SLandard is gcncrally a
boon Lo scholars working wiLh LcxLs in complcx scripLs, Lhcrc is an
unorLunaLc and quiLc scrious problcm in Lhc currcnL cncoding o
Hcbrcw. This involvcs Lhc canonical combining class assignmcnLs
LhaL arc uscd whcn LcxL is normaliscd. NormalisaLion is a proccss by
which scqucnccs o characLcrs in LcxL LhaL can bc variously cncodcd
buL arc semantica||y identica| arc LrcaLcd as idcnLically cncodcd. This
can rcqucnLly involvc Lhc rcordcring o a scqucncc o characLcrs.
Considcr, as an cxamplc, Lhis combinaLion o consonanL plus marks
LhaL occurs in Ch :. This combinaLion could bc cncodcd in six
dicrcnL ways, and cach would rcsulL in cxacLly Lhc
samc visual rcprcscnLaLion and Lhc samc scmanLic
mcaning or Lhc rcadcr:
. tet + dagesh + tsere + zaqej gado|
:. tet + dagesh + zaqej gado| + tsere
. tet + tsere + dagesh + zaqej gado|
. tet + tsere + zaqej gado| + dagesh
. tet + zaqej gado| + dagesh + tsere
6. tet + zaqej gado| + tsere + dagesh
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL is ablc Lo corrccLly rcndcr any o Lhcsc scqucnc-
cs (alLhough mosL uscrs amiliar wiLh Hcbrcw would agrcc LhaL Lhc
dagesh should, logically and linguisLically, prcccdc Lhc vowcl and Lhc
canLillaLion mark, and mosL would also agrcc LhaL Lhc vowcl should
prcccdc Lhc canLillaLion mark). I you considcr LhaL any combina-
Lion o consonanL plus Lhrcc marks can bc cncodcd in six dicrcnL
ways, iL is casy Lo rcalisc how cvcn a airly shorL word o vc or six
consonanLs wiLh all Lhcir marks could bc cncodcd in many dozcns
o dicrcnL ways. NormalisaLion is imporLanL bccausc iL providcs a
mcchanism or all Lhcsc possiblc pcrmuLaLions o mark ordcring Lo
bc rcsolvcd Lo a singlc canonical ordcr. This is mosL imporLanL whcn
a LcxL noL only nccds Lo bc displaycd buL also nccds Lo scarchcd,
sorLcd or spcllchcckcd. I a scarch algoriLhm had Lo look or Ly or
morc possiblc and cquivalcnL spcllings o a singlc word, iL would bc
cxLrcmcly inccicnL and slow. So normalisaLion is applicd Lo rcor-
dcr cvcry cquivalcnL scqucncc o characLcrs inLo a singlc and con-
sisLcnL ordcr.
Te normalisation issue
Tis section exp|ains an
important prob|em in the
encoding oj Hebrew in the
0nicode Standard. Tis
prob|em wi|| not aect a|| text,
but can be a serious prob|em
that users need to be aware oj.

NormalisaLion is achicvcd by giving cvcry mark a canonical com-

bining class. This is a numbcr LhaL indicaLcs how closc Lo Lhc basc
characLcr (Lhc consonanL, in Lhc casc o Hcbrcw) cach mark should
bc ordcrcd and which marks may bc rcordcrcd rclaLivc Lo cach oLhcr.
Somc canonical combining classcs conLain only individual characLcrs,
indicaLing LhaL Lhcsc can always bc rcordcrcd rclaLivc Lo characLcrs
wiLh dicrcnL classcs, somc classcs conLain mulLiplc characLcrs, in-
dicaLing LhaL Lhcsc cannot bc rcordcrcd rclaLivc Lo cach oLhcr. I Lwo
or morc characLcrs arc includcd in Lhc samc class, Lhis mcans LhaL
Lhcir rclaLivc ordcring is scmanLically mcaningul and noL cquiva-
lcnL, Lhcrcorc, Lhcy musL noL bc rcordcrcd or Lhc mcaning will bc
losL.
So ar, so good, buL whcn Lhc Hcbrcw scripL was cncodcd in Lhc
Unicodc SLandard, combining classcs wcrc assigncd in a way LhaL
ailcd Lo Lakc inLo accounL Lhc many pcculiariLics o Biblical LcxLs.
This has rcsulLcd in cvcry Hcbrcw vowcl bcing assigncd iLs own ca-
nonical combining class, mcaning LhaL combinaLions o Lwo vowcls
applicd Lo a singlc consonanL may bc rcordcrcd during normalisa-
Lion. This is noL a problcm or modcrn Hcbrcw spclling, buL can bc
disasLrous or Biblical LcxLs duc Lo LcxLual convcnLions such as Lhc
Lcndcncy Lo rccord changing pronunciaLion by applying ncw vocali-
saLion buL prcscrving Lhc original consonanL sLrucLurc o words. A
goodand imporLanLcxamplc is Lhc changc in pronunciaLion o
yru|m Lo yru|ayim, which rcquircd Lhc MasorcLcs Lo add hiriq
bcLwccn Lhc |amed and Lhc nal mem in ordcr Lo approximaLc Lhc
ncw pronunciaLion as yru|aim, whilc prcscrving Lhc consonanL
sLrucLurc o Lhc ancicnL manuscripLs. Thc nal our characLcrs o
Lhis word arc corrccLly cncodcd in Lhc ordcr |amed + patah + hiriq +
na| mem, and Lhc word is corrccLly displaycd , howcvcr, Lhc
aulLy canonical combining classcs or patah and hiriq in Unicodc
causc hiriq Lo always prcccdc patah whcn rcordcring duc Lo normali-
saLion is applicd. Thc rcsulLing scqucncc |amed + hiriq + patah + na|
mem is boLh LcxLually incorrccL and cannoL bc corrccLly displaycd by
Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL: (noLc collision o vowcls undcr |amed ).
Unicodc normalisaLion can casily brcak Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL.
Thc good ncws is LhaL mosL soLwarc docs noL auLomaLically ap-
ply normalisaLion, and soLwarc dcvclopcrs amiliar wiLh Biblical
Hcbrcw arc likcly Lo bc awarc o Lhc problcm. Thcrc rcmains a risk,
howcvcr, cspccially whcn documcnLs arc bcing cxchangcd bcLwccn
dicrcnL plaLorms or publishcd on Lhc InLcrncL, LhaL a piccc o soL-
warc bcyond Lhc original auLhor or cdiLors conLrola wcb browscr
on Lhc rccciving cnd o an clccLronic documcnL, or cxamplcmay
apply normalisaLion. This is, o coursc, noL a onL issuc per se, iL is a
LcxL cncoding issuc LhaL can accL any documcnL and rcsulL in Lcx-
Note that the 0nicode
Standard inc|udes mu|tip|e
norma|isation jorms, i.c.
dierent ways oj norma|ising
text, and not a|| oj these
invo|ve reordering oj marks.
Te jorm that is oj concern jor
Pib|ica| Hebrew encoding is
Norma|isation Form C, which
does reorder marks.
For more thorough discusion oj
this examp|e, see Tov, Fmanua|.
TcxLual criLicism o Lhc
Hcbrcw Biblc. .nd edition,
Minneapo|is, :,,.. p.
Here are the Hebrew words
jrom this examp|e en|arged.
Correct, bejore norma|isation.

!norrect, ajter norma|isation.

o
Lual crror, incorrccL display, or boLh. To avoid Lhcsc problcms, Lhc
laLcsL gcncraLion o Hcbrcw shaping cngincs, such as Uniscribc or
Windows VisLa and Occ :oo,, pcrorm corrccLivc mark ordcring
during rcndcring, Lo cnsurc LhaL normaliscd scqucnccs can bc cor-
rccLly rcndcrcd by onLs builL Lo a common spccicaLion. This will
rcmovc many o Lhc possiblc display problcms associaLcd wiLh Uni-
codc normalisaLion. Howcvcr, Lhcrc will rcmain a numbcr o cascs
in which Lhc rcsulLs o normalisaLion may display corrccLly buL in
which Lhc mcaning o Lhc LcxL is changcd. For insLancc, i meteg is
posiLioncd aL Lhc righL sidc o a vowcl, iL may bc movcd Lo Lhc lcL
sidc during normalisaLion: boLh posiLions will rcndcr corrccLly, and
ciLhcr is LcxLually lcgiLimaLc. So mcchanisms arc ncccssary Lo guard
againsL somc mark rcordcring during normalisaLion.
SoLwarc dcvclopcrs who nccd Lo apply normalisaLion Lo LcxL Lo
aciliLaLc ccicnL scarching can, o coursc, avoid Lhc problcms o Lhc
Unicodc mark rcordcring by using a cusLom normalisaLion rouLinc
LhaL docs noL rcordcr Hcbrcw vowcls. Combining classcs or such a
cusLom rouLinc, bascd on Lhc mark ordcring rccommcndaLions o
Lhc ncxL sccLion, arc suggcsLcd in Appcndix B, pagc :o. Howcvcr,
Lhis docs noL addrcss Lhc issuc o Unicodc normalisaLion bcing ap-
plicd downsLrcam o documcnL crcaLion, e.g. in wcb browscrs.
Thc Unicodc Tcchnical CommiLLcc rccommcnds Lhc usc o Lhc
Combining Craphcmc 1oincr (cc+, u+or) characLcr as a conLrol
characLcr Lo ovcrridc mark rcordcring during normalisaLion, and Lhc
SBI Hcbrcw onL has bccn updaLcd Lo handlc Lhis mcchanism. Us-
ing Lhis mcchanism, Lhc problcm casc o mark rcordcring discusscd
on pagc would bc rcsolvcd by inscrLing Lhc cc+ characLcr bcLwccn
Lhc paLah and hiriq marks: |amed + patah + cc+ + hiriq + na| mem.
Thc cc+ characLcr can bc inscrLcd bcLwccn any Lwo adjaccnL mark
characLcrs LhaL may bc subjccL Lo rcordcring during normalisaLion,
and will prcvcnL Lhis rcordcring rom happcning. SoLwarc dcvclop-
crs arc currcnLly discussing ways in which Lhis can bc implcmcnL-
cd auLomaLically, so LhaL Lhc burdcn is noL on documcnL auLhors
Lo idcnLiy siLuaLions in which mark rcordcring mighL occur and Lo
manually inscrL cc+ aL Lhcsc placcs. IL may bc somc Limc bcorc such
soluLions bccomc widcly implcmcnLcd.
I you arc noL conccrncd abouL mark rcordcring, c.g. bccausc you
arc working in a complcLcly closcd LcxL cnvironmcnL LhaL docs noL
cmploy normalisaLion or which uscs a cusLom normalisaLion raLhcr
Lhan Lhc Unicodc onc, you do noL nccd Lo worry abouL Lhc cc+ char-
acLcr in Lhis rcgard. I you arc producing documcnLs LhaL may bc
publishcd Lo Lhc InLcrncL or in oLhcr circumsLanccs in which you do
noL havc conLrol o normalisaLion, cc+ providcs a mcans or you Lo
prcvcnL unwanLcd rcordcring. I you arc working wiLh spccic Bi-
!j you are using the Tiro
Pib|ica| Hebrew keyboard
v:.., you can insert the cc1
character manua||y using the
key combination [cLrl+alL+,].
!j you are using the S!L Pib|ica|
Hebrew keyboard, you can
insert the cc1 character
using the key combination
[shiL+cLrl+alL+P]
See the |ast paragraph on page
: jor additiona| examp|es
oj mark reordering and cc1
insertion.

blc passagcs, and arc conccrncd abouL normalisaLion rcordcring o

marks, you may nd iL hclpul Lo chcck Lhc chapLcr and vcrsc Lo scc
whaL words may bc accLcd in a way LhaL changcs Lhc rccommcndcd
mark ordcr discusscd in Lhc ollowing sccLions o Lhis manual. To
assisL in Lhis, wc will bc producing a documcnL or cach Biblc book,
idcnLiying such words. Thcsc will bc availablc rom Lhc SBI wcbsiLc
and rom http.www.tiro.com/resources/hebrew (in progrcss).
NoLc LhaL noL all mark rcordcring rcsulLs in brokcn rcndcring or
LcxLual ambiguiLy. As noLcd abovc, somc rcndcring cngincs may cor-
rccL rcordcring during display, urLhcr rcducing Lhc numbcr o in-
sLanccs in which cc+ nccds Lo bc inscrLcd, Lhc mosL imporLanL usc
o cc+ is in insLanccs whcrc Lhc rcordcrcd LcxL may rcndcr clcanly
buL whcrc LcxLually imporLanL disLincLions arc losL, c.g. whcrc a me-
teg movcs rom onc sidc o a vowcl mark Lo anoLhcr.
As discusscd in Lhc prcvious sccLion, Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL can cor-
rccLly display cquivalcnL scqucnccs o marks applicd Lo consonanLs
in dicrcnL ordcrs. Thc onL cannoL corrccLly display every possiblc
pcrmuLaLion, cspccially whcn morc Lhan Lwo marks arc involvcd,
buL iL scldom maLLcrs, or insLancc, whcLhcr a bclow vowcl or abovc
canLillaLion mark is applicd Lo a consonanL rsL. ThaL said, Lhcrc arc
many bcncLs Lo csLablishing consisLcnL habiLs in ordcring marks
whcn crcaLing documcnLs. By ollowing Lhc rccommcndcd mark or-
dcring ouLlincd in Lhc Lablc on Lhc ncxL pagc, you will avoid cnLcr-
ing scqucnccs LhaL cannoL bc corrccLly displaycdunlcss, o coursc,
Lhcy arc bcyond Lhc gcncral abiliLy o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL Lo rcndcr
Lhc Old TcsLamcnL LcxL, and you will also makc scarching or
Hcbrcw words and phrascs casicr or yourscl and collcagucs wiLh
whom you cxchangc clccLronic documcnLs.
Thc basic principlcs o Lhc mark ordcring rccommcndaLion is LhaL
marks accLing Lhc pronunciaLion o consonanLs arc applicd rsL,
Lhcn Lhc ho|am mark, Lhcn bclow marks, vowcls and consonanLs, as
Lhcy occur rom righL-Lo-lcL except Lhc prcposiLivc marks yetiv and
dehi, which arc applicd aLcr oLhcr low marks bccausc Lhcy arc po-
siLioncd rclaLivc Lo Lhcm, Lhcn abovc marks, including mcLaLcxLual
marks such as Lhc masora circlc, as Lhcy occur rom righL-Lo-lcL ex-
cept Lhc posLposiLivc marks pashta, te|isha qetana and zinor. Thc Lablc
o marks on Lhc ncxL pagc shows Lhc ordcr in which Lhcy should bc
cnLcrcd (noLc LhaL Lhis corrcsponds, also, Lo Lhc rccommcndaLions
or cusLom normalisaLion in Appcndix B, pagc :).
Mark ordering
Tis section discusses
recommended ordering jor
sequences oj consonants with
mu|tip|e marks. Tis is one oj
the more important sections oj
this manua|.
:
Tablc
Recommended mark ordering
Basc consonanL
: shin dot
sin dot
dagesh/mapiq
raje
ho|am
6 Bclow marks rom Lhc
ollowing group as Lhc occur
rom righL-Lo-lcL:
sheva
hataj sego|
hataj patah
hataj qamats
hiriq
tsere
sego|
patah
qamats (gado|)
qamats qatan
qubuts
meteg '
atnah
atnah hajukh
tipeha
tevir
munah
mahapakh
merkha
merkha keju|a
darga
yerah ben yomo
|ow punctum extra.
, PrcposiLivc bclow marks
rom Lhc ollowing group:
yetiv
dehi
8 Abovc marks rom Lhc
ollowing group as Lhcy
occur rom righL-Lo-lcL:
sha|she|et
zaqej qatan
zaqej gado|
revia
zarqa
qarney para
gershayim
geresh muqdam
geresh
te|isha gedo|a
i|uy
qadma (az|a)
o|e
pazer
masora/number dot
high punctum extra.
masora circ|e
PosLposiLivc abovc marks
rom Lhc ollowing group:
sego|ta
pashta
te|isha qetana
zinor
Notes.
. Scc pagc or spccic inormaLion abouL meteg ordcring.
:. Scc pagc or spccic inormaLion abouL puncta extraordinaria. NoLc LhaL Lhc
high punctum is ccnLcrcd abovc Lhc lcLLcr and abovc any oLhcr high marks, iL
should usually bc ordcrcd lasL o Lhc marks in iLs group. Similarly Lhc low punc-
tum should usually bc ordcrcd aLcr oLhcr bclow marks.
. Scc pagc or spccic inormaLion abouL Lhc masora/numbcr doL.
. AlLhough iL may visually bc posiLioncd slighLly Lo Lhc righL o oLhcr abovc
marks, Lhc masora circlc is usually ordcrcd aLcr any oLhcr marks in Lhis
group. Scc pagc or spccic inormaLion abouL masora circlc handling.

Thc Hcbrcw mark meteg can appcar in a varicLy o posiLions rcla-

Livc Lo oLhcr bclow marks, and all Lhcsc arc supporLcd in Lhc SBI
Hcbrcw posiLioning lookups. Howcvcr, noL all arc cqually wcll sup-
porLcd in applicaLions aL Lhc Limc o wriLing. This sccLion cxplains
how Lo cncodc scqucnccs o consonanL plus mcLcg wiLh oLhcr marks
Lo achicvc dicrcnL visual rcsulLs, and shows how Lhcsc will bc idc-
ally rcndcrcd.
Thc normal posiLion o meteg rclaLivc Lo vowcl marks is Lo Lhc
lcL, e.g. ( Kings :). Such a scqucncc is cncodcd consonant +
vowe| + meteg, LhaL is, as Lhc marks arc ordcrcd rom righL Lo lcL.
Much lcss commonly, meteg can appcar Lo Lhc lcL o a canLilla-
Lion mark, e.g. (Fx :o::). Again, Lhis scqucncc is cncodcd as
Lhc marks arc ordcrcd rom righL Lo lcL: consonant + vowe| + canti|-
|ation + meteg.
Whcn meteg is applicd Lo a consonanL bcaring a hataj vowcl (hataj
sego|, hataj patah or hataj qamats), Lhc dcaulL onL rcndcring is also
or Lhc mcLcg Lo bc posiLioncd Lo Lhc lcL o Lhc vowcl, e.g.
(Ps o::). Howcvcr, iL is common or Lhis mark combinaLion Lo bc
displaycd wiLh a mcdial meteg posiLioncd bcLwccn Lhc Lwo parLs o
Lhc hataj vowcl, e.g. (: Chr ::). This is handlcd by Lhc SBI
Hcbrcw onL, using an OpcnTypc ligaLurc subsLiLuLion, whcn Lhc
Zcro WidLh 1oincr (zw+, u+:oob) conLrol characLcr is inscrLcd bc-
Lwccn Lhc hataj vowcl and Lhc meteg. consonant + hataj vowe| + zw+
+ meteg.
Finally, Lhcrc arc Lhosc insLanccs in which meteg nccds Lo bc
placcd Lo Lhc righL o a vowcl. Thcsc arc rclaLivcly common on Lhc
rsL consonanL o a word in Lhc Pib|ia Hebraica Stuttgartensia LcxL,
e.g. (Fx :o:), buL may also occur in mid-word, e.g.
(DcuL ::::6). In such cascs, meteg should bc cncodcd bcorc Lhc vow-
cl, i.e. as Lhc marks arc ordcrcd rom righL Lo lcL: consonant + meteg
+ vowe|. NoLc LhaL Lhis ordcring should also bc uscd in Lhosc rarc
cascs whcrc meteg occurs Lo Lhc righL o a hataj vowcl, e.g.
(Psa 8:,).
NoLc LhaL bccausc o Lhc canonical combining class assigncd by
Unicodc Lo Lhc mcLcg characLcr, iL may bc subjccL Lo rcordcring dur-
ing normalisaLion (scc pagcs 8). For insLancc, Lhc cxamplc rom
Fxodus :o would bc rcordcrcd during normalisaLion
such LhaL Lhc meteg shiLs Lo Lhc lcL o Lhc patah. . I Lhc
rclaLivc posiLion o mcLcg Lo a vowcl is LcxLually imporLanL, carc
musL bc Lakcn Lo prcvcnL rcordcring Lhrough auLomaLic or manual
inscrLion o Lhc cc+ characLcr, e.g. bet + meteg + cc+ + patah.
Meteg handling
Tis section exp|ains the vari-
ous ways in which the mcLcg
mark can be app|ied and the
expected resu|ts.

Puncta extraordinaria (cxLraordinary poinLs) occur Ly-six Limcs in

Lhc Old TcsLamcnL LcxL: Ly-Lhrcc Limcs abovc lcLLcrs and Lhrcc
Limcs bclow lcLLcrs. Thc clccLronic cdiLion o Lhc Pib|ia Hebraica
Stuttgartensia LcxL noLcs LhaL Lhc uncLion o Lhcsc marks
is noL cnLircly clcar, buL iL has variously bccn proposcd LhaL: a) Lhc
marks arc mcrcly cmphasis and draw spccial aLLcnLion Lo Lhc Lhcological
implicaLions o Lhc word, b) Lhc marks arc carly criLical marks which
indicaLc an omission or changc LhaL Lhc scribcs dcsircd Lo makc, buL darcd
noL, c) Lhc marks rcprcscnL drops o ink or cvcn biLs o dirL LhaL wcrc
slavishly copicd rom onc manuscripL Lo Lhc ncxL, d) Lhc marks indicaLc a
spccial or unusual pronunciaLion o Lhc word, or LhaL Lhc word should noL
bc rcad aL all, or c) somc mixLurc o Lhc abovc, on a casc-by-casc basis.
Thc mosL complcx cxamplc o puncta extraordinaria is in Ps :,:, in
which puncta appcar boLh abovc and bclow, and wiLh oLhcr marks.
NoLc LhaL, in accordancc wiLh Lhc rccommcnd mark or-
dcring on pagc :, Lhc complcx combinaLion o |amed
wiLh abovc and bclow marks plus puncta in Lhis cxamplc
should bc cncodcd consonant + vowe| + puncta be|ow +
mark above + puncta above. Also noLc LhaL bccausc Lhc puncta ex-
traordinaria arc posiLioning abovc and bclow Lhc lcvcl o mosL oLhcr
marks, iL may bc ncccssary Lo incrcasc lincspacing in Lhosc parLs o
Lhc LcxL whcrc Lhcsc marks occur.
Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL cncodcs Lhcsc marks using Lhc Hcbrcw up-
pcr doL (u+oc) and Hcbrcw lowcr doL (u+oc) characLcrs, Lhc
laLLcr is a rcccnL addiLion in vcrsion . o Lhc Unicodc SLandard.
Thc atnah hajukh (u+ot:) characLcr has bccn rcccnLly includcd in
Unicodc . or Lhc bcncL o Lhosc uscrs who wish Lo cncodc an cx-
pliciL disLincLion bcLwccn Lhis acccnL and yerah ben yomo (u+ott).
Many cdiLions do noL makc Lhis disLincLion, using Lhc yerah ben yomo
characLcr and iLs glyph Lo rcprcscnL boLh acccnLs. Sincc Lhis is a ncw
characLcr, wiLh somc disunicaLion lcgacy issucs (Lhc orm o Lhc
yerah ben yomo characLcr uscd in many Lypcaccs is acLually LhaL o
Lhc atnah hajukh), supporL in Lhis vcrsion o SBI Hcbrcw is prclimi-
nary and subjccL Lo rcvicw: Lhc characLcr codc is supporLcd, buL Lhc
glyph is idcnLical Lo LhaL uscd or yerah ben yomo,
Thc ncw qamats qatan (u+oc,) characLcr makcs iL possiblc, i dc-
sircd, Lo cncodc an cxpliciL disLincLion bcLwccn Lhis vowcl (shorL qa-
mats) and Lhc long qamats (u+os8, qamats gado|). To visualisc Lhis
disLincLion, ollowing a convcnLion adopLcd in somc cdiLions, Lhc
glyph or Lhis ncw characLcr is noLiccably Lallcr Lhan LhaL or qamats
gado|.
Puncta extraordinaria
Tis section exp|ains the
current recommendation
jor encoding the puncLa
cxLraordinadia, i||ustrating
how they shou|d appear ij
rendered correct|y.
Biblia Hcbraica SLuLLgarLcnsia :
wiLh WcsLminsLcr Hcbrcw
morphology. :,, (Logos).
Te |ower punctum was
previous|y encoded in SPL
Hebrew using the generic
combining dot be|ow (u+o:).
Locuments produced with this
ear|ier encoding wi|| need to be
updated.
Atnah hafukh and
qamats qatan
Tis section exp|ains two new
characters in 0nicode .: and
their imp|ementation in this
version oj SPL Hebrew

NoL Lo bc conuscd wiLh Lhc high puncta extraordinaria, Lhis high doL
mark is uscd primarily in Lhc conLcxL o MasorcLic noLcs, as in Lhis
cxamplc rom Num ::::
.
rtsort 1cx1
Iikc Lhc low puncta extraordinaria Lhc masora/numbcr doL is noL cn-
codcd in Lhc Unicodc SLandard as a spccically Hcbrcw characLcr, so
a gcncric combining doL abovc (u+oo,) is uscd.
Thc samc characLcr is somcLimcs uscd Lo indicaLc a consonanL
uscd as a numcral in Lhc LradiLional Hcbrcw numbcring sysLcm: =,
=:, = =o, =:o, =o, and so on, wiLh ninc consccuLivc lcLLcrs
o Lhc alphabcL uscd or uniLs, Lcns and hundrcds up Lo oo (somc
sourccs idcnLiy nal lcLLcr orms or oooo).
This numbcring sysLcm is cxLcndcd in somc rccrcncc books
Lo counLing in Lhousands by doubling Lhc doLs: =ooo, =:ooo,
=ooo, cLc.. Thc doublc doL is cncodcd using Lhc gcncric combining
diacrcsis characLcr (u+oo8).
Thc circlc indicaLing a MasorcLic noLc can occur ovcr a consonanL,
bcLwccn consonanLs, ovcr a maqaj, or ovcr a word spacc. Idcally, iL
should bc ccnLrcd ovcr a word, buL Lhcrc is no way Lo spcciy Lhis
in Unicodc combining mark cncoding or OpcnTypc IayouL. Man-
ual carc musL bc Lakcn wiLh Lhc posiLioning. Thc SBI Hcbrcw onL,
by dcaulL, placcs Lhc masora circlc abovc Lhc prcccding consonanL,
maqaj or word spacc, as on Lhcsc cxamplcs rom Lhc rsL chapLcr o
Ccncsis:
11 9 2
Thc masora circlc glyph is ccnLcrcd on a zcro-widLh, which mcans
LhaL i Lhc dcaulL posiLioning is inhibiLcd iL will auLomaLically bc
placcd bcLwccn Lhc characLcr Lo which iL is applicd and Lhc ncxL. Thc
posiLioning can bc inhibiLcd by inscrLing Lhc zwN+ conLrol characLcr
bcLwccn Lhc masora circlc and Lhc consonanL, maqaj or word spacc
Lo which iL is applicd. In Lhc cxamplcs bclow, also rom Ccncsis ,
Lhc characLcr scqucncc is consonant + [vowe|/canti||ation mark(s)] +
zwN+ + masora circ|e.
28 22 10
NoLc LhaL, as shown in Lhc lasL cxamplc rom Ccncsis ::8, Lhc zwN+
characLcr can also bc uscd Lo posiLion a masora circlc aLcr a word
brcak aL Lhc cnd o a linc.
Masora/Number dot
Tis section exp|ains the
use oj the upper dot mark
in Masoretic notes and jor
Hebrew numera|s
For a comp|ete tab|e oj Hebrew
numera|s, see R. wonneberger,
UndcrsLanding BHS, :,,o.
See, jor examp|e, Ceorges !jrah, A
univcrsal hisLory o numbcrs, :,,8
(origina| French edition :,,).
Masora circle handling
Tis section exp|ains how
to encode and contro| the
positioning oj the masora
circ|e.
6
Somc LcxLsboLh manuscripL and Lypographicmakc a visual dis-
LincLion in Lhc posiLion o Lhc doL bcLwccn a vav ha|uma, i.e. vav ol-
lowcd by a ho|am haser ( ), and Lhc indcpcndcnL vowcl ho|am ma|e
( ). Somc LcxLs do noL makc Lhis disLincLion, displaying boLh as ,
and somc clccLronic documcnLs may cvcn cncodc boLh graphcmcs
Lhc samc way, rclying on Lhc rcadcrs cxpcrLisc Lo disLinguish Lhcm.
Farlicr vcrsions o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL uscd a mark+basc ordcr-
ing convcnLion Lo disLinguish ho|am ma|e and vav ha|uma, buL Lhis
has bccn dcprccaLcd bccausc Lhc ho|am ma|e cncoding was counLcr
Lo basic Unicodc rulcs abouL basc+mark ordcring. Thc corrccL cn-
coding o Lhis disLincLion has bccn Lhc subjccL o much discussion
in Unicodc circlcs. Thc conscnsus, now ormally cnshrincd in Lhc
sLandard, is LhaL Lhc characLcr scqucncc vav + ho|am (u+os) is Lhc
corrccL cncoding or ho|am ma|e, sincc Lhis is ar morc common Lhan
Lhc rclaLivcly rarc vav ha|uma. This was rsL implcmcnLcd in vcrsion
.: o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL:
= vav + ho|am (ho|am ma|e)
Vcrsion .x o Lhc onL supporLs Lhc ncw Unicodc .o combining
mark characLcr ncsrcw roiN1 noitr ntscr ror vtv (u+ost).
This characLcr is cxpliciLly inLcndcd Lo cncodc vav ha|uma and bc-
havcs rclaLivc Lo vav as Lhc common ho|am doL Lo oLhcr consonanLs.
This ncw characLcr providcs a robusL cncoding disLincLion or Lhosc
uscrs who wish Lo dicrcnLiaLc ho|am ma|e and vav ha|uma as illus-
LraLcd in Lhc ourLh and Lh words o Lhis cxamplc rom Ccncsis
: :
Nun hajukhainvcrLcd nunis noL a lcLLcr, buL a orm o spccial
puncLuaLion LhaL occurs only a handul Limcs in Lhc Hcbrcw Biblc
(e.g. Numbcrs o:6). Hcbrcw manuscripLs show a numbcr o di-
crcnL orms or Lhis characLcr, dcpcnding on Lhc scripL sLylc, only
onc o which acLual rcscmblcs an invcrLcd nun lcLLcr. This characLcr
is cncodcd in Unicodc as Lhc characLcr u+oc6.
= nun hajukha
In poinLcd LcxLs, Lhc invcrLcd nun carrics a doL abovc iL. For Lhis, Lhc
masora/numbcr doL characLcr (u+oo,) should bc uscd:
= nun hajukha + masora/number dot
Holam male / vav haluma
Tis section exp|ains the
encoding oj the vowe| holam
malc, distinct jrom the
consonant p|us vowe| sequence
vav with holam hascr.
Locuments using the
deprecated conventions oj
holam + vav = holam malc /
vav + holam = vav haluma
wi|| need to be updated.
Nun hafukha
Tis section exp|ains a
mechanism jor disp|aying the
inverted nun g|yph.
:: c : : n :n : p b : c : b :

,
DSS transcription
Tis section exp|ains the
encoding conventions jor
transcribing Lead Sea Scro||s
and 1udean Lesert texts
SupporL or Dcad Sca Scrolls LranscripLion is ncw Lo Lhc SBI Hcbrcw
.x gcncral rclcasc. Thc onL supporLs LranscripLion convcnLions as
cmploycd in numcrous works rclaLcd Lo boLh Lhc Dcad Sca Scrolls
and Lo oLhcr ancicnL manuscripLs rom Lhc 1udcan DcscrL. Thc cn-
coding or Lhcsc convcnLions is as ollows:


ring above u+oot


dot above u+oo,

white circ|e u+ic6

b|ack circ|e u+ioii

strikeout u+o6

{}
braces u+oo,s / u+oo,b

[]
brackets u+oos / u+oob
Fxamplc: ] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
IL should bc noLcd LhaL Lhcrc is somc discrcpancy bcLwccn how
dicrcnL applicaLions handlc display o parcnLhcLical characLcrs
such as braccs and brackcLs in bidirccLional LcxL layouL. Carc should
bc Lakcn Lo chcck Lhc rcsulLs whcn LcxL crcaLcd in onc applicaLion
is imporLcd inLo anoLhcr applicaLion: iL is possiblc or parcnLhcLi-
cal puncLuaLion Lo bccomc rcvcrscd. In gcncral, bccausc mosL o Lhc
LranscripLion characLcrs arc noL cxpliciLly righL-Lo-lcL, carc musL bc
Lakcn in ormaLLing documcnLs, corrccLly scLLing paragraph dircc-
LionaliLy, cLc..
MosL word proccssing and LcxL layouL applicaLions havc a sLrikcouL
uncLion LhaL providcs an casy mcans Lo Lranscribc crosscd ouL lcL-
Lcrs wiLhouL Lhc nccd Lo usc an addiLional characLcr codc aLcr cach
lcLLcr. Howcvcr, usc o Lhc combining mark u+o6 cnablcs a plain
LcxL disLincLion Lo bc madc, which will rcliably survivc LcxL cxchangc
bcLwccn dicrcnL applicaLions and plaLorms.
InpuL supporL or Lhc Dcad Sca Scrools LrascripLion characLcrs is
availablc rom vcrsion . o Lhc Tiro and SII Biblical Hcbrcw kcy-
board drivcrs, availablc rom Lhc SBI wcsbiLc.

8
Thc Lcrm onL supporL can rccr Lo a numbcr o dicrcnL Lhings,
rom insLallabiliLy Lo LcxL display Lo complcx glyph rcndcring, so
whcn wondcring whcLhcr a parLicular opcraLing sysLcm or applica-
Lion (or parLicular combinaLion o os and applicaLion) supporLs usc
o a onL iL is ncccssary Lo undcrsLand Lhc limiLaLions LhaL can apply.
Macintosh. Thc Mac os x opcraLing sysLcm can naLivcly insLall and
rcndcr Lhc SBI Hcbrcw daLa-ork ormaL Windows TrucTypc onL.
Oldcr vcrsions o Lhc Mac opcraLing sysLcm cannoL naLivcly insLall
Lhis ormaL, and nccd a Mac-spccic rcsourcc-ork ormaL onL lc.
AL prcscnL, no rcsourcc-ork vcrsion o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL is avail-
ablc, sincc Lhcrc arc so cw Unicodc cnablcd applicaLions or oldcr
Mac opcraLing sysLcms. NoLc LhaL somc applicaLions, parLicularly
ncw vcrsions o much Adobc soLwarc (on boLh Mac and Windows),
can insLall onLs, including SBI Hcbrcw, dirccLly in Lhcir own onL
oldcrs and usc Lhcir own rcndcring Lcchnology, bypassing sysLcm
onL handling, somc o Lhcsc applicaLions may providc supporL on
oldcr vcrsions o Lhc Mac opcraLing sysLcm.
Thc laLcsL vcrsion o os x, Tigcr, implcmcnLs somc sysLcm lcvcl
supporL or basic OpcnTypc IayouL caLurcs, convcrLing Lhcm on
Lhc y Lo Applcs own tt1 ormaL caLurcs. Howcvcr, Lhis docs noL
includc supporL or complcx scripL layouL, so Lhc all-imporLanL mark
aLLachmcnL is noL supporLcd aL Lhc sysLcm lcvcl. This mcans LhaL
applicaLions rclying on sLandard sysLcm calls or LcxL proccssing will
noL bc ablc Lo handlc Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL using SBI Hcbrcw, cvcn
Lhough Lhcy may supporL Unicodc LcxL cncoding and basic righL-Lo-
lcL layouL.
ApplicaLions LhaL usc Lhcir own LcxL layouL cngincs, dcsigncd Lo
work wiLh OpcnTypc onLs, ocr Lhc mosL hopc or MacinLosh us-
crs. AL Lhc Limc o wriLing, nonc o Lhcsc applicaLions ocr Lhc samc
high lcvcl o Biblical Hcbrcw rcndcring as MicrosoL Occ :oo on
Windows, buL somc arc gradually gcLLing closc.
Mcllcl is a word proccssing applicaLion or os x LhaL cmploys
OpcnTypc IayouL naLivcly using iLs own LcxL cnginc. Biblical Hc-
brcw LcsL rcsulLs rom Mcllcl arc cncouraging, wiLh almosL all LcsLcd
lcLLcr+mark scqucnccs rcndcring corrccLly. Onc problcm in Lhc cur-
rcnL rclcasc is LhaL Lhcrc is no way Lo Lurn o visual display o con-
Lrol characLcrs, so i you inscrL e.g. Lhc Zcro WidLh 1oincr characLcr
in a scqucncc Mcllcl will display a small mark abovc Lhc lcLLcrs. [In
MicrosoL Word on Windows, display o conLrol characLcrs is o by
dcaulL, buL can bc Lurncd on Lo aciliLaLc cdiLing, Lhis bchaviour is
prccrrcd.]
XcTcX is a LypcscLLing sysLcm LhaL marrics Donald KnuLhs TcX
sysLcm wiLh Unicodc LcxL cncoding and OpcnTypc IayouL. Only a
Support in non-Windows
systems & applications
Tis section exp|ains the
current state oj support jor
SPL Hebrew on Macintosh 8
Linux operating systems.
See Appendix C on page ..
jor web |ink injormation on
Me||e| and other app|ications
mentioned in this section,

small numbcr o uscrs appcar Lo bc using Lhis or Biblical Hcbrcw,

buL Lhc cxamplcs Lhcy havc submiLLcd arc imprcssivc and indicaLc
LhaL XcTcX providcs somc o Lhc bcsL supporL or Hcbrcw ouLsidc o
Lhc Windows vcrsion o Word and oLhcr Occ applicaLions. XcTcX
makcs usc o Lhc icu layouL library discusscd bclow.
Linux. As wiLh many oLhcr aspccLs o opcn sourcc compuLing, Lhc
lcvcl o supporL or Biblical Hcbrcw on Iinux dcpcnds vcry much
on spccic disLribuLion, library and applicaLion conguraLions. This
sccLion o Lhc manual is ncccssarily shorL simply bccausc wc havc
limiLcd cxpcricncc in Lhis arca, and havc only rcccnLly bcgun Lo cx-
plorc iL.
Uscrs o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL who arc inLcrcsLcd in Hcbrcw
rcndcring on Iinux sysLcms arc cncouragcd Lo invcsLigaLc Lhc icu
and Pango, Lwo codc librarics LhaL providc supporL or Unicodc LcxL
proccssing including OpcnTypc IayouL supporL. TcsLs o currcnL
vcrsion o Pango, compilcd inLo Lhc Fircox wcb browscr, show cor-
rccL posiLioning o singlc acccnL Lo singlc vowcl combinaLions, buL
crrors in sccond acccnL and acccnL-Lo-acccnL rclaLivc posiLioning.
RcsulLs rom applicaLions using icu sccm bcLLcr.
Iinux-bascd uscrs o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL arc parLicularly cncour-
agcd Lo join Lhc rsN uscr communiLy, and Lo sharc Lips and Lricks or
working wiLh Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL on Lhis plaLorm.
As should bc clcar rom Lhis manual, Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL is on Lhc
cuLLing cdgc o LcxL proccssing and layouL Lcchnology, and much
soLwarc sLill nccds Lo caLch up Lo Lhc onL in ordcr Lo pcrccLly
rcndcr all aspccLs o Biblical Hcbrcw LcxLs. ThaL said, in Lhc scvcn-
Lccn monLhs sincc Lhc lasL vcrsion o Lhis manual was wriLLcn, Lhcrc
havc bccn cncouraging advanccs, cspccially on Lhc Mac and Iinux
sysLcms.
During dcvclopmcnL o Lhc onL, kcy soLwarc dcvclopcrs such as
Lhc MicrosoL dcvclopmcnL lcad rcsponsiblc or Lhc Uniscribc Hc-
brcw cnginc havc consulLcd on Lhc bcsL way Lo cncodc and shapc
Biblical Hcbrcw and havc providcd bcLa vcrsions o upcoming soL-
warc rclcascs or LcsLing. This consulLaLion has cnablcd us Lo makc
a onL LhaL ouLpcrorms all prcvious Hcbrcw LcxL rcndcring, and
which will cnablc Biblical scholars Lo crcaLc, cdiL and cxchangc docu-
mcnLs bcLwccn Lhc incrcasing numbcr o sysLcms and applicaLions
LhaL supporL Unicodc LcxL cncoding and OpcnTypc IayouL.
Conclusion
:o
. Thc digiLally cncodcd machinc rcadablc onL soLwarc or producing Lhc Lypc-
accs liccnscd Lo you is Lhc propcrLy o Tiro Typcworks. IL is liccnscd Lo you or
usc undcr Lhc Lcrms o Lhis cnd uscr liccnsc agrccmcnL. I you havc any qucs-
Lions abouL Lhis liccnsc agrccmcnL, or havc a nccd Lo usc Lhc onL soLwarc in a
way noL covcrcd by Lhis agrccmcnL, plcasc wriLc Lo liccnscLiro.com.
:. You may usc Lhis onL soLwarc rcc o chargc or all non-commcrcial purposcs.
I you wish Lo obLain a liccnsc or commcrcial usc o Lhis onL soLwarc, plcasc
conLacL Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc aL sblcxccsbl-siLc.org, or wriLc Lo
liccnscLiro.com. Fccs or commcrcial liccnscs arc aL Lhc individual discrcLion o
Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc and Tiro Typcworks.
. You may rcdisLribuLc Lhis onL soLwarc rcc o chargc as long as Lhc soLwarc is
unmodicd, all copyrighL and Lradcmark noLiccs arc inLacL, and Lhc onL conLains
or is accompanicd by a copy o Lhis liccnsc agrccmcnL. You may noL chargc any
cc or Lhc disLribuLion o Lhis onL soLwarc or alLcr Lhc Lcrms o Lhis liccnsc
agrccmcnL.
. You may dccompilc and modiy Lhis onL soLwarc or non-commcrcial and
pcrsonal usc by you as an individual or inLcrnal usc wiLhin your organisaLion.
Tiro Typcworks mainLains copyrighL Lo all dcrivaLivc onLs in any ormaL. You
may noL dclcLc, cdiL or add Lo copyrighL, Lradcmark or liccnsc inormaLion in
Lhc onL. You may noL changc Lhc cmbcdding biL. You may noL rcdisLribuLc any
modicd vcrsion o Lhc onL soLwarc, ciLhcr rcc o chargc or or a cc. Copics o
modicd onLs should bc submiLLcd Lo Tiro Typcworks (liccnscLiro.com) and Lo
Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc (sblcxccsbl-siLc.org), along wiLh any rclcvanL
documcnLaLion. Tiro Typcworks rcscrvcs Lhc righL Lo incorporaLc any such
changcs inLo iLs own onLs.
. You may cmbcd Lhc onL soLwarc in non-commcrcial clccLronic documcnLs,
including buL noL limiLcd Lo wcb pagcs and c-books. FonL cmbcdding musL rc-
spccL Lhc cmbcdding biL in Lhc onL, which musL noL bc changcd. Thc cmbcdding
biL or Lhis onL soLwarc is scL Lo FdiLablc Fmbcdding, mcaning LhaL documcnLs
conLaining Lhis onL soLwarc may bc vicwcd, prinLcd and cdiLcd, buL Lhc cmbcd-
dcd onL may noL bc insLallcd on Lhc rccipicnL uscrs sysLcm.
6. All oLhcr righLs arc rcscrvcd by Tiro Typcworks, cxccpL as oLhcrwisc dcsignaL-
cd in conLracL bcLwccn Tiro Typcworks and Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc.
,. NciLhcr Tiro Typcworks noL Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc warranL Lhc pcr-
ormancc or rcsulLs you may obLain by using Lhis onL soLwarc. FxccpLing any
warranLy, condiLion, rcprcscnLaLion or Lcrm LhaL cannoL or may noL bc cxcludcd
or limiLcd by law applicablc Lo you in your jurisdicLion, Tiro Typcworks and Lhc
SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc makc no warranLics, condiLions, rcprcscnLaLions,
or Lcrms (cxprcss or implicd whcLhcr by sLaLuLc, common law, cusLom, usagc or
oLhcrwisc) as Lo any maLLcr including, wiLhouL limiLaLion, noninringcmcnL o
Lhird parLy righLs, mcrchanLabiliLy, inLcgraLion, saLisacLory qualiLy, or Lncss or
any parLicular purposc.
8. NciLhcr Tiro Typcworks nor Lhc SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc acccpL any li-
abiliLy or injury, dcaLh, nancial loss or damagc Lo pcrson or propcrLy (includ-
ing compuLcr hardwarc, soLwarc or daLa) rcsulLing rom Lhc usc o Lhis onL
soLwarc.
. Thc acL o insLalling Lhis onL soLwarc on any compuLcr sysLcm consLiLuLcs
acccpLancc o Lhc Lcrms o Lhis liccnsc agrccmcnL, wiLhouL cxccpLion.
Appendix A
Fnd Uscr Iiccnsc AgrccmcnL
Tis |icense agreement exp|ains
the rights and responsibi|ities
that you accept when you
insta|| the SPL Hebrew jont
on your computer. P|ease take a
jew minutes to review this.
:
Scc Lhc discussion on pagcs 8 or morc inormaLion abouL nor-
malisaLion issucs, and Lhc Unicodc SLandard or dcLails o sLandard
normalisaLion and combining classcs. Bclow arc suggcsLcd canoni-
cal combining classcs Lo usc in cusLom normalisaLion rouLincs or
Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL. As in sLandard normalisaLion, Lhc cxpccLaLion
is LhaL only marks in dicrcnL combining classcs will bc rcordcrcd
during normalisaLion, marks wiLh Lhc samc combining class valuc
should noL bc rcordcrcd. Thc lowcr Lhc combining class valuc, Lhc
closcr Lo Lhc basc characLcr (e.g. Hcbrcw consonanL) Lhc mark should
bc ordcrcd. In Lhis Lablc, Lhc rccommcndcd combining class is pro-
vidcd rsL, Lhcn Lhc cxisLing Unicodc combining class in grcy, and
Lhcn Lhc Unicodc codcpoinL and a dcscripLivc namc.
10 24 U+05C1 Point Shin Dot
11 25 U+05C2 Point Sin Dot
21 21 U+05BC Point Dagesh or Mapiq
23 23 U+05BF Point Rafe
27 19 U+05B9 Point Holam
27 19 U+05BA Point Holam Haser for Vav
220 220 U+05C5 Lower Punctum
220 220 U+0591 Accent Atnah
220 220 U+05A2 Accent Atnah Hafukh
220 220 U+0596 Accent Tipeha
220 220 U+059B Accent Tevir
220 220 U+05A3 Accent Munah
220 220 U+05A4 Accent Mahapakh
220 220 U+05A5 Accent Merkha
220 220 U+05A6 Accent Merkha Kefula
220 220 U+05A7 Accent Darga
220 220 U+05AA Accent Yerah Ben Yomo
220 10 U+05B0 Point Sheva
220 11 U+05B1 Point Hataf Segol
220 12 U+05B2 Point Hataf Patah
220 13 U+05B3 Point Hataf Qamats
220 14 U+05B4 Point Hiriq
220 15 U+05B5 Point Tsere
220 16 U+05B6 Point Segol
220 17 U+05B7 Point Patah
220 18 U+05B8 Point Qamats
220 18 U+05C7 Point Qamats Qatan
220 20 U+05BB Point Qubuts
220 22 U+05BD Point Meteg
222 222 U+059A Accent Yetiv
Appendix B
CusLom combining classcs.
As exp|ained on pages 8::,
0nicode norma|isation may
break Pib|ica| Hebrew text
by reordering marks that
shou|d not be reordered. Tis
appendix provides a|ternate
combining c|asses to use
in custom norma|isation
routines. Nota bene: these
a|ternate combining c|asses
are outside oj any recognised
standard, and text produced
using custom norma|isations
may sti|| be subect to other
norma|isations in sojtware
beyond the authors contro|
(c.g. web browsers). Tis |ist is
provided pure|y as a suggestion,
and no guarantee is made
that it wi|| be supported as is
in sojtware deve|oped by SPL,
Tiro Typeworks, or any oj their
proect partners.
::
222 222 U+05AD Accent Dehi
230 230 U+05C4 Upper Punctum
230 230 U+0593 Accent Shalshelet
230 230 U+0594 Accent Zaqef Qatan
230 230 U+0595 Accent Zaqef Gadol
230 230 U+0597 Accent Revia
230 230 U+0598 Accent Zarqa
230 230 U+059F Accent Qarney Para
230 230 U+059E Accent Gershayim
230 230 U+059D Accent Geresh Muqdam
230 230 U+059C Accent Geresh
230 230 U+0592 Accent Segolta
230 230 U+05A0 Accent Telisha Gedola
230 230 U+05AC Accent Iluy
230 230 U+05A8 Accent Qadma
230 230 U+05AB Accent Ole
230 230 U+05AF Mark Masora Circle
230 230 U+05A1 Accent Pazer
230 230 U+0307 Mark Number/Masora Dot
232 228 U+05AE Accent Zinor
232 230 U+05A9 Accent Telisha Qetana
232 230 U+0599 Accent Pashta
Thc makcrs o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL would likc Lo Lhank Lhc individuals and or-
ganisaLions who parLicipaLcd in ad hoc discussions Lo dcLcrminc an appropriaLc
mark ordcring or normaliscd Biblical Hcbrcw, cspccially PcLcr ConsLablc (SII
InLcrnaLional) and Fli Fvans (Iibronix/Iogos). OLhcr conLribuLors includcd 1oan
Wardcll (SII InLcrnaLional), PaLrick Durusau (SBI), Ralph Hancock, Paul Nclson
(MicrosoL), Bob PriLchcLL (Iibronix/Iogos), & KcnL Richards (SBI).
:
http://www.sbl-site.org/Resources/
Thc laLcsL vcrsion o Lhc SBI Hcbrcw onL, Lhis manual, and oLhcr
inormaLion rclaLing spccically Lo SBI Hcbrcw, downloadablc
Windows kcyboard drivcrs or inpuL o Biblical Hcbrcw LcxL.
http://www.sbl-site.org/
SocicLy o Biblical IiLcraLurc wcbsiLc.
http://www.tiro.com/resources/hebrew
Tiro Typcworks rcsourccs or Biblical Hcbrcw, including normalisa-
Lion cxamplc documcnLs. [In dcvclopmcnL.]
http://www.unicode.org/
Thc Unicodc ConsorLium wcbsiLc. Includcs laLcsL vcrsion o
Unicodc SLandard and rcsourccs.
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/specs/default.htm
OpcnTypc spccicaLion and MicrosoL Hcbrcw onL spccicaLion.
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/
opentype/default.htm
Windows Clyph Proccssing arLiclc by 1ohn Hudson, an inLroduc-
Lion Lo OpcnTypc onL and Unicodc scripL proccssing on Windows.
http://www.redlers.com/mellel.html
Mcllcl is a powcrul mulLilingual word proccssor or Mac os x. ILs
handling or Biblical Hcbrcw is noL ycL pcrccL, buL iL is vcry good.
http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/
page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=xetex
Download siLc or Lhc opcn sourcc XcTcX pagc layouL applicaLion
or Mac os x.
http://www.winsoft.fr/
WinsoL makc Lhc Middlc FasL vcrsions o Adobc soLwarc, includ-
ing InDcsign rc, which was uscd Lo LypcscL Lhis manual.
http://www-306.ibm.com/software/globalization/
icu/index.jsp
InLcrnaLional ComponcnLs or Unicodc: an opcn sourcc scL o
librarics or Unicodc supporL, soLwarc inLcrnaLionalizaLion and
globalizaLion. Providcs cxccllcnL OpcnTypc IayouL supporL.
http://www.pango.org/
An opcn-sourcc ramcwork or Unicodc LcxL layouL and rcndcring.
Appendix C
Rcsourcc links
Tis appendix provides 0uts jor
jont and document down|oads
and on|ine resources jrom the
Society oj Pib|ica| Literature
and other parties.