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3213 Final Winter2008 Solutions
3213 Final Winter2008 Solutions
poll end
+ +
=
=
+ +
= =
11
0.99
N
0.1
1
1
1250 N
64 2
1
1
bits send to time overall
bits useful transmit to time
=
+
+
= =
5.4) [2 points]
What is the throughput of the system from 5.3 assuming each station is allowed to transmit
an unlimited number of frames?
Answer:
From the above formula, it is evident that as N, the throughput approaches 1. This
is easy to understand/explain, as with more frames sent per poll, the overhead cost
diminishes
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6. Flow Control [12 points] time: 15 min
6.1) [8 points]
Consider the Go-Back-N protocol with a sender window size of 3 and sequence numbers in
the range 0 to n
max
=1024. (I.e. n
max
is sufficiently large so sequence numbers never get
reused).
Suppose that at a time t, the next in-order packet that the receiver is expecting has a
sequence number of k. Assume that the medium does not reorder packets. What are the
possible sets of sequence numbers inside the senders window at time t?
(Discuss all possible scenarios to obtain the full mark.)
Answer:
Here we have a window size of N=3.
1) Suppose the receiver has received packet k-1, and has ACKed that and all other
preceeding packets. If all of these ACK's have been received by sender, then
sender's window is [k, k+N-1].
2) Now, suppose next that none of the ACKs have been received at the sender. In
this second case, the sender's window contains k-1 and the N packets up to
and including k-1. The sender's window is thus [k-N, k-1]. By these arguments,
the senders window is of size 3 and begins somewhere in the range [k-N,k].
6.2) [4 points]
Related to 6.1) what are all possible values of the ACK field in all possible messages
currently propagating back to the sender at time t? Justify your answer.
Answer:
If the receiver is waiting for packet k, then it has received (and ACKed) packet k-1 and
the N-1 packets before that. If none of those N ACKs have been yet received by the
sender, then ACK messages with values of [k-N,k-1] may still be propagating back.
Because the sender has sent packets [k-N, k-1], it must be the case that the sender
has already received an ACK for k-N-1. Once the receiver has sent an ACK for k-N-1 it
will never send an ACK that is less that k-N-1. Thus the range of in-flight ACK values
can range from k-N-1 to k-1.
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7. Network Layer Potpourri [14 points] time: 15 min
7.1) [2 points]
The value of the total length field in an IPv4 datagram is 36, and the value of the header
length field is 5. How many bytes of data is the packet carrying?
Answer:
The value HLEN = 5 implies 20 bytes of header. Hence, the packet carries 36-20 = 16
bytes of data.
7.2) [2 points]
An IPv4 datagram arrives with fragmentation offset of 0 and an M bit (more fragment bit) of
0. Is this a first fragment, middle fragment, or last fragment?
Answer:
Offset = 0 implies that this is the first fragment. At the same time, M=0 implies that
there is no more fragments, hence this is an un-fragmented IPv4 packet.
7.3) [3 points]
An IP packet is transmitted from one router to another. Does the IP header change,
assuming no fragmentation occurs? Explain!
Answer:
Yes. The values of the TTL and the checksum fields are changed from router to router.
7.4) [3 points]
Find the Netid and Hostid of the following IP addresses:
114.32.2.8 Netid: _____114_________ Hostid: ______32.2.8________
208.34.54.12 Netid: _____208.34.54_____ Hostid: ________12_________
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7.5) [4 points]
A company has a class B network address. The network administrator has assigned 60
subnets to this network. What is the subnet bit mask deployed inside the network? Provide
both binary and decimal representation!
Answer:
Network (class B) mask: 11111111 11111111 00000000 000000000 = 255.255.0.0
To generate 60 subnet numbers, the administrator needs 6 bits from the third byte.
Hence, the subnet mask is: 11111111 11111111 11111100 000000000 =
255.255.252.0
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8. Connecting LANs [6 points] time: 10 min
Consider a bridged network depicted below. Starting with empty routing caches at all
bridges, show the content of caches of Bridges A, B, and C, after:
8.1) Station 9 sends a frame to Station 6;
8.2) Station 2 sends a frame to Station 6.
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