Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6

th
Edition
Chapter 3. Technical Measurement and Vectors
Unit Conversions
3-1. A soccer field is 1 m lon! and 6 m across. "hat are the len!th and #idth of the field in
feet$
1 cm 1 in. 1 ft
%1 m& 3'( ft
1 m '.)* cm 1' in.

=


+ , 3'( ft
1 cm 1 in. 1 ft
%6 m& 1-. ft
1 m '.)* cm 1' in.

=


" , 1-. ft
3-'. A #rench has a handle ( in. lon!. "hat is the len!th of the handle in centimeters$
'.)* cm
%( in.& '.3 cm
1 in.

=


+ , '.3 cm
3-3. A 1--in. computer monitor has a /ie#a0le area that measures 1( in. dia!onally. E1press this
distance in meters. .
'.)* cm 1 m
%1( in.& .*). m
1 in. 1 cm

=


+ , .*). m
3-*. The len!th of a note0oo2 is '3*.) mm and the #idth is 1)(.* mm. E1press the surface area
in s3uare meters.

1 m 1 m
Area , %'3*.) mm&%1)(.* mm& .3.
1 mm 1 mm

=


A , .3.1 m
'
3-). A cu0e has ) in. on a side. "hat is the /olume of the cu0e in 45 units and in fundamental
64C4 units$ .
( )
3 3
3 3 3
'.)* cm 1 m
%) in.& 1') in. .') m
1 in. 1 cm
V

= = =


V , .') m
3
3
3 3
1 ft
%1') in. & ..'3 ft
1' in.
V

= =


V , ..'3 ft
3
(
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
3-6. The speed limit on an interstate hi!h#ay is posted at .) mi7h. %a& "hat is this speed in
2ilometers per hour$ %0& 5n feet per second$
%a&
mi 1.6- 2m
.)
h 1 mi

=


1'1 2m7h %0&
mi 1 h )'( ft
.)
h 36 s 1 mi



, 11 ft7s
3-.. A 8issan en!ine has a piston displacement %/olume& of 16 cm
3
and a 0ore diameter of (*
mm. E1press these measurements in cu0ic inches and inches. Ans. -..6 in.
3
, 3.31 in.
%a&
( )
3
3
1 in.
16 cm
'.)* cm



, -..6 in.
3
%0&
1 in.
(* mm ,
').* mm



, 3.31 in.
3-(. An electrician must install an under!round ca0le from the hi!h#ay to a home located 1.'
mi into the #oods. 9o# many feet of ca0le #ill 0e needed$
)'( ft
1.' mi 63* ft
1 mi

=


+ , 63* ft
3--. :ne 6.4. !allon is a /olume e3ui/alent to '31 in.
3
. 9o# many !allons are needed to fill a
tan2 that is 1( in. lon!, 16 in. #ide, and 1' in. hi!h$ Ans. 1). !al.
V , %1( in.&%16 in.&%1' in.& , 3*)6 in.
3

3
3
1 !al
%3*)6 in. & 1). !al
'31 in.
V

= =


V , 1). !al
3-1. The density of 0rass is (.(- !7cm
3
. "hat is the density in 2!7m
3
$
3
3 3
! 1 2! 1 cm 2!
(.(- ((-
cm 1 ! 1 m m


=



, ((- 2!7m
3
Addition of Vectors by Graphical Methods
3-11. A #oman #al2s * 2m east and then ( 2m north. %a& 6se the poly!on method to find her
resultant displacement. %0& Verify the result 0y the parallelo!ram method.
+et 1 cm , 1 2m; Then< = , (.-* 2m, , 63.*

* 2m
( 2m
R
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
3-1'. A land-ro/er, on the surface of Mars, mo/es a distance of 3( m at an an!le of 1(

. 5t then
turns and mo/es a distance of 66 m at an an!le of '.

. "hat is the displacement from the

startin! position$
Choose a scale, e.!., 1 cm , 1 m
>ra# each /ector to scale as sho#n.
Measure = , ..6' cm or = , .6.' m
Measure an!le , 6.1

4 of "
, 1(

? 6.1

, '*.1

= , .6.' m, '*.1

3-13. A sur/eyor starts at the southeast corner of a lot and charts the follo#in! displacements<
A , 6 m, 8; @ , * m, "; C , ' m, 4; and > , 1 m, E. "hat is the net
displacement from the startin! point$ .
Choose a scale, 1 cm , 1 m
>ra# each /ector tail to tip until all are dra#n.
Construct resultant from ori!in to finish.
= , ) m, , )3.1

8 of E or , 1'6.-

.
3-1*. A do#n#ard force of ' 8 acts simultaneously #ith a )-8 force directed to the left.
6se the poly!on method to find the resultant force.
Chose scale, measure< = , )3- 8, , '1.(

4. of E.
3-1). The follo#in! three forces act simultaneously on the same o0Aect. A , 3 8, 3

8 of E;
@ , 6 8, '.

; and C , 1 8 due east. Bind the resultant force

usin! the poly!on method. Choose a scale, draw and measure:
= , ).6 8, , )1.*

4 of E
1
6. m
3( m, 1(

@
>
=

C
A

=
' 8
) 8
@
C
=
A
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
3-16. A 0oat tra/els #est a distance of ' m, then north for * m, and finally 1 m at 3

4
of E. "hat is the net displacement$ %Set 1 cm , 1 8&
>ra# and measure< = , 36( 8, , 1(.

3-1.. T#o ropes A and @ are attached to a moorin! hoo2 so that an an!le o 6 e1ists 0et#een
the t#o ropes. The tension in rope A is ( l0 and the tension in rope @ is 1' l0. 6se the
parallelo!ram method to find the resultant force on the hoo2.
Draw and measure: R = 1.* l0
3-1(. T#o forces A and @ act on the same o0Aect producin! a resultant force of ) l0 at 36.-

8
of ". The force A , * l0 due #est. Bind the ma!nitude and direction of force @$
Draw R = ) l0, 36.-

8 of " first, then draw 40 l0, ".

F , 3 l0, -

Trionometry and Vectors

3-1-. Bind the 1 and y-components of< %a& a displacement of ' 2m, at 3*

. %0& a /elocity of *
2m7h, at 1'

; and %c& A force of ) 8 at 33

o
.
%a& >
1
, ' cos 3*

, 166 2m
>
y
, ' sin 3*

, 11' 2m
%0& v
1
, -* cos 6

, -'. 2m7h
v
y
, * sin 6

, ?3*.6 2m7h
%c& B
1
, ) cos 3

, *3.3 8; B
y
, - ) sin 3

, -'). 8
11

R
C
@
A
@
A
R
36.-

* l0
F
=
3

3*
6

%a& %0& %c&

Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
3-'. A sled is pulled #ith a force of )* 8 at an an!le of *

#ith the horiContal. "hat are the

horiContal and /ertical components of this force$
B
1
, )* cos *

, *1* 8 B
y
, )* sin *

, 3*. 8
3-'1. The hammer in Bi!. 3-'6 applies a force of '6 8 at an an!le of 1)

#ith the /ertical. "hat

is the up#ard component of the force on the nail$
B , '6 l0, , .)

; B
1y
, '6 sin 75
0
B
y
, ')1 8.
3-''. A Ao!!er runs '. mi #est and then 6. mi north. Bind the ma!nitude and direction of the
resultant displacement.
R = + = % & % & ' 6
' '
6.3' mi tan ,
6
'
; , .1.6

8 of "

D 3-'3. A ri/er flo#s south #ith a /elocity of ' 2m7h. A 0oat has a ma1imum speed of ) 2m7h
in still #ater. 5n the ri/er, at ma1imum throttle, the 0oat heads due #est. "hat is the
resultant speed and direction of the 0oat$

R = + = %)& % & .
;
' '
' )3- 2m7 h;
tan ,
'
)
, '1.( 4 of "

D 3-'*. A rope, ma2in! an an!le of 3

#ith the horiContal, dra!s a crate alon! the floor. "hat

must 0e the tension in the rope, if a horiContal force of * l0 is re3uired to dra! the crate$
B
1
, B cos 3

; F
F
x
= =
cos3
*

l0
cos3
;

B , *6.' 8
1'
)* 8
*

%a&

R
) 2m7h
' 2m7h
R
3

B
1
B
= , )3.- 2m7h, '1.(

4
of E
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
D 3-'). An /ertical lift of ( 8 is needed to lift a #indo#. A lon! pole is used to lift the #indo#.
"hat force must 0e e1erted alon! the pole if it ma2es an an!le of 3*

#ith the #all$

B
y
, B sin 3

; F
F
y
= =
sin sin
;
3*
*
3*

l0

B , -6.) 8
D 3-'6. The resultant of t#o forces A and ! is * 8 at '1

. 5f force A is ' 8 at '.

, #hat are
the ma!nitude and direction of force !$ % , '1 - 1(

, 3

&
@ , -* 8 cos 3

, -3*6 8< @ , 3*6 8, 1(

The Component Method of Vector Addition

3-'.. Bind the resultant of the follo#in! perpendicular forces< %a& * 8,

; %0& (' 8, '.

;
and %0& ) 8, -

. Draw each vector, then find R"

A
1
, ?* 8; @
1
, ; C
1
, < =
1
, ?* 8
A
y
, ; @
y
, -(' 8; C
y
, ?) 8; =
y
, E (' 8 ? ) 8 , -3' 8

( ) ( )
' '
* 3' R = + ;
3'
tan ;
*

=
= , )1' 8, 3(..

4 of E
3-'(. Bour ropes, all at ri!ht an!les to each other, pull on a rin!. The forces are A , * l0, E;
@ , ( l0, 8; C , . l0, "; and > , ' l0, 4. Bind the resultant force on the rin!.
A
1
, ?* l0; @
1
, ; C
1
, -. l0 >
1
, <
=
1
, ?* l0 E . l0 , -3 l0
A
y
, ; @
y
, ?( l0; C
y
, ; >
y
, -' l0 ;
=
y
, ? ( l0 - ' l0 , ?6 l0

( ) ( )
' '
3 6 R = + ; tan ; =

6
3
= , 6..1 8, 116.6

13
B
( 8
3*

!
* 8
' 8
3

=
C
@
A

A , * l0, E
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
D3-'-. T#o forces act on the car in Bi!. 3-'.. Borce A is 1' 8, #est and force ! is ' 8 at 6

8 of ". "hat are the ma!nitude and direction of the resultant force on the car$
A
1
, -1'; @
1
, - %' 8& cos 6

, -1 8
=
1
, E 1' 8 - 1 8; =
1
, -'' 8
A
y
, , @
y
, ' sin 6

, ?1.3 8; =
y
, ? 1.3 8 , 1.3 8;
Thus, =
1
, -1 8, =
y
, ?1.3 8 and
' '
%''& %1.3& '( 8 R = + =
=esultant direction<

1.3
tan ; 3(.' 8 of "
'1
= =

; R = '( 8, 1*1.(

D3-3. 4uppose the direction of force ! in Pro0lem 3-'- is re/ersed %?1(

& and other parameters

are unchan!ed. "hat is the ne# resultant$ %This result is the /ector difference A E !&.
he vector ! will now !e 6

4 of E instead of " of #.
A
1
, -1' 8; @
1
, ?%' 8& cos 6

, ?1 8
=
1
, E 1' 8 ? 1 8; =
1
, -' 8
A
y
, , @
y
, -' sin 6

, -1.3 8; =
y
, - 1.3 8 , -1.3 8;
Thus, =
1
, -' 8, =
y
, -1.3 8 and
' '
% '& %1.3& 1.* 8 R = + =
=esultant direction< tan ; . =

=
1.3
'
(3*

4 of "; R , 1.* 8, ')3.*

D3-31. >etermine the resultant force on the 0olt in Bi!. 3-'(. % A

1
, &
@
1
, -* cos '

, -3..6 l0; @
1
, -) cos 6

, -'). l0
=
1
, E 3..6 l0 E '). l0; =
1
, -6'.6 l0
A
y
, ?6 l0; @
y
, * sin '

, 13.. l0; C
y
, ) sin 6 , -*3.3 l0
=
y
, 6 l0 E 13.. l0 E *3.3 l0; =
y
, ?3.* l0

' '
% 6'.6& %3.*& R = + = , 6-.6 l0
3.*
tan ;
6'.6
=

, ').-

8 of "
1*
6

@
A
A
6

@
6

'

A , 6 l0
@ , * l0
C , ) l0
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
D3-3'. >etermine the resultant of the follo#in! forces 0y the component method of /ector
addition< A , %' 8, 3

&; ! , %3 8, 33

; and C , %* 8, ')

&.
A
1
, ' cos 3

, 1.3 8; @
1
, 3 cos 3

, '6 8
C
1
, -* cos .

, -13. 8; =
1
, B
1
, '-6 8
A
y
, ' sin 3

, 1 8; @
y
, 3 sin 3

, -1) 8
C
y
, -* sin .

, -3.6 8; =
y
, B
y
, -*3 8
' '
%'-6& % *3& R = + ;
*'6
tan ;
'-6

= R = )1- 8, )).'

4 of E
D3-33. Three 0oats e1ert forces on a moorin! hoo2 as sho#n in Bi!. 3-'-. Bind the resultant of
these three forces.
A
1
, *' cos 6

, ?'1 8; C
1
, -) cos *

, -3(3 8
@
1
, ; =
1
, '1 8 ? E3(3 8; =
1
, -1.3 8
A
y
, *' sin 6

, 36* 8; @
y
, 1);
Cy , ) sin *

, 3'1 8 =
y
, B
y
, (3) 8;
R = + % & %(3)& 1.3
' '
; tan ; =

(3)
1.3
= , ()3 8, .(.3

8 of "
Challene #roblems
3-3*. Bind the horiContal and /ertical components of the follo#in! /ectors< A , %* 8, 3.

&;
@ , - m, 3'

&; and C , %. 2m7h, 1)

&.
A
1
, * cos 3.

, 31- 8; A
y
, * sin 3.

, '*1 8
@
1
, - cos *

, 6(.- 8; @
y
, - sin *

, )..-
C
1
, -. cos 3

, -6.6 8; C
y
, . sin 3

, '). 8
1)
.

C
@
A
*

C
@
A
) 8
*' 8
1) 8
3.

- 8
3

C
@
A
. 8
* 8
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
3-3). A ca0le is attached to the end of a 0eam. "hat pull at an an!le of *

#ith the horiContal

is needed to produce an effecti/e horiContal force of ' 8$
P cos *

, ' 8; P , '61 8
3-36. A fishin! doc2 runs north and south. "hat must 0e the speed of a 0oat headin! at an
an!le of *

E of 8 if its /elocity component alon! the doc2 is to 0e 3 2m7h$

v cos *

, 3 2m7h; v , 3-.' 2m7h

3-3.. Bind the resultant R $ A % ! for the follo#in! pairs of forces< A , %)' 8, south&; ! ,
'6- 8, #est; %0& A , 1( m7s, north; ! , 1) m7s, #est.
%a& R = + = % & %)'& '6- )()
' '
8
tan ; =

)'
'-)
= , )() 8, , 6'.6

4 of "
%0& R = + % & % & 1) 1(
' '
; tan ; =

1(
1)
= , '3.* 8, ) .'

8 of "
D3-3(. >etermine the /ector difference %A & !& for the pairs of forces in Pro0lem 3-3..
%a& R = + = % & %)'& '6- )()
' '
8
tan ; =
)'
'-)
= , )() 8, 6'.6

4 of E
%0& R = + % & % & 1) 1(
' '
; tan ; =
1(
1)
= , '3.* 8, ).'

8 of E
D3-3-. A traffic li!ht is attached to the midpoint of a rope so that each se!ment ma2es an an!le
of 1

#ith the horiContal. The tension in each rope se!ment is ' 8. 5f the resultant
force at the midpoint is Cero, #hat must 0e the #ei!ht of the traffic li!ht$
=
1
, B
1
, ; T sin 1

? T sin 1

E " , ;
16
P
*

%a&
%0&

=
@
A
1) m7s
1( m7s

=
@
A
'6- 8
)' 8
%a&
%0&

=
A
-@ ,1) m7s
1( m7s

=
A
-@ , '6- 8
)' 8
Chan$e ! into the vector &!, then %DD:
"
T
T
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
'%'& sin 1

, "< " , 6-.) 8

D3-*. >etermine the resultant of the forces sho#n in Bi!. 3-3
=
1
, *' 8 E ' cos .

E *1 cos )3

, 1) l0
=
y
, ? ' sin .

E *1 sin .

, -13-.) l0
R R R
x y
= +
' '
= , 1.) l0; , 36.-

D3-*1. >etermine the resultant of the forces sho#n in Bi!. 3-31.

=
1
, ' cos 3

E 3 cos *)

E 1)) cos ))

, 1'( 8
=
y
, ? ' sin .

E *1 sin .

, -1() 8;
R R R
x y
= +
' '
= , '') 8; , 1'*.6

D3-*'. A '-8 0loc2 rests on a 3

inclined plane. 5f the #ei!ht of the 0loc2 acts /ertically

do#n#ard, #hat are the components of the #ei!ht do#n the plane and perpendicular to
the plane$ Choose x&axis alon$ 'lane and y&axis 'er'endicular(
"
1
, ' sin 3

; "
1
, 1.3 8, do#n the plane.
"
y
, ' sin 6

; "
1
, 1 8, normal to the plane.
D3-*3. Bind the resultant of the follo#in! three displacements< A $ '' m, 6

; ! , 1') m, '1

;
and C , 1.) m, 3*

.
A
1
, '' cos 6

, 11 m; A
y
, '' sin 6

, 1-.) m
@
1
, 1') cos '1

, -1( m; @
y
, 1') sin '1

, -6'.) m
C
1
, 1.) cos 3*

, 16*.* m; C
y
, 1.) sin 3*

, -)-.- m
=
1
, 11 m E1( m ? 16*.* m; =
y
, 1-.) m E 6'.) m E )-.- m ;
1.
3

'

A
@
C
))

*)

C , 1)) 8
@ , 3 8
A , ' 8
)3

C , *1 l0
@ , ' l0
A , *' l0
3

"
3

Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6

th
Edition
=
1
, 166.* m; =
y
, 6(.1 m R = + = % . & % . & 166 * 6(1 1(
' '
m
tan
.
.
; . = =
6(1
166 *
'' 3

; = , 1( m, , ''.3

Critical Thin'in (uestions
3-**. Consider three /ectors< A , 1 m,

; ! , * m, '.

; and C , ' m, 3

. Choose an
appropriate scale and sho# !raphically that the order in #hich these /ectors is added does
not matter, i.e., A ? ! ? C , C ? ! ? A. 5s this also true for su0tractin! /ectors$ 4ho#
!raphically ho# A E C differs from C E A.

3-*). T#o forces A , 3 8 and @ , - 8 can act on an o0Aect in any direction desired. "hat is
the ma1imum resultant force$ "hat is the minimum resultant force$ Can the resultant
force 0e Cero$
)aximum resultant force occurs when % and * are in same direction.
A ? @ , 3 8 ? - 8 , 1' 8
)inimum resultant force occurs when % and * are in o''osite directions.
@ - A , - 8 E 3 8 , 6 8
"o com!ination $ives R , .
1(
A % ! % C C % ! % A A & C C ) A
C , 6 8
@ , * 8
A , ( 8

Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6

th
Edition
D3-*6. Consider t#o forces A , * 8 and @ , ( 8. "hat must 0e the an!le 0et#een these t#o
forces in order to produce a resultant force of 6 8$
4ince = , C , 6 8 is smaller than ( 8, the an!le
0et#een A and @ must 0e F -

. Applyin! the la# of

cosines to the trian!le, #e can find and then .
C
+
= %
+
, *
+
- +%* Cos . /001
+
= /201
+
, /401
+
- +/201/401 Cos . , *6.6

.
The an!le 0et#een the direction of A and the direction of @ is , 1(

- ; , 133.*

.
D3-*.. "hat third force F must 0e added to the follo#in! t#o forces so that the resultant force is
Cero< A , 1' 8, 11

and ! , 6 8, '

$
Components of A< A
1
, 1' Cos 11

, -*. 8; A
y
, 1' 4in 11

, 113 8
Components of @< @
1
, 6 Cos '

, -)6.* 8; @
y
, 6 4in '

, -'.) 8
=
1
, ; =
1
, A
1
? @
1
? B
1
, ; =
1
, -*. 8 E)6.* 8 ? B
1
, ; :r B
1
, ?-..* 8
=
y
, ; =
y
, A
y
? @
y
? B
y
, ; =
y
, 113 8 E '.) 8 ? B
y
, ; :r B
y
, --'.' 8
F = + = % . & % . & -. * -' ' 131
' '
8 tan
.
.
; . =

=
-' '
-. *
*33

And , 36

E *3.*

Thus, the force B has a ma!nitude and direction of< B , 13* 8, , 316.6

D3-*(. An airplane needs a resultant headin! of due #est. The speed of the plane is 6 2m7h in
still air. 5f the #ind has a speed of * 2m7h and 0lo#s in a direction of 3

4 of ", #hat
direction should the aircraft 0e pointed and #hat #ill 0e its speed relati/e to the !round$
Brom the dia!ram, =
1
, =, =
y
, , 4o that A
y
? @
y
, .
A
y
, 6 sin ;
y
, -* sin 3

, -' 2m7h
6 sin - ' , ; 6 sin , '
1-
30
0
=
@ , * 2m7h
A , 6 2m7h
A , ' l0
'

E
F
Chapter 3 Technical Measurement and Vectors Physics, 6
th
Edition
sin ; . = =
'
6
1-1

8 of " %direction aircraft should 0e pointed&

8otin! that = , =
1
and that A
1
?@
1
, =
1
, #e need only find sum of 1-components.
A
1
, -6 cos 1.91
0
= )--.. 2m7h;
1
, * Cos 3

, -3*.6 2m7h
= , -)--.. 2m7h E3*.6 2m7h; = , -63* 2m7h. Thus, the speed of the plane relati/e to the
!round is 63* 2m7h,

; and the plane must 0e pointed in a direction of 1.-1

8 of " .
D3-*-. "hat are the ma!nitude B and direction of the force needed to pull the car of Bi!. 3-3'
directly east #ith a resultant force of * l0$
=
1
, * l0 and =
y
, ; =
1
, A
1
? B
1
, * l0
' Cos '

? B
1
, * l0
B
1
, * l0 E ' Cos '

, '1' l0
=
y
, , A
y
? B
y
; A
y
, -' sin '

, -6(.* l0
B
y
, -A
y
, ?6(.* l0; 4o, B
1
, '1' l0 and B
y
, ?6(.* l0
F = + % & % . & ; '1' 6( *
' '
; tan ,
6(.*
'1'
= , ''3 l0, 1..-

8 of E
'