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Tut 16
Tut 16
).
(e) Close the Camera Parameters panel.
(f) In the Views panel, click on the Save button under Actions to save the mirrored,
upright view, and then close the panel.
When you do this, view-0 will be added to the list of Views.
The upright view of the bowl in Figure 16.3 correctly shows that w = 3r in the
region of the bowl that is lled with water.
16-26 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Swirl Velocity (mixture) (m/s) (Time=0.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
2.35e+00
2.23e+00
2.12e+00
2.00e+00
1.88e+00
1.76e+00
1.65e+00
1.53e+00
1.41e+00
1.29e+00
1.18e+00
1.06e+00
9.41e-01
8.23e-01
7.06e-01
5.88e-01
4.70e-01
3.53e-01
2.35e-01
1.18e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.3: Contours of Initial Swirl Velocity
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-27
Using the VOF Model
10. Display contours of water volume fraction.
(a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction of water in the Contours of lists.
(b) Select water in the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Set the number of contour Levels to 2 and click Display.
There are only two possible values for the volume fraction at this point: 0 or
1.
16-28 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=0.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.4: Contours of Initial Water Volume Fraction
Figure 16.4 correctly shows that the bottom third of the bowl contains water.
11. Set the time-step parameters for the calculation.
Solve Iterate...
(a) Under Time, specify a value of 0.002 for Time Step Size and a value of 1000
for Number of Time Steps.
(b) Under Time Stepping Method, select Variable.
(c) Under Variable Time Step Parameters, specify a value of 0.002 for Minimum
Time Step Size and a value of 0.01 for Maximum Time Step Size.
(d) Retain the other default parameters.
(e) Click Apply.
This will save the time step size to the case le (the next time a case le is
saved).
(f) Save the initial case and data les (bowl.cas and bowl.dat).
File Write Case & Data...
(g) Specify a value of 0.4 for Ending Time.
As iterations will begin with variable time step method, a value of 0.4 for
Ending Time will stop the calculations after t = 0.4sec. Save the data le at
this moment and proceed the calculations for Ending Time of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and
2.0. You may have to reset the value of Time Step Size to a value of 0.002
after saving each data le.
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-29
Using the VOF Model
Figure 16.5 shows the time history for the axial velocity. The velocity is clearly
oscillating, and the oscillations appear to be decaying over time (as the peaks
become smaller). This periodic oscillation has a cycle of 1 second. The switch
from a positive to a negative axial velocity indicates that the water is sloshing
up and down the sides of the bowl in an attempt to reach an equilibrium po-
sition. The fact that the amplitude is decaying suggests that equilibrium will
be reached at some point. The periodic behavior in evidence will therefore be
present only during the initial startup phase of the bowl rotation.
Convergence history of Axial Velocity on point (in SI units) (Time=2.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
Flow Time
Velocity
Axial
Average
Vertex
2.0000 1.8000 1.6000 1.4000 1.2000 1.0000 0.8000 0.6000 0.4000 0.2000 0.0000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
-0.1000
-0.2000
-0.3000
Figure 16.5: Time History of Axial Velocity
16-30 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Step 8: Postprocessing
As indicated by changes in axial velocity in Figure 16.5, the ow eld is oscillating peri-
odically. In this step, you will examine the ow eld at several dierent times. (Recall
that you have saved the data les for t = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and, 1.0.)
1. Read in the data le of interest.
File Read Data...
2. Display lled contours of water volume fraction.
Display Contours...
Hint: Follow the instructions in substep 5h of Step 7: Solution (on page 16-28),
but turn Node Values back on.
Figures 16.616.9 show that the water level decreases from t = 0.4 to t = 0.6, then
increases from t = 0.6 to t = 1. At t = 1, the water level in the center of the
bowl has risen above the initial level, so you can expect the cycle to repeat as the
water level begins to decrease again in an attempt to return to equilibrium. (You
can read in the data les between t = 1 and t = 2 to conrm that this is in fact
what happens.
Since the time history of axial velocity (Figure 16.5) shows that the velocity os-
cillation is decaying over time, you can expect that if you were to continue the
calculation, the water level would eventually reach some point where the gravita-
tional and centrifugal forces balance and the water level reaches a new equilibrium
point.
Extra: Try continuing the calculation to determine how long it takes for the axial
velocity oscillations in Figure 16.5 to disappear.
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-31
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=4.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.6: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.4
Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=6.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.7: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.6
16-32 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=8.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.8: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.8
Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=1.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.00e+00
5.00e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.9: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 1
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-33
Using the VOF Model
3. Plot contours of stream function.
(a) Select Stream Function (in the Velocity... category) in the Contours of drop-
down list.
(b) Turn o the Filled option and increase the number of contour Levels to 30.
(c) Click on Display.
In Figures 16.1016.13, you can see a recirculation region that falls and rises as
the water level changes. To get a better sense of these recirculating patterns, you
will next look at velocity vectors.
16-34 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=4.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
2.77e+01
2.59e+01
2.40e+01
2.22e+01
2.03e+01
1.85e+01
1.66e+01
1.48e+01
1.29e+01
1.11e+01
9.25e+00
7.40e+00
5.55e+00
3.70e+00
1.85e+00
0.00e+00
Figure 16.10: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.4
Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=6.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
2.47e+01
2.30e+01
2.14e+01
1.97e+01
1.81e+01
1.64e+01
1.48e+01
1.31e+01
1.15e+01
9.86e+00
8.22e+00
6.57e+00
4.93e+00
3.29e+00
1.64e+00
0.00e+00
Figure 16.11: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.6
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-35
Using the VOF Model
Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=8.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
4.68e+01
4.37e+01
4.06e+01
3.74e+01
3.43e+01
3.12e+01
2.81e+01
2.50e+01
2.18e+01
1.87e+01
1.56e+01
1.25e+01
9.36e+00
6.24e+00
3.12e+00
0.00e+00
Figure 16.12: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.8
Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=1.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
7.02e+00
6.55e+00
6.08e+00
5.61e+00
5.14e+00
4.68e+00
4.21e+00
3.74e+00
3.27e+00
2.81e+00
2.34e+00
1.87e+00
1.40e+00
9.35e-01
4.68e-01
0.00e+00
Figure 16.13: Contours of Stream Function at t = 1
16-36 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
4. Plot velocity vectors in the bowl.
Display Vectors...
(a) In the Style drop-down list, select arrow.
This will make the velocity direction easier to see.
(b) Increase the Scale factor to 6 and increase the Skip value to 1.
(c) Click on Vector Options... to open the Vector Options panel.
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-37
Using the VOF Model
i. Turn o the Z Component.
This allows you to examine the non-swirling components only.
ii. Click Apply and close the panel.
(d) Click on Display.
Figures 16.1416.17 show the changes in water and air ow patterns between t = 0.4
and t = 1. In Figure 16.14, you can see that the ow in the middle of the bowl is
being pulled down by gravitational forces, and pushed out and up along the sides of
the bowl by centrifugal forces. This causes the water level to decrease in the center
of the bowl, as shown in the volume fraction contour plots, and also results in the
formation of a recirculation region in the air above the water surface.
In Figure 16.15, the ow has reversed direction, and is slowly rising up in the mid-
dle of the bowl and being pulled down along the sides of the bowl. This reversal
occurs because the earlier ow pattern caused the water to overshoot the equilib-
rium position. The gravity and centrifugal forces now act to compensate for this
overshoot.
16-38 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=4.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.91e+00
1.82e+00
1.72e+00
1.63e+00
1.53e+00
1.44e+00
1.34e+00
1.25e+00
1.15e+00
1.06e+00
9.61e-01
8.66e-01
7.71e-01
6.75e-01
5.80e-01
4.85e-01
3.89e-01
2.94e-01
1.99e-01
1.03e-01
7.98e-03
Figure 16.14: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.4
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=6.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
1.96e+00
1.87e+00
1.77e+00
1.67e+00
1.57e+00
1.47e+00
1.37e+00
1.28e+00
1.18e+00
1.08e+00
9.82e-01
8.84e-01
7.86e-01
6.88e-01
5.90e-01
4.91e-01
3.93e-01
2.95e-01
1.97e-01
9.88e-02
6.55e-04
Figure 16.15: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.6
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-39
Using the VOF Model
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=8.0000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
2.12e+00
2.01e+00
1.91e+00
1.80e+00
1.70e+00
1.59e+00
1.48e+00
1.38e+00
1.27e+00
1.17e+00
1.06e+00
9.56e-01
8.51e-01
7.45e-01
6.39e-01
5.34e-01
4.28e-01
3.22e-01
2.17e-01
1.11e-01
5.18e-03
Figure 16.16: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.8
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=1.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)
2.12e+00
2.01e+00
1.91e+00
1.80e+00
1.70e+00
1.59e+00
1.48e+00
1.38e+00
1.27e+00
1.17e+00
1.06e+00
9.55e-01
8.49e-01
7.44e-01
6.38e-01
5.32e-01
4.26e-01
3.20e-01
2.14e-01
1.08e-01
2.22e-03
Figure 16.17: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 1
16-40 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
Using the VOF Model
In Figure 16.16 you can see that the ow is rising up more quickly in the middle of
the bowl, and in Figure 16.17 you can see that the ow is still moving upward, but
more slowly. These patterns correspond to the volume fraction plots at these times.
As the upward motion in the center of the bowl decreases, you can expect the ow
to reverse as the water again seeks to reach a state of equilibrium.
Summary
In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the VOF free surface model to solve a
problem involving a spinning bowl of water. The time-dependent VOF formulation is
used in this problem to track the shape of the free surface and the ow eld inside the
spinning bowl.
You observed the changing pattern of the water and air in the bowl by displaying volume
fraction contours, stream function contours, and velocity vectors at t = 0.4, t = 0.6,
t = 0.8, and t = 1 second.
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005 16-41
Using the VOF Model
16-42 c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005