Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009

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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
Chapter Te!perature and Ther!o!eters
Checkpoint (p")
1. Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or
coldness of an object. The most common scales are the Celsius scale and Kelvin
scale. Their respective units are C and K.
2. C
3. . The lo!est possible temperature is "2#3C.
#xercise (p")
1. C
2. C
3. $a% &ncorrect. ' physical quantity is a thermometric property as long as it
changes !ith temperature. (hether it changes linearly !ith temperature is
not a necessary condition of being a thermometric property.
$b% &ncorrect. ' physical quantity is a thermometric property as long as it
changes !ith temperature. (hether it increases or decreases !ith
temperature is not a necessary condition of being a thermometric property.
$c% &ncorrect. Y does not change !ith temperature. &t is not a thermometric
property.
$d% Correct. Y does not change !ith temperature. &t may represent the mass of
an object.
). The average surface temperature of the *arth in the Kelvin scale
+ 1, - 2#3
+ 2.. K
,. The average surface temperature of /ars in the Celsius scale
+ 210 " 2#3
+ "13C
Checkpoint (p"$)
1. $a% Correct. 2rom 2igure 31b4 the slope of the graph increases !ith the
temperature.
1
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
$b% Correct. , equally spaced divisions are made bet!een the liquid levels at
0C and 100C. 2rom 2igure 31b4 the liquid e5pands non6linearly. 7ince
the slope of the lo!est division is the smallest4 the lo!est division
represents a temperature range larger than 20C.
$c% correct
2. C
2rom 2igure 324 the variation of the resistance is the largest in the temperature
range 108100C. /oreover4 !ithin that range4 the resistance almost changes
linearly. &t is the best !or9ing range.
3. C
:et l be the length of the mercury column at the normal human body temperature
of 3#C.
The increase in length of the mercury column !hen the temperature rises from
0C to 100C is l
1
+ 2, " , + 20 cm.
The increase in length of the mercury column !hen the temperature rises from
0C to 3#C is l
2
+ l " ,.
y proportion4
cm ) . 12
20
,
3# . 0
0 100
0 3#
1
2
=

=
=

l
l
l
l
The length of the mercury column is 12.) cm if the thermometer is used to
measure the normal human body temperature.
Checkpoint (p"$$)
1. C
'n object e5pands !hen the temperature of the object increases because the
average distance bet!een the molecules of that object increases.
2. 7tatement 1 is incorrect.
*ven at the lo!est possible temperature of 0 K4 the total 9inetic energy of the
molecules of an object !ill not drop to ;ero.
7tatement 2 is incorrect.
The object may have different average molecular 9inetic energy. The temperature
of t!o objects is the same only if they have the same average 9inetic energy due
to the random motion of the molecules in the objects.
2
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
#xercise (p"$%)
1. $a% thermocouple thermometer
$b% rotary thermometer
$c% resistance thermometer
$d% infrared thermometer
2. '
3. <ne of the thermometers has a narro!er capillary tube.
). :et be the temperature !hen the length of the liquid column is l.
y proportion4
10
,
100
, 1,
,
0 100
0

l
l

$a% (hen the length of the liquid column is )., cm4

C ,
10
, , . )
100
=

(hen the length of the liquid column is )., cm4 the temperature is ",C.
$b% (hen the length of the liquid column is #., cm4
C 2,
10
, , . #
100
=

(hen the length of the liquid column is #., cm4 the temperature is 2,C.
$c% (hen the length of the liquid column is 11 cm4
C 110
10
, 11
100
=

(hen the length of the liquid column is 11 cm4 the temperature is 110C.
,. $a% :et l be the length of the liquid column in the thermometer !hen the
thermometer is placed in a liquid of ,1C. 2rom 3)4 by proportion4
cm 1 . 10
, 10 ,1 . 0
10
,
100
,1
=
=

=
l
l
l
The length of the liquid column is 10.1 cm !hen the liquid is 9ept at ,1C.
$b% The diameter of the capillary tube may not be uniform4 so the length of
liquid column does not change linearly !ith temperature.
3
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
1. $a% correct
$b% incorrect
Chapter #xercise (p"$&)
1.
2.
3.
). C
,. =
1.
#. $a% 200C4 mercury6in6glass thermometer
(1A)
$b% "200C4 thermocouple thermometer
(1A)
$c% 200C4 rotary thermometer
(1A)
$d% "20C4 alcohol6in6glass thermometer>thermistor thermometer>rotary
thermometer
(1A)
$e% 20C4 mercury6in6glass thermometer>alcohol6in6glass thermometer
(1A)
$f% 2000C4 thermocouple thermometer
(1A)
.. $a% /ercury
(1A)
should be used in the thermometer. The !or9ing range of a
mercury6in6glass thermometer is bet!een "30C and )00C !hile that of
the alcohol6in6glass thermometer is bet!een "100C and 110C. <nly the
mercury one is suitable
(1A)
.
$b% rotary thermometer $'ny reasonable ans!ers%
(1A)
$c% free;er $'ny reasonable ans!ers%
(1A)
?. $a% The capillary tube is made very narro! to improve the sensitivity of the
thermometer.
(1A)
$b% The glass !all of the bulb is very thin to facilitate heat transfer.
(1A)
$c% The capillary tube is uniform in diameter to ma9e sure that the length of the
liquid column changes linearly !ith temperature.
(1A)
10. $a% $i% 2rom 0C to )C4 the volume of the !ater decreases
(1A)
.

(hen the
temperature is higher than )C4 the volume of the !ater increases non6
linearly !ith temperature
(1A)
.
$ii% 7ince !ater does not e5pand linearly !ith temperature
(1A)
4 it is not a
suitable liquid for ma9ing a liquid6in6glass thermometer
(1A)
.
$b% $i% liquid alcohol
(1A)
7ince liquid alcohol has the largest percentage of volume increased
among the three liquids4 it is the most sensitive.
(1A)
$ii% The thermometric liquid should e5pand linearly !ith temperature.
(1A)
)
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
11. $a% The change in length of the liquid column for a change of 1C
cm 2, . 0
10
1,
1, #,
12 2#
=
=

=
(1M+1A)
$b% :et l be the length of the liquid column !hen the temperature is ,,C.
cm 22
2, . 0 % 1, ,, $ 12
=
+ = l
(1M+1A)
The length of the liquid column is 22 cm !hen the temperature is ,,C.
12. $a% 2rom 2igure 3124 the length of the mercury column at the ice point is
) cm
(1A)
. The length of the mercury column at the steam point is 1? cm
(1A)
.
$b% :et be the temperature !hen the length of the mercury column is 10 cm.
y proportion4
C )0
1,
1
100
) 1?
) 10
0 100
0
=
=

(1M+1A)
The temperature is )0C !hen the length of the mercury column is 10 cm.
$c% :et l be the length of the mercury column !hen the temperature is 11)C.
y proportion4
cm 1 . 21
1,
)
1) . 1
) 1?
)
0 100
0 11)
=

l
l
l
(1M+1A)
The length of the mercury column is 21.1 cm !hen the temperature is
11)C.
,
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
13. $a%
(1M for the two axes + 0.5 M for data points + 0.5 M for the best fit line)
$b% 2rom the graph4 the !ater temperature is 1C.
(1A)
$c% The thermometer is most sensitive in the range 0 8 20C
(1A)
. The resistance
of the thermometer has the largest percentage change in the range
(1A)
.
1). $a% @lass B has more !ater molecules. The number of !ater molecules is
directly proportional to the mass of !ater.
(1A)
$b% @lass A has a higher average speed due to random motion as it has a higher
temperature.
(1A)
$c% @lass A has a higher average 9inetic energy due to random motion.
Temperature is a measure of the average 9inetic energy due to the random
motion of the molecules. The higher the temperature4 the higher the average
9inetic energy of the molecules is.
(1A)
1
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
1,. $a% $i% mercury>alcohol $any one%
(1A)
$ii% 2irst put the unmar9ed thermometer in pure melting ice and mar9 the
corresponding level of liquid column as 0C.
(1A)
Then put the thermometer in pure boiling !ater and mar9 the
corresponding level of liquid column as 100C.
(1A)
$b% $i% 2rom the graph4 the temperature of the !ater is 2)C.
(1M + 1A)
$ii% :et l be the length of the liquid column !hen the temperature is .0C.
y proportion4
cm ., 1.
2 11
0 1.
2
0 .0

l
l
(1M + 1A)
$iii% 2rom the graph4 the increase in length of the liquid column is ) cm for
a temperature rise of 20C.
(1M + 1A)
11. $a% 2or non6contact measurement4 the thermometer ma9es use of infrared
radiation emitted from different objects.
(1A)
$b% $'ny reasonable ans!er%
$1% &t !ill not contaminate the food.
$2% &t !ill not destroy the structure of the food.
$3% &t can measure the temperature distribution on the food surface.
(1A)
$c% The temperature difference

bet!een the t!o junctions of the thermometer
causes a current to flo! through the circuit
(1A)
. ' larger temperature
difference results in a larger current.
(1A)
$d% The accuracy of the contact measurement is higher.
(1A)
#