Gas Speak Colloquium 2011

Determination of Soil Restraint Properties and

Calculation of Virtual Anchor Lengths in Buried Pipelines
Daniel Tian
Mechanical Engineer
KBR
Introduction
What is Pipe Soil Interaction? What is Pipe-Soil Interaction?
Behavior of buried pipeline in the surrounding soil
Pipe and soil together form the engineered system Pipe and soil together form the engineered system
Soil Restraint Properties p
Relationship between soil resistance and pipe movement
Virtual Anchor Length
Pipe section moving relative to the soil near directional change
Why now?
Risk based pipeline design approach (AS2885)
Challenges facing pipeline design
in Australia
Higher pressures
Larger diameters
Telfer Brooklyn-Lara Iona-Orford Queensland Telfer
Pipeline
Brooklyn Lara
Pipeline
Iona Orford
Pipeline
Queensland
CSG Pipeline
Size (DN) 250 500 450 1050
Length (km) 443 65 101 Over 1000 g ( )
MAOP (MPag) 10.2 10.2 15.3 10.2 / 15.3
WT (mm) 4.7 7.9 9.1 14.1 / 18.7
Material API 5L X60 API 5L X70 API 5L X70 API 5L X70 Material API 5L X60 API 5L X70 API 5L X70 API 5L X70
Onshore Pipeline Uplift, Uzbekistan
Subsea Oil Pipeline Failure, Brazil, 2000
Purpose of Calculating Pipe-Soil Interaction
Soil restraint input into Pipe Stress Analysis (AutoPipe or Caesar II)
Virtual anchor length to define model boundary Virtual anchor length to define model boundary
Above-Ground Facilities - Buried Pipeline Sections p
(soil restraint is the fundamental part)
Compressor Station Major Water Crossing Compressor Station Major Water Crossing
Determination of Soil Restraint Properties
Longitudinal Transverse
Actual
Vertical Upward
Vertical Downward
Elastic-Plastic Soil Spring p g
Determination of Soil Restraint Properties
Soil and Pipe Properties:
Unit Weight ()
Elastic-Plastic Soil Springs:
Soil Stiffness (K
1
)
Undrained Shear Strength (S
u
)
Angle of Internal Friction ()
Pipe Diameter (D)
Ultimate Soil Resistance (P
1
)
ALA
Pipe Diameter (D)
Depth of Cover (H)
ALA
AutoPipe
Peng
ALA Method for Calculating Pipe-Soil Interaction
Widely recognised and applied
Advanced soil modeller in Caesar II
Based on laboratory and field
i t l i ti ti experimental investigations
Formulas available for design factors Formulas available for design factors
Limitation: Limitation:
Under-estimate vertical upward
resistance
(Appendix B) (Appendix B)
AutoPipe Method for Calculating Pipe-Soil Interaction
Detailed in AutoPipe Technical Reference Manual
Based on laboratory and field
i l i i i experimental investigations
Li it ti Limitations:
Design factors need to be
determined from tables
and charts
(Pipe-Soil Appendix)
Pengs Method for Calculating Pipe-Soil Interaction
First published in 1978
Basic Soil Modeller in Caesar II
Limitations:
P li i ti ti Preliminary estimation
Based on theoretical soil mechanics
(Chapter 10)
KBR Pipe-Soil Interaction Calculation Sheet
Each of the 3 established methods Each of the 3 established methods
has strengths and weaknesses.
Compare results from 3 methods
and choose which method is suitable and choose which method is suitable
for a particular application
Calculate input data for stress
software package
Typical Soil Properties
Soil Type
Soft
Clay
Normal
Clay
Stiff
Clay
Loose
Sand
Medium
Sand
Dense
Sand y y y
Dry Unit Weight
(kg/m
3
)
1600 1800 2000 1600 1800 2000
Undrained
Shear Strength
(kP )
5 25 100 0 0 0
(kPa)
Internal Friction
Angle ()
0 0 0 25 30 40
To be used when soil data is not available for critical locations
Angle ( )
Soft clay worst design case for unknown soil y g
DN1000, 1.2m Cover, Soft Clay Condition, Various Methods
Vertical Upward
DN1000, 1.2m Cover, Soft Clay Condition, Various Methods
Transverse
DN1000, 1.2m Cover, Soft Clay Condition, Various Methods
Longitudinal
Vertical
Downward
Calculation of Virtual Anchor Length in Buried Pipeline
Distance from bend, tee or A/G-U/G transition to the point
where pipe axial strain is completely suppressed by soil.
L
a
Virtual Anchor Length L
a
= C
o
A [ E + (0.5 - v) S
HP
] / P
long
Elastic
Factor
Stress -
Thermal
Expansion
Stress -
Pressure
Elongation
Longitudinal
Soil Resistance
Expansion Elongation
Virtual Anchor Lengths under Different Soil Conditions
DN1000, 1200mm Cover, 55C DT, 10.2MPag DP
Applications
Anchor Block
Requirement
at Pig Trap
Major
W t Water
Crossing
Overbend at
Top of Hill
Depth of Cover Change Depth of Cover Change
Pipeline Design Engineers Responsibility
Know how to use the right
engineering design tools engineering design tools
Do some research and
understand pipe-soil understand pipe-soil
interaction
Make sound engineering Make sound engineering
judgement
Questions?
Disclaimer
These materials contain information of a general nature and are
provided for discussion purposes only. They do not in any p p p y y y
way represent engineering advice and KBR does not warrant the
accuracy, completeness or currency of the information in
these materials. Any person who uses or relies on these materials does these materials. Any person who uses or relies on these materials does
so entirely at their own risk.