BASE DATA

Input Symbol Units #1

External Diameter Dsteel m 0.219075
Wall Thickness t mm 9.5
Contents Type Oil
Density rcontens kg/m3 820
Extra Weight Wextra N/m 100
Density of pipe material rsteel kg/m 3
7850
Young's Modulus E N/m2 2.07 E+11
Poisson's Ratio 0.3
Thermal expansion coefficient a 1/c 1.16 E-05
Specified minimum yield stress N/m2 4.481592 E+08
Polythene coating thickness tc mm 2
Coating density rc kg/m 3
965
Concrete coating thickness tconc mm 100
Concrete density rconc kg/m 3
3050
Water depth hwater m 85
Water density rwater kg/m 3
1025
Ambient sea temperature o
C 4
Safety factor SF 2.1
Pipe lay condition Buried
Type of cover Cohesive
Depth of cover m 0.6
Cover density rcover kg/m3 2020
Cohesive shear strength c N/m2 10000
Uplift coefficient 0.5
Imperfection height Δh m 0.3
Maximum operating temperature o
C 95
Design minimum internal pressure Pe bar 49.64225
Residual lay tension N 0
UPHEAVAL BUCKLING PIPELINE

PRELIMINARY CALCULATION OF PIPE PROPERTIES

Internal Diameter Di = Dsteel - 2t

Effective Diameter Deff = Dsteel + 2t coatings + 2t concrete

Steel Area A = phi / 4 (D2 steel - D2 i)

Second Moment I = phi / 64 x (D4 steel - D4 i)

UPHEAVAL BUCKLING PIPELINE

CALCULATION OF AXIAL DRIVING FORCE

P1 the residual effective axial force in the pipeline at completion of installation

P2 the change in axial force induced by hydrostatic testing
P3 the pressure component of the change in axial force induced by the operating conditions
P4 the temperature component of the change in axial force induced by the operating conditions

The total axial force

Ptotal = P1 + P 2 + P 3 + P 4

for this program P2 is ignored because it is relatively small

The residual effective lay tension is input to the module (for flexibility)

P1 = - D phi t sL + phi D2 (Pi - Pe) D = is the average pipe diameter

4 t = is the pipe wall thickness
sL = is the longitudinal stress
Pi = is the internal pressure at time of construction
Pe = is the external pressure at time of construction
construction
construction
UPHEAVAL BUCKLING

BURIED PIPELINE

NON-COHESIVE MATERIALS : SAND, GRAVEL, CRUSHED ROCK

F = Wsub + qnc where qnc = is the uplift resistance of the overburden for the non-cohesive cov
and is calculated according to the following formula:

qnc = g Deff H (1 + fH / Deff) where g = is the cover submerged unit weight

H = is the cover (from top of the pipe to surface)
f = is the uplift coefficient
(0.5= dense sand or rock cover; 0.1= for loose sand)
en for the non-cohesive cover
owing formula:

for loose sand)

UPHEAVAL BUCKLING

BURIED PIPELINE

COHESIVE MATERIALS : CLAY, SILT, MUD

F = Wsub + qc where qc = is the uplift resistance of the overburden for cohesive cover and is give

qc = c Deff min{3,H/d} where min = indicates that the smaller of the two values should be used
c = is the cover shear strength

Wsub = Winst + Wop

Winst = Wp + Wc + Wconc + (Wextra x g) - FB

r cohesive cover and is given by:

should be used
UPHEAVAL BUCKLING

BURIED PIPELINE

CALCULATION OF REQUIRED UPLIFT RESISTANCE

Winst installation submerged weight

Ptotal axial force in operation
EI pipeline flexural rigidity
where
E is Young's Modulus
I is the second moment of inertia
Δh imperfection height

The required downward force is given by:

Wreq = 1.16 - 4.76 x EI Winst x Ptotal x Δh Winst

Ptotal Δh EI
BURIED PIPELINE

COMPARISON BETWEEN REQUIRED AND ACTUAL UPLIFT RESISTANCE IS MADE IN THE FORM OF SAFETY FACTO

SF = F / Wreq

if SF < 1 ===> pipeline is in danger of upheaval buckling

it is recommended that h should not be taken as less than 0.3 metres

FORM OF SAFETY FACTOR