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via the
parallel combination of two resistive elements. The rst resistance,
RM, being alwayson-line is of fairly large value, whereas the second
branch comprises of an extremely small valued resistance, Rp, where
the current ows only when a power electronic switch is triggered.
As the current owing in the actual pulsed load device is only
positive, the corresponding model is complemented by a rectier
diode placed in series to the parallel combination of branches. The
complete circuit set-up of the study case considered is depicted in
Figure 4. Thus, the pulse load is supplied with energy via a distribu-
tion feeder.
The pulsed load waveform is approximated by a circuit model
synthesized in PSCAD via conventional components. The simulated
voltage across the load terminals is subjected to signicant sag
(see Figure 5), due to the voltage drop on the source and cable
impedances. It is noticed that the cable stray capacitance, which
is of relatively high value compared with the overhead lines or
distribution cables used in continental grids, tends to ameliorate the
phenomenon. More specically, they offer an amount of reactive
power acting as voltage stabilizers.
During the current pulse, the terminals at the generator busbars
are subjected to signicant sag if not voltage zero, which conse-
quently can cause other problems to the rest of the loads connected.
For instance, the motors would experience an abrupt deceleration
due to this sag and would restart again resembling the short-circuit
cases. A solution to this problem would be the installation of an
auxiliary power source (e.g. capacitor bank, or batteries in conjunc-
Figure 3 Motor terminal voltage (RMS-value) uctuation.
Figure 4 System with pulsed load modelled in PSCAD
.
Figure 5 System voltage with sag due to pulse load.
tion with an inverter) injecting temporarily the amount of
excess energy demanded by the pulsed load. It is also worth
noting that in this case, after the end of the pulse, a tran-
sient over-voltage is developed mainly due to the interaction
between distribution cable inductance and capacitance.
The two case study examples are just a sample of the power
quality issues that can be encountered on a modern ship.
The simulation of power quality phenomena occurring in
ship electric power systems and propulsion systems helps us
to better understand and mitigate the issues. Phenomena
occurring in both AC and DC ship subsystems including
voltage sags, transient inrush over-currents and transient
over-voltage spikes, are successfully simulated in PSCAD,
analysed and discussed, while the effect of certain critical
parameters are investigated.
Prepared by John Prousalidis (Greece) and Dr. Dhar-
shana Muthumuni (Canada). Please email info@pscad.
com if you have an article you would like to submit on
the use of PSCAD
.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1
T +1 204 989 1240 F +1 204 989 1277
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