Electric and magnetic fields oscillate together but perpendicular to each other and

the electromagnetic wave moves in a direction perpendicular to both of the fields

Topics :
1. Scalars & Vectors
2. Dot & Cross Products
3. Co-ordinate systems & Conversions
4. Review of Line
5. Surface & Volume integrals
a. Definition of Curl
b. Divergence
c. Gradient
6. Divergence Theorem
7. Stokes Theorem



A scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude
only and has no direction in space
Examples of Scalar Quantities:
Length
Area
Volume
Time
Mass
A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude
and a direction in space
*
Examples of Vector Quantities:
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Vector diagrams are
shown using an arrow
The length of the arrow
represents its
magnitude
The direction of the
arrow shows its
direction
Vectors in opposite directions:

6 m s
-1
10 m s
-1
= 4 m s
-1


6 N 10 N = 4 N
Vectors in the same direction:

6 N 4 N = 10 N


6 m
= 10 m
4 m
The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of
two vector quantities
When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
Complete the parallelogram
The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal
When two vectors are joined
head to tail
Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle
Solution:
Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)

The diagonal of the parallelogram ac
represents the resultant force
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force acting on the body?
5

N

12 N
5
12
a
b c
d
The magnitude of the resultant is found using
Pythagoras Theorem on the triangle abc
N 13
5 12 Magnitude
2 2

ac
ac

67
5
12
tan
5
12
tan : of Direction
1

ac
Resultant displacement is 13 N 67
with the 5 N force
Check Your Understanding :
1. 5m
This is a scalar; there is no direction listed for it.

2. 30 m/sec, East
This is a vector; a direction is listed for it.

3. 5 mi., North
This is a vector; a direction is listed for it.

4. 20 degrees Celsius
This is a scalar; there is no direction listed for it.

5. 256 bytes
This is a scalar; there is no direction listed for it.

6. 4000 Calories
This is a scalar; there is no direction listed for it.