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Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strengthening of Two-Way Slabs: Aci Structural Journal Technical Paper
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strengthening of Two-Way Slabs: Aci Structural Journal Technical Paper
-------------------f
y
=
f
y
d d d ( ) +
M
b
M
b1
M
b2
+ =
where M
b2
is the contribution of the strengthening material
and is evaluated according to the following equation,
assuming full bonds between FRP and concrete
(5)
Equation (5) is based on the FRP section analysis as
recommended by ACI 440.2R (ACI Committee 440 2002).
The term w
FRP
/l is introduced for the two-way slab equation
to take into account the ratio between the width of the
strengthening material and the slab width l. The factor is
the strengthening efficiency factor and is taken as 0.75 for
two-way slabs as recommended by Ebead (2002).
The strain in FRP strips layer can be evaluated as
M
b2
E
FRF
t
FRP
FRP
h
a
2
---
w
FRP
l
------------ =
Fig. 12Typical layout of CFRP flexural strengthened
specimen at failure.
Fig. 13Failure of punching-shear-strengthening specimens.
Table 7Comparison with theoretical evaluation
Specimen
P
exp
P
theo
P
theo
/P
exp
CFRP-F-0.35% 361 332 0.92
GFRP-F-0.35% 345 323 0.94
CFRP-F-0.5% 450 420 0.93
GFRP-F-0.5% 415 411 0.99
CFRP1-S-1.0% 491 491 1.00
CFRP2-S-1.0% 425 491 1.16
658 ACI Structural Journal/September-October 2004
(6)
The distance of the neutral axis from the top of slab a can
be calculated as follows
(7)
The test results indicated that, for CFRP strips, it could be
assumed that at failure, concrete reached the ultimate strain
and the steel reached the yield strain. For the specimen
strengthened with GFRP, however, the concrete strain
reached the ultimate value and the steel strain at failure
reached four times the yield strain. Once the FRP strain and
the location of neutral axis are determined, the strengthened
moment contribution to the slab can be evaluated from Eq. (5).
For the evaluation of the total load capacity, Eq. (1) is used
and replacing the value of c by the FRP width w
FRP
. Hence,
in the case of FRP flexural strengthening
(8)
The implementation of the prescribed analytical method
showed a good agreement with the experimental results as
shown in Table 7.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn for the strengthened
two-way slabs using GFRP laminates and CFRP strips:
1. Flexural strengthening specimens using CFRP strips
showed an average gain in the load capacity of approximately
40% over that of the reference (unstrengthened) specimens;
2. Flexural strengthening specimens using GFRP laminates
showed an average gain in the load capacity of approximately
31% over that of the reference specimens;
3. The flexural strengthening specimens showed a stiffer
behavior than that of the reference specimens. A decrease in
ductility and energy absorption was recorded, however, due
to the brittle nature of the strengthening of the FRP materials.
The average energy absorption of the strengthened specimens
using CFRP strips and GFRP laminates were 0.77 and 0.64,
respectively, of that of the reference specimens;
4. For the suggested flexural strengthening technique,
debonding between FRP materials and concrete was the
main cause of failure. Slabs failed soon after debonding
occurred due to exceeding flexural capacity. No FRP tensile
rupture was observed;
5. The test results of the CFRP strips used for punching-
shear-strengthening specimens indicated a small average
increase within 9% over the unstrengthened specimens. In
addition, the strengthened specimens failed under the
undesirable sudden punching shear failure mode; and
6. The recommended theoretical analysis used for FRP
strengthening of two-way slabs showed a good agreement
with experimental test results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC) for providing the funds for the project. Sincere
thanks are due to the Technical Staff of the Structural Engineering Laboratory
of Memorial University of Newfoundland for their assistance during the
preparation of the specimens and during testing. Sincere thanks are extended to
Sika Canada Inc. for supplying the fiber reinforcement plastic materials and
the epoxies, and to Capital Ready Mix Ltd., Newfoundland, for providing
the concrete for this project.
NOTATION
a = distance from top of slab to neutral axis, mm
c = side length of square column, mm
c
equ
= equivalent side length due to strengthening, mm
d = distance from compression face to center of tension reinforce-
ment, mm
d = distance from compression face to center of compression
reinforcement, mm
E
c
= modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
E
FRP
= the modulus of elasticity of FRP materials, MPa
f
c
= compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f
y
= yield stress of the slab reinforcement, MPa
h = overall slab thickness, mm
K = initial stiffness of specimen, kN/mm
l = side length of square slab, mm
l
p
= length of strengthening steel plates, mm
M
b
= radial moment of resistance of strengthened section, N.mm/mm
M
b1
= radial moment of resistance of unstrengthened section, N.mm/mm
P
cr
= first crack load of slab before strengthening, kN
P
flex
= flexural load-carrying capacity, kN
P
u
= ultimate load of specimen, kN
t
FRP
= total thickness of FRP material, mm
w
FRP
= width of FRP materials, mm
cr
= deflection at slab center at first crack load, mm
u
= deflection at slab center at ultimate load, mm
= energy absorption of specimen, kN/mm
= tension reinforcement ratio of slab
= compression reinforcement ratio of slab
= effective strengthening width coefficient
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h
d
--- 1
cu
h
d
---
s
+ =
a 0.8
d
cu
y
+
------------------
cu
=
P
flex
8M
b
S
l w
FRP
-------------------- 0.172
=
659 ACI Structural Journal/September-October 2004
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