Antenna Technology

Girish Kumar
Prof., Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay
Outline of Presentation
Wireless Communication System
Antenna Fundamentals
Various Types of Antennas
Monopole Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Integrated Horn Antennas
Space Fed Antenna Arrays
Conclusions
Wireless Communication Systems
Modulating
signal
Carrier
signal
Modulator
Amplifier
Impedance
matching
network
Transmitter
RF
Amplifier
Mixer
IF filter
and
Amplifier
Demodu
lator
Display
device/
speaker
LO
Receiver
Antenna Fundamentals
Back lobe
Minor lobes
(HPBW)
(FNBW)
y
x
Major lobe
Side lobe
z
Antenna Fundamentals (Contd.)
41253
E H
D

=
Directivity of the Antenna
= 4 A /
2
Gain = D
0
0
A
A
Z Z
Z Z

=
+
max
min
1
V
VSWR
V 1
+
= =

Reflection Coefficient and VSWR
Bandwidth of antenna
Frequency range over
which VSWR < 2
Pattern Measurement
Servo
control
Antenna
under test
r
Signal
Generator
Source
Antenna
Positioner
Control
Receiver
Plotter

Link Budget
Receiving antenna Transmitting antenna
r
Transmitter
Receiver
A
et
A
er
( )
2
Watt
4
r t t r
P PGG
r

=


Various Antennas
Monopole
Dipole
Yagi-Uda
Log-Periodic
Helical
Microstrip (Patch)
Horn
Reflector
Antenna Array
Monopole Antenna
Short monopole
current
Quarter-wave
monopole current
Image currents
h
Helical Antenna
AXIAL
MODE
CONICAL
MODE
NORMAL
MODE
Yagi Uda Antenna
Dipole
Reflector
Directors
Microstrip Antenna
(a)
Co-axial feed
Side
view

r
Ground
plane
(b)
h
Top
view
L
W
X
Y
x
Microstrip Antenna VSWR Plot
Microstrip Antenna Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern
at 1.8 GHz
Compact Microstrip Antenna
(a)
(b)
(c)
W
x
L
W
W
x
L
W
x
W
L
Microstrip Antenna Array
16 x 16
array with
feed network
Multi-band Antennas
Triplexer
Combiner/
Triplexer
CCU - Central Control Unit
RCU - Remote Control Unit
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
CIU - Control Interface Unit
(a)
(b)
(c)
Triplexer
GSM 1800
Antenna
CCU
Smart Bias Tee
Smart Bias Tee
Splitter
GSM 900
Antenna
3G Antenna
RCU using
motors
GSM 1800
BTS
3G BTS
GSM 800
BTS
GSM 900
Antenna
GSM 1800
Antenna
3G Antenna
GSM 1800
BTS
3G BTS
GSM 800
BTS
CIU
Smart Bias Tee
GSM 1800
BTS
3G BTS
GSM 800
BTS
GSM 900, GSM
1800 & UMTS
Antenna
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Conical Horn with MSA
Aperture
feed
Parabolic Reflector
Higher gain and bandwidth but occupies too much space
Reflector Antenna
Space fed MSA Array
D = 23 dB, HPBW : 10.3 , 10.8, SLL = -22 dB
Space fed MSA Array (8x8)
Space fed MSA Array - Measurement
Space fed MSA Array - Measured VSWR
CONCLUSIONS
Antenna Technology is rapidly changing.
Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
challenges multi-band, multi-polarization,
electrical / mechanical tilt, variable beamwidth,
integrated antenna, smart antenna, etc.
Design is the key thing.
Requires precision manufacturing.
Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
Any Questions ??