) +8F

0g - ggsJ @mQ
[mc+o c+oeGeao
[mc+o Gc+__
[mc+o ogggooa__ Geao
g@gz@
z@d @
soge e+oo, Geooo - ecc cce.
g(ggsQ s
__gLqL - zoo
_ qsmm1
0gJ. gmJ. s. gg0aem
_eoo - gqaL LeLaL_ geg,
_qcuq L_g _eLo seo
LeLaLs scgm, L_g
6mm+mm+m1om
gg. @J. ammm
C_q geo mmqezaac,
gqaL LeLaL_ geg,
_qcuq L_g _eLo
seo LeLaLs scgm,
L_g.
_m+1m1om
gg.. eggsmJ
_gseoaama
m.cu. CucgeoLLcc,
euoaL_, Oeeee - oo oo.
gmJ. G. egg 0eaJ
mmqezaac - __go_ geg
zauqqea uqe,
mCosaeg_a scgm,
euoaL_,
Oeeee - oo oo.
ggg. . as
_gseoaamea,
ga_ms usc CucgeoL Lcc,
zaazu, Oeeee - oo o.
gg. . Geggsem
_gseoaama,
_mo CucgeoL Lcc,
eaozauu
Oeeee - oo os.
LaLasc _aamL . _ugga _zsssas
Lccs scm asssu, _ugga.
ggc o g cu cu _acc _oLLLLccg.
gm@
gug LeLa _gOgg eag_ LeLaCL _qu. _g
ac scmea _gsao uaeosc ge Luo Coeu
ceg Cscm gug ncc_qc c_gg _gs CsaLLasec
CLaggu e__aaCu nag_ e__aau. _e ue_ g_ssu,
OLagoagmc geu CLaeg nag_ _gL Lesc
eega noe C_eo. g_ssu m_LLu _zoae,
g_ssu num_u guLLLu ceLg oc_ou.
ue_eLu ue_L Lesc ncceoa ceLee_
_cmL _gsCsaLLasc n_qege. eega
ecscLu qgLLas uaeoscLu _e, neeu,
eCsa_z_gou, eL_ _eeu, gaLLLgg, Cgeu, CLaeg
nag_ Lesc ocz Coeu. _osc cqsao_qc
gg_ qusscas gaLgqL LaeLL Coeu. ggqc
oecaa_g, guLqc oecaag ceg L_OuagsCsgL
sgm__ac mu gau naqu gqa uaeosc _gOggs
scm sgL_e _ou noesCa oggL_gu _ggc OLgo.
g_ss_e_ oog_go_gsas qqsqgc, gaoaa,
__qog, OsaeegCog_e CLaeg _g osaas_u
zauaaeu, usaLaz_u CLaeg qsaeas_u Lso_ se_
CLaeg __go gcs_u C_aege.
uaeosc _asec __oc mgg Osaccqu,
e__aa_qc gcggeo oc_gs Osaccqu _g ac
LaLu C_eoLLgg. quL ngqsc ogL OLgqu
_ma - uaeo ngq CLaeg e__aa neqsc
iii
GsgaJ
I. g @m @qJ JqJ 1
. _g aoe oezaeg
.z _g ac g _gmac o
. _g agu geea _gmacs_u
. _g aoe egaeuaaeuu
Laes_u
II. g Gea@J ggess Gea@J zS
z. _go Oeac uggu _geazao
Oeacsce oezaeg z
z.z ncCgasqu nLeL o
z. L_ssu, gL_e_ uggu _sgeo
_gLLe
z. agg geoue sLLgg _eeu o
III. gGgg sgq 41
. _eue__u e__aa_u
.z quLu uggu e__aa ggoeasc s
. nmeusc, sLeusc, uggu
gcOoa_ssu
. _eLee Lgga Osacessc s
t_i coemL_ _eLees Osaces
t_i LgsqL Lg oaaqu _eLees
Osaces
ti qq___ _eLees Osaces
iv v
CuuLLqu _gac LaLu usqu C_eoLLu. uaeosc
_ascg sLeuea negg gg_ _eguc sLeuaagg
_gac n_qgg. mgqssas oagoC_ nag_ oagses
ce_u nama oagsesOgg uaeoscLu oco
_eLu. gug _zeaasu, gug ga ceg nag_ ceeu
ogLOLgu. _e _ou gcuss gqa C_e_e_ nqoass
uaeosc LaLoasc. __esa ue_ Cga_e_
ocsqu _gac LaL_e_ Cucgeo __oae
uaeos_sq LaLuas eo_gcc _u_s _zssq LaLgc
q_me _ascg ueuag_ gegea_ O_mm_gs
Osacege.
n+: _m _ms1
. e_s _gmaoc ncc Cssc ss
t_i z__c
t_i moasz_g
ti oz_Leee
t=i _gOsaeo
tni e_s ggg_ _agqsc
tmi CLae_ OLaqLs_sq _euaa_c
CLaeg )a L_ssasc
tci Laaszoa__qe )eusc
tgi O_agc eag_ _gs CsaLLasc
4. g(g 5 g 0assQa 141
. gceoaa agu _gssq_gsc
__qog
Osaeeg Cog_e
_gez
.z qqoc_o agu _gu a
. gaoaa agu _gu s
. zauaaeu uggu usaLaz_u
ne_gu _gu zo
. Lso_ se_ agu _gssq_gssc zs
. 0saJ ymJggJ sg gJ zz
vi
1
1. g@m @qJ, JqJ
(NATURE OF ETHICS AND ITS SCOPE)
J.J. g@dm qmgmg
_ @mm
ue_ee Oeacsc uggu gL_e_ue _z_e_L Lgg
_q Oeu g _mac _qu. n_azeuas _egaL
oa_sesuc ussc nezaauOLa_g zaue gcooe,
sg_zu )aoe. esm__c )a L_ssu. neeuCa
CLsog gcog, gae Oe_g em, g Oe_g _og. _oe
LL Oegsss aLag CLaeg Looesaae s_gssc
ue_scg gL_e_ueeL Lggu, Oeacscg _eeueaL
Lggu mcsqo_as _euggccg.
_ @mm o1m osmom
gcog, )ag, em _og __oa Oeagsce OLac ccoa
uss_squ, ccoao g_geosqu OLaggo_as uaga_
_eeueLa_as ss Coeu.
ue_ oa_mgq qgsCsac __c _oau.
_sqgsCsac ceLg q oes nama oa_q geo _qu.
_eue_ee gL_e_sc _ee_gu ___esa nama
oa_q geoea _LLeLaas OsaeL_as ss Coeu.
ue_oa_me qgsCsac c__esa_as ss Coeu
ceLg Lggu, _sqgsCsace _LLeLuc _oeg
2 3
gL_e_ea em _cog _og ceg caaeu ugLd
Oeaoau ceLe_L Lggu _g aoaeg gusq
ne_gsgg.
_e ue_ oa_sesea uLu _coauc e_s
oa_seseau _g ac oezaeg Oesgg. n_azeuas,
e__aa_gc ussc, _ma - uaeoscas, seoe
ueemaas, OLgCga - mcecscas - geea Lo gegscc
eegg oa_sege. ooag eegg oa_gg
OeacLsegosc qoOoa gegugu meLgg Coea
q_aq _egsec emaa _oga ce _gg _q Oeogu
_g ac _qu.
0o+m mmom
Cueo gaL __go_ge _LLeLuc _g aeo
Ethics _cog Moral Philosophy ceg _e_ssgasc. Ethics
ceLg Ethos ceg sCzsso Oeacoogg OLgLLLL_aqu.
Ethos - ceL_gq o_ssu ceLg OLac. (Ethics is the science
of character, habits, of a activity or conduct of human beings.)
Moral ceLg Mores ceg o_)e Oeacoogg
OLgLLLL_aqu. Mores ceLg uz ceg OLacLu.
ceCo, _g ac ceLg ussc O_aeg O_aL_ _ug
oa_sesuc LaeL_g Oogg seL o oa_mac
Ogg_egsecL Lgga _zao ceLg oeasegg.
_ @mms m;mn[ rnr: 0ommom
gau _g aeo oezaeg Oe_CLag _g
e_s_gc oa_seg ue_ee gL_e_eaL Lgga
_zaoaas LLe_s seCLau. _g aoaeg
CgzaasCoa _cog ueg_suasCoa e__aa_C_a
O_aLeLa Lo Oeacsec _zasgg. n_azeuas,
g_c, ug _gg_c t)a Oeacsci _uu Oe_c,
_aeu Oe_c, tggOeacsci CLaegeosc _qu.
ue_e qoe saLCoa _cog q Laeooe_gCoa
_e_g ssgae. _oe _aCs Oeu Oeacsc
_qsq nmae _co. _o_eLa Oeacsc e_s_e_L
LagLLg ceo. Lou eegg oa_u e_s_gc _ae
_eue_e Oeacsc _qsq nmaeoas uagsege.
qoe _Lac __gezseco Cesmssgae. __esa
Oeacsc Cgzaas _qsqmae _co. _u_u
oOeacsc ueg_suas e__aa_e__ _asqu ces
s_LLLLac eos_u _qsqma_as _g ac c_gs
Osac_u.
_e ue_ee _egaL Oeacscasa qc__c, neq
ne@_c gas_c CLaegeo _g ac _qsq
nLLLLeo _co.
Cugu uegou qegaosce Oeacsc, q_ge_sce
Oeacsc, moaseasce Oeacsc, agesue ggasc
CLaegogeg _qsq c_gs Osaccoasag. _g
uLueg _eeoeeueg c_a_ Oeacscasa
(non- Voluntary action) soa__c, gzc__c, seq,
CLaegeos_u _g aoe ozumgqc _Lasa.
_g aoaeg sa _gCoa Lq__aseg gge OsaeL
ue_sce gL_e_eaL Lgg uLCu _zasgg. Cugu,
ue_e mumCaggs OsaeL _eeoee Oeacs_u
(Voluntary action) _qsq nLLLLeoCa.
4 5
gau qgLmLL gcog, )ag, em, _og CLaeg
Oeacsce OLac, ue_ gL_e_, _g_ gL_e_ea_
)uaess n_qseg scm, gueu, euau, eLLu,
CLaeg e_s CsaLLas_u _g aoe ozusq
nLLLLeoaaqu.
_g ac ceg gau agogogg .g _gu Lgga
_zao ceg cc_as_ O_msegg. _gu ceg Oeac
LcCog oesaae OLacsec nccLssag _qu.
O_oL oo goc_o _ug gsqgcc __c aoas
_g_gLLaeo _eu_gs OsaeLa. _gu c_u Oeaceo_
_ae_uu Oe_c, gc coa_ses, ue_gsse uaoag
__c, OLagaeu, CLzaee, su Oeagsc, CLaegogeg
gsq_c, ee mg OLacscc esaae ncca.
Cugu goc_o ue_ oa_me nggLOLacsc
ceg ag__ss _gu, OLac, eLu, m
_saeosecu us __uas ee_g _ug gsqgec
_eu_gcca. __oc _goguc ggs CoeOuegu,
me _oog_e_ _LLeLaass OsaeL ogscCoCa
OLacLL Coeu cegu agsga.
_goguc =La OLace _ouas uLCu
eL_e_ __Lmss Coeu cegu, oa_me
ggs qgsCsacasa m CLggee _eLa gCo
gg_og cegu O_cqL_gsga. e_L CLaeg
Osaeeg Cog_e, __gog CLaeg _ggcs_u
_gss_gssec CgzaasCo oog_gsege.
n_azeuas _gu Oea mu, _gog eu,
CLaegogge _ouas _gs s_gssc c_gezssL
LLcce.
gg eua_ge e_ goae Lso_ e_ugu Lae
Cgassao Oeac _cog gqsauasua ceLg s__as
c__acLLLccg. ceCo, _g aoaeg e__aa_e_L
Lagsssaa _e ue_ee gL_e_uee _q Oeseg
_zao aoaqu.
_@mm, qm @mm : (Ethics & Philosophy)
_g agsqu, __go agsqu eLuc ncc
O_aLeLL Lgg uagLLL s_gssc ncce. O_sc (Hegal)
uggu s#e (green) CLaegosc __go aeo
_LLeLaass OsaeCL _gac _euo_as
sgsege. _eac zauLc (Rashdall) CLaegosc
_gaeo _LLeLaass OsaeCL __go ac
_euo_ass agsege. moa_u q gu ss, _g
agu, __go agu us Ogssuae O_aLeLaeo
ceLe_ nez _segg. _seL s_gsce
_LLeLuc e_ nez _u.
. e__aa_ge gegL_e_ue og_eguc _ae
_gss_gssc noassLLcce.
z. _gaoe )Lsc __euaaegu, O_coaegu
CgmeLaaegu _qu. eo _ee_gu agesL
OLace _eeusecs OsaeCL _euu. _gq
_gac __go agsqo Oeco Coeussgg.
. _g aoe oezaegsec __go ac _egLL
c_gs agsgg. _g ac oezaegsce _eg ea
_eLaacascae sLqc, s_ggzuae )ss_meeu,
6 7
uggu _euame goa_ _eeu _saeosec
_zaogu, c_g acogu __go aoe
LaLuaqu.
+. _gac ceLg _gmac ugLd LeLs Osaeccg.
__go ac _g_ _gmac ugLdLeL _egL
L_gsgg.
. __go ac nos_ggqu, ue__squ ncc O_aLeL
mcsss agsgg. _g aCoa ue_ee q ueoeaL
ncceoass saLsgg. ceCo, sLq_squ,
ue__squ ncc O_aLeLL Lggu, nosu uggu
e__aau Lggu _ggg Osacc __go aeoCa
_@s Coe nccg.
o. gega __go aoe mzoeesc _gagsq
nLLLLeoscasCo ncce.
_smm+ms
_euame goa__eeu, saee ugmgms CsaLLa,
e__aa_ggqu, _e ue__sq_cc O_aL, _euamgqu,
nosgq_cc O_aL, sLqc Lgga s_gssc
_saeoaqu.
_@mm, ommqm (Ethics & Religion)
euau ceLg ue_ee LsqoL L_goC_aaqu.
Cugu euau ceLg ze _LLeL _ueasecs
Osaeccg. qeg, sLqc ogLaL_eg, zeLaog
q_ssu, _u g_eesc, uggu gegL_e_sec
seLLmss Coea_e _oa_e_ oog_gs agsgg.
qLOua__uae u_ gumses nccosc agoe_Oacoau
O_aq_gL Lasqu CLag _sseL s_gssec_ _ae
_osc oog_gsgasc ceLg O_coaqu.
. sLqc ceLo ssega.
z. sLqc _u g_eesce s_ouasqu, q_ss
ozasqu, gegL_e_ OsaeLozasqu ssga.
. uss qegg_ saoCu oa_saa ue_e, sLqcL_gc
saes aa ma Lescc oogegaaog _eLa
_agss Coeu. ceL_aqu.
+. aeu, _cog Oueq OLgseg oguc Cgu
_eLsec_ _s_O_ga _go Oeacsc geemsege.
_euss seeaue ug Lggsqu gea _sgg
_gac n_qsegg.
. _gaoaeg ue_ee gcogLL_gu, _euaeo
geuL L_gu, mzuuu _e_c squ _eua
ce nez eoLL_gq _g ac geemsegg.
ceCo, eua_gc sLqc ogLaL _egea_ _m_gs
ags aa geea s_gssc _ee_gCu _gaoc
agLLu s_gsscaqu.
_e _ou eua_u, _gagu us Ogssuae
O_aLmee Osaecce ceLg nggaasgg.
_@mm, m+:mmm m[_m oqommm :
(Ethics, Anthropology & Sociology)
_e ue_e gL_e_ ceLe_L OLagoas c_gs
OsaeLac e_s ac _gu ue_ ac _gu aL
_e_L Lgg _zaaCo Oesege, e_s agu uaeL
8 9
agu Oeu _qs_squ _g ac CugOsac_u
_qsqu _LLeL CogLa cee ceLe_ _g_c
Coeu.
ue__eLa gL_e_eaL Lgg _qOeu _g ac,
_C_ gL_e_eaLLgg _q Oeu e_s ac uaeL
ac _qscogg cooag CogLsegg ceLe_
oezaeg Oeg O_mgg Osac__c Coeu. e_s agu
(Sociology) uaeL agu (Anthropology) Cggeo _cog
mcss geo _gmaeoo eag_eo. _g ac nageo
_gmac _qu. g c_gssaLe _ou _ee
_gaoau.
gueu Oeg Osac__c _eue_ee gL_e_scc
qeg. gueu Lgg e_s agu, uaeL agu, _gagu
_q Oeg ___u gegeao eag_ mcssasecs
Osassege. _eg_eLa _q Lcue CLasqsecL
La__ac _g ac _e_eLa _me _ou cooag
CogLasgg ceLe_ _gaoau.
e_s ac _g gueu ceL_e
OLaec mcsqoa. eLaqsce _euL, __oc
gueo eLaq _eug_ _eg, saogC_agu _g ocgg
og_ _eg _saogeg momLLa. __oc g _Loe
q OLeee uLCu gueu Oeg Osac_u
_egLe qoe ze OLesecu gueu Oeg
Osaccoau. ceg _eg ussc u_guc gcog ce
s_LLLLg. _C_ eua_gc q OLeee uLCu
gueu OegOsac_u _eg _og ceg o se_gL
CLe_ O_aLase. gguc _azueu usscac
gggOsaccL OLggg ce gue ozoagg _egea
c_go. aCs q_az ueu _og ceg _o c_geagu
_g _o, _Coa, _cog _o ugLdCLa _eg. q_az
ueu _og ceLg q sao_gc q Lqg ussce s__as
g_g ceLg ozoagg neeusecu, gs_osecu
_LLCa c_geoss Coea sLeuaa_oc ozoagg
neeuea _LLCa c_ge ceL_asCo
OsaccCoeu. _ooaCg _ae uaeL ac _g
Oeagu mcss_u squ.
ncce_ nccoag c_g c_gog ozoagg _eg
ncce_ ugLd Oeg c_gog nageo _gmac _eg.
q _az ueu geg cegu _az ueu ee ee
sazeascac _og cegu c_gssaL, _az
ue_egeamL q_az ue _egCa gcog ce mcss_u
_eu_g c_gog ugLdL _eg. e_s ac _gu
uaeL ac _gu ozoagg _egea uLu
CugOsae c_goa. mcss geo mae _egea
CugOsaeCL _osc c_goasc. ugLdL _eguc
c_gog g em, g _og ce c_gsLaL, g gcog
ce ugLd Oeg c_gog _g ac _g
CugOsac_u _eg. _ooag mcsqoC_ nageo
_gmac.
ceCo, _gac ceg nageo _gmaoaeg
ugLdL _eguoae ue_ee gL_e_ Lgga _mac
cesOsacc Coeu, e_s agu uaeL agu ue_
gL_e_eaCa c_gs ageagu, _eo ue_ gL_e_
ee ee saoascc LLLL g_g eeee
sazeascac eeee uagg_e_L OLggg ceg _cmc
10 11
ozoagg _egea qL mcss OLgu neeuscas (facts)
squ.
J.. g@d @1 gmd
(Ethics as a Science)
_[mmm
Cggeo _gmac nageo _gmac
(Positive Science ) (Normative Science)
agmac _gac
Coguac, __sac
numac _ceouac
_[mmm
q qgLmLL OLaecCaa _cog qgLmLL
gs_oeaCaa c_gssaL, mcssu CsLs _gLLLac,
__Cea eeg_ ccoao Oegsecu, qoes
q_aseuLm_c _seg _gCo _gmac _gq. (Science
is organized or systematized knowledge).
_[mmm qs
qoes _LLeL q_aseuLm_c CoeLa_
Oegsec gss, Coea Oegsc ccoaogegu
_egaas ee_gL OLgseg _egaaqu. q oes
eoeas Osa__ac _aoz aoc ea_aze _gqeLaoe
eoeaL Lgga o Oegsec uLCu ag ocooeas
LLae. _eac _gmac _goaeg _g_ g
eoea _LLeLaass Osae __euaae
Oegsec g q_aseuLm_c _eu_g_ _ggmu.
_ooaCg _g agu ue__eLa cg_ q Oeaeou
mcss _gLu CLag, _oOeac Lgga __euaae
Oegsecu em, _og, geeu, )eu, ce _LLeL
q_aseuLm_c _eu_gs saL mcsqu. ceCo, _g
agu _gmac oeseao eag_g _qu.
cg_ g _gmagu __gqma cceos CsaLgqc
geg, mgsLq nLLLCL_ae mcss_gee_ _sgg.
__esa cceosCsa _gmac gegsqu ne, ceL_ac
_g agu, _gmac oeseao eag_g.
_ @mm 1 m1[sm _[mmm
_g ac e__aa_gc oa_u ue_ gL_e_eaL
Lgg _zau qoes _gmac ceg seCLau.
_gmac ceLg qgLmLL gs_oeaL LggCaa
_cog OLaecL LggCaa __Cea eeg_
__euaae Oegsec qasee_g_ _u q_aseuL
_qu.
_gmaeo oesscasL mmssoau. _eo
nageo _gmac (Normative Science) cegu Cggeo
_gmac (Positive Science) cegu _e_ssLLu.
q OLac q qgLmLL acsecs Osaeccg
cegu, qgLmLL oesuc OeacLsgg cegu, oegq
_ouas _zagg mcss_gee_ _og Cggeo _gmac
_qu. moasac (Zoology) _aozmac (Botany) agmac
(Physics) Coguac (Chemistry) CLaegeo Cggeo
_gmagsq c_gssaLsc _qu.
12 13
o Oeacsc ge LL OeaLLL CoeOueCga
_cog cLL OeacLLLas Coeu. ceCga, CLaeg
Cscmsec c_LuCLag _ogggq meLsecs sae
_gLu g ac, nageo _gmac _cog Cuc
ozumLL _gmac _qu. ue_ee nccLL _maoc,
_ceouac (Logic) __sac (Aesthetics) _g ac (Ethics)
ceg u_egu nageo _gmac mmeoo Ceg_eo.
gco g_ee cLL ss Coeu ce _ceouac
mcss _gLog CLaoCo, gco __q cLL ss
Coeu ce __sac mcss _gLog CLaoCo, gco
gL_e_ cLL ss Coeu ce mcss _gLog _g
aoe sLeuaaqu.
_e ue_ee Oeac _cog gL_e_ ceLe_L
OLagoas c_gs OsaeLac, e_smac _gs_u
(Sociology) uaeL ac _gs_u (Anthropology) ncmac
_gs_u aL _eosecL Lgg _zasege.
__sac _ceomac, uaeL ac, e_s ac, _sa
ggaeq acs_Cu ue_eeL LggCa mcsseagu,
_g aoaeg ggaeq acscoggu CogLsegg.
cLLOaec, e_s agu, uaeL agu ozoaggs sao
gs_qsecu, __eeL Lgga neeusecL Lgg uLCu
CLssegg.
_eac _g aoaeg ge cLL ce _ssao
gs_qsec _q Oeo_ac .g g nageo _gmac
ceLLsgg.
J.B. g @@ qmm gmd_
_g ac g _gmac ceg _ge_a LaL_gc
seCLau. _eac _g ac g nageo _gmac cegu
_ggg OsaeCLau. _g agu g _gmac ceg oesuc
_g cooag geea _gmacs_Le O_aL Osae
nccg ceLe_ LLqguc saeCLau.
_@mm m1mm : (Ethics & Biology)
_LLeLuc ue_e oa_u nume_ge oeseao
eag_geac, moaqs_sq nma mg_egsc _o_squ
OLaggo_as _euggcce. ss_gee Lame CLaeg
_gsc oa_o_gsae CLazaLLu (Struggle for existence)
uggu geo_gLL_gsae OLa__u (Survival of the fittest)
ceg moasac mgsce L mcss ncce.
g_s s_gc nLeLa OsaeL O_OLL uOLe=
(Herbert Sepncer) _eg _g aoe CsaLLasc (Principle of
Ethics) ceg Osaces _ou moasaeo _LLeLaass
Osae _g aeo mcss _gLsega.
_o gcog cg OsLLg cg ceLg moasgqu
ue__squ qeCg ceg agsega __aog _o
ceoOacoau oa_me _eCegg_ggq n_qsegeCoa
_eoOacoau gcoe cesga uggL ceoOacoau
___esa _eCegg_ggq_ _eLscas ssegeCoa
_eoOacoau OsLLe cesga. _e _ou egC_s_ggq
Lueg moasac mg_egsc ue_eg gLosessc
ug LagLsec ggL_gsege ceLg O_coasgg.
14 15
_ @mm m1msm _qnns:m+o 0o+o:qmm :
oa_mgsae LagsaLu _eCegg_u ue__sq_
C_eoaae_aqu. _eac _g uLua ue_eg qgsCsac
ue_e moasogg coocCoa _e Ceg ssgae.
moaqsc sggLgo g_gsq ggL _asec uagg _eu_gs
Osac_u. _eac ue_Cea, _ae oa_o_gsae
sggLgog_eo noasqsegae.
_gmac semLsec LaeL_gsegae.
gas#suae e__aa_e_ noasqsegae. gc moaqsce
mg_egsc _ee__LLLmceo. n_azeuas
moaqsce mg_egLL ooeuaaeg oa_u.
ooeuaggg _g_O_agssLLu. _eac ue_
e__aa_gc __gq uagasCo gLssgg. __aog
ooeuaggoscae OLesc, q_ge_sc uggu
_gaosc CLcL LagsassLLsege. _muLaLc
agag CLaeg ue_eg gLLae Oeacsec
moaqscL_gc sae _amceo. _oas ue_eg
OeacLasc Lq__ggg, _gqgmsce CsaLLasceL
_ae geLOLgsgC_ _mz moaqsce mgsceL _co
ceLe_ nggaass agoau.
_ @mm, @m[nmm : (Ethics & Physics)
agmac _gmaeoL CLao _cog q Cggeo
_gmac _cog mcss oes _gmac ceg agLLsgg.
gOeec agmaoc gau g nosL OLacsecL
oescac uLu _zagg _ogge acsecu,
_ogggseLCa OeacLu ages mgsecCu
mcsqsCgau. g noq cLL ss CoeOueCga
agmac _zaogceo. uagas _gmac ue_ gL_e_
emaa _cog _oga ceLe_L Lgga _z_e_ geau
Oeg )Lsec o_aqsegg. ceCo e_ g nageo
_gmac ceg agsCgau. oocmc sa@uCLag
agmagsqu _g agsqu Cgz_O_aL ss
ea_gau ceo.
agmagu _g agu uagLLL _gmac oeseao
Ceg_eo cegagu _ogggseLCa q oes ueg_s_
O_aL ssgg ceCg ag Coeu. sazeuaaO_ec
ue_ee gL_e_sc _oeg ncc_gc
)uaessLLLLagu g nosCoCg geLOLggas Coeu.
ue_ee Oeacsc aaqCu nose ages mgs_sq
nLLLCL )z Coeu. _ssauae sazemg (Law of
causuality). agmagsqu _g agsqu OLagoae qegaqu
_gaoc agLL m_mee mgaaeg agmaoe
sazesama mgea qLCa _euggccg. Cugu ue_e
q Oeaeoo Oea_ O_aLaqu _ee _oOeac g
nosc C_aggmsss aa mecqsecL Lgg_ O_mgg
OsaeCLaas Coeu. g_ _cmc _o_sq agmac
_gq gee Oeu.
_@mm, mmmm : (Ethics and Psycology)
ncmac ceLg ue_ ue_e_L Lgga _zaoaaqu.
ue_ uegc gs_u uag_csecL Lggu, ue_o
Oeacs_sqL meecaas _euu neosc,
uegeosc uggu _oeg _goaggc Lggu ncmac
_zasegg. ue_ Oeacsc aaqCu O_aLss_gc q
ceeuas c_gg meeCz Oeac oo_ggq oo_ac
_g ac ncmagLe q us_ssauae oesuc O_aL
16 17
Osaeccg. ue_ gL_e_aaqu LcCog uegeosce
OocLLasCc. ue_ee uegc _eug_ ncCgasq,
nLseL, uggu _sgeo _gLLe - eoaaqCu
_o_eLa Oeacsec_ )uaessege.
Cugu ue_ neoscasa sauu, qCza_u, _ee,
_oeu, L, zssu eoaaqu ue__eLa Oeacsec
g_aog q m__gc Lagssege. ceCo ncmac _gq
_g ac _zaosq us_ C_eoaae qegaqu.
_eeus saoascc ncmaoc e_s ncmac (Social
Phychology). gL_e_ eag_ ncmac (Behavioral Phychology)
ceg mmqsc _ssa_gou oag_eoaas ocggcce.
e_s ncmac, q e_su _e ue_ee uegeoea
com__gc Lagssegg ceLe_L Lggu, q _e
ue_ee ncc_gc c_u neosc e__aa_gc
c__esa mecqsec_ C_aggmssege ceLe_ Lggu
_zasege. ncmaoe om mmqs_Cu _g ac
_zaouc q _ssaL Laq Lcaagg _u.
. __euaae Cgassu
ceLg oezaegsq
nLLLLg.
+. g s _ q s c e
_LLeLuc )q
saeLLsgg.
. uagu uegeoea
_LLeLaass OsaeL
ue_eeL Lgga
LL _qu. ceCo
gLLoLLuas_ )L
ag aoag.
__euaae Cgassu ceLg
us mmgg Lzgg squ.
_zaoue _LLeLuc
)q saeLLsgg.
gLLOLaLsce, uaga_
_eeu OsaeL gL
OLaLsce LL
ceL_ac )L uaga_
_eeueLag.
m1[sm _[mmm
. ge c_gq cLL
ceg meassec
c_Loe_
c_Loe_
_LLeLaass
OsaeLg.
z. ugLdsc Lgg Lsss
aag.
61[sm _[mmm
cee ss Coeu, g
LL__ae OeacLLLas
Coeu ceg mcssasec
_LLeLaass OsaeLg.
neeusecL Lgg _gas
aag.
J.4. g @dm @mgmzmg m_
_ @mms @s[msmm+sm
sCzss _gzae _muLaLc ue_eeL Lggs agu
OLa_g _oe q e_s moaq (Man is a social animal)
cegu Lq__gqcc moaq (rational animal) cegu oezaeg
Oegcca. sauu, L, _oeu CLaeg nLc eag_ neqsc
ue__squ, moaqs_squ OLagoaeeo.
oqeosce _LLeLuc uLu ue_e
Oeaoaggoaeasc _o_squ moasgqu _gs CogLa
ce_u gau sae aoag. _eac, Lq__gu
_e_eeuagqu sseg qCz saze_geac _oe
moaseegu CogLL g nama geouc
eossLLsgae.
LLq__geo _oe cooesuc LaeL_g_c
Coeu ceLe_ _o_sq ne_gog _gmac
18 19
CsaLLasCc. oa_sesL Lae_uc ue_e _Lu uagauc
LL_gq _gmac CsaLLasc gg_ ogsaLscas
_eusege.
__go ozoaggc LeeLa sao sCzss _gscae
easzus, mCcLCLa, CLaegosc _ascg __gos
CsaLLascc, oaeu, Cgeu, geu, mzu CLaeg
_gLLesecL Lgg __uas _zagg _ogeg
nageo_ _sqscass ago Oeegcce. __go
_zaouc _g ac q _ssa L_e_ cssao_ggCu
os_g oggccg. OLuLaoae nos euaasc _g ac
CsaLLas_sq _ssa_gou Osa_g oggcce. sLqec
gggs Osacca_ euaascae OLc__euau, eue euau
_sae _gmac CsaLLas_sq g nag_ L_e_
_c_gcce.
_u_s_gc gsqgc, gga@g, gaoaa, __gog
CLaeg nama Le_euaae gcsc aaqu uso gg_
_ggcscaqu. gg eua_ge q _ssao eua goae
Lso_ e_ Lae Cgassao Oeac ceg _ma _g
acCsaLLaLeL nosgq cssao_ggqu OLaggu
oesuc _c_gccg. sg_gou, uoau, g_ euau,
_sae _gOggs CsaLLasec _LLeLLaass
OsaeCL _euggcce.
ceCo, _g ac _goaeg qoee ocgeoscc
na_gsegg.
. moaseLugg _eee CogL_gs Osaccqu.
z. _gOgguc _eee geo gg_g, ue_eas oa_qu.
. mgezu _goa_mc gg_g, __eac eaeCgaeas
oa_qu, _sa _eg geoscc ue_ee na_gsgg.
_eue_ oa_mgu, e_s oa_mgu _gmag
CsaLLasc q _ssa _asu osssege.
_gOggueegu o_ma e__aaasc aaqCu
gooeLg_e ceLe_ ue_ ozoag gusq
c_gezssegg. Oeueuaae _gOggsCc q e_s_ge
qggeu uggu geoaae _eeueaL CLcssasss
aa_as ssgg. q _e ue_ee naq aL _oe
gggs OsaeL _gOggsecL OLag_C_ _euu.
_ @mms nmsom
_g ac ceg Lqguc _eussLOLgg ccoaCu _g
ac _gme LaesCc. Ouageo gau _ague
q Lqgaas gau _gmaeos Osacc Coeu. ue_
gL_e_uc sa@u gcoe_u )ae_u Lgg _zagg
neeueas seLgu _aguCoCa _gmac =Lsgg.
i) usscL_C_ _ogae CLassc _euggmLL o
_gugg L_ss o_ssasec gssqu, _cog _g_C_a
eesqu oesuc uaggaeussqu _g ac _gq
geemsegg.
ii) e_s _euLscae quLu, scmgeoau, e_sL
Lug geoau, O_aggaLu, ga, eua _euLsc,
_zeeo, CLaegeos_sq, neeu qc seLsso
Oeaqu. q_aq_eg OLgqu _g ac _gq
n_qsegg.
20 21
iii) uagou e__aa uaggas_sq ggL _gogs
Osacesscae nos qeuLLa ue_ Cgau
CLaegogge gLeL c_gsag OeacLLo Oeog
_g ac _gq _qu.
iv) eg nose LcCog Lqgscgu, LcCog mmq
usscL_C_u saeLOLgu, _eug eeu uggu
_gucoao Oeacsce OLssu CLaegogeg
q_aqL_gogu _g ac _gq _qu.
v) _g aoaeg ue_ gL_e_ue nageos
CsaLLasecL (Norms) Lgg _zagg agsegg.
__esa CsaLLasc _e ue_e _e_eLa
oa_seseao gLLae oguc _eu_gs Osacc
n_qsegg.
vi) q qgLmLL g_geouc g _ae OLaggu ceg
mezgg _q Oeaqu, _q Oe_e_o
OeagL__qu _g ac _gq n_qsegg.
vii) ue_ oa_maoc _eug_ LcCog gegsecu,
_e__eaas gg_g OggLL__qu, _LLcCog
gegsCcau eegg __euL LemeeL OLg
n_maas LLgu _g ac _gq _ae.
LeeLs sao_gogC_ _g aoe qgsCsa_u,
ussce L_ss o_ssasceac _q OeaLLL
ggeL_ _eeueLaeo ces s_LLLLe.
sOsacessec gau meLggu CLag seLLas _goguc
_ae gau OecCoaCuaeg uaggL Lae_uc Oeco
oaLsc uss qegCo.
_g ac Osacessc e_s_gc oa_u ue_e,
_oe_s__ac oezaeg OeaLLLL gL_e_ _egseco
ma _eguc meLgg n_qsege. _gmac Osacessc
_e ue_ee gL_e_eao Oeueu Oeo_e _ouas
_oe oa_u e_su geo_g, eegg ssqu n_m
msegg.
g mmzm
I. 1_m1omm ms:mm (z m[n0noomi
. _g ac cegac cee
z. Ethos ceL_e OLac aag
. Moral ceL_e OLac aag
+. ue_ oa_me gaeq nggL OLacsc aaeo
. _gmac cegac cee
o. _gs s_gssc Lgg agu L_g_u_ gcsecs
qgLm.
. oa_me ggs qgsCsac aag
a. _gmac _eg ceLg cee
s. _gmaoe oessc aaeo
o. Cggeo _gmac cegac cee
. nageo _gmac cegac cee
z. Cggeo _gmagsq n_azeu Osa.
. nageo _gmacsc aaeo
+. O_LL uOLee c_ga goe OLa cg
. _eeus saoascc _ssa_gou oag_ ncmacsc
aaeo
o. ue_e q e_s moaq ceg agao aa
22
II. q_ n[ _mmm _mm n m1o_ mo+mm
ms:mm. (s m[n0noomi
. _g ac ne_gu neeusc aaeo
z. _g ac g _gmac - mcsq
. _g agu, agmagu Lgg mom.
+. _g agu ncmagu cooag qegLe qeg
O_aLeLag ceLe_ mom.
. _g agu, eua_u cooag O_aL Osaecce
ceL_ee mom.
III. q_ no _mmm _mm @_n m1o_mo+mm
ms:mm (I0 m[n0noomi
. _g aoe ozumgq nLLLL Oegsec mom.
z. _g ac g nageo _gmac mcsq.
. _g agu, __go agu Lgg mcsq.
+. _g agu, uaeL agu, e_s agu qeCgaOLaeg
cooesuc O_aL Osaecce
. _g aoe egaeuaaeu Lgg c_gs.
o. _g aoe Laesc aaeo
IV. +s no+o_ mo+mm _mm +[nm1o_
mo+mm ms:mm (z0 m[n0noomi
. _g agsqu, _gmagsqu ncc O_aLmee mom.
z. _g agsqu, mg agsqu ncc O_aLmee mcss
oezs.
23
II. gGea@J ggess Gea@J
(MORAL AND NON-MORAL ACTIONS)
.J. g ad g@ g@azgz admm
qmgmg
mm[mm : (Psychology)
ue__eLa Oeagsq gL_e_ ceg q o_sqL
OLa ne. ue__eLa Oeac _cog gL_e_ gs_o_gq
_eeac _o_eLa ue_gc ee ee geosc
neLasege ceLe_ mcss _gLu _gmac gegCa
ncc_gac.
ue_ee gL_e_sq _ee gs_u uegeosecs
sazeuasqu, nLumc gs_u Looeso Oeacsecs
samauasqu Osaccoau. ooesuc ue_ gL_e_ea
_go_gqma _gmuoas ncc_gac gs_sgg.
_e ue_ee gL_e_ea geg ceg ggLC_a, )g
ceg mosqoC_a ncc_gaoe Lc _eg. _u_u,
ncc_gac oezaeg Oeg saLa uegeosec
_LLCa _g ac gggs Osacsgg.
_0omm
ue_e Lo Oeacscc =Lsgae. e__aa_C_a
eegg oa_u ue_ee Oeacsc emaae_a, _ogae_a,
gco_a, OsLL_a, ggeLa_a, ggLgg_a, e__aa_e_
Cg_suasCoa, ueg_suasCoa Lagsqu aceLa_a
ceOgcoau _qsc OeaLLL, e__aa_ggq_
)aq mecmssa_ Oeacsc ggOeacscas gggs
24 25
OsaccLLsege. _gL Lemee nccLL ccoao
Oeacsecu q_ssu ceCga _geag_ Oeacsc ceCga
gau Osaccoau _eeCa
_g_g@ aq _ss_u ceo __ee
ug__oe masceo Cs
ceg agsga goc_o.
qoeLa oa_sessq _g_e_mL geeuaaegu
ceo. _g_e_L CLaggauc ugLLe_mLs Osgaaegu
ceo ceLg OLacaqu.
_g ac CsaLLaLe _LLeLuc ue_ee
Oeacsc, _go Oeacsc cegu _geazao Oeacsc cegu
oesaasL mmssLLsege.
_gq, _zao gge Osae, Lq__gme
_LLeLuc qoe mumCagg Oeseg Oeaoaeg,
eLmLaL Lugue sazeuas L_sso Oeaoas uaggu
OLgsegg. gCo _goOeac ce _e_ssLLsgg.
oc_oL OLg_esu, _eeCa
qcgu oesaae _gmee qoaC_
Oecguoa Oacoa Oeac.
ceg OecguLOucoau _goOeaeo OeacL__o
Oeacsga.
_o+;+ 0omm
agesue gg__ac noaqu ggaoc, gogssu,
seau, Ooccu, ogL __oaeo _geazao Oeacsc
_qu. gOeec agesaaeg _gg, C_gg, O_cgg,
_goac CugOsaccL OLgg Oeacsc _eg. Cugu,
usasce Oeacsc, q_ge_sce Oeacsc,
ueLmg_ogg ue_ee Oeacsc CLaegeo _geazao
Oeacsce LLaoc Lu OLggcceoaaqu. mgeLa
ogg__oe sazeuas s_ggzugg geouc, OeaLLu
Oeacs_u _geazao Oeacscaqu.
guuac sLLL__L OLg _aa_ z__ gLLu,
ages ncgssaac mecu Oeacsc, _gCoa
nLeLLa_ nLg aggo Oeacsc, neosce ngg_oac
OeaLLu Oeacsc, cgLaza_ Oeacsc, _saeos_u
_gog )Lo Oeacsc _sa.
_ @mm @;+m 0ommom
q q_ge_ _e esea oauc eo_g seo_gs
Osaessgg. g _gCoa eeg_ Oeaoa _cog
mum ggg Oeaoa ceg Cscmsq, _gg meL sae
_gLog _goOeaoe sLeuaaqu.
q_ge_ _e esea oauc eo_g seosqu CLag
_g _gCoaLLa_ OeaCo. _eac mee _gmeac
_zagg La_g_ _og ceg O_mg_CLag, _oOeac
_sq_ge_aac _msss aa OeaCoaaqu. _esaac
_zagg, _oOges seL mgqu _mss aoa_ Oeaoas
_euCuaaeac _oOeac _geazao Oeaoaqu. o
Oeaeo _oe gg_gg_ac _m_gss _u ceg
s_g c_uaeac, _LL _m__ OeaCo ggOeaoaqu.
m_mn [ 0omm : (Voluntary Action)
Lq__gqcc, Oeaoagg oco qoe, _e qgsCsaec
emaaeg ce _zagg eeg ce oezaeg
OegOsae _e_ _eLa mum, __gCsgL _e
26 27
Oeacseco s_ggzuae _eeuLe Oeaoaggoe_
mumCagg Oeac ceLOLgu.
ooesaae mum ggg Oeac _seL _eg
geosecs Osaeccg.
_i uegeo
_i nLc euLg_LLLL Oeessc
i OocLg meceoOaaLa geo
_i ms[sm
mum ggg Oeaoe _eg geoscc __c
geoaasa uegeoaaeg _g oesscc OeacLsgg.
i) 6qsmo1 (Feelings of wants)
C_eoeoeaL Lgg oess s_gssc ne.
. C_eoeo cLCLagu gemaoae_asCo ssgg.
z. C_eoaaeg gegq OeaLOLgu CLag eL
neqLe sog__asCo ssgg. nugLss_sqo
o C_eosc ne. nLgsq neq C_eo _ooaCg,
g, sagg _saeos_u C_eoCa. eosc
nugL_ C_eosc (Organic needs or wants) ceL.
qoe _esq eo eo C_eo ceg _gog
Cog, _esq neq C_eo ce _gog Cog. LCLag
neq C_eo ceg neeoL OLagoaso seo gs
neq ceL (appetite). _eac, g_ neq Ouco
____u OLgu. gau, mg Coeosec qgss eo_gm ,
neeo nLOsac_uag gesgg. ooag c_u
_sgeo_ ge_c (Impulse) seo gs neeo mL
CogLLLg. _s geo_ge_c qoes geL
neeo Osasqu. sazeu gug g_ee Cog Coeo
ce_u soessmLauc gueu ogoas seo gs
neq nggo_ac _g geLuacLae_asqu neq
nLOsaeLac q gegq ggLsg ceCo,
C_eoeoaaeg geL_gc O_aLas eL_gc
_oeLsgg.
ii) 6qsmo1 @som+o m+_qm
C_eoeo _eeaas uaggu OLgsgg.
ue_eL_gc mcaqu ages _gq ceLg _e_eeu
_gq (Self-consciousness) ceLOLgu. gCo C_eoeo
ea _eeaas (desire) uaggsgg. _eeaas uagga OsaeL
CLag _aCs saeLOLgu agsc.
C_eoea gegq Oeas aa OLac cg ceLg
Lgga s_g. _LOLaec _eLo_gqma og oessc
Lgga s_g. ceCo C_eoeoaaeg q aLLeuL
Oeaoas _eugg msgg.
iii) m+[ [s0_m @sooms 6m+qm : (Conflict of
desire)
Looes_ C_eoeosc qCz eua_gc, Lom_
_eesec C_aggmsqu. qCz eua_gc, ccoa
_eesecu gegCogg aoag. ceCo, qCz q
C_eoea _eeLL _eeea uLCu _eeg_g,
geeaeosecL me_sq_ _cc Coeu ceg geo
28 29
ggLL, ue_gc CLaLeq, uagLLL neq,
ncgssscc Cua_c, _eesce Cua_c __oae gs_u.
_esaac, nuzaeg gC__u gzaeeea uLu _eeg_g,
uggeosecL me_sq_ _ccmu.
iv) qs_1sm 6q1q [sm : (Delibration)
_e_meu_ C_q geo ceLg qoeso Oeaoaggc.
e_o OeagL_gog _e_eeu _gq_ae.
Lo _eesc CuaguCLag, nuzaeg _gm_eLa
_ggoac, _eesecu _zaa _gLsgg. _eesce
oeeu Oueeusc _zaaL OLgsege. gguc, Lo
_eescc qeeg uLu C_gg Osac_u _ggeo
nuzaeg OLggmsgg. gCo C_q geo.
v) o]qsq __]qn n[_m [sm : (Intensification)
nuzaeg _e_meu_ C_q geoue _ou Lo
oesaae _eescc q qgLmLL _eeea_ C_q
Oesgg. C_q Oe_me _g_ _eeeao OeagL_go_g
ssae ncCgassu _euggmsgg. ceCo, _g_
ncCgassuaeg, _eeea Cgass gueuo OeacL_gsgg.
gCo, _eeea gsLLggu geoaaqu.
vi) __qn n[[m [smsm [1m+s [smm+om
gegq OeaL OLg Coea _ee g ce_ C_q
Oe_me, _ee OeagLaL geosq oggmu. go
euaascc _eLsc Cgzoau. _eLsce ooeuaac _g_
_ee oom_gg CLamLa_oag, C_g_ _eo, _g_
_oas _squ.
(Decision becomes determination) cecaLCa Oeac
_ggogc nggeLazas ssL OLggac, _o
cecaogeg cecaoaCg _eLo.
@i :m omn]qnnr: 0omsoom : (Bodily Stage)
_goes nc uegeouc ueu OeacLL nLc
ngLscc Lggg _ogego OeacL_gu. gL__c, g_c,
La__c CLs_c CLaeg Oeacsc ooeseao Ceg_eo.
@i 0mmnq msmsm qrqm [sm
nLc OeacLo_ac _oOeac OocLg nosc Lo
oesaae uaggasec neLasqsgg. C_gO___ _ee,
__e ncCgassu _saogge oeeu, Oueeusecu
OocLg mecqsc ne_gsege.
CuCo qgLmLLoag, C_eoeo, C_eoeo
_eeaas uag_c, _eesce Cua_c, _eescc qeeg_
C_q Oe_c.
C_q Oe_ _eeuee gegq Oea c_gs OsaeL
Oeac, Cgassu, OeagLu _eg, memecqsc ceg
ccoas agsecu ee_g q ue_e Oeaoaggu
CLag _oe Oeac, mum ggg Oeac ceg OLaezL
OLgsgg.
ooag mumCagg CugOsaeL Oeacsc
_geag_ Oeacsc ceg OeacoLLu. eoacoa_
Oeacsc _geazao Oeacsc ceg _e_ssLLu.
30 31
meou oezLL_ge _ouas oOeacsc Lgga
mcss_gee _ggg Osaccoau.
0omm
_0omm _o+;+ 0omm
(Moral action) (Non-moral action)
mumCagg gco Oeacscae q_ge_sce Oeacsc,
q_ssu, CLaegeo agesue Oeacsc,
ueLmg_ogg
ue_ee Oeacsc
.. pmUgz@, pm (Motive & Intention)
ncmac _gsce aggLL, gau q Oeaeoo
OeuOLa_g _oOeagsqs sazeuasL Lo esgsc gu
ncc_gc aaqsege. q Oeac O_aLas _o_gqL
Lo sazcsc ssege.
_eos_c ncCgasqu, nLseLu ze __eeus
sazcsc. _eo c__esa aceLae, cooag
OeacLsege ceLe_ mmoas O_mgg Osac__c
_oau.
m6+ : (Motive)
cg_ q _ggc _cog cg_ qeg gueu,
gu_eLa Oeaeo Cgass qgLmLL oguc
Oeuag msqmssegC_a _gCo ncCgasq ceg OLa
OLgsgg. (The word motive literally means what moves us to act in a
particular way).
q Oeaeo_ C_aggmssqu, __g eossqu nma
sazeuas ncCgasq _euggccg. e, C_eoeoCa
q Oeaeo_ C_aggmLLg cegu, _g qoes geL
neo cegu, geL neoaau_u _g eL
neoeau nccLass OsaeLg cegu _meac
OocLLLLe.
eL geL neosCc Oeaooe nc Cgassasc
ceg OsaeLac, geL neoCa Oeaeo_ goss
eoLL_asqu, eL neoCa Oeaeo __g
eoLL_asqu _euu. uagas geL neCo
O_aaLssuasqu, _oasqu _euoge. n_azeuas,
gaasu gaL go_ssas_ _e nuezs Osa__c CLaegeo
_qu.
q Oeaeo O_aLaqog qegu _LLg qegu
ce Cog Cogas _euog OLaggo_as ceo. Cugu,
neo ceg qege _LLeLuc uLCu OeacLog
moase_gsqu _gq_ gge oczL OLga_
q_ge_s_squ OLaggo_asoau. ue_ee OeagLL
eoLLg _gCo.
ceCo, ue_e _goag OeagLLoe. Lq__gme
geeOsae neosecs sLLL_g_ _au muma
oguc OeacLu _ggc neLaoe. ceCo eL, geL
neos_Le _gq eag_ qgsCsacsecu
ncCgassuas (motive) gggsOsac__c _oauasgg.
n_azeuas, q moeessaz_sq neoc_g n_qu CLag
32 33
zssu ceg neoCaa, _oeg Leas secgg
_o_sq us__LL Coeu ceg _gqL_ouae
qgsCsa_u nLseLaas _eusgg.
Oeacscg _eeu, Oeacsc gs_u Lu, uggu saou,
OeaoaggCoame ac CLaegogggq_ _ssoag
ncCgasq Lo oesscc _euu ceLe_ gau s_gc
Osacc Coeu.
rs: : (Intension)
ncCgass_e_mL nLseLaaeg egg mmg_
OLa_eLag. q Oeaeoo OeLozg qgsCsac, uggu
qgsCsaec _eLo_gsae ogoessc gLLasc
_saogegs qgsqu. n_azeuas q uaeoe geq
Lssgae cegac __gqL Lo sazeasc ne. gega
ugLOLesc OLgg, __c oqLmc C_g Coeu,
OLgCgascL_ggu, _mascL_ggu gco OLa OLg
Coeu. gco Coeouc _uz Coeu. gega Leu
euLagss Coeu. gco oa_ses oa_ Coeu CLaeg
Lo oesaae qgsCsacsc _oeg se ne_Lmgqs
sazeuas _eusege. eoaaqCu _oeg Oeaoe
nLseLscaqu.
OLagoass aguL_g, nLseL ceLe_s qgsCsac
ceoau q Oeaoe _qs sazeu (final cause) cegu
e_s agoau _gq eag_ gu Oeaoe _ou g nosc
gau ggL__ muu uag_Co nLseL. g LcCog
_ueasec_ _e_c _Lssccg.
ncCgasq CLaeCg nLseLs_u, Lu saou, Oeac
gs_u g_geo, Oeac OeLozg uegeo CLaegogggq_
_ssoag Lo oesscc _eusege. ooesscc
oogegL Lgg e LaLCLau.
nLe nLseL ceLg q Oeaoe _ou
_eLasaa nLes qgsCsacaqu. sc_muc Cez
meeLLLLou oaaq_c ceg Oeaoe nLes
qgsCsac sc_muc CezCoeu ceLg. Ooqgz_e_a
_cog geL sao_e_a nLseL ceLg geL
sao_ggqme _eLasaas qgCsacaqu.
gug n_aze_gc, gco ocuae cgsao_e_
_eu_gs Osacc Coeu ceg qgsCsac
meeLLLLou oaaqo_e geL sao_e_ nLseL
_qu.
nLseLsec nccag_eo _cog OocLLeL
aaeeo cegu oesLL__oau. n_azeuas qo
Lcc_gc m_gg mLL q Legeas saLLagga CLag
_ozg OocLeLaae nLseLaas _eug_g, Legeas
saLLagg Coeu ceLg. _eac nccag_ nLseLaas
_ozg ncc_gc Legue geLu se c_g_ o__
nemeesseca Coeu ceg qgsCsac _qu.
Cgz nLseL, ueg_s nLseLeaL meou
c_gsaLLLac _gaoau. Lccscc OeacL__LLu
e_geq gLL_ge Cgz nLseL uga neq _c__c,
nLcgou CLec.
_eac _e ueg_s nLseL ccCoasqu sLLaas
scm, LccLLLeL eLuc gg__aeu ceLe_
OeacL_g_c _qu.
gsagu moag__eoueegu gau _gog aaO_ee
qoOoa Oeagsqu Looesaae nLseLsc ne
34 35
ceLgu qoOoa nLseLsqu Lo agsc ne
ceLgCuaaqu.
m6+m rs:m @s:6m mm 6m[_smom
ncCgasq, nLseL ceg zeCu q Oeagsqs
sazeuas _eug_agu _ogge ac uagLsgg.
ncCgassaeg ac_ss ngg_c uggu _eLa
CoeasqgsCsac _sa zeeLu nccLssag.
_eac nLseL ceLg _eLaCoea qgsCsaec
uLu qgssegg.
ncCgasq ceLg q Oeagsqs sazeuas ss
ue__cmoae nccag_ ge_oasCo OLuLagu
_eusegg. __oac e_L mg _ga oaLmceo.
_eac nLseLaaeg OLuLagu Ooc nos_gc q
uag_c ggL_g __e _ou _eLasaa qgsCsaecs
qgLL_ac _g OocLLeLaas ccCoazagu _ggg
Osaccs aa_aqu.
ncCgasq OLuLagu q mLLuasCo _eusegg.
nLseL ceLg mLLasecL __g Oeg Osacc
Coeu ceg qgsCsa_Le ugg qgsCsacsecu
Oe_eg_ gLLasecu _e_c _Lssa q mmg_
Oeacoaqu.
.B. @, gmg, gmgm m gQ
(Habit, conduct and character)
_gmaeo oezaeg Oe_ CLag, _g e_s_gc
oa_u ue_ee gL_e_eaL Lgga g nageo
_gmac ceg seCLau. ue_ee gL_e_ ceg agu
CLag _g Lo _ueasec_ _e_c _Lasccg.
ncmac #gaass sa@uCLag ue_ee L_ss o_ssasc
uggu _sgeo _gLLe _saaaeou _oeg
gL_e_uee_ )uaeu Oesege ceg O_msgg.
_sCo, LLaL_gc gau L_ssu, gL_e_, uggu _sgeo
_gLLe _saogegL Lggo egg mmoass saeCLau.
_i ngom : (Habit)
sCzss_ __go aeaae easzu gcOoa_ss
ggLe (Virute) ceLg q oesaae nageo
_gqeLeu ceg agea _osqL me og_
_muLaLc, gcOoa_ss ggLe ceLg gco L_ssasec
gug oa_mc geoaass seLLm_g q_qoC_ ceg
agea. om sCzss aesce aggu qeCgaOLaeg
_zeLo_as_ C_aegeagu neeuuc ozg
aggssce _LLeLuc g qggeu nccg.
ceeOoegac, gco L_ssasecs seLggg geoaass
seLm_g q_q_c ceLC_aaqu.
gau gggsOsaeL OeacsecL Lo_eg_ guL_
guLo OeuCLag _eo L_ssuas uagmsege.
n_azeuas, q oaC_ gzuma q_ge_ gLss_
goaquCLag __oc gg zuLLsgg. o _eg C_u
aL m_sgg. _eac Lo _eg gLss _ag Oe_me
_g L_ssuas uag acLas msgg. cg_ q Oeagu
L_ssu ceg _sa me _gqL_ouas gug ue_e_
_oOeaoc Oeg_gog ceLg C_eoagg_as msgg.
Cugu g n_aze_ge _ouas gau geq mgg Osaccoau.
C_sL Lug Oea Coeu ce gee__oe, __oc
36 37
_ee_e_L Lgga Oegsec_ O_mgg Osacsgae. mee
Oeu _egsec_ O_mgg Osacsgae. __oc zeaeeu,
L_uaeeu CLaegeo seuas C_aegeagu, gaceLmc
_g cc_ae Lugaas uagmsgg. ge_oeg_ _aCe
OeacLucqsq, Lug _eugg msgg. gCo L_sso
Oeac ceLLsgg. acLasCo ggOeacseco Oeu
_eeuuee gau OLgg msCgau. e_Ca _muLaLc
gcOoa_ss ggLe ceg agsga.
gug __ae_a aL LL_ssasec L_Ouagaas
agcce. _gz_u esLL_ssu Oeg_u_u
gaLL_ssu eo__O_a scm ueLL_ssu ceLg
_LL_Ouag.
qoe oa_mc gC__u o _egsc uLu
ggOeacseco Oeoaeaue _oCe _goaee ceg
ag_aag. ggOeacseco OeoO_eLg L_ssuas uag
_oe g_ee __ogu gg__eeaas uagu OLa_g_ae
_oe neeuuCoCa, g _goaeeas _segae. Cugu,
ggOeacseco Oeogc q m_uae us_qu, =Lau
_o_sq osege. _muLaLc, q ue_e gco
Oeacseco Oeu L_ssu qoeL_g Coqegu
OLa_g _LL_ssu g acLae qegas _eugg msgg.
@i :sq : (Conduct)
mumCagg _gogo Oeacs_u, L_sso Oeacs_Cu
gL_e_ ceg OLacLu. gL_e_ ceLg L_ssu ceg
geoeas saLgu nag_g. gOeec gL_e_ geouc
ue_u, nLgu qaseegg _g__eeuea __oguas
_eLgg acLaso OeacLsege.
ggeouc q ue_ee _sgeo _gLLesc
aaqCu _oe gL_e_uc OocLLo_ac o uCea__go
_gsc gL_e_ea _LLeLaas eo_gs Osae q
ue_ee ncCgasq uggu nLseLea_ )uaessgasc.
gug _gOuagaae _s_ge __q _s_gc (The face is the
index of the mind) ceLgCu e_Ca qgsqu.
_g aoc gau q e_s_gc oa_u ue_ee
gL_e_eaL LggCa _zaseCgau. _eue_e qoee
gL_e_ e_s_e_L LagLLe_L CLaoCo e_so
g_geos_u _e ue_ee gL_e_eaL Lagssege.
n_azeuas, ece qoe g_geo _assu
sazeuas )mzoagaas uagog. q ue_ee gL_e_
ceLg _oeg _sgeo _gLLeeL _LLeLaass
Osae, LLLaas uagsOsaeCL ogg, _oeg Lg
_cog L_e_g_aog oaggqc _goeLgg q
geoaae _eeueaL OLgg msgg. _eeCa q
gezL LaLoc LLsCsaLeL scaae ag_zu __u
ocz_u, _gqu ocz_u, _g _aeLa oco, nee
_eeCaa =ego_sq _gCo g _u us_o ceLa.
ceCo, _gqLme ou uaggasc uso oCo. gggc
oecaa_g guLgc oecaag ceg L_Ouagu
_eeCa qgssgg. ce_u, q ue_ee quL uggu
38 39
e_so g_csc _oeg gL_e_ue aceLL OLucmc
Lagssege ceLgc s_g CogLa ss _aag.
Cugu, gL_e_ ceLg q ue_ee g_aog gm
Oeacsec uLu qgLLgceo. _oe o_ssuaso Oeu
ccoa oeso Oeacsecu s_gc OsaeCL gL_e_
ceLg )uaessLLsgg.
@i _o[sm _nnoq : (Character)
_sgeo _gLLe ceLe_L Lgga _q _gmaoc
q _ssa L_e_ osssegg. _aso OeagOgaL aL
_sgeo _gLLeme _ssa_go_e_ ooagas
c_gezssegg.
If wealth is lost nothing is lost.
If Health is lost something is lost - But
If Character is lost everything is lost.
ceCo LLeLaeg ue_ oa_sesuc cg_ _cqsq
_ssa Lu OLggssgg. ceLg gau _gg_ qegaqu.
ceCo, _gLLe ceLg q ue_ee gL_e_sqL
meCeugg agggeoea asqseg, qaseeg_,
qLOua__uae _euLeLs OsaeL _oeg
ueLLaeeueas qgsqu.
ooeso OeacsecL L_ssuaso Oeu CLag
_oOeacs_sqL meCe sss aa ueLLaasaeg
q geoLLsgg. ggeouc, gcoguc Oecgu
qoeg ueu __oguas _gL Lemee neLa_as
msegg. ggeouc LLeLaeg _oeg qoOoa
Oeaogu OocLLsgg. gL_e_ueeL CLaoCo _sgeo
_gLLeu mgLmCoCa q ue__sq _euggLL_ass
Osacc _aag. quL uggu e_so g_geosc, ocg_
m_u, __oa Loqu _sgeo _gLLeeL noasqsege.
gco _sgeo _gLLesecs OsaeL q ue_ee
Oeacsc aaqu gco_asCo _euu. _eeCa, gug
_u_ _g OLussc.
ceeu __saeac,
ccoau __saqu ceg nezssege. q ue_ee
gL_e_squ, _oeg _sgeo _gL Lesqu us
Ogasa O_aL nccg.
gu qoOoa Oeagu gug nc uegc g __uae
LagLeL neLasqo_ac gug gL_e_u, gu _sgeo
_gLLeeL noasqogc LaCsgsgg. gug ceeu,
Oeac, gL_e_ u_ege qaseeLCL _sgeo _gL
LeLaqu. _eeCa oc_ou LeeLaa LLe
nosu cesga. Cugu _oCz q_ss_ge cgo
Cueeu cesga.
ceCo, g oag __gOsaeCL q_ge_s_sq gco
s_gssecu, gco L_ss o_ssasecu sgg_ _og
gug _eoaaa sLeuaaqu. __c oqL LaL_gc, _gu
Oea mu, _gog eu CLaeg _gs s_gssec
sgmLLgu _e _LLeLuCoCa _qu.
_ogas_sq _g_ oagc __e OLac maag.
_eac LaLc Lgggmu. egg OLmaoscaqu CLag
_osc gL_e_, Le __oae _g_ _gs s_ge
_LLeLuc _euggmu. ceCo LeLLL e__aau
noasqu, ue_ Cgau oczqu, LL_ssu gL_e_ gusq
40 41
_oauasgg. eosc acLas _euu OLa_g
qoe _goaeeas uagmsgae.
Cueo gascc _e ue_ q_ssu oog__LLsgg.
_Oumssa CLaeg gascc _cCoame q_ss_ggq, us
_ssa_gou OsassLLsgg. ggaa CLaeg e_
gascc _e ue_ q_ssu OLuLagu ussceLCa
meLggLLL osgg.
C_ CLaeg Lccs aLascc _e _LLeL
uCoCa gL_e_o eaeg__ o_asLLsgg.
z.4. @m[[[smms or:[ qssm (Freedom of will)
agggeo (will) ceLg _g aoe nu geoaas
mcaqoC_ _qu. agggeo ceLg q oes
_goaggc. ccoa ngLscgu geggg mcaqu
aasaggeo (energy) ___u CLasqscc Oecoa_oag __g,
gg_g, _go Oeaeo CugOsaccc ceg qCz oguc
Oeg_gu _ggc. ceCo, agggeo ceLg aaq
_ggeo OggLL_gu asq _ggc ceLOLgu.
@m[[[sm mmom
_g ac moa_asco agggeo _ssaL Laq
osssegg. ue__eLa agggeo sLLggo
s_ggzuas aaseac_ae _oe Oeagsq _oeeL
OLagLLaceassoau. gOeec ue__sqL Lq__gq
ne. _e sazeuas cg_ q Oeaeoo Oeu
_eeu _oOeaeoL Lgg __g_aCoa_g emaae
ogea_ C_gO_sseg _ggc ue__sq ne. q
Oeaeoo Oeo_gqL Lo ogsc g_CLaggu, _oggc
g_aog qeegCa _oe C_gO__go OeacL_g
segae. g_ _cmgq Oeaoaggu s_ggzu _o_sq
LLe_Ca g qgssegg.
_eeCa e_u egg mcssuas ag
CoeOuegac, __aog qoe nuLe ssgae
ceL_gq __azCu _oe OeacLog_ae.
OeacLLamLLac _oe nuCza ceo ceLg
___uasmu. qoOoaosqu Oeaoaggu nmeu
ne. __gq _o_sq s_ggzu OsassLLLccg. _o
s_ggz_e_L LaeL_g _oe Oeaoaggu CLa_ _oOeac
mgeLa s_ggz_e_L Lagssa_ oesuc _eua
Coeu.
Lq__gqLe _oe Oeaoagg Coeu. _oOeaoaeg
e_s_ggqu, _esqu geeu Lasss aa qegas _eua
Coeu. _LL ceoOaec _oOeagsqu, __e
mecqs_squ _oCe OLagLeLaoeasgae.
omoa_ascc OLagoas _eg m_s Osacessc Lu
OLgsege. _eoaaoe :
_i )uaes Osaces (Determinism)
_i )uaessLLLa_s Osaces (Indeterminism)
i sa )uaes Osaces (Self - determinism)
_eg OsacessecL Lgg egg mmoas e saeCLau.
_i [1m+s 0o+mso : (Determinism)
ue_ee agggeo gqosL OLaLsec CLaeg
ages mgs_sq nLLLLg cegu, qgLLass saze
mgsqs (Law of casuality) sLLLLLg cegu, __eac
42 43
__gqo s_ggzu ceo cegu o agsege. osce
s_gLL gug agggeo cooguc Oeaoagg Coe
OueLg __gq _LLagLLL esgscac )uaessLLsegg.
C_ s_gee gug scae _aqegeame gga@gg
LaLoaeg.
gog Lu eeCLac - _u
_egog Lu - ce mcaqsegg. __aog _u
mgue oeCu cesgg.
ceCo, Oeacseco Oeu ogea_ C_gO_LLgc
ue_ee Laq ggu ceo cegu sOsacesaacsc
sgsege. sLqc _cog mg ceg esg gug agg
geoue CLases_ )uaeLL_asL OLuLaoae )uaes
Osacesue ce@sege.
)uaes Osacesueme s_g ggeLa_eg.
sOsacessq cgzasL Looa_asc ne.
i) gau Oeacogsec C_gO_squ CLag __o
s_ggz_gLCeCa C_q OesCgaCuaeg cg_ q
esgu gueus sLLL_go_as neogceo.
ii) gau Oeu Oeac cgLa__ meceo_ _zmceo
cegac gau Cogoguc OeacLLssoau ceg
oggsCgau. Cog ogscc Oeaoaggo_gq neLae
s_ggzu LLe_Ca g qgssegg.
iii) ue_ e__aa ozoaggc LcCog gLLasec oq_go
OeacL_g Oogg secce_ gau seaLass
saesCgau. ue_ e__aa_geac _eCeggu sae
_sgg cegac, __gqs sazeu ue_eg agggeo
sLLgg ssgg ceLC_. ceCo mgea ugaac
Ooco _u ceLg nggaasgg.
@i @m[[[sm or:[ _mm [1m+onn:+q
us 0o+mso : (Indeterminism)
_Oumss_ __go _gzae mcoau Cguu uggu
mOzs_ __go _gzae _aem OLsC=ae
CLaegosc ue_eg agggeo sLLgg, )uaessL
LLag ssgO_eg geeuas gumea. omoCu
_gmac _gscau g_e.
_aozmaoogg nma CugOsacessecs saL
agesue _eCeggu )uaessLLLa_g cegu qCz
saze_ggqL Looesaae samaasc neOLegu,
_ssL_ouae ogscc geuaae mecqsc
C_aegsau ceLe_u mcsseasc.
ooLLeLuCoCa ue_eg Oeacs_u
__euaas_ )uaessLLLmceo cegu sOsaces
ue sgsgasc. agg geoaaeg _gggu sLLgg
s_ggzuas aaqsgg ceg CsaLLau gggOsacc
_aa__aqu. gOeec, gu _egaL oa_sesuc Lo
g_geoscc gu_eLa Oeagsq gau muma oesuc
mecqsc neLasauc LLe_ gau LassCgau. Cugu
ue_ee agggeosq __os_ggzu neOLeg
sOsacesea_ )a aceLaosc _ogas mgg
Osae _au muma ogscc _oge_ss oaLe.
_goaggeo gcogsq LaeL_goC_ _e Cgassu
c_gssaLLas _@ _ggeo _ss esgsq uLCu
LaeL_g_c.
44 45
@i om[1m+s 0o+mso : (Self - determination)
CuCo moagssLLLL Osacess_Cu cg
__go_ e_ mcsqsege. om Osacess_Cu ggg
Osacc _aa_eoas _euggcc_gq gau sazeasc
agCeau. ceCo, om Osacess_squ gq geoaas
q Osaces C_eoLLsegg. _ooesuc _eug_C_
sa)uaes Osaces.
sa)uaes Osacesue s_gLL ue_ee agg
geoaaeg gqosc ncc coggagu )uaessL
LLmceo. uagas ue_Ce _e_eLa Oeacsec_
)uaessgae Oeaeo_ C_gO___ mee _oOeaoe
ccoa mecqs_squ _oe OLagLCLgs
Coeussgg. c_gssaLLas, q uaeoe CucgeoL
Lccuc cg_ LaLasec_ C_gC_ss Coe ceLgc
_o_sqo s_ggzu g_agu g_aog q LaL_e__
C_gO__g mee _oeg LLL LLLaeg cg__
geguc ss Coeu ceLgu )uaessLLL msgg.
Lccuc numac LaL_e__ C_gO___oe. mee
ocsmac LLLLLL LLLg ceLg aoag. ceCo,
ue_ee agggeosq q qgLmLL cceo oez
s_ggzu ne ceLgu __gq _LLac _g _e sLLgg
_eeuea __g msgg ceLgu O_coasgg. ggu,
_esqcc Lq__gme geeOsae g_aog q oeso
Oeaeo_ C_gO_ss s_ggzu LL_ac ue_e
moaqsceg uagLL nag_ geouc eossL
OLgsgae. CuCo moagssLLLL _eg Osacesscgu
_egaog Osacesaae sa)uaes OsacesCa gggs
Osaccs aa oesuc _euggccg.
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm (z m[n0noomi
. ncc_gac cegac cee
z. _go Oeac cegac cee
. _geazao Oeacsc aaeo
+. mumCagg Oeac cegac cee
. _e_eeu _gq cegac cee
o. nuL_ C_eosc aaeo
. seo gs neq cegac cee
a. mumCagg Oeacsce _eg geosc aaeo
s. ncCgasq cegac cee
o. nLseL cegac cee
. nLe nLseL cegac cee
z. geL sao_e_a nLseL aag
. nccag_ nLseL ceLg cee
+. OocLLeLaae nLseL ceLg cee
. Cgz nLseL ceLg cee
o. ueg_s nLseL ceLg cee
. L_ssu cegac cee
a. gL_e_ cegac cee
s. agg geo cegac cee
zo. agggeoue _eg Osacessc aaeo
46
II. q_ n[ _mmm _mm n m1o_ mo+mm
ms:mm (s m[n0noomi
. _go Oeacsc Lgg c_g.
z. _geazao Oeacsec mcsq.
. _g ac _zau Oeacsc aaeo
+. )uaessL LLa_ Osacesuee mom
III. q_ no _mmm _mm @_n m1o_ mo+mm
ms:mm (I0 m[n0noomi
. ncCgasq mom.
z. nLseL Lgg mom_g c_g.
. )uaes Osacesuee mom_g c_g.
+. sa )uaes Osacesuee mom.
IV. +s no+o_ mo+mm _mm +[n m1o_
mo+mm ms:mm (z0 m[n0noomi
. _go Oeac, _geazao Oeacsc Lgg q sLez
oezs.
z. ncCgasqu, nLseLu cooag ue_ oa_me
qgsCsaec _eLa_ gee msege mcsq.
. L_ssu, gL_e_, gL_e_ue _sgeo _gLLemee
mom.
+. agggeoue sLLgg _eeu qg_g mmoas c_g.
47
III. gGgg sgq
(MORAL LIFE)
B.J. gmmg@ a@gz@ (Individual and Society)
gmmgm :
ue_e qoeac _e_g oa_ aoag. Lgeos_u
moaqs_u _, _o eas_u aL aLL aLLuas
oa_oe_s saesCgau. L_asao ue_e gasms_u,
LeLau _gg sao_gc aL aLLu aLLuas qesscc
oa_g_e_ ozoagge _ou _ggg ssCgau.
_e ue_e qoe e__aa_C_a Cegg oa_auc
_e_g saLCoa _cog q )mCoa oa_g_ac _o_eLa
Oeacsc _qsq nmae _co. _eac e__aa_gLe
Cegg oa_u CLag, _oe _e_eLa Oeacsec
OocLL_gu CLag _oOeacsc _zaosq nmaeoas
_eusege.
mgg_ q_ge_ __oc _e_eLa C_eosecL __g
Oeg Osacc _aeao eagg oa_sgg. mgq _e_eLa
ocosCsgL _e_eLa sggu, eu, sggLgo
e__aa_gLe O_aL Osae _geou ggeusecu
oc_gs Osacsgg.
mee Lcc, e__aa ggoeasc, ga uggu
noscama _gq, ggeu, ggLesc uggu _gOggs
CsaLLasecu sgg_ O_cq OLgg _e_eLa gLLae
oa_sesea geogaLsgg. ceCo, ue_e mgg_g __c
_ae gsqu oez qoez qo eagC_ oa_sgae.
48 49
_e uzu C_aLLaqua ceg _gOuagsCsgL Lo
uzasc qeg Cegg LLe_s se gau _e_ C_aL
ce _e_ssCgau. _e_L CLao, _eue_sc Cegg
LLe_ e__aau cesCgau.
oqq+mm
ue_e ooae, oa_oae, uegoae. _eac e__aau
cegu _gaa_g. _eue_e e__aa_ge q ngL.
_eue_e ceoOaec e__aau ceo. ceCo,
_eue_e e__aa_gLe qegLe qegas mee
meessLLLccae.
sagggue s_gLL e_su q quLu CLaegg.
_e ue__squ e_s_ggqu Ogasa O_aL nccg.
ue_e q eCoa_a e__aa_e_ noass Coeu,
qosOsao _e Oeg__ Coeu. qoOoa _e
ue__u mgssasqu e__aa_ggsasqu oa_ Coeu ,
gg_ _gOggsecu gg_ LeLaLeLu OLggcc
ue_e,
i) _eeL mscc oLLosce us_ougu
gaz_ggu Laq Osacc Coeu.
ii) mgeLa mzoeeesecL mgg Osae _osc
_oggogg uc n_o Coeu.
iii) mgeLa _eCegg_e_s se OLagaeus Osaccs
aLag.
iv) uggos_Le cLOLa_gu ue_ Cga_gLe
O_aLmec oc_gs Osacc Coeu.
I. oqq+mm - _m+gms nsso
_e ue_e qome _gs Osacessc _oe
e__aa_gc ncc ugg ue_s_Le O_aL Osac_u
CLag _ae __oco OLgsgg. _g _e ue_eeL
LeeLaoeas uaggsgg. ue___eeu neLaoeas
oa_u _egsecs sggs Osacc _sgg. ue__eLa
_gsOsacessec _q Oeaqu, _ogeg gLLass
seLLmssqu C_eoLLu q scCu e__aau. ceCo,
e__aa oa_q_ae uso gg_ _goa_q ceg agoau.
ggma e__aa sLLLasecu sLeusecu
gggg oa_oe_ gau saesCgau. _eac ea_aze
ue_s_sqo e__aau _ae _gsCsaLLuas mcaqsgg.
e__aa_gc ussc LcCog _euLsec ggm e__aa
gooa_qL Lcseco Oeg osege. _usOse q_aq
sLLLa mgsecu _gsCsaLLasecu oq_gs
Osae qoOoa _e ue_ee gc_gc soeu
Oeg_gsege. _eue_ee oacosqu _o_eLa
quL gooa_qsqu gee ggsege.
e__aa_gogg mos _e_g oa_Loe ___esa
gooa_q geeusec _eLa _aag, ceCo, e__aau
ceLg _gc oa_u _eue__sq e_s goe _u (Social
Welfare) q _euLLaqu.
oqq+m ms
e__aa ggoeascas mcaqu scms aLu, e__aa
aLu, O_aggaLu, eua ggoeu, qeuLLug
ggoeu CLaeg _euLsc _ou _eue_e goe OLg
e__aau ceLg qoOoaome geeussas qeg
a oa_u ue_secs OsaeL g _euLLaqu.
50 51
_u. ceCo, e__aa goe ceLg ccoa ussce goee
nccLssag ceLg O_coasgg.
_muLaoe agg L ue_e q e_s moaq
ue_eL_gc LcCog qeasc _Lascce. _oggc
LeLLa_ moaq qeasc CuCoaas ggsgg. oe_s_gc
LcCog ussceLCa Cegg oa_u CLag gco ue_e
aL _eeooagaas uagmsegae.
Laou, OLagaeu, _ee, CLzaee, sagou, _gssu
Oeg_g_c, sou t_i uue_, _gOLeu, LgsqLLg,
CsaLu, CeauLc, sLLu, OoLsu, OogL CLaeg qeas_u
gaLc Lzms sLssege. eoaaqu _eue_e
go_ggqu ocosqu Cs mecmLLeoaqu.
qmq_m +m
OLagoas ga ceLg LcCog e_s_gemezLCa
C_gO_ssLLLL _zsL mzg ggsecs Osae, _usOse
eLL oezqsec oq_gOsae, Lmuc q qgLmLL
cceosqc oa_u qoOoa _e ue_ee C_eosec
__g Oeg Osasqu _zac CLzeuLeLCa ga
ceoau.
ga ceL_gq Lo _gsc mcssu _ggcce. aq
LoeLo ceLo, q qgLmLL goL Lqgea neLa
usscac ggL_gs OsaeL _zac _euLeLCa ga
cesga.
Cugu, nLCzamcee ceLo, q qgLmLL
goLLqgsqc oa_u ussc eLL mgsec oq_gs
Osae _cog ga ceg agsga. ga ceLg q_asae
ussc gegg_ e__aas aLLeuLmeac aaqu g
_zeaas_e_s qgssgg.
_e ue_e, e__aau uggu ga u_egu
qeCgaOLaeg eegg OeacLsgg. ceCo, ussc
qoOoa ou _u geo _ggg ___u e__aa oa_mc
LaCsgLoscas_ gs_ Coeu ussce CgassCu gaLe
Cgassuas_ gs_ Coeu. quLu, Lcc, _goosu, euau
ceL LcCog _euLsc OeacLsege. g_
_euLsc ccoau gaLe go_sq ogoqsqu smscas
mcas Coeu. ceCo_ae gaLeL _euLsc
aaogggqu CLzeuLLas Osaco.
e__aa_gc oa_u qoOoa _e ue__squ goe
_u saze__ac q gaLeL geea ces agsCgau.
q gaLe goe uggu oco ceLg OLagoas ccoa
ussce goesecu qgsqu. ga Oeac_eguc
aaqu CLag ggLu geeu )eus_sq _e_ ass
_gLu ussCc __L OLagL _o.
gaLe sLeusc oesLLLLe qeg, ga gueu
oa_ eoss Coeu. zeLaog, gau gaLe gcoa_mgq
LaLL Coeu. __aog g_s sLeusec gegCogg
ga gusq gee ma Coeu. eag euaugg, e__aaL
OLaca_az_gc ggg_ _a_qsec gss Coeu, scmue
_LLeLuc ggeus CsgL Coeo oaLsecL OLss
Coeu.
q g_geouc q o geq oa_sege. Lo
m_ogsege. _eLLLL ussce ocosq ggg
52 53
oesuc g_geoea noass ga _ao Coeu.
_eac ussc geq LaeeLo. OLuLaeeuaae ussc
gcoguc OecguCLag OLagoas aaou geeuea__ae
s_ ogCagLu. ceCo, _cCoau, _cLLCoau
geq negg, gueuea aau _ggg gcoO_a
_gog_geoea noasqog. OLag go_sq uqLuass
gs_u ceLgc s_g CogLa _euaag. OLag goe
_ssa@u Loogeg _e_c _Lssa_as ssgg.
_euso Oecou, _ssauas oa_qL OLaLsec
aaosqu Lsg_c__ CLaggu qegogg gegqLe
mcas Coeu .
uss_sq goe _u nosL OLaLsec aaosqu
_c_g _osec LaeeLao Oe_c Coeu. gaLe
Oecou uuecc mgg_ _eeossu nma_aqu. e_
q o uLu LaeeLao Oeog aaozagu gggs
OsaccLLLa_ qegaqu. ceCo, qoOoa _e ue__u
gaLe ocosqu, gaLe go_ggqu LaLL Coeu.
gau ussce go oa_eoCa Cgassuass Osae
OeacLL Coeu. ceCo _eue__u gau eegC_
OeacLL Coeu.
qs_ m 0o+msoom
_eue__squ, uggos_squ ggLu O_aLeL
_LLeLaass OsaeL _ggeo Cgassasec
_oesLL__oau. _eo,
. _eeos Osaces
z. mg gos Osaces
. OLag gos Osaces _cog noscamas Osaces.
I. qssm 0o+mso
ue_e LeLLmCoCa _eeooagaas ssgae.
uggo go_e_L CL@ogc aL_ _eeoo_e_Ca ue_e
gaL me_sgae. ceg _eeos Osaces oog_gsgg.
_eeos OsacesueL, ue_e _eCueeuea uLCu
s_ Coeu. _oe ggu mggou s_ Coea
C_eo ceo. _ooag sgeagu _g _eeou
CL@o_asCo _euu. g_s Osaces _sge_ea
uLCu noasqu ceg o Oeacos au. Lm_u
_eeou sgo OeacLu ue_e _sge_aaceas
gC_ _s Coeu ceg com_ sLLaa_u ceo
ceg sOsacesaacsc ago.
__, gs, saggusae uggu oqosc C_aega Lo
CLzgsc sagooagaas mcas g_ac, eg sa@u
gcoO_a nos e__aa_e_ noass _gg squa
_eeos Osaces _LLeLuc _eug_ __gou
Oeac _eguc _sge_uc Osae Oeeg mLoau.
__eac, _g gug _ggeo nc_eqsq _zeas
ssgg ceg sg us oeeuaae cgL c_sau.
_eeo_e_ mL cg_ oesugu mg goee_ C_LCo
ueoeaeg gueu _e_ssgg. ue_ee ages oa_Co
e__aa oa_oas mcaqu CLag, _eeo_e_Ca
s_ggOsae, mg go_e_ me_aauc, mg n_meau
gaLa_ q ue_e cLL neeuuc ue_eas mcas
_u _muLaLc _ooag _eeou OsaeL ue_ee
moaq cesga. _egou gau Osaces _og ceg
CLaggu _g ne_gu g neeuea ugss _aag.
54 55
_e ue_e ceLoCe _oaeoe, e__aau _eg
ceLe_ _sOsaces c_gssaLsgg.
mg gosOsaces, noscama Osaces __oa
Osacessec gau ggL_as g_agu s_ggz_gLe
mcaqu _eue_sce go_e_Ca _goa_me qgsCsac
ceg o agsege. gOeec qoOoa _eue_ee
go_u naqu gaLe naeo geo gaLsgg.
_eeos Osaces ceLg q oes _gmag Osaces
ces Osacc Coeu. cg_ q ue__u _e go_e__
gggg mggo_e_Ca qgsCsacass Osae OeacL_c
seu. ue_ oa_me gg geo qgsCsaec
_LLeLaass OsaeCL _gsOsacessc oqssL
OLgsege.
ncmag s_gLL _eeou _eue_ee ages
_guas mcaqog CLaoCo, mg gou CL@_gu
_eue_ee ages _guas mcaqsgg. ue__
_eeuea __euaas _zag_ac mgug saLu _e,
zssu, mg gou CLaggu Le _sa Les_u
_oeLu ssege. g_ _LLeLuc Cgasseac
_eue_e agesaasCo _eeou CLcu, mg gou
sa_gu oa_u ages qeu neLaoe ceLg
O_coasgg.
z. n1 m 0o+mso
_e ue_e _ego_e_s s_ag mg go_e_Ca _e
qgsCsacass Osacc Coeu ceLe_ sOsaces
oog_gsgg. mg gos Osaces _eeeCa gaasu Oea
og oqLL_aqu. _ae ceLe__ _au cesOsae ugg
_eue_sce goeeu gau CLe Coeu ceLgu,
_ooag Oeu CLag ugggu ueg_suass aL
_eeoee _eLoe_ ceeoasag ceLgu mggos
Osacesame s__aqu.
____eeou CLaoCo __L mg gou sgu
_eeuu OLag goee gg_e_s qegqL__ agu
ceLg uOLeeme s_g.
mgsq O_ae Oeu _o_gc _e nLc gou
CLeaugu, _ae Oea gee__ _cqsqL OLag goe
CLe _aaugu qoeg nLcgou OsL _esCs mg
O_ae Oea Coea geosq _casmLoau. _cog
_e nuezCa gaasu Oeg mLoau.
gaasu ceLg mgssas _e nmeuea mLs
Osa_g, mggou gcqoC_ _qu.
n_azeuas q )mc ussc mCcs Cgaaac
gegsege. see nccu OsaeL u_go qo
_aq ussecs saLLaggsga. uss_Le eegg
OeacLLL_ac _a_u _g_ Cgasq Loaaqsga. _eeeCa
nu_gaasu Oeg msga. mg gos OsaceseLao,
gaasu ceLg _goa_q agu Lo ogscc qeCgaeg
_g _ae qCz og ceLgceo ceLe_, mggos
Osacesue neogceo. mg gos Osaces gaas_ge
nccag_ goee_ O_mmssgg. _C_ CLaeg mgogggu
nccag_ Lae ne. ceLe_ _sOsacesue gggs
Osacc Coea qegaqu.
56 57
_eee __euaas _g_gs Osae mggou
CL@og ceLg agesL OLacs_sq__ae gggg.
_eac _g ue_ e_gsqL OLaggog _eg. q
_aeau _eee _g_gs Osae Lo _aea ucsec
mecmssgg. _eac ue_e _g_ nuez ueu OLg
_aag. g _eeos Osacesue s_g.
1. 0n+ m0o+mso _mm mom+mm
m0o+mso
sOsacesL L qoOoa _eue__u _e_eLa
e__aa_ge goee _eLoe_Ca sLeuaass Osacc
Coeu. _e goee gau Osacesu, mggos
Osacesu __c _Lssu ceLg OLag gos
Osacesueme agg.
e__aa gos Osaces __gg _g neq sazeuas
geq mmoeLu oaLeLL OLggccg. _e ue_e
_e_Le Cegg LLosce quL goees s_
me_aoau. mee _ae squ e__aa goe, _e gaLe
goe, mee _ee_gos ue_ e_ge goe uggu
ccoa numaeasce goe ce mmggs OsaeCL CLaqu.
_goguc c__esa qgsa oezaegeau
sOsacesue muogceo. _u_u sOsacessq
cgL ssCo Oesgg.
. OLag goOueLg g _ae ceg ce_u qgLmLs
saLL aomceo. _esaac OLageu goe ceLg
q sgLeeCa.
z. gaasu ceLg OLageu go_e_ ocLLg cegac
_e_ ocsqu _eue_ gou ceLg cg ce
_gguLo Oeaco aomceo.
. OLag go_ssas ne_squ CLag _gs _cmc
_e_eLa goeeu _oe OLgoae ceLg guL
_aa__as ssgg. OLageu goe sg
OLggaasasc mg_ LoeLa oa_ses Laac
oa oggae_s seaLass sessCgau,
ozoagge _ou _ggg ssCgau. ceCo, OLageu
goe ocosqL LaLu _eue__eLa goe ocz
oaL ne ceLe_ _oocoas q_gs Osacc
aomceo.
ue_e mu gaas ueLLaeeuea sOsacesue
OLmgL_gogceo. OLag go_ssas ne_squ CLag
_gs _cmc _e_eLa goeeu OLgoae ceLg guLs
aag _eg. _eus goe Lgga s_gscc g
neeuaas ssoau.
_eac ea_aze oa_sessq egaeuaa_ neq
CLaeg OLaLsecs s_gc Osac_u CLag e_s_
O_aeeLCa Cgassuass OsaeL qo_sq __esa
goe CLaguae _cq sLogceo. ceCo _ae OLaggos
Osacesuc _e ue_ee gou oczL CLaguae Lu
ceo. u_eg Osacesscg_cc geg qegsec_
_eue_e _ggg Osae, _usOse sOsacessce
gegsec uLCu q ga Osacesea oq_gs Osae,
_esqu _e e__aa_ggqu Lae _u oesuc oa_
Coeu. _e ue_eeg e__aauceo. e__aaueg _e
ue__u ceo.
58 59
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. e__aau cegac cee
z. ga - oezag.
. e__aa goe cegac cee
+. q ga cLCLag geea ce _e_ssLLsgg
. _oes gos Osacessc aaeo
o. gaasu cegac cee
. mggos Osaces Lgg uOLeeme s_g aag
II. n m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm
. q ue_e cLCLag _zaosqLLsegae
z. e__aau qg_g sagggue s_g aag
. _eue_ ocosqu, go_ggqu Cs mecmLLe
aaeo
+. _eeos Osaces ceLg aag
. mggos Osacesueme s_g aag
o. OLaggos Osacesueme agg aag
III. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. e__aau _goa_me meec - cooag
z. _eeos Osacesue geg qegsc aaeo
IV. +s no _mmm ms:mm
. _oes gosOsacessc Lgg q ugLd Oes.
z. _eue__u e__aa_u qg_g q sLez oezs.
S.z. gQJgJ m egs ggmJs@J
(FAMILY AND OTHER SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS)
e__aa_gc ggoeu ceL_gqL OLagoae
mcssasec _zaogu ue_ee oa_mc _gLLug
geoaascas ceo mcaqsege ceLe_ _gogu gu
sLeuaaqu. OLagoas ggoeu ceLg q
_e__eeuaae LeCLa aag cegu, e_s_ge
geoaae _eeueas sa_g ussec og gL_go Oecseg
g _euL cegu agoau.
uz ogsc, eLLmgsc ceg _LLeLuc Oeac
L_gogu, ueu, oasq, Oeac _sa _eg geoscgu
uaga_ LeLaLee geogg_gogu, e__aa_ge
_LLeL_ C_eosecL OLagoae q_aq mgsceL
OggLL_gogu, ccoaogggqu Cuoas LazuLma
qegoesce _LLeLuc qoOoa ue_eeu
OLagLccoeas _sqoguae _euLCL ggoeu _qu.
ooesuc ue_e qeg Cegg q q_oasCoa,
O_aqgaasCoa oa_uCLag Lo ggoeasc _o_sq
nggeeaas LLe_o e_sac _gsc agsege.
oqq+m [_ms+om
e__aa_gc quLu, scm ggoeu, O_aggaLu,
qeuLLug ggoeu, eua ggoeu, ssa_az geoau,
e_ss aLu, uagaLs aLu CLaeg LcCog OLma
ggoeas_u uggu ga _euLs_u e__aa
go_ggqu e__aa _g_e_ geo gg_go_gqu LaLL
osege. _eosce gLmacsecu OLag
Lasecu aCs mmoass saeoau.
60 61
I. mnm
ue_ nusceLCa acLas _eug_ _e ceg
nag_ neme _LLeLuc _eugg e__aa_ge
_ossoas, __cgeos q_oas _euoC_ quLu
_qu. Lo quLasce eeLCL e__aau ceLg
_muLaoe mcssu. usL L_asaou __c eg oezuc
e__aa_ge _ssa_gou oag_ __eeuL Lug
geoauas mcaqog quLCu.
quLu g _LLeLo e__aa _euLmac geoau
_u_u _g Leeus_sq gCo qeueau
CogLas_sq u_guc eeLeLu neLasqu
nosag Lemees Osae mcaqu e__aau ggoeu
_qu. gcoO_a quLu Lcseoss_su, nosu q
quLu ceg _gOuagsc oqeeuea mcsqu.
quLu ceLg q _LLeLaaegu
noscamaguae q ggoeu _qu. qoOoa e_su
_e_o eagC_ _eusgg ceg agsga. OL=aeg
_eooe, _eom, q_ge_sc _sa _eg
ngLmesecs OsaeLC_ quLu, _eme
_LLeLuc q_ge_sce nLc, nccu, _gq, _gu,
_eusu _saogge C_eosec gegq Oeu
ggoeu.
ue_ ozoaggc quLCu __c ggoeuas
mcaqsgg. gg aLLuaso Cegg oa_g_e_u
_gsCgau. _oeac _e_g oa_ aoag. _e quL_gLe
eegg_ae oa_ _u. ceCo ue_ e__aa_ggq
_LLeL _osas mcaqog quLu ceoau.
mn[s 0om[n+om
nLc C_eo, _gq_C_eo, _eus_ C_eo ceg
_eegu, quLu ceg _euLme _ouas__ae gegq
Oeg Osacc _u. ceCo, quLu _eme
_LLeLuc q_ge_sce nLc, nccu, _gq, _gu
_saogge C_eosec gegq Oeu ggoeu ceg
Oeacooau.
eo ccoaogggqu Cuoas ggggc ceg CLzg_ge
oauoas OeagLaL _egsec negg O_cgg __gCsgg
Lugea gcqog quLu.
_gsOsacessecL CLaggog, gcOoa_ss
ggLesec _eu_gsOsacog geeL_e_eaL OLgog,
)aogeg _gLLg, eua_ae geoea gaog, _sa
gge_u quL __Lo uss OLmCaasc _ou _ggg
OsacsCgau.
_eue_e _eeacLasCo _aaas, _ge_aas )ae_
_g_g gcoe_ geogaLLoeas, _g_e_s sasqu
gcooeas Coea _LLeL Lugsec quL_ge
_ou OLgsgae.
nmsmo_m 0n[6+_ms:6m mm 1smo_m
o:smo_m
qoe quL_gc _e _a _ge_aaCzau _e
mcecsCcau oa_segae. _oe _e _a _ge_aasqu
_esqu ngq geouc nmeusc sLeusc OeagL__L
LLLe_ nez _sgg. _e_eLa _a _ge_asce
_gsOsaceso OeagLaL _egea_ _e __Lo__ac
_cgg Lassgae. _C_ eua_gc _ae _ge_aas geg
62 63
_e mcecs_sq _ggu nmeusc sLeusc
_saeosec ugLd Oesegae. ceCo quL_ge
geg qegsec_ _e __Lou OsaeCL neu
oaLmee qo_sq gcqog quLCu.
quL_ge nago _euL_ _eeuea q
eassaoLLaLc _ouas _gaoau.
=eggg __c ce_eos sLCe
eaeCgaeasq_c _ge_sqc sLCe
Coco_gs Osa__c Osacogqs sLCe
geeeL gosc Cog_gqs sLCe
qcgoac _eu _sss
scg cggg OLa_c saecsqs sLCe
- ggagg
OLgOg_g _gsOsacessecL sL ocLLg _aue
sLeu, _e usee eaeCgaeas - gcOoa_ss ggLeeLa
_gq ussoeas oc__c _ge_ue sLeu, uss_sq
gco Oeacsec Oeog Cog_e sLeu, _g_ggq uagae
Osacessec _gss CLasc_gc CLama geeaaqu
Coc CLaeg smea o_gs Osass Coeag
Osaco_eLa sLeu, CLamc Cg geg ug_e_ _g_g
_g_e_ geo gaLog _e usee sLeuaaqu.
_ge_ _e us_sq _gg Coea sLeu cee
ceLe_ goc_o oauoas _gaoau.
_ge_ usgq _ggu geg _eoa_g
_gg LLo Oeac.
cesga.
eaeCga Lo acc _eouc _e usee_
_eoeuo gLsq nmaoeas noasqoC_ _ge_ue
e__aas sLeuaaqu.
Cugu use _ge_sq _gg Coea sLeu cee
ceLe_ oc_o OLuae.
use _ge_sq _ggu n_m oe _ge_
ce Cgaggae Osac c_u Oeac. cesga.
oe _ge_ oeeLOLg cee _ou Oe_aCea
ceL mg us_gg LazaLu _cmgqo gLLeLoC_ use
_ge_sq Oeu gegssLe cesga.
mn[s nqom
quLuaeg
. gueu
z. ussLCLg
. gL ceg _eg oa_mac _eo gLsecs
OsaeL_aqu.
I. [_mom
nucc _ee_g nuzeas_u _e e_e_L
OLsqsege. gzgq nu __c gg_gq LeL__
numeasc oezsqu gueu ceg q qLLg_u
C_eouceo. _eac _ggq LeL__ ue_ e_gc
_e, OLe ou eegg oa_o_gq e_s_ge
qL_c OLgCoeccg.
ceCo, _@u, OLe@u nLoagu ncc__agu
agesaas eeoe__ gueu ce e_su
_asmssgg. L_asao __c eg oez gue oa_ses
q e_uae _gOgg oa_sesaass s_LLL osgg.
64 65
gueu _coa_ _e, OLe Cegg oa_u oa_ses
e_s_geac gggsOsacca_ geouc q gg_ _gOgg
oa_sesaas s_LLogceo. ceCo _ae oc_ou,
_ge ceL LLLC_ coa_ses _.gu
mge LgLLg coaue geg
cogoa_sesCa g _goa_ses ceL. oc_ome
aggLL _gu cegaCo _g quL oa_ses_ae. _g_
oa_sesu aazagu LgssLLLauc LLg geg
cesga.
Cugu, ue_e cooag oa_ Coeu ceLe_,
eoa_gc oa_oaaq oa_Loe oaenegu
O_o_gc eossLLu.
ue@osc oa_Coea _egLL oa_Loe me@os_
O_ouas ugssLLoae cesga oc_o. Cugu
_eu _g_u neL_g _ue coa_ses
Leu La_u _g.
quL oa_me _eu _g_u geggg squaeac
_eoCa _ooa_sesaasa Leu La_u _qu
cesga.
ceCo, _eme _LLeLuc oa_oaaq oa_gg
O_o__eeu OLgg, oa_sesuc ggLu ggg__a_q
uagLasec ggeoCaa _gg ceLe_ gggs
Osaccsaa qegaqu.
z. mor6n_
quL_ge gLscc qegas ussLCLg ceLg
mgsseg q_ge_ue Cuc _a _ge_assae nmeu
cg_ _cmc _goa_magsq nLLLL_as ss Coeu
ceLe_ OocLL_go_aqu. q_ge_s_sq _g oa_me
_qgea noass_ _eeou s_ag q_ge_ue goeeL
CLaggog ussL CLgaqu.
ussLCLgee mcss _gLCoauaeac, qoOoa
quL_u _asce eg_geao gLLae _eguc noass
Coeu ceg neog ac. gCo q ue_eeo
gLLae geouc ocz eo_g _goguc =L_gsgg.
_uue_u ussc _gqLeu uago_g
ue nusq ccoau eg.
cesga oc_o.
_ueumL_ _e q_ge_sc _gqeLascas _eug_ac,
_g nos_g nus_sq ccoau eLu _u. Cugu
=eg OLa_ge OLmg nosqu _euseeo
eaeCgae ces CsLL _a
_e q_ge_eao eaeCgae ceL mgOeacos CsLL
_a, _sq_ge_eaL OLgOg__ sao_e_mLL OLmgu
us_oac.
_ge_, _a ceg osqu nmaoCe use.
osqu _emeu _eg, OLagqmeu _ae cegagu
_oee nos_ggCs OLag Oea__ass mog OLgCgame
sLeuaas ss Coeu. aq OLago Oea_g ceLg
usee _gq _ggc g_ noqsCs LaeOLgu oesuc
_eua Coeu ceL_aqu.
e_Ca oc_o,
uasou ceL ueeuaL ugg __e
gesou geussc CLg.
66 67
gLeLa ueem e_uaeoc, __gq __q CeLLg
gco ussecL OLgu gLLaqu. geussc CLg ceLg
gco ussecL OLgog cesga oc_o. ge ussec
=eOgLL_ac m, ga uggu g_ nosCu CLaggu
_cqsq gLeL _eLo.
1. rq
quLu ceLge secscae gueu, ussLCLg ceg
zeu ggeoeuaas oa_u Lugea _c_g, _e,
OLageu, mg gou CLaeg na qeasec oc_gs
Osacc n_qsege ces seCLau. _egau geoaae
gL ceLg quL oa_mc OLeeu, _eeu ceg
CogLa coauc qggeu geoea _su uggu gu
oa_mc C_aggmssgg. Cugu quL_gc seoe
ueemaas _eeLaoscas gegosc gg_
geLscasqu ggLC_ eaegaeeusq _LLeLaas
_euu _sLLeLae gL gg_ oa_oas _euu. g
q_ge_s_squ OLaggu ceoau.
quL_gc seoe - ueemaas gegosc -
sa_oscas gegosc, __eLaoscas gegosc, uso
gg_ geLscasqu ggsgasc. gCo eaegaeeusq
_ouas geg _sLLe. g_ae nos_ge cLLqgugu
oa_u cg_ nuezu _e_eLa nmeueLa nuzas
_squ _eeu oag_g. _gq c_gssaLLas,
CsaLOLCea_e - mzage_aa gL Cgmc
qoezOaao saeag gLs Osae CsaLOLCea_e
oLssgg numLLLCLag mzage_aau nLegg
nugaasu Oe_a.
z. omm [_msm
quL_gsq ___geouc, _eue_ee gcogL
Luguc =L_gu e_s _gL Lug geoauas
mcaqog scm geoau.
nosc ue_ oa_ses cee ceLe_ negg
__gCsgL _e_eLa _geoL OLsss Osacc Coeu.
_geo ocLLe_ ze oesaass Osaccoau.
. __Lo _gq
z. scmagq
I. __nm _[q
_ae Oeu Oeaoe _LLeLuc __Looauoas
gcoe )ae CLaegogegs sgg _gaLLsgg. sgggg_
eaeCgasce __Los agsec CsLLgo_e _ou
_e_eLa _geo CueCugu OLsss Osacc _sgg.
z. ommm[q
scmagq OLgoe_ oesL L__oau. .
_egeag_ scm z. _egeazas scm. _egeag_ scm
ceLg scm geoaascc Cegg _masc _ou
scmageoL OLgog. ugOgaeg _egeaza scm _ou
_geoL OLgog. _egeazas scm ceLg Lcc uggu
scgms_sqo Oecoauc mLc g_ LCa sgqu
_egaaqu.
oaOeao, O_aeossaL _gsao_gc qo uggu qc
gaLaLLgq ggg_ Ooc Lcseos_ss scm, O_aeogeos
scm CLaeg _egscc _gsao_gc scm _gq OLg
oaL _cssLLL osgg.
68 69
_eue_e, mgLmeu ceg _LLeLuc o
nmeusecL OLggssegae. _o_sqma nmeuea
_oe OLgg _oomeusce _ou _oe _eee
na_gs Osacc Coeu. _oqmeuscc __oao_as
ggLg scmmeu.
_eue_e qoe scm OLgo_gq nmeueLaoe
ceLe_o e_su gggsOsac_u CLag, _oe _e_L
OLgo_gqma oaLmee neLass__og e_s_ge
sLeuaasgg. ceCo, e_su scmgeoaasec _eu_g
_ogge _ou ue_ee scmmeuea gegq Oesgg.
omm _mnnqs 6+om
scmue qgsCsac, eeg ce oezaeg OeaL
OLggccg.
. _esq _gq ozauc _eees sa_gs Osaccqu,
_gss _gLLoscagu _gss _aa_ _zeasqu
_euas aa _geoL OLg_c.
z. usasecL CLac _eeue ogCa Oeco mLag
__g gg_g, )euea gss, geeueao Oea
Coeu. _ggeo_ _u Oeac_eg _geoL
OLg_c.
. e_s eeLeLu, nos qeuLLaLeLu _csqu
_ggc oag_ _geoL OLg_c.
+. geL_gc gocaugu eL_gc Ogs_augu
zeeLu qL Cgasqu euCgasseeu, nos
geLea _ggg OeacLu _gggu, me mecqsec
_ee_asCo _gggs Osac_u ug gLL_u gcqu
_zsaa _geoL OLg_c.
. uso gg_ q_ssu, _gOggL Lesc uggu
Oueq CLaegogegL OLgo_gq_ gee ggqu
_geoL OLg_c.
o. ue_ee us_gLugg CogL_gs saLu
_geoL OLg_c.
CuCo agLOLgg _LLeLsec eo_g CgasquCLag,
ue_e e_s_C_a eegg oa_s sggs Osacog
scmueac _eusgg ceoau. sass age, nos ussc
_eeome nccascgu geo_g oa_u CLgeg qoe
_eLuag Oeog scmCa _cog scm geoaCu
ceoau. _e ue_e _eeu na_gs Osacc n_qu
_gLLug geoauas mcaqoC_ scm geoauaqu.
scmea _eeou OLgo_gq nmeuuLm_u
_eue_ee mLLu, ggeu, _qg, CLaeogeg
_LLeLaass Osae scmue C_eo uagLsgg.
_eue_ee _qgsq ggg scmea _zs Osass Coeu
ssao_gc O_aLsss scm, nageos scm, sc_ms scm,
Lcseoss_ss scm, _zaos scm ce
omeeLL__LL ocoL L_eg geouc uaeosc
scm _gqOLgu geo _euss OLggccg.
_gCLag O_agg scm uggu u_go scmu nosu
__ogu CLagg__ss oesuc OLs ocoOLgg
osege. gaLe ge_ ccCaas_u sscmeaL
70 71
OLgsege. ceCo, e_su CogLaLgg, euCgasq
_LLeLuc ccoasqu scm geoaasec _eu_g
_ogge _ou _eue_ee scmmeu gegq
OeaLLL osgg.
ceCo qoOoa uaeou _ae muoeogeg
geq sgg_ O_cgg mgq __gCsgLo Oeaoc gLgg
Osacc Coeu _u e__aa_ggqu, nos ussc
_eeosqu La_cc oesuc _euuag oa_gg saLL
Coeu, _eeCa oc_oea qgLmesuc,
sgs seLgs sgLeo sggme
ggs __gq_ _s. cesga.
sgs Coeaogeg qggugs sggs Osacc Coeu.
_ooag sgg mgq, _ae sggL gLgg Osacc Coeu,
ceL_aqu.
scm scoa_ _LezLLgg g_o qgLmesuc,
scoa_ _Lezs saequ _sag
scoa_ _LOeac CsLss sLeeg
scoa_ _Lsqs scoa_a gcozau
scoa_ _L s__gaaCz. cesga.
omm [_ms[s nmsom
. _eCeasce __Los s_gs s_oasec
c_gs saL _eees sa_gs Osaccqu, oa_sesuc
gL _eLao Oeogu scm ggoeCu Lug
_cssgg.
z. _e__eeuea oc_gs Osaccqu qggeu,
OLageu, g_aeu, _e, Le CLaeg ggLesec
ocssqu scm ggoeu n_qsgg.
. Loe s_ag sLeueao Oea Coeu ceg neq,
esL_ _eeu, eea Oeaaeu, oaeu
_saogegL me Lgg oa_u ogsecL LuggmLLg
scm ggoeCu _qu.
4. ueuCLae CLassc oa_auc gCz g_eeuc
geoaae _goa_eo _csqu geoeau, euCgasq,
gcq CLaeg gcOoa_ss, ggLesecu OLgg
OueeoL OLgo_gq nggeeaas LLg scm
ggoeCu.
. ccoaoggsqu Cuoas _gu, OLac eLu, mCLg
ceg gaeq nggL OLaLsecL LuggmLLgu,
__eL, e__aa_gc _gqL _ouas gg_g
_goguc OeagLo_gsae Lugea _cLLgu
scm ggoe_ge gLLaqu.
1. qsm nm[ [_msm
_eue_e q e__aa_ge ngLmeeas, qgaLe
ggquseas _eua Coeu cegac _oe qeuL
Lugu, scmgeoaL Lugu OLggac uLu CLa_ag.
_oe gcoq useas mcaqu _eeu OLg_c Coeu.
gaLc quL ncco _eeou qmeu OLg
_qgeLaozao qmeu OLggo qeuL Le
OLgog _o _u _eoaaa sLeuaaqu. qeuL Le
OLgo_gOse__eaas Lug geoau cgquseLaag.
e__aa_ge _gOgg sLLLaL mgs_u _zeaas_ge
72 73
_zac _euLo eLL mgs_u _o_sq ogsaLaas
mcaqsege.
_zac nmeusc uggu sLeusc Lgg _gaqu
aaomL_ggu cceuCaa L_q_c, _eeLaoeas
__c, _C_ eua_gc ggqLmgL ceg OLeusqs
qeg Cgza_oag gL__c, _gm_u nag_ ussL Le
_sa LesecL Lug _csqu geoau qeuL
Lug ggoeauaqu.
n_azeuas, _ssao_gc sCzss gaLc _ggaLe
quse _eg Lemogg uagauc q gg_ quseas
geo gg_gs Osacc Coeu ceLg g egaeuaa_
sLeuaass s_LLLLg.
nLc geu, ncc_ geu, nu_ geu
t_euai ceg _eegu cg_ geougu geu
OsLa_oag La_gs OsacoC_ qeu ceLLu.
_e, _Lssu, _gq, _gu, g_ssu Le, gq
geoeu, oaeu, Ooqcaeu Osacoaeu, gaeu, ges,
=es, eOeac mgez s_aeu, OLaegeLeu
__ssagaeu CLaegogge qegLLL geoCa qeuL
LeLaqu.
[qmoms [noqom
q gaLe gco qusscas mcas _sa@u
LesecL OLgg__cCoeu.
. gaLL Lgg Osae__c Coeu.
z. gg_ scmagq OLg _ag__c Coeu.
. se ne_Lmee Oeu gge OLgg__c Coeu.
+. esL_ _eeu Osae__c Coeu.
. uggos_sq n_qu ueLLaeeu OsaeLosca
__c Coeu.
o. _aoaez Cg__c Coeu.
. sggLg_e_o s__uas eo_g__c Coeu.
a. gaL geoeuea _ooLCLag _ggg Osacc
Coeu.
s. _zs mgsqu omsec _egaaso Oeg__c Coeu.
o. oasqmeueao emaasL LaeL_g_c
CLaeg ggLesec OLggss Coeu.
Cugu, qazsgem_a, s_g_z gem_a, ccoa
u_asce m_asscgu eag, u_, CogLasceg Laq
OLgo_ac gaLe C_a neeou LeLaLeLu
ocss _u.
4. 0q+gm [_msm
quLu, scm ggoeu, qeuL Lug ggoeu
_sa _egu acLae _eme meeLmeac
OeacLsege. _eac O_aggaLasc qLLg_
_LLeLuc ggLsege, Coeo _Coa, Coeo
ggCLa ceg ggg__a_qsc _mss _aa_eo.
ceCo _eue_ee _e_ggeusc OocLLo_gqma
oaLsec_ O_agg aLu _eu_g_ __c
Coeu. cg_ q _eue__u _e_eLa
_e_ggeuea OocLL_gs Osac_u oaLmeeL
74 75
OLgo_gq nmeueLaoeas mcas Coeu,
ggeusec OocLLo_gqma oaLmee _eeosqu
LaqLaeg o_aqo_gq_ O_agc aLu _oe Oea
Coeu _LOLa_g_ae qoe O_agc CogLaLeLu
ggeu CogLaLeLu eegg _eu_gs Osacc
Coeu ceg _gLLugea O_agc aLascc OLg
_u.
s. omm [_msm
ue_e C_aega saou __c eua_u agesaasCo
C_aegag ceoau. ue_e ageseas se _eae
_e_eLa esgsq _LLagLLL q CLeeu ne
ceLe_ _gg_ae. _gq oco OLaga_geouc
_e_uezs sa_gs Osacc mum Lcgg oeas
_gLLLae _L gumsesLe Oeac LLLae.
ommm usnqs 0n+_m
eeu cegac uee_ _Lsq ceLg OLac
eeu__c ceL_e OLac LsqoLL_g_c ceL_aqu.
ussce uee_ geOgg oa_sessq q_aq
L_gog _cog LsqoLL_gu _euLeL eua
ggoeu ceoau.
agessq _LLagLLL q CLeeuaas
mcaqu eg _cog sLqc cegqeeg guog
_ae u_u _cog euauaqu.
ccoa euaas_u agessq _LLagLLL esg qeg
ne ceLe_ oog_gsege _e_L meLggu _eg
_cog ogLu _egsc OooCogaeeoscas ssaoau.
_eac, __e CLeeu sLqc qeCg ceLe_
oog_gsege.
o. +
e_s _g acLug ggoeasc ccoaogegu gco
_eguc OeagLLo Oeu _ggc OLgg ggoeu ga.
geea ggoeasecu _Lssaa_u ooeu neLag
ga.
quLu __oas _eug_ ccoa ggoeas_u e_s
_gLLug geoauas _eug_eo. _eac, ga
qeguLu _zac _euLeLa OLma ggoeuas
mcaqsgg.
ussLe__aa_ge _LLeL _gs CsaLLasec
_gaauc eLLuasqogu _eue_e _e_eeu
geouee _ga nma LagsaLeL _cLLgu, ccoa
oaLsecu ccCoau OLgseg nmeuea
_c_goe__aa_gc ue_e ccoa geougu
ocoaeLao Oeogu gaLe _LLeLL LeLaqu.
ngLu goaL mcu OegLesu
Cezag acog ga.
uqg_ L, )za_ Cga, _gsqu Les, _sa _egu
Cezauc oa_oC_ gg_ gaLaqu cesga oc_o. Cugu
gaOLeL gaLa oc__e gaLco
gaL ocg_ ga.
76 77
mgez gaLauc ocg_u gasCc gco gascaqu.
ga ocu _u gasc gco gasc _sa ceLg _e
OLac.
quL_u geea e_s ggoeas_u ceg _eoLmc
e_s ac _gL Lug ggoeasc _ee_gu _e
ue_ee _goaeeas uagg _oe sao_e_u L_e_u
sLg_ cceoagg noscama _g ac oa_mee _ggg
_eee CuuL_gs Osaccqu, ueoeaeg geouee
_ggg gssqu nmaoag OggL_gu e__aa _g ac
Lug ggoeascas mcaqu ceLgc ggu gau ceo.
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. e__aa ggoeasc aaeo
z. quLu ceLg aag
. quLu Lgg OL=aeg agu s_g aag
+. quL_ge ngLmesc aao
. quL_ge gLsc aaeo
o. quLu Lgga L_ Ouagsc aaeo
. __Lo _gq cegac cee
a. qeu ceLLog aag
s. euau cggac cee
o. eua ggoeu ceLg aag
II. n m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm
. ggoeu ceLg aag
z. quL_gc Lugg mssLLu Lesc aaeo
. __Lou uqg_ OLmCaasc _ou _goe aaeo
+. _eusee sLeusOce gga@ggL LaLoe s_g
aag
. _ge_ us_squ, use _ge_squ _ggu sLeusOce
oc_o agoe aaeo
o. coa_sesL Lgg oc_o agoe aaeo
. ussL CLg Lgg oc_o agoe aaeo
a. scmagq OLu ogegsc aaeo
s. scoa_ _LezL Lgg g_o agoe aaeo
III. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. mcecs_squ OLgCgas_squ eLCa ncc
nmeus_u sLeus_u aaeo
z. ussLCLg qg__ gL _ueasc aaeo
. gL Lgga gLsec mcss c_gs
+. scm OLgo_e qgsCsacsc aaeo
. ggs usee ggLesc aaeo
IV. +s no _mmm ms:mm
. quLu Lgga _gmac CsaLLasc qg_g q
sLez oezs.
1.1 1smom o:smom m[_m m0m+_om (Rights, Duties
& Virtues)
1smom (Rights)
nmeus_u sLeus_u sesc CLaegeo,
qeegOaaeg eagg LLeo, q gaea_ge
Lssasc CLaegeo, eemmaa_eo, qoe
_egaas sLeuseco Oeoaeaue _oee
78 79
q_ss_eLaoe ces ago. _oeg geeL_e_Ca
gcOoa_ssuas uagmsgg.
ceCo, nmeu, sLeu, gcOoa_ssu CLaegeo
_eue_ oa_sesuc qeeg qeg eagg OeacLo_ac
_o_eLa oa_ses ocu OLu _eeu _eLsgg.
I. 1smoms @mmq (The Nature of Rights)
nmeu ceLg Lggs agu CLag _g _goesuCoa,
eLLoesuCoao qeegL OLgog _cog Oeacsec
gL_gu _egeas qgsqu.
nmeu ceLg _gaoc _zac eLLuasCoa _cog
_ggago eLLuasCoa _euaoau. zeu
OooCogaeeo.
n_azeuas c__g _gm__oe egoeaqu ceLg
_gez agu _gu. ggagaac _ma uaeass Cuc
nmeueLao _oa. _eac, eLLLL uaeass ug
nmeu seLaag.
q_ge_secL OLgOg__ _a q_gsq_ _e
q_ge_eas OsacoCoa, mgsCoa _cog LLeCLaL
geg__Coa nmeu ceo ceLe_ gau _gaCoeu.
z. 1smm oqoqm
ue__e _egeouc _e_g saLCoa t_i )mCoa
oa_u CLag _o_sq c__esa nmeuu C_eouceo,
sazeu, _eaas oa_o_ac ccoa nmeus_u _oe OLgg
ssgae. gOeegac _oe oa_seg g_oc _o_sqs
seLss__sseo ceoCaa _ogeg aau ugssmceo.
sazeu _oeeo sgg ue_sCc ceo. ggeouc
_oe aamLu cg_ nmeuea c_gsas geogaLL Coeu.
_oe e__aa_C_a Cegg oa_u CLag_ae _e
nmeusec geogaLsgae.
nmeuea caCs oog__ Coeu _cog _mss
Coeu ceg emaas _gog_ae ue_ee gg_
_guaqu. _eue__sq nmeusec o_aqo_e _ou
e_suaeg _eue_e ocosq nggeeaas _eusgg.
nmeuaac _eee oc_gs Osac_u _eue_e
e_s_ge geeuaasa OLag geeuea ocss
_eesgae, ooesuc _eue__u e_s_u Osa__c/
Osaccc ce_u _eguc eeoe_s saeoau. ooes
eeLLac nmeus_u sLeus_u eesege.
1. mqs 1smom
_Oumsso s_ggzL mzsLe_ge (Declaration of
Independence) CLag ue_ee _LLeL nmeusc ceg
CsaLLaLeL oqos __eusqu OLaggu oesuc
ggg s_ggzasc ce ccoagas_u ggqu oesuc
_Oumss_ _eoo quOocLu mmLq _zac
_g eogu Cegg OocuLLe, Ousseu ceLo
_sa@u ue_ _gOgg nmeuL LLaeo (Moral Rights)
o_aqsga.
t_i oa_o_gsae nmeu.
_i s_ggz ue_eausqu nmeu.
i nLeusecs Osac_u nmeu.
80 81
=i qLLg_u OegsOsac_u nmeu.
ni scm sgqu nmeu.
_i m+gmq[o+s 1sm
mgL / gL ceLg nosc mgsqu _ee_g
nus_squ OLagoaeg. oa_u nmeu ceLg ccoa
nus_sqCu _LLeL nmeuaaqu. e_
ne_go_gsasCo qoOoa _eu (Human Rights Day)
ue_ nmeu gac OsaeLaLLLsgg.
qoe _e nuez cg_ _cqsqL e_uaeg ce
ce@sgaCea _g_ _cqsq mg nuu e_uaeg ces
s_ Coeu. qoe _ae oa_ Coeu ceg geeLLg
CLaoCo uggoeeu oa_ mL Coeu. g nu _e
oa_eo gL_gu CLag_ae _eeeCa _ae ne_c
ce_u __Lo_e_L OLgsgg. ceCo oa_u nmeu
ceLg qoes _LLeL nmeuaaqu. oa_ - oa_m
ceg _gOuagu oa_u nmeuea oog_gsgg.
@i oq][;m+m m+_m 1sm
sLLLaLgg - s_ggzuas oa_u nmeu ceLg
qoes sLLLaLsqc _Lasa sLLLaLgg geo_ae.
e_s_gc sLLLasc Lo mgsc ne. ceCo, mgs_sq
_Lasa geouc, geea ue_sce s_ggz nmeuea
uga_ oesuc qoe _e_eLa s_ggz_e_L
LaeL_gs Osacc Coeaoeasegae. sLLLa
s_sq eLuc qoes sLLgg geouc oa_u nmeu
OLgg _esqu mgsqu La_cc oesuc
OeacL_egaac _eeoCu s_ggzuas oa_ _u.
n_azeuas eaeouc Oecgu CLag LLLssuas
CLasCoeu ceLg eaeoue mg, g_ mgsq nLLL
saoc OeLLcggu CLasoau, OeLmegu CLasoau,
gLggu CLasoau, oaseascgu CLasoau, g _o_eLa
sLLgg s_ggzuas aaqu nmeu _qu.
@i :smosm0o+m_m 1sm
oa_u nmeuu scmmeuu OLgg ne_squ
nmeuaac sLLgg geouc geg Lc mu qoe,
_e mLLL L OLaLsc tOea_gi Loogeg_ _e
nLeuaasss Osac_u nmeuea _o_sq e_su
o_aqsgg. OLacsec nLeuaasss Osac_o_e
Cgassu mgsq geeu Oeo_gq__ae ceLe_ negg
_g_ nmeuea _o_sqo e_su _css _e osgg.
oi qnn]qm 0om 0o+m_m 1sm
scmmeuu ne_Lu OLgg _eue_e
OLacsec_ _e_eLeuaasss Osac_u _aguc
=Lu CLag mg ue_ee n_m C_eoLLsgg. qoe
uggoCea eegg O_aeLagg Coea geoeu
_euuaeac _omou eegg Oeac mo_gq
nma qLLg_ nmeueao e_su _omosqu
o_aqsgg.
i omm o[m 1sm
oa_u nmeueaL CLaoCo, scmeaL OLgo_gq
e_su ccoa oesaae n_meau Oeg, _oe scmea
OLgo_gqma oaLsec neLass Osass Coeu,
82 83
qoe muu _cqsqs scm sgL_eac _ae
_eeL_gc ueggg sLsqu CLzaggcsec OocLL__
_u.
_ooesuc, LeLLLoscaso e_s ngLmesec
uagg _euss _u LeLLL ngLmescac Lecc
na _e__eeu oag_ e_su _eua _u. ceCo,
_eue_e muu scmea o_aqu oesuc e_su
_o_sq_ gee ma Coeu.
0om1sm
Oeagmeu ceLLu ne_Lmeu g _LLeL
nmeuaaqu ne_Lme _ou nu oa__c Coeu ceg
geouc qoe ne_ss oaLLcss Coeu. ne_squ
CLag _ae _o_c ueggg sLsqu CLzaggcsc
OocLLL_u.
CuCo agLLLL _g nmeuscc oa_u nmeu,
scmmeu, Oeac nmeu, s_ggz nmeu, nLeuOsac_u
nmeu eo gggu ages nmeusc ces agoau.
OLag go_sqL LaeLoe_L OLag_g_ _ae cg_
nmeuu ogLOLgsgg. qoOoa ue__u OLag
go_sqs smaas mcaqo_ac ussce nmeu q
ozumgqc sLL__L OLgsgg.
o:smom
sLeu ceg OeacgsqL LcCog OLacsc eega
nos o_ssc o_asL OLgsege. aCs qgssL OLgu
sLeu ceg Oeacgsq _g aoc nma OLac cee
ceLe_s saeCLau.
I. o:sm usnqs 0n+_m
g_geosqu OeagLaLgqu OLaggoeogeg gco
Oeacsc ceL. ze gco Oeacscc qeeg
C_gO__g, _g OLa__uasqu sLLLas_u _eug_
q Oeaoas squaue __eeCa sLeu ceg
agCoeu.
o:smoms msoom (Kinds of Duties)
. gegqgg _cog O_coae sLeuu, gegogg
t_cogi O_cogg sLeuu
gegqgg sLeusc O_coaeeo, ue_scac me_
Cgza_oag Oeas aaeo. c_gssaLLas, OLa
CLeaC_, gLaC_, nu Osaeo OeaaC_ CLaege
cgueg__eeu oag_ sLeugegogg sLeusc
O_coggeo, ue_scac me_ Cgza_ _cq seLmss
_aa_eo. c_gssaLLas, _e, see, =es,
CLaegoaqu. eosc saou, Lu, g_geo _saogge
_LLeLuc OeacLu sLeuscaqu.
I.[[ m[_m @;o o1ms _qnns:mm+s o:smom
ggue _LLeLuoae sLeusc gegqgg
sLeusecCa qgsqu. zss neme _LLeLuoae
sLeusc gegogg, O_cogg sLeusecCa qgsqu. g
_zeaas_geaCoa _cog e_s__aCoa oog__LOLgu
_qgeLaeoscaqu.
z. o:smo+o o:sm us_m 0o+mso (Duty for Duty sake)
mzaLo ceLome sLeu Lgga s__aeg,
ce_eLa geou geosq q__ sLeus_u (Duty For
Duty Sake) ceg _eoLmc ne__L OLgsgg.
84 85
saee sLeus Osacesaaeg, sLeu qeegCa
s_ggOsae mecqsc LggCaa uggu __e
geeu LggCaa g_eeucoauc sLeuaaggog ceLg
saeLe sLeus Osacesue euass__aqu, g
msssCca _cog _s msssCca gug agg
geoea_ ge_c aLag cegu, _gmgue Lac c_u
umaae_ _cog sLeussas sLeu (Duty for
Duty sake) ceg neo uLCu gu agg geoea
asqu mssaas __c Coeu ceg saeL
agsga.
ue_e sLeueao Oeu CLag cg_m_L Loeeu
mumCaa Oog_C_a Oeaauo sLeueaCa seeass
Osae Oea Coeu ceLC_ Lso_e_uc
suCaas_gc agLLu gqsauasua ceLg OLacaqu.
_ozo _qg ggeusCsgL e__aa ngqscgu
_oeg Lu cgOoe oezaeg OeaLLsgg.
_ooaCg, _ma, u_go, OLagaac, _Laac,
__oac, O_agoacOae _eeosqu sLeusc
oezagssLLsege.
m0m+_om (Virtue)
I. m0m+_o[s 0n+_m (The Meaning of Virtue)
gcOoa_ssu ceg Oeaceo VIRTUE ceg _asoo
Oeacoe _u_asso Oeacoass Osacog uz. ea_azeuas
oOeaceo gau o_aqu CLag ue__eLa CuuLaLeLs
qgLL_uass OsacsCgau.
ceCo, ooe ce_u CLag ue_CuuLascae -
gcOoa_ss_e_Ca qgsqu.
_g aoc oOeaceo ze OooCogoesL
OLacscc LaeL_gsCgau.
e_ q_ss_ge q LeLassOsaco. cg
gcoC_a _e_s qgLmLL q oesuc Oeu gguasqu
_ees Osaccoau _cog OLageus sLeus_c
qeego Oeoe_u g qgLmLoau.
gcOoa_ssu ceLg ggg_ee, ggOeac, geeL_e_,
ggLe, gcogq _eeLssu, gg, Cgeu, ngg
_saogge qaseeg_ Oeac gge.
z. _[1oms mmom
gggsOsaeL qOeaeo _cog sLeueao Oeu
CLag _eeeL CLaoCo uggou oa_u
nmeueLaosc ce gee_g _osce nmeusq mg
Cgzaoeeu gg_ _eguc __eeo Oeoe_Ca
gcOoa_ssu ceL.
o _gsc gcOoa_ssu ceL_gqo Oeacsce
nc neqLe _eugg ou Le cequ
mcssuc__e.
qoe C_gO__gs Osac_u Oeac cg ceLg
Lgga _q C_eoaggg cegu, Oeac _eguc _oe
_e Cgeus qe_e_ OocLL__ Coeu cegu,
_gCo gg_ q_ssu cegu _gsc sge.
86 87
sLeusec CugOsae Oeoe_ geeL_e_ ces
qgLmoge, q_ssu t_cogi geeL_e_secCa
o_ssuass Osae OeacLu CLag _eosc ggLecc
geeL_e_ ceg qgLmsga oaL (Laird).
m0m+_o[s 6mm+s [nosn _s:m mgom
ue_e _gqeLaoe ceg agoe_ mL
_gme oguc aaqLoe ces agoau. _gqeLa
ue_e mumCagqu OeaCo oeeo Oeac
(Voluntary Actions). _ee, _ee q_aq Oeu
_goaggc _eeue gegeos qgsCsacass Osae,
_gq Oeg_gu oguc Oeaoaggu gge _sa _egu
eegg Oeaoaggsege. ceCo, oeeo Oeac ceLg
ue_e _e _goeac gcog, )ag cgOoe cec, _gg
C_gO___ Oeaoaqu.
oeeo eOaeoo eOa _gLuCLag _e_ _gq
OggL__ Coeu. Oeac ggeuaaeg _gq oq__
Lae_uc Oeco Coeu. oeeo eOaoc q ue_e
=LuCLag _o_eLa _gq, _oCeac Oea Coea
Lae_, _qOLg Coea _eg, Lae, memecq _sa
ccoaogegu Lgga _qsecs OsaeL_asCo squ.
oOeaeoL Lo_eg gLm gLm Oeu CLag _g
_eoeeo Oeaoas (Non- voluntary Actions) _eusgg. e_Ca
L_sso Oeac tHabitual Action) ceg agoau.
qoe geeL_e_ea oeeo Oeaoas mum ggg
OeacLL oo_ac _oe uegc geeL_e_L
Lgggmu. _g_ geeL_e_ ueLLgeo__ae gau
ggLe (Good Character) ceg agsCgau.
m0m+_o [noqm @snqm
gcOoa_ss ggLe cLOLa_gu eL_C_a
eegg oo_asCo OsaccLLsgg. gcOoa_ss
ggLe _eug_ oa_sesaaeg __e uooaasa
eL_LCeCa __LmssL OLgsgg ceg _q Oe_e
eaeCga.
_eac gcOoa_ss ggLeLaeg cLOLa_gu
eL_e_s Osassu ceg ngg ag_aag. _e_
CugOsacLosce _goOeacsecL OLa_g eLu
neLaoscas _eusgasc.
nag_ eLu ceLg ue_e _e_eLa
OeagLasec _ggas ___ _ggeouCoCa
saeLOLgsgg ea_aze eLu ceLg __euaae
OeagLaLsqma Lugea CugOsac_u _cmCoCa
seLssL OLgsgg ceg agsga _muLac.
ceCo, Oe_eg _gme _egaae Lugea
CugOsac_u geouCoCa eLu C_aggu OLgg msgg
ceLg s_g.
gcOoa_ss ggLesceac gegq OLgg
oa_eo coe qoe Oeac _egL_gsgaCea
_oCe nag_ qgsCsaCca eeg_ nag_
eLu gsqu ue_easegae ceLg _gmag
Osaces.
88 89
m0m+_o [noqo_m m+gmm[ [6o+m nm_m
gcOoa_ss ggLes_u oa_mag qgsCsac La_u
ue_ oa_qsqu ue_oc CuuLaLgqu qeeg qeg
eagg Lm_u, __esa ngme _LLeLuc
omzeu eoueo ce oezaeg OeaLLLmceo,
_ooag oezaeg Oea _gLuCLag OooCog
_LLeLsecs OsaeCL oezaeg Oesgasc.
gcOoa_ss ggLesc _e ue_ee Le go_e_o
eag_eo, __oac _eo _sgeoo eaeLaeosCc,
_eac oa_mac qgsCsac Laesc ccoaoesaagu
_g_ geeuaasqu, nume ggeouc geg
_eLasaa geeuaasqu LL_ac _eosc _sgeo,
ggeo _sa oeso easecu OsaeLeoscas
_eusege.
gcOoa_ss ggLesc _e ue_sce geeu
Laesecu e_s_ge geeueau _eLo_gq
smscas _eusege. cg_ q oa_mag qgsCsac
La_u __Cea eeg_ q gcOoa_ss ggLemeeL
OLggssgg ceLe_s saeoau, c_gssaLLas,
_gaeo _LLeLaass OsaeL gcOoa_ss
ggLeLaeg _gac eag_ oa_mac qgsCsac Laees
Osae mcaqu.
gcOoa_ss ggLesc _ssa@u _eg oesscasL
mmssLOLgsege, _eo,
. _eeeL Lggaeo.
z. mgezL Lggaeo
. qgsCsaecL Lggaeo
I. qsssn n[[msm
sLeusec CugOsac_u CLag qoe _e_eLa
geeuea _LLeLaass Osae __gqL OLaggo_as
_euu gcOoa_ss ggLesc ooeseao eau. gq
geoeu, _eeLssu, Oecogeouc sseu, _gmaoc
gcq _saeo _eeeL Lgga gcOoa_ss
ggLescaqu.
z. nm[sn n[[msm
qoe uggo_eLa _cog ugg num_eLa
geeusq OLaggo_asa sLeusec CugOsac_u CLag
_ogggCsgL gcOoa_ss ggLesec CugOsaccc
mgezL Lggaeo ceoau, gg, zssqeqLe aa _go
Oeac, gaLLLgg __oae mgogegL Lgga gcOoa_ss
ggLesc _qu.
1. [6o+smn n[[msm
neeuue Cuc _e, geeuue Cuc Lgg, __es
geq ug__c CLaegeo qgsCsaec Cgassa gcOoa_ss
ggLesc ceoau.
m0m+_o [noqm non+m
LeLa ceLg ueL Lgqscasa gcOoa_ss_geeL
LeL_go_e _ou gcOoa_ss_ge _LLeLs
s_ouas geg ggg mcaqo_aqu. g _gmaoae,
neouaoae, Oeaoaoae agsc _ee_gu eegg
neLaqu qoes _eCegg__ac _euog. __oe,
gcOoa_ss ggLe neeuL LeLaLe ggqCsaoas
_eusgg.
90 91
_eue_LLe __euL LeLas _euuag OLgu
ocoCa neeuaae _eeeo oco. _e ue_ee
__eu Cgassa oa_q_ae neeuaae _ggeoL
LeLaL oa_q. ceCo, _eue_L Lemog_ __euL
LeLas oco OLgg, mee, _eeeCa gssa e__aa
oa_eo nccLL e__aa geeuea Cgassa LeLas
ocoC_ LeLa.
@_smnnoq mm1
__eu ceLLog (Personality) qoe OLggcc
nLgLesc, ncLLesc, e_s _gOggLLesc
_saeaaqu qaseeg_ OeaeoCa qgsqu,
__euue nLcC_aggu, __Loasc, geeqsc,
sgLeesc, L_ss o_ssasc, Lggsc, _sae aaqu
_Lascce.
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. nmeu ceL_e OLac aag
z. sLeu cegac cee
. gcOoa_ssu - oezag
II. n m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm
. ue_ee _LLeL nmeuscas Ousseu agoe
aaeo
z. oa_o_gqcc nmeu ceLg aag
. __eu ceLLog aaeo
III. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. nmeusce acsc aaeo
z. ue_ee _LLeL nmeuscas Ousseu
agoegeg mcss c_gs
. gcOoa_ss Cuoae ggLesec _eLu ogsc
aaeo
IV. +s no _mmm ms:mm
. nmeu, sLeu uggu gcOoa_ssu Lgga _gOgg
s_gssec mom.
B.4 gmm gg zmmm
_zuL sao_gc ue_e _e_g oa_gg og_ae.
_LOLa_g _o_sq sLeus_u, nmeus_u ceo.
nmeus_u sLeus_u coa_ CLag gcOoa_ss
ggLesc ceg CLaggLLu oa_mac _gas_u ceo.
_eaas oa_g_ ue_e e__aauas oa__O_aLaseae.
_eg __c e__aa oa_mc meLgg oa_ Coea
oa_mac _gasc C_aege. LzCL eegg oa_u CLag
_eeoezu ee_go OeagLL eosqu _g ac
mgs_sq _eeou eas gLss Coea sLeu
neLasgg.
_e ue_e _e_eLa ueoeaege _LLeLuc
gggsOsaesqu _gmoac mgsc, e_s _euL
noaeCLag e_su _eu__ mgsc, _zemg__ mgsOce
mgsc OLquCLag, go euaascc _e ue_ee
_g oa_eou Lagsqu _eguc mgsc _eugg
moge. omgs_sq nLLL gLss Coea ue_e
_omgs_sq nLLL gLss Coea ue_e
_omgsec_ _aCe ug_O_aLaqu CLag _g oa_mc
mzoeees_u C_aege. mzoeees_sCsgg
_eLees_u o_asLLsege.
92 93
ggOeacsc cooag LazaLgqmaeoCaa _e_LCLac
qggas_u _eLeesqmaeo. mg ceLg q oezaego
Oeac. cg_ q mgeau ugseg coOeagCu qggCu
cequ _g _eLee OLgo_gqmag cequ sgog
ac. qggasce oessec _sseLoag
oesLL__oau. _eo, LaooOeac, me_, q_ssmac
)eu, _g_ggq uagae Oeac _cog Lg, qggu CLaegeo.
. LaooOeac (Sin) )a geeqsc uegc LgggmLLac
_eo nccag_ gcOoa_ss_e_s Os_g, __gCsgL
OocLgo Oeacsecu, uas L_gmu. geg
ug__c q LaooOeac, LaooOeac ceLg q
LaooOeac, LaooOeac ceLg qzoes )a _gOggo
Oeac __aog )a Le neLag. _zeac _ess
_aa_g. e_s__ac OogssLLog_ae ce_u
_zeac _cssLLu _eLee __gq ceo.
z. me_ (Mistake) ue_e O_mgg _zagg Oe_
_ogsqL me_ ceg OLa. qeeg _gg
C_gO_squ geouc _og Cggg msgg. o
_ogae Oeacsec ggOeacsOce C_gO__g
msgg.
. q_ssmac )eu (Evils of Virtue) qoe q_ssmac
mgsec _gCoau, Oeac ggCeau eegg geCg
ug_c q_ssmac )eu ceLOLgu. q_ssu ceLg
q _goOeac, _gog_ )eu ceLg qoe _ggC_,
_gsOsacesea ugsgae. _esaac _gmgea
ug_c )euCa.
+. LgoOeac (Vice) gcOoa_ss_ge Cueeu cooag
gcOoa_ss ggLeLass s_LLsC_a _ooaCg
gcOoa_ss_ge )euaaeg LgoOeac cegu
s_LLu. gcOoa_ss_ge )eu ceLg
gcOoa_ss_gogg gee uag_c _cog qoeso
egssc ceoau. e_s _gOgg eLLas_sq uagas
qoe OeacLoaeaue, _oeeo e_su Lgsqu
e_s_ge LgoOeacgsq _cao_ac _oeg Oeac
Lgo Oeaoas _euaL OLgg mcaqu.
. qggu (Crime) _eOLcoau sLq_sq cgzaso Oeu
Oeac Laou cegu e_s_ggq cgzaso eOu Oeac
ccoau qggu ceg Oeacog uz. ceCo, _zeac
gggsOsaccLLLL, e_s_ggq cgzaso Oeu Oeac
qggu. _g _eLeesqmag.
o. _eLee (Punishment) qggu Oe_oe _essLLLCL
_sCoeu. cooag ggOeacs_sqL Lms
_cssLLsegC_a, _e_L CLaeCg qggas_sq_
_eLee _cssLLsgg. qggoac e_s_geac
__ugssL OLgg _zac eLLasec ugsgae
__ee CoeOueCg _s_O_gsgae. _oeg
_ogae Oeaoe _eeusq gggoag _eLee
_cLL_e _ouae q_aq OeaLLsgae. ceCo,
_eLee ceLLog _goguoae, q Cgeuaae
OggLL_gu Oeaoaqu. _eLeeL Lgga
Osacessec _egoesaas _eussL OLggcce.
_eo _egCa
_i coemL_ _eLeesOsaces (Deterrent Theory of
Punishment)
_i LgsqLLg oaaqu _eLeesOsaces (Retributive
Theory of Punishment)
94 95
i _g___ _eLees Osaces (Reformative theory of
Punishment)
_i uo1nq qo:ss0o+mso (Deterrent Theory of
Punishment)
qggu Oe_ qoee_ _esqu _eguc
uggos_u _C_ qggu maauc sso Oeog _ae
sOsacesue Cgassu, qggu Oe_ qoee _esqu
_eguc _o_sq _cssLLu _eLeeaaeg
uggos_sq coemsesaas ss Coeu ceLC_ _e
Cgassu _qu.
_ ga_gsas g _essLLLmceo. cgsao_gc
_sc gCLasauc ss__ae __eLee ce
)LLc__ q ggLgue aggogg sOsacesue
Cgassu geq mcaqu.
sOsacesuc o qegLasc ncce.
sOsacesueL _e ue_e uggo go_ssas
OogasmaasL LaeL__ Lsegae, qoee
uggos_sq _e uagmaas saLog _ae sOsacesue
_LLeL cegac _g _ogaqu.
o Cgzascc qggu e___ qoee q ggLg
_ess _gLuCLag, uggos_sq __eLee
coemsesaas ssCoeu. ceOgec uss
seuaasqu _essoau _cog uss qegoasqu
_essoau. g _ogaqu.
Cugu q qggoac __c _egaas q qgg_e_
e_squ CLag _sqgg_e_ _oe ueu OeauaLLae
ceg geouc ggLg _oee coemses Oeaoau, uss
qegg_ _eLee o_asoau _cog _essauCoCa
mLmLoau. ceCo, uggosec coemsqu oesuc
_eLee mgsqu CLag geoeusq gggL egg
g_aeuasqu seuaasqu ggLg _eLee mgss
_gLog gaaag_ae. q qggoac ueu _sqgg_e_o
OeauaLLae ceg geouc ggLg qggoacea_
_essauc LLg gcog _ae. _eac, _C_ qgg_e__
gu_ guLo Oea Cgg_ac qggoaceao Oe_
qgg_gsqma oesuc seuaas _eLLg e_s_ggq
geeu Lasqu sOsacesueL gsq_ _eLeeu
CgeueLag ceg mcsss saLLLLsgg.
@i ngnng m++m qo:ss0o+mso (Retributive
Theory of Punishment)
geL_ggq_ geLu _cog LgsqLLg oaaqu
_eLeesOsaces ceLg, ugOgao_sq e___
geLe_ _e_ e___oCe __Lmsqu L OeoC_
__eLeeue Cgassu se@sqs se, LcgsqL Lc
ceLe_ OLagoas CgasquCLag, g Lgoaaqu
_eeueao eag_O_esOsacc Lu neLasgg.
c_gsaLLas, Cea_ ozoaggc C_saoc q segees
Osaeg usee
. uee _u C_ssaoCoCa Ls Osaco eo__e_
aq geeq agoau.
z. qoe Oe_ )eusCsgg _eLeeaas_ geL_e_
_o_sq _css CoeOue gug ueoeaeCg
geussegg cesga LLo
96 97
__eLees Osaces neo _LLeLuc
c_g_g uLueg ue_ee e__aa oa_mgu g _ssa
Lu OLgg ssgg. eCgc, _. g _gggmu, ue_
oa_qsqo e__aau meecaas mcaqsgg.
ceCo, e__aau _gggmoe_ gau muL _aag.
ue_ e__aau _ga CguCLag ue_e moaesmLqu
_geoea _eLa Cgmu.
sOsacesugu o qegLasc saeLLsege.
LgsqLg oaaq_c ceLg neoue _LLeLuc
gs_u Oeac _qu. g q _gmc _gg_ eaeCgasc
oa_u e__aa_ggqL OLag_ag.
qggoac qoe sqgg_e_ c_gsaso Oe_ae
_oee _eLLg geeu Lasqua _LLOaegac cg_
_cqoez _eLee o_aqog LagssLLLLoe Oe_
qggu cee CLaegeosec )z meam_g _zaaauc
LgsqLLg oaaqu Cgass_gc _eLee _cLLg
_gasmso Oeaoaqu.
@i 1[_q qo:ss 0o+mso (Reformative Theory
of Punishment)
qggu Oe_oe ge_eguc g_gu Cgass_gc
_eLee _eua Coeu ceLg sOsacesue
Cgassu. gcOoee_ge _LLeLuc _@quCLag
sOsaces ssao_C_ usscac OLucmc ozCogsL
OLgsegg.
qggu mg_ qoee ue_eas ug_g _oe
geeueaCa uegc Osae _eLee _cssLLL
Coeu ceg s_e_u OsaeLg. __aog qggu
Oe_o_sq gco scmagq sL, ueu csqgg_e_u
_oe OeamLauc __g _oee oa_ eoLLC_
_o_sq_ _eLee OsaLLge Cgassu ceg agog
sOsacesue _ssa_gou _qu.
qggmac _oaeg qoe ge qggu Oesgae
ceL_gsae sazeasec momsquCLag, nLoac eag_
qegs_u, ueoc_gc ggLLL gCsacags_Cu qggu
ma ggoascge ceg qgLmsegg. Cugu e__aa
ggg__a_qu ue_ees qggoac _sqsegg.
_esaac _eLee ceLg qggoacsce nLcocu,
ueocu _saeosec q Cgaaacsq u_go cooag
soee _cssegaCza _C_ CLac qggu mg_ qoee
qCgaaacaas Lam_g, _sqgg_e_ ueu _oe
Oeaauc __g g__ Coeu.
g___ _eLees Osacesugu o qegLasc
ncce. ccoas qggoacs_Cu nLoac uggu uemac
qegLasceac qggu Oe_osc _co. Cugu ccoas
qggas_Cu e__aa ggg__a_meac ggLLLeo
ceLe_u __euaas gggsOsacc _aag.
_eLeeaaeg qggoacea gcooeas uagg
_eusqCuaaeac sOsaces gco Osaces_ae. go
euaascc _eLee OsaLLe_ mL uee_g mog
qoee gcooeasqogu ne.
98 99
sueL mza aggLL, Lageq mLLasCc
qggu mao_gqs sazeuasege. ___esaosec
u_go ueeuc Ce_g soee _ou O_cqOLgo
Oeaoau. _eac ccoa qggoacs_u ooeseao
Ceg_osc _co.
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. Laoo Oeac ceLg cg
z. me_ ceLg aag
. Lgo Oeac cooag neLasgg
+. qggu - oezag
. _eLeeL Lgg qgL c_gs
o. _oes_ _eLees Osacessc aaeo
II. n m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm
. coL _eLees Osacesue Cgassasc aaeo
z. _g__ _eLees Osacesue Cgassasc aaeo
III. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. LgsqLLg oaaqu _eLees Osaces Lgga
s_gssec_ O_aq_g c_g
z. _oes_ _eLees Osacesscc gg_g cg ge
IV. +s no _mmm ms:mm
_oes _eLees Osacessec qg_g q sLez
oezs
B. a@ gmdd pmm 1U@m
q mq_m oqoqm
_eue_ Lo eegg oa_u _euLCL e_su
ceLLu. e_su ceg OLamc Lo eegg oa_u
oa_mc o mgs_sq nLLL gLsqu LeeLL OLgg
oa_Coeag qoOoa ue_ee sLeuaaqu.
e_soa_mgq_ C_eoaae mgsec _eue_sCc a
_eussoau. _eac, _eo _eeosqu
OLa_goeoas _eua Coeu.
_eue_ee e_s_gc eegg oa_oge _ssa
qgsCsac _eugaae eL oa_q oa_ Coeu ceLC_.
s qgsCsaec _eLu oesuc _eeosqu
OLagoae mgsc _eua Coeu.
e_s _g_gc saeLLu o sCssecs seLggg
_ogegs seca _gac OLmgu geemsgg. e_s_gc
saeLLu Cssc _egCa,
. z__c - moeeOa__c (Begging)
z. moasz_g - ue_gq (Divorce)
. oz_Leee (Dowry)
+. _gOsaeo (Suicide)
. e_s ggg__a_qsc (Social Inequalities)
o. CLae_L OLaLs_sq _euaa_c (Durg Addiction)
. Laaszoa_u (Terrorism)
ceLeoaqu. ogeg mmoass saeCLau.
@;qm - nso0mqm
moeeOa__c ceLg goae, LgLL_gqma
usqu Oogss_ _ss q Oeac. ce_u, _g
100 101
e_s_gc egoez _gggu gssL OLgauc gg
osgg.
@;qo+s o+;o+om
z__gsqs sazeu OLac coaeu ogeu,
soeoueeu, ogg ne_ssaeu, quL_gc __zmeeu,
mzsg ueLLaeeu uggu nLc meu sazeuasqu
moeessazscas uag ssoau. ce_u, moeeOa_g_
_ae oa_ Coeu ceg cee_u Oeagu emaeg.
_eeCa oc_o,
zggu nu oa__c Coee Lzgg
Oss nosaggaae.
ces qgLmsga.
qoe moee c_g__ae nu oa__c Coeu
cegg_ac, _LLLLLL noes aggaoe - oa_ses
Ogg_egsec, oq__oe coCea _oe _eogg gmgg
OsLLgoaeas ce oc_o qgLmsga. Cugu
z__gsq ogeu sazeuass agLLsgg.
eeu ueL zgg) oau ce_u
oeeuue oeLaLLg c.
cesga oc_o.
ogeu geLuaeg, __ee CLassL moee c_C_
)Coe ceg moa_u uss Osaeuaae_aqu ceg
qgLmsga oc_o. ogeu ageso ggasce
sazeuasqu ggLoge, ue_e _aeasCo C_s
Osacogu ne. ageso ggasceac ggLu ogeu
_mss _aa_O_aegaqu. _eac _aCe C_s Osac_u
ogeu ceLg ue_e nLeo ogg ne_ssaeuCa.
_eeCa oc_o,
o Lozasa sazeu CgagLa
oLo Cgaoa _o,
ces qgLmsga.
coa_oscas - ogaoscas Lo LL_gqs
sazeu, _u sLeueao OeLosc ozasqu
Oeaa_osc Lozasqu LLC_ _qu cesgg
oc_ou. oqosc _qgsqu ggeusqu ggg O_agc
caqu Lzm sLssgg. g_aog qeeg_ C_gO__g
nLge_LLac oa_ sggsOsacc Coeu.
q ue_ee oa_sesue Ooggu C_acmu
_oeeCa eag_g. que_e g_euuc ss _oCe
sazeuasgae cesgg _eue_s CsaLLa. ue_eeLa
CeauCLg__eu, ug_uae CLasq, _ougg Oeessc
_o_eLa ogeusq sazeuasgg.
uasuOoLme aggL, q ue_ee Ooggsq sazeu
_o_eLa seuae, gaaauae ne_LLaqu. q
ue_ee C_acmsqs sazeu _o_eLa CeauCLg_
_euae )a L_ssascaqu.
@;qsm [m mgqsom
z__c ceLg cg_ oesugu zssLLo_gqma
Oeac _eg. _L, mc, nLc meu oggac ne__go
eaLmL aoa_ geougccosecs saLLaggu Lc
_eeome, _zs nLc me_ggos_sq gggOoa
Coeo oaLeL o_as _o_u oa_qsq og Oeg
osgg.
102 103
moee c__oasa g_ e_ss qgg_e_L CLassL
_zs __zogg _gCaa cou, ugoa_q cou,
_eu_gs Osa_g e oa_eo ggL_g osgg. g
usqu CLaggo_gqmag.
_ee_ _eeaao_ O_ae ggoeas_u uggu
Ceeo ggoeas_u ggg gL__ _e ozCoeu.
qoOoa gga qus_u Lmzoeeesq_ )qsae
_agsc CugOsacc Coeu.
moee cLLe_Ca O_agoass OsaeLosc e_s_ge
ggCga CLaegosc. moee cLLosec e_s_gc
__ugLLg cg_ oesugu _gs Osacesaasag.
moee cLLos_u, _e_ msqmLLos_u e_ss
qggoacsCc ceLe_ _ga Coeu.
1.s.z mm+o;
moasz_g ceg oLOuago Oeacoe _u_assu ue
_gq ceL_aqu.
gue oag og_ g _@u q OLe@u eegg
oa_ eumz_aa_ gueCua _cog Lgq_ gueCua
Oeg Osacsgasc. _LLo OegOsaeL gue_e_
gC_a q saze_ggsas eLL_ge gee Osae
gue_e_ _g_gs OsacoC_ moasz_g ceL_au.
_acgascc moasz_g eoea_azeuas
geLOLggagu, gu gaLeLL OLag__oez us
_eeussao_gc, gg gueo eLLu s-c _ae
__oassLLLLg. g_o eLL_ggq nLLLL ccoa
gueas_u _egLL meeLm_gs Osaco_e _ou
moasz_g OLgoau. _qg_sazeu eazamL_u
_euggssuaeac moasz_e_ __ugssoau ceLg
eLL#gaas qLs OsaccL OLggg.
mm+o; 0n o+;o+om
moasz_g OLgo_gqs _seL sazeasc ss
Coeu. _eo,
. gueuae q _Cea, OLeCea, coa_ses
Ogguogg _og_c.
z. seoCea, ueemCaa _e u__e_ mL Cog u__e_
__q_c.
. O_aLgg _eg _esaou geeoCea _cog
geemCaa ue Cgaaac _cog mg Cgascac
LagssLLL__c tO_a_Cga, LacmeeCgai CLaeg
Cug aga sazeas_ssas moasz_g Csazoau.
mm+o; n[[m o_om
moasz_g ceLg quL_e_u e_s_e_u
Lagsqu ceL_ac _gsae mgsec cc_asss aLag
ceLg eLLu aggaosce s_g. n_azeuas
CLaga sao _cq oaL Osa__ac OogLgg
_uLga ueu q_gLCLaqu oaL ssgg.
_LLuggu moasz_g Csameac )Lme _LLeLuc
gzg_z LzaumL (Permanent Maintenance) o_ass CsamL
OLgoau.
euao eLaqscagu e__aa__agu gggsOsaccLLLL
gue ngeo eLL_ge gee Osae uagg _aag
ceLg L_euoagsce s_g.
104 105
_eac, uagou e__aa _euLsCsgL, mmg_
quLu, eeeLuu quL_e_ mL Cuoaeg ceg
L_eu oagsce s_gsq cg mcssu _cssgg.
nos _gac g_eeaacsce aggLL, gueu
ceLg mg go_e_u, mg go_C_a eeg_ OLag
go_e_u ocsqu oesuc _g ac CsaLLaseco
OeagL__ _eu_gs OsaccL OLgg q oes qLLg_u
ceL,
_eeCa oc_o,
_gsa_g_ _gOsaeLag CLc_ _es eaeg
Oeagsa_go Ceamoac OLe.
ceg agsga.
_eeeu, _e seoeeu CLcssa_g,
eaeCga Lseg Oeagsecu meLgg Ceameg
oa_LoCc OLe cesga. _gag g_eeaaesce
aggL aq _gsa__c ceLg _eeou sa__c,
_gOsaeLa CL@_c ceLg mg gou sa__c, _es eaeg
Oeagsa__c ceLg OLageu gou sa__oas _euaL
OLggcce_ _gaoau.
seoe, ueem oCu moasz_e_ muu
CLag __ee o_asL Coeu. gueu seoe -
ueem ome _LLeL_ C_eosec gegq
Oea_ _ogmLLac __gq moasz_e_ _mz Cog
oguceo.
gegq OLg _aa_ gueu _squL_gc
ncc _eeome q_sss Css_squ sazeuas
_euo_ac ome euu__geCLmc moasz_g
_cLLC_ gg__eeu neLag, ceLg e_s
_eCeggs Osacesueme agg _qu.
mm+o;[s [m msmqom
. moasz_g OLgg OLeee eega e__aau )a
seCeaLL_gLCeCa Lassgg. Cugu,
_os_sq g_ e__aa_gc CLaga LagsaLu,
ugLu ceo.
z. moasz_g OLggosce q_ge_sc OLaca_az ocu
qega saze__ac e_s_ggu _e quL_ggu Lo
nmeusec _ss Cgmsgg. _eac, q Lao_u
_gaa_ q_ge_sc Lu Co_ee _cmLgsgag.
. moasz_g OLgg _ge_ _cog _a ugmoasu
Oeg Osac_u CLag _oscLu ocu q_ge_
_eeLu, __zeou __oguas _gg
mLsau. _e_eLa us_oeaCaa, o___e_Caa
LsggOsacc _aauc, nc_sqc us gco
ueLLaeeus_u, __euL Les_u nsqeogg
CLaqu geosq _sq_ge_sc _ccLLsgasc.
mm+o;sq qm1m mgqsom
. gue__ac quLu ceg q e_s _gsCsaLLu
_eussL OLgsgg. gueu ceLg gC_a eL_gsq
uLCu _eussL OLgg_eg.
106 107
z. quL_gc mcq, ues qeg CLaegogegL mgzgaa_
oesuc ncceu_gs Osae oa_ Coeu ceLC_
quL _gs CsaLL_ge _cCo.
. seoe - ueem osqueLCa ncc
ueLmceo ueg_g, ueu q__ eeLeL
CugOsae, _esqu mgsqu, quL_ggqu uggu
e_s_ggqu Osczouae _eguc go_u oc_u
neLasqu oesuc oa_ Coeu.
+. _uuac _g_ _cqsqo eLL_ge Laeosqo Oeco
mLauc quL mzoeeesec q_ge_sce goe
sgaaog moasz_g CsLLe_ m_g OLageuCaa
g_ac, geoeueas saou uaggoau. _ooag
Oeo_ac moasz_g eagss aoa_e_s aL saou
eag_gs saLu ceLg neeu.
. _u_ gaLc qoOoa uaoLL_ggu eLLu uggu
quL _Coaeee uegasc - usc uegasc gco
_eguc OeacLL osege. seoe - ueemsqu
eLCa s_g CogLa nccosc, ueuaascc
ooeuas _Coaeee OLgoau. OLagoas,
ueuaasc moasz_gee_ _ssCo _agsqu.
ceCo, seoe - ueem osec_ _e__eCa
ncmac Cgassc _gqezsc o_as _os_eLa
mzoeees_sq )q saesege. u_agscc o
euaascc Ooggu OLggcce.
1.s.1. m;qroso
quLu ceg __eeu _gs CsaLL_e_ _euss
_@u, OLe@u eeoC_ gueu, g acLae
qeg. __gue_ge CLag OLemLLa oz_sqL
tueus_sqi OLae_u OLa_u _cLLC_ oz_Leee
_qu.
m;qroso n[[m mmom
oz_Leee us L_asao_C_ C_aegmLLg.
gue_ge CLag OLae_u OLa_u Osa___gsae
ea_gas agsc em__zL _ouas ncce. _zuLsao_gc
_Lee ceLg umaae_ gu__u _zLLu q _eLcL.
qmgq Osasqu _eLcL q_Leee,
_e_LCLac OLeee ueus_sq Osasqu CLag
OLae_u OLa_u _eLcLLas Osa_g _ae
oz_Leee. g gaceLmc OLe mLLa ueuse
mLLsqs sLLaauass Osass Coea_as uagmLLg.
gg eaugz_gc agLLog CLao q OLeee
seeaa_aeu Oeg Osasqu CLag, OLeee OLggs
OsacLosq toz_sqi _Leee Osass Coeu.
ceoCac gueu gegqgag. g_ _Leee gaceLmc
oz_Leeeaas uagag _eac _eg ue_ogg
_eLcLLas, OLaca_azL LagsaLeLs sg OsassLLLL
OLae, OLacsc eg sLLaa_ge CLmc OLgLLo_ac
g_L L_ssu q e_ss Osaeuaass s_LLsgg.
OLesc _ssao_gc _gsu scm OLgmceo
__gCsgL oeg oaLs_u _qg_ g_geou
coauog_asc. OLaca_azL LagsaLeLs sg
gue_ge CLag OLae_u, OLa_u _euas
_cssLLLLg.
108 109
_eac, OLesc L_gL OLaca_azo s_ggzu,
CoeooaLLe aa gco oegaae g_geo _eLgg
mLL ggacgu, ueuse mLLa OLgO_aesaae
OLaec oz_Leeeaas cg Lassgasc.
oz_Leee oaaqog ceg Osaeu OoqCosuasL
Lzmosegg. oe_ss Osaeu eg ccCoazagu
sessL OLgsgg. oz_Leee oaaqogu, OsaLLgu
qggu ceg eLLu aga CLaggu, sqgguaeg L__o,
Lauz, ge_, Lessaz ceg LaqLa eg gs_gg
Osae_ae ssgg.
oag og_ LoOLesc gueuasauc saou
sgLL_gq oz_Leee Osass _aaeuCa sazeu. gggs
OsaeL _cmgq oz_Leee Osass aoa_ saze__ac
gueu _g_ mgqu, OLesc Osaeu
L__LLsege. sOsaeu _aasa_ OLesc
_gOsaeosqs aL_ _aaqogceo.
m;qrososm qnnq[o+s mgqsom
. q OLeee OLae OLa_Le Ce_g _aeuas
ggLe_ _e _esq q _ouaeuass s_Coeu.
OLe@u _ae q maaLazL OLacas
gqL__LLoe_ _ouaeu cess_ Coeu.
z. gueuasa_ _e oz_Leee oaas uaLCLe cegu
gueuasa_ OLe oz_Leee OsassuaLCLe
cegu nggaa ggs Coeu.
. OLemLLa oz_Leee CsLqu ueuse mLLaez_
gcqLe eLL_ge Laeosqs Osae ozCoeu.
+. saoc gegue oz_Leee qggu Lgga Oeg
seL__qLCeCa, qggu e___oez so-u oLu
_zoaasu Osaeog_ oz_Leee _Lo
eLL_geL gLoses css Coeu.
. qoOoa uaoLL _Laac _goos_ggu
oz_Leee _LL mmq (Dowry Prevention Cell)
_eussLLL aasosgg. _gc _ega Oeg
gg seLss OLgoau.
o. _eeaos q_ssc oz_Leee )eueaL Lgg
mzoeazu OeogLe _asaaq gs_u oz_Leee
Osaeusec _zssq_ O_mm_g qggasecs
qegssoau.
. eLL_geac uLCu uaggasecs Osae oz_aag.
qoOoa _eue__u oz_Leees Osaeuea
negg _e_L CLasqu _aguc =LLLac_ae
oz_Leees Osaeuea _ggguas _sgg _u.
1.s.4 q[0o+sm
m+_m 1sm
nosc mgg_ ussc _eeou _u mgLmee
_LLeLaass Osae agesaasL OLgu
__c nmeuCa. gau oqosc mgLLg oa_o_g
sasCo usscaL mgg_o _eeou
oa_o_gqmeueLaosCc. cg_ q ue__squ
_o_eLa nLgu, nuu Oeag_uaeeoCaaau_u
110 111
_ogeg ocssL La LLCoeCuacoag _gssL
LaL_c aLag.
oa_u nmeueaL OLgg qoe __gqma sLeueao
e_s_ggqo OeaCoeu. _e_eLa oa_u nmeuea
_gLLg _ae _gOsaeo. _gOsaeo Oeg Osacoge
sazeu g_o e_su _o_eLa oa_u nmeuea _oe
__LmLL_gq_ gee Oeamceo ceg qggu
su__LLsgg. _gOsaeosqs sazeuae oe eag_
Lqgu ge_oas _eusgg.
ue__eLa numc oeeag_ Lqg, _gq eag_
Lqg uggu OLageuL Lqg ce _eg Lqgsc ncce.
oeeag_ Lqgaac eLu ceg geeueaL OLgsgae
gc, ggLu oa_mac ssc _ae ue_ee_ _gOsaeo
Oeg Osacc_ gesgg.
ugg Lqgscae _gqLLqg, OLageuL Lqg
geeusecL Lgg gg_go OeacLLauc _gOsaeo Oeg
Osacog eLLLL qgguaqu. mzoeeesec cg_go
euacsqu gcq coa_osc _gOsaeo Oeu
uegeouCoCa LLasc.
_gOsaeo ceeu so m_ssa uss_sq g_aog
q g_geouc C_aeg uegsgg. _eac gc ggg
__c g_ m_ssa CLsq g_ ceeu oezoas uee_
mL _sgogceo. gOeec, _os_sq mzoeee
gzg_zuas gg Osae squ. Lgeegg oag __c
L_O_aeLg oag oez nccoscLu saeLLu mzoeee
_gOsaeo ceeu _ae.
_gOsaeo Oeg OsacLoscc OLesec mL
_esCc Osagzuae _egea_ C_gO_ssgasc. LL
Osagzuae _gOsaeo gs_ouc _gsuae num_LeL
eggLLosc _esc _ae.
q[0o+sm uoom @_nnsq _[m qs
. _gOsaeo cee_gc LLoscLu ue necoec
_gsusqu.
z. _osce gLosess_u, OocLLas_u g
CLaeg squ.
. L_LL_u, soeou _gsu saeLLu.
+. nLc gssu OocLLu.
. c_gqu ccgc neooeL Loasc.
o. _esqo Oeag_uae neLeusec CoeLau ceg
qgsqo.
. _osce _agsc mgme soe_e_ =LL_as
squ.
a. CgzaasCoa, ueg_suasCoa _gOsaeo _aguc
=Lo_as uzLogLe _agugu =Loasc.
q[0o+smo+s o+;om
gau gegC_agu e__aa _euLmc geLOLgu
_gOsaeo gs_qsecs se OLmgu ueu oggsCgau.
C_mc C_acm, ogeu, Coeoueeu gza_Cga,
sLeO_aceo, sa_c C_acm, quL__szag, gL_e_uc
egC_su, gue__eL CLaeg Lo sazeasecs agoau.
112 113
g CLaeg Lo sazeasecu ngg Cgasqu CLag,
oa_mc ggLu cg_ q C_acmeau cg_g ggs_
gcmeg goemu _a_q ueLLaeeuCa _gq
_LLeLs sazeu ce _gaoau.
Cugu _gOsaeosq _ssa sazeu _gq _goagg
geouc gg_go OeacLLaeuu _qu. _gq Lsqou
_eLaa_ geouc Csae___e_u, _a_q ueLLaeeuu
neLasgg. ue__eLa Csae___eu _oee
ueooeu _ggoeas uagg msgg. _gaaeuue
sazeuas _gOsaeo CLaeg qggasc geLOLgsege.
ce_u _gOsaeo Oeg Osacog mzoeees_sq )oas
_euaag ceLe_ _eeou nez Coeu.
q[0o+smsm qm mg qsom
. _gOsaeos qggu gs_a_oag ss uss_sq
oa_mag LagsaL _cssL LL Coeu.
z. _gOsaeoea_ _squ eLLu nggL__LLL
Coeu.
. uaeosc guagg_e__ _aaqu ueooeuu, esL_
_eeuu ussoscas noassLLLc Coeu.
+. _gOsaeo cee_e__ geu gs_osc, uggu
uaeo uegc OogL neo, Lgoaaqu ceeu,
saCsaLu CLaegogggq Lu _zsaLag.
. _gOsaeosq _agu uaeos_sq _eeaq_
O_ae ggoeasc _gqezu, gumsesu _c_g
osgg.
o. _gOsaeo Lgga )eusec ussc _ga oaOeao
uggu O_aeossaL CLaeg ea_easc gs_osec_
_aamss Coeu.
. Lccuc se_, sLez, CLoeLCLaL, soggezaaLc
CLaegogge _ou _gOsaeo Lgga )eusec
ccOoau _guLo Oea Coeu.
a. ue_e qoOoao_u eL_u geL_u sogg_ae
oa_ses ceg neeu _geoL OLgo Oeg
ue_e_L LsqoLL_g _gao Oe_c Coeu.
ceCo, _gq ussc __zqu, e_s go_O_ae
ggoeas_u, nggeeaas geg OeacLL Coeu.
1 : s : s oqo [q+gqom (Social Inequalities)
_e ue_sc Lo eegg oa_o_gsas _eu_gs
OsaeL _gsCsaLLCu e_su e_s ngLmeas_sqc cg_
q oesugu cg_ q Coggeuu ceo. _gq eag_,
OLaca_azu eag_ ggg__a_qsc saeLLog ages
_eac e_su eag_ CogLasec gusq gaCu oq_gs
OsaeL_aqu.
m1o+;m q1mm
Co_sao oeazu _u_gc mzaue
q_gma, eoa, g_gz ce O_agoe _LLeLuc
mmssLLLg. Lcoauzu _es_sqL mgqu eag,
u_u, _LLeLuc ue_e ggg__a_qsec
__ugsssaLag. oqosc oa_u nmeu OLgg qoOoa
_e ue__u e__aa _euLmc _eeou euCu. eg
gau _gmac OLaca_azu CLaeg gegscc oaecama
114 115
_cmc nagg ssCgau. _eac e__aa _euLmc
uLu me _as ssCgau.
ggaa s_ggzu _eLo_gq _e c__eeCaa e_s
g__ oagsc C_aegeasc e_s_gc ggg__a_qsec
gss _uLaLLe___e. s_ggzu _eLg_ mgq gug
_zs Lo eLLasec agg e__aa CogLasecs sea
Lo g__ Lcseco Oeg Osae osgg.
om[sm ommm
_gq uggu OLaca_az oco _LLeLuc
L_aqsc (Scheduled Tribes), _a___LLLCLa (Scheduled Caste),
usqu mgL__LLLCLa (Most Backward Class)
uzme (Denotified Caste), mgL__LLLCLa (Backward Class)
ceL mmssLLL gug gga _zs _ee_gL Lmq
ussecu eugeoLL__, eu_gou, eCsa_z_gou,
s_ggzu ceg _LLeLuc _gq oco
OLaa_az ocosq usqu _uLaLL osgg.
__eL, C_a _zac _euLo eLL_ge Lo
egess_u LagsaL oegs_u OeaLLL ncce.
gug _zaoeuLo eLLu, usscasa gaCu
gusq _c_gs OsaeL eLLu. g_o eLL_ge
_e_ezueL _ee_gs quss_squ gg, s_ggzu,
eu_gou _saogeg _c_g, gaLe qggeueau
_egLme seca_e_u ngg Oeg, _ee_g
usscL_u eCsa_z_go_e_ ocss gau ngg
_ecCcau.
g_ secau - eag, u_, Ouag _q_agge
_LLeLuc ugssLLLLac _cog LagssLLLLac gaLe
qggeu qeou eo zeu qegLe qeg
Ogasa O_aLeLaeo. s_ggz_ge q _ssa _ueu
eu_gou _qu. e___ae Lazgu,
caqu s_ggzu ceLC_ CLos - gau
ccCoau euu ceLg nggaaos
ceg Lo _es_sq _e Laea. Lo
_es_sq _e gug _zac _euLo eLL_ggu
__gq gau oou Osa_g ncCcau. g __euaas
gaL ussc eLCa geL_eguc OeacL__LLL
osgg.
eLLu Osa__e_o e_su gaLc Lo Lascc __g
osgg. eLLu ug__ogeg g_ e_su gggsOsacsgg.
Lagsssqu Oesgg. _zs _euLo eLL_e_ mL eag
eumz_aaasc ogoas ncce. _ooag O_aLg_ac,
Lazgaame seq ceg geoaqu
euaoeaeCgas_squ gc OLagL ne. cg_o
eua_u __esa OsaOeacsec ggsag, gggac _g
neeuaae euau _eg. e_s _g__oags_squ
g_L OLagL ne. ccCoaezu mL usscaLuc
uss_sq OLagL _gsu. eLLu aggog ccg. _e_
geL_egLL_gog _mg ceLg_ae sLg_ saou gusqL
sLseg seLLae LaLu.
eega ec e__aau gcgg OeacLL e_s,
OLaca_az ggg__a_qsec gq s, eu_gou, eCsa_z_gou
116 117
ceg geoea noass Coeu ceLe_ uegc ngg
Osacc Coeu.
[ q+gqosm [m mgqsom
. _eug gcoess_gLe _u_su gs_ Coeuaue
ue_ Cga_gsq _ssa_gou _css Coeu.
z. _e ceLg qc CLaegg. _g _eusu ga_gsu.
gcCoa, )Caa, eag, u_u ceg CogLaLsec sLg_
g __o esg _e_ _eeou meLgg Coeu.
. eCsa_z_gou, eu_gou, eag CogLascgg e__aau
noas _eeou LaLL Coeu.
o_+o o[s
_eOeg ou _zac CgasCsa, e__aa CgasCsa
La__agu em, eua CgasCsa La__agu em ue__sq
ue_e cg_ oesaae CogLau s_saLag. ge_
cegu, _eu cegu cou ceo cega Lazgaa.
nag_o cegu, _a_g_o cegu cou ceo. ue_
eu_gou ccoa gaL _gscagu qLs OsaccLLLL
neeuaaqu.
eag, u_u __oae cssazeu Lggu CogLa Oeaa_
geoea Cgass nosu gLssgg. coocq OLma
_euLLas g_agu, coocq OLma euauas g_agu
ue_sceLCa CogLasec ocsqu cgqu
cgsao_gc oa_ _aag. _sCo, nag_o, _a_g_o
ceg s_e_Ca ugss Coeu. qggeu ceLe_Ca
uegc Osacc Coeu.
1.s.o 6n+sqn 0n+_ro_ _qsmm+qm
(Drug Addiction)
e_s_gc _gCLag sssaa usL OLma e_so
Csscc qeg CLae_ OLaLs_sq _euaa_c
_qu. qgLLas ec e__aau g_ e_oCeggc ss
uc _aauc _mssegg. ecsce us_o, nLcgou,
uegou ogeg Lagsqu g_L L_ssu sLLaauass
secaL LL Coeu.
CLae_L OLac ceLg gu_eLa ue geeqsec
Oeao_sso Oeu q zeaaeL OLac. ue__eLa,
nLc, uegeouc geouc uagg_e_ ggL__s aLag.
_me, O_zaue, sea, OL__e CLaegeo CLae_ea
- uass_e_ - neLasqu OLaLsc _qu.
6n+sqn 0n+_ro_ _qsmm+o o+;o+om
. quL_gc ggLu o mzoeeesc sazeuas
LL_ss_ggq _casege.
z. maaLaz_gc ggLu _L _cog ssc CLaeg
saze_geagu _eee ueo___gogg mm_gs
Osaccqu LL_ss_ggq nLLsege.
. qoe _e quL g_geo, CLaga oegueeu,
OLgOgamLugg Laeu, _e, _zoeeL
seLssaeuaac, Oog_g ue_eLgg LL_ss_ggq
_casege.
+. CLae_ ugg mgLos_u ecsec g_L
L_ss_ggq gesege. ueooeuaggosc
_osc oeouc m_gg msege.
118 119
. _gsuae ueLagL, __eus qegq, __oaoggac
LagssLLu ue_sCc CLae_ uggsec
gasege.
ceCo ueooeuaggos_u, _a_q ueLLaeeu
nccos_u CLae_L OLa_sq _euaasege.
6n+sqn 0n+_ro_ _qsmm+qms [m msmqom
. CLae_L OLaLsecL LaeL_gLoe g_aeu_gg,
Oeac_eeu _ggoeass saeLLsege.
z. __gg ggsqu ggeeu_gg _e ueuCLae
CLassc gLgg oa_seseaL La_asss Osacsgae.
. LL_ss_ggq _caCea _eugueeu, cmoec,
uee_ q_sLL__ _aaeu, gssueeu
CLaegoggac LagssLLsege.
+. gzu _coo, ueCga CLaeg mecqs_u, _gOsaeo
cee_u C_aegsgg.
. LL_ss_geac quL_ge OLaca_azu _eug,
q_ss Ogg_egsc _a_gg quLCu _ggg msgg.
o. e__aau sOsL _gqLLae_ea Cgasso Oeco
ogoqssgg.
. e_s_gc _e_eLa ugLeL _gg s_osq
_casegae.
a. CLae_ ugg mea qo uag qo guL_
guL CLaLs Osaco_ac cLu Lzo sazeuasgg.
s. _e, OLe ceg CL_ueg aLLuas uge_
nLOsae uassgeouc LLg e__aa LeLaLo
zgmgq og oqssgg.
CLae_L OLaLs_sq _euaa_c Lgga _q
_qsc
CLae_L OLaLsec LaeL_gCoaezL Lgga
_me _mc seL__ _socsc gusq
_gogLoeoas ncce. oscc OLuLaCoa
oaoLL Lo_gCoCa LL_ss_e_ _zum_gcce.
_eac, )a gL_e_sc OLs osege. e_s mCza_
esgsc ecsec LL_ss_ggq _euLL_g
msege.
oaoLL Lo_gc ueOo_osc _gsu ggLsege.
uueOo_osec _e sLLLaLsqc _Lss Cg
oguc Oeg__ ecsc LuggmssLLL Coeu.
OLgCgasce soeLmeeu, _ge_, _aue eLmLa_
eeeL, OLgCgasce _cqsq _gsuae seL _cog
s_ggzu CLaeg Lo sazeascac oaoLL Lo_gc
q_LL_ggq _casege. uuesq_LL_ggq_ )q
sa@u _suas CLae_ OLaLsec gasge.
@sm1om @nngo[[ @m+mq[ qm
o+;o+om
. _a_q ueLLaeeu
z. OLgCgasce _e seLssaeuaac uegc C_aegu
OogL.
. neqsecs sLLL__ _aaeu.
120 121
+. e_s mCza_ esgscLu _sLLLs Osac__c.
. )a geLsce Ceses.
6n+sq 0n+_roms ngosq qm mg
qsoom
. ecs_sq CLae_ OLacsce )eusecu, _g
cooag sggc, geeoaggc, __eu, gL_e_
__oaogegL Lagssgg ceLg Lggu _gq sLL
Coeu.
. .co+o_1 +c_+o_1 ca++o1 _.o_a+1
C.+.. C.+g.+1 _.o_a ++a1. _.o_a+1
c.oa+.1. C.+c .o.,+oc +g;++1. C.+o.
C.+.,. +c..C.+.,. +..;.C.+., _c. .+
C+aao+1. _c+c +=ca+oc ....,c coacC+
C.+.. C.+g.+oc _a c.o+.o . t=ao+1.
. CLae_L OLaLs_sq _euaa_c ceLg q Cga.
_g gzu ueLo_gc uag_csec mecmssgg.
_esueac gc LagssLLLLoseco gL
u_goueescc Ce_g ncmac u_goscL_u
_qg_ soee OLgo Oea Coeu.
+. CLae_ L_ssu g _oss__ss Oeac ceLe_
ecsc nez, OLgCgas_u _mas_u
_os_sq n_o Coeu. OLgCga ou
CoeosqL CLas Coea sLLaau nccg ceLe_
ugss _aag. _eagu gau ne__g euLagLLg gu
q_ge_sce cgsao gcoa_mgCs ceLe_ negg
_osce geg qegsec _ggg Osae _oe
Oea Coeu.
. _zs uggu Ceeo ggoeasc eegg CLae_L
LOaLsce )euea ecsc neu oeeu
O_aeossaL uggu oaOeaoue _ou scm
sLLoau.
o. ecsceLCa mzLoua mcaqu
gezLLL_gegue eegg CLae_ OLaLsce
)euea ne_gu s_e_ euauass Osae
gezLLL_e_ _cssoau.
. CLae_L OLac _eLoeLL_e_ seuaae _eguc
OeacL__ Coeu.
a. CaasL Lugue _ou ecsce _)a
L_ss_e_ uaggoau.
ceCo, ecsc ue_Cgau OsL _eou e_s
mCza_ esgscLegg _asecs sa_g Osacc mgLLe
ss Coeu. _au C_u ue guugeau, mzoeee
s_sq_ )qu CLae_L OLaLsec LaeL_go_ac
goau seLssLCLaogceo ceLe_u, uzeLLqgsq
ecsec _e__go Oecgu ceLe_u negg
_asec _LL_ss_gogg sa_gs Osacc Coeu.
1.s.. nm+o;m+q[s [smom (Evils of Terrorism
nm+o;m+qm - 0o+mmmom
Laaszoa_u ceLg _aso_gc TERRORISMu ceg
agLLsgg. TERROR ceL_e OLac gsc _cog
Lau cgLaza_ oesuc uegc _oe_e_ neLasqu
OeaeoCa Laasz Oeac cesCgau.
122 123
e__aa uggu _zac eLL_gLLas_sq uagas _au
OsaeL Osacessec gegCoggu OLaL oe_ego
Oeacscc =Loe_ Laaszoa_u cesCgau.
sOsacessec meLgg e_s_ggq Cs mecmLLosc
Laaszoagsc Terrorist ceLLo.
Laaszoagsc zss qeugg zaLee qeu
LeL__osc. quL_gc Lgg, Laeu, _e _ggoscas
mcaqsege. cg_ omgu coezu gLLu CLaL
Osaeo Oeg _gsqu Cgassu OsaeLosc.
g_ Laaszoa__gc _eeeCa _g_gs Osac_u
_gOsaeoL LeL ceg _euLeL noasss Osae
_gc _es_u OLes_u Cegg OeacLsgasc.
ussc _gs_cmc au Lascasa sggoa_ _oasc,
ogLLaL_ _oasc, gLLcsc, Lccsc, Cscses mgsc,
sLgsezL Lqgsc, gaLss OsaLLessc uggu za@o
_sausc CLaeg Lascc Laaszoagsc Laaszoa_
Oeacscc =Lsege.
nm+o;m+qm 6q+s o+;o+om
. q C_a e_e_ ugOga C_a eu
_Lssaaco_as _ogae ceeu Osac__c.
z. q gaLe _e gaLgq og_ mg gaLeme
_gss_e_ cgsqu CLag Laaszoa_u noasgg.
. e__aa_gc q mmme _asc _qgsqu ne_Lsqu
ggg Loe gsscssLLL gqL_gu CLag
Laaszoa_u C_aegsgg.
+. e__aa_ge q qgLmLL mmeoo eag_osce
neqsc ugssLLLauc gsscssLLu CLag
Laaszoa_u noasgg.
. e__aa ggg__a_qsCc Laaszoa_ Oeacs_sq o
Cgzascc sazeuasmsgg.
g_ Laaszoa_ Oeacsec _ogaeeo.
@][m+ - ;m+ orn n;o:sm
nos gas_sq _osg__oas gg ou eoC_e
Laaszoa__e_ _gass s-_ue gLL_e_ ggaa -
zqaa sLLmzsLeu uauCsamc gouL zoo-c
OocuLLg.
. Laaszoags_sq gg seLLLe__ _ss Coeu.
z. Laaszoagsce esscc CLzgq __asec
ssmLauc _ss gLoses CugOsacc Coeu.
. cceo _aea Laaszoa__gc =LCoasqL
soLu _cLLC_a gg _cLLC_a nLge_aas
LLC_a aLag ceg oog_gu g.ga. )uae_e_
tce. i nggaas _ucL__ Coeu.
+. eega nos gasecL mmgLosqu oesuc g.ga.
LagsaL sqeeo mmoasqu Lcea mezmc
CugOsacc Coeu.
. nos gasc Laaszoa__e_ qsqogc zLeL
_cqCsacsecL LaeL__s aLag.
o. gu gasce _eeLL Lqgea_ _cuass
Osaesqu u__ )mzoa_u ncLL _ee_g
124 125
oesaae )mzoa__e_u gu __ Lo_e_u
LaeL_g qss gLoses css Coeu.
. eoC_e _cmc Laaszoa__e_ qg__c, CLae_
OLaLsc sL__c _L nccLL mzoeeescc
gas_u eegg OeacL_c.
a. _gmac _qsc gas_squ _socsecL
Lmuags Osaccqu oes Oeu nLeLa.
nm+o;m+qm m[_m [m;m+q[s msmqom
. )mzoa_ Oeacscac _LLamscae q_ge_sc,
OLesc Loaasege. Cugu msc )ssezaassL
Lsege.
z. ogLLaL_ _oascc ueggg gg za@o_gLe
Cuagoa_ac e__ _eeuea _gg msegg.
. _LLLcaacsc saocgeg na_gsamsc,
_euoesc, _zac _eoosc, O_ac __oacsc,
_sCaa gLLass qes_squ sec Oos_squ
egaas osege.
+. _asq_c, Osamcoa _eguc _ooLCLag guOzeg
geLOLgo_ac _zs uggu za@o _saus_sq
OLu _osg__oasCo ggosgg.
. ussc _gs _cmc auLascc _asq_c
gL_go_ac qegu _gaa _LLam ussc _au oa_u
nmeuea _gg msege.
o. qeOo _asq_c Lo oesuc )mz uggu
Laaszoagsc esaa_o_ac _zeaas_gsqu,
OLaguss_squ OLag Oea_gss_squ OL__Ce_u
neLao_ac OLaca_az Cs neLasgg.
. _zssqu uss_squ nuoCe_u, OLaLCe_u
mecmLL_ac, )mzoa_ q_ss_squ Loe qegu
mecaL CLaogceo.
a. Laaszoa_ _asq_cscac ncgaL OocgaLo sggoa
Lacsc oes qego_ac gaLe ouaeu
qegoC_a, OLaca_azu Cs _eLsgg.
1.s.8 0q+gm o+1 _6o+rn+om (Professional Ethics)
0q+gmqs _+om - q_ mmom
ozoagg_ O_aLss sao_gc _e ue_sc ga _cmc
aLLuaso Cegg oa_g_e. qegoae C_eoLLas_Le
gegoae oa_sesea oa_s sggs Osaeg_e.
C_eosq Cuc OLac Ceuaeac C_eoLLLL ___
aLL__amLu Osa_g mL, _oscLugg _usq_
C_eoLLLLogeg oaass Osac_u L_ss_e_ _osc
o_ssuass Osaeg_e. ooesuc, _osc C_eosc
gegq cge. nos gasc eeggu meeggu oa_u
ssao, gasmso e__aa_gc _e ue__ C_eo us _gsu.
_ogggCsgLL ga semLsc gaOca Cueu
OLa_O_a oee_uas_ C_aegs OsaeCLcce. _e
ue_ee ga C_eosc, saou mecmsqu uagg__ac
gs_s aaeo. saou uagog CLaoCo C_eos_u
uagLLcce. _uuagLaLeL negg, e_s_ggcc _e
ue_sc o ga C_eoscc Lug OLgg_ C_o
OLgsege.
126 127
C_eoLLu ga geguc Lug OLg_c uqg_
_agaac neLaog ne. _u_u q ous _aeg
__geguc geq ne__g_ C_g_ _gqu, gL_
_qgu OLgg mo. Oeac_egL Lugagu Oogg
saeL.
osc _eue__ C_eosecs s_gc Osae
Lcaagg __C_eosecs qegmeg gegq Oeu
Lcscc =Lsege. c_gssaLLas u_gos
scmeas c_gs OsacCoau. eegsqcc u_gos
scm, Cgaue OLss_e_ mm_gezssgg. uss_ssasL
ga u_gos se mLsc egaeuaa__as mLLe.
_geguc _mge _aeg gL_ _qgu
Oeac_egL Lugu OLgg u_go _gsc ussec_
geg_gu Cgasec _gCo qgssLLaLsege.
ggeouc, ___esa gL_ _qgaacsce
gL_e_sec _gac _zaa Coea sLeu ggLLccg.
e_s_ge _LLeL_ C_eosec nccLL _ee_gL
ga gegscgu Lug OLgg_ _qg OLggosc
oa_mac LceaL CL@Losc ceL OLa OLgo.
__esa ga gL_ _qgaacs_sq geL_eg
sscsc C_aegogu agesCa, osscsc
_ee_e_u gsqu oesuc _os_ssasCo o
_gasc agLLLcce, gL_ _qgeaL OLggosc
e_s_gc ncc _eue_sCca O_aL Osacsege.
_osce C_eoea gegq OeaL La
Lsege. __eac, gL_ _qg OLggosc _e
ue_sCca Osac_u ga O_aLeL _g ac _zaa
_gLL. _me _LLeLuc _gasc oogeg
mm_gezssgg.
(_i m_mn non[[m _+om (Medical Ethics)
ozoaggL OLeueLa u_goL Lc. egcc
g_geouc _e _g agOsacesea cg_ _cqsqL
meLggsgg ceLe_ _gguLs ag aomceo.
_u_u e_s_gc u_gosce ugL us nag_g
ceLgc gauceo.
u_gosqu Cgaaacsqu eLCa _eug_ ngq
_egea _LLeLaass OsaeLg. u_go_ geg,
oqgq _eg coaugu u_gome geugL nau
geou neLaqu.
n_azeuas u_go _qs s_saseco Oeacooau
u_go_geg Lgga _qsc, Cgaec Oocgu _q
_egsc ga ugg se m__c CLaeg _LLeL_
O_agcsec noOsaqu ncc _qs s_sasc gguLLo
Oeg __gcce.
u_go_geg Lgga _gs Osacessec _eg
oesscasL mmssoau. u_gome _egou, u_gosce
OLaggou, e_s gou ceLeoCa _eo. g_ _egc
cg_ qegu gsscssLLLa_oag _eugg _g ag
CsaLLasec u_gosc meLgg Coeu.
u_gosc _gsao_gc _aCu uggsec_ _aam_gL
LaeL_g og_e. __eac, _os_sq uge_L Lggu
__e _eeueaL Lggu geq O_mggg_g. _eac
128 129
eega geoeu _gggu uagmLLg. u_gosc
cou ugg _aamLLgceo. uggsec_ _aamsqu
_aamLLac ceg _eaas g _euL nccg. uggsec_
_aCu _aamsqu _eg uag ugg _aamLLacez gum
u_gosc u_goLLceao Oea Coeccg.
ussc nccascc geoaae L_e_L OLggmLL
_CoaLg u_gosc ugg ngL_gea _u_c _ss
eo_gs Osacc _aaug CLae_ac _zs _e _eeue
_ ugg ngL_g_ gegeas sesacss _gLLLg.
_Oumss u_gos s_su s-c OocuLL u_go
_gsCsaLLasc ceg googg o _gs CsaLLasc
aCs OsassLLLcce.
. u_goL Lcac =LLLosc ue_ e__aaL
Lcaas oCeeoea ncaOsae, Lcaagg
Coeu. Lmssc, OLaca_aau, mgaasc
CLaegogeg zeLau geoaasCo s_ Coeu.
u_go_ O_aeLsc _u oa_eo Cgaaacue
geLasecs seco_gsasqu _osc oa_eo
gLLL_gsasqu gaasu Oea Coeu. _gsas
u_gosc nos u_gosCca eeLs Osae,
_osce OeagLaL _egeau negg Lugsc
OLggL Lcaagg Coeu.
z Cgaaacsc u_go LcmCoasq ggeaeg
o_aq_c, Cgaaacscac u_gosc Cg_suasCoa,
ueg_suasCoa ozCogsL OLg_c, u_goo soee
Lgga Oegsec mcuLzLL_g_c CLaegeo
_mssLL_c Coeu.
. u_go_ O_aeL qo, Cgaaacue mozu, Cgaue
geo, Lmsazu, uggsc _sa mozu _Lasa
qgLeLs Osa__c ages. _ee ugOga
u_go se mumeeu Oeas aLag. _g
__gegL LceaCa _ougsqu Oeaoaqu.
+. u_goL Lcea g_gu Lg_gu CLsCoas_Le
u_gosc ggu O_aL eo_gs Osaccs aLag.
u_gome ugcc gumsesaac Cgaaac _e_eLa
_g_zas CgasecL Lggo OeacouLLe_
cooesugu OocLL__s aLag. _zs _eeue
_ou ogg_gs CsLLac uLCu OocLL__oau.
. Cgaue geoea uesLL__augu qegssaugu
Oocu_c _guaqu. Cgaaacue _Laaszuae
geoea Cgaaacsqu _o_u ngmesqu
neeuea nccoag _egaas O_mmLLg
_gsCsaLLaLas _euu.
o. Cgaaacea geq LmCeag_g _osq u_gou
Oeaoaua aLa_a ce_ C_gg Osac_u _eg
_gggu u_gosce nmeuaaqu. cg_ q
Cgaaacu u_goez ogg_g _oeLa
CeeoeaL OLg ce@_c aLag. _eac
_Laageouc sLsqu. _oez n_msq_ _qg oag_
cg_ Cgaaaceau gsscsqu nmeu cg_
u_gosqu ceo.
. q Cgaaacea gggs OsaeL mee, _oezL
gsscLLg u_gosq nmeu coao
Oeaoaqu. _e _gmLo Oeg CoOga u_goez
130 131
_o C_sOsac_u oez soee O_aLzLLL
Coeu.
a. u_gou Lc CugOsaeLosc u_gos s_s_gc
_ueuL Lgq Oeg Osacc Coeu. u_gos
s_s_gc qeg Lme sLs saLLqu, geg Lme
LazaLLqu q CLagu _aassaLag.
s. u_goL Lc CugOsaeL qo _u
quL__asq_ _aCu u_goL Lcuee
CugOsacc aLag.
o. u_gome ngme qo Cog q u_gomLu
soee OLg Cgg_ac ngmesq geeu Oea
Coeu ceg _eguc _g_ u_go Osa__
uggsecL Lgg qCLagu mumeeu Oeas aLag
_u ngme CoOga u_gomLu eo_gsqu
gumsesea uasL__s aLag.
. q u_go ugOga u_go gL_gu
u_goueesqo Oeegac _aqcc CgaaacscLu
_g_ Cga Lgga cg_ CLoeeu CLesaLag. q
Cgaaaceas sassL Lo u_go C_eo ceg
_eguc _e_ssLLLLac _u s_e_ _e___omLu
Oeaco u_gosq __ nmeu ne.
z. u_go_ gegL Lcsce ozoaggL OLeusq
gq ggLu cg_ q Oeaeou u_go
Oe_oasag u_go_gegL OLeusq uas
ggLLa_oag c__esa uagg_e_u _o ggsoau
ceLg _gu.
. u_go_ gegL Lc eag_ u_gome Ceeoea
q smaasL LaeL_gs Osae oaLu Cesqu
guagg ggoeascLu cg_ q u_gou _e
Lcea _euaasss Osaccs aLag.
+. ussec _gsqu Cgasc Lzmou saoascc
u_gosc _ogeg_ _squ Lcuc )mzuas
=LL Coeu. _eac _u nLeos Os_gs Osae
_LLcuc =LL Coeu ceg sLLaau ceo.
nLc geo gggs Osac_u oesuc ne_LLg geg.
. e_s ngLmescasa OLag ussce go_e_
CgassCa u_gome Lc geL OLgCoeu.
eo _ee_gu, _ee_g gas_squ ggg oesuc
q u_go Cug Osacc Coea _gsCsaLLasc.
(@i [[ s __o1o 6moqm _+om
(Lega Ethics)
_e ue_sce oa_Coa zeLgs sog_g. gg_
geg _e ue_sc cooag e_s_gc gLgg Osacc
Coeu ceg oezaegea__ae gg ceg agsCgau.
_e ue_e cooag oa_ Coeu ceg _egea usscac
C_gO_ssLLLL mzgggsc Laza_ueg_gc
gegCoggoasc. mee omgsc usscaL_ _eoozac
ggsLLL esOaaLLu OLgLLu. _eg __c omgsc
eLLu ceg _e_ssLLu. eLLasce OeagLaLeL
mcsss agLosc o_sqezsc ceg _e_ssL
Lsgasc.
132 133
eLLasc o_ss_gc mmq cesc _ou
OocuLLLsege. g_o eLLLmmq cesec CugCsac
saL, _e ue_e Oe_g _og_ae cegu, ceo
eLL_e_ gasc emaasL mgg Osaccmceo; eLLu
Oeacog Cog cegu oagog o_sqezsce
Lcaaqu. oe cesqs Osaeu Oe_ae ce qoe
ggLguLu Oeeg _eguLLac _g o_sq _sag.
OeaLLLL Osaeusc eo ce O_coass LLaoLo
Oeaeeac _ae _LLLagsqo eLL cesc OsassLLL,
_gg )L nezssLLu C_aLcoauc qggoacue
g_geou LmossLLu. cg_ ce@cc eLL_e_ ug
qoe OeacLsgaCea. _LCLag _oe qggoac _s
_g_o eLL_ge _LLeLuc _oe ug o_sq
O_aLzLLsgg.
__oc _e qegea o_sq nmc ggLguLu
c_go OecLoe oag cegu, _oeac qggu eaLLL
OLggoe mzgoag cegu _e_ssLLsege. om
mmmeu Oeacgu oa_, mzgoa_ascc _eg gLLasec
soessCoeu ceg eLL_geg osseu agsgg.
eo _egCa O_aeL, meL, m_ ceL OLa OLgu.
O_aeL ceLg o_ses_ O_a__oee agg. meL ceLg
_saggsq Lgoas mzgoag agog. om aggscgu
nuCzaLLuas _eua Coea _eg co aggc nccg
ceLe_ o_sqezsc _o _zaoasc.
g_ _zaCo ggLgue )Lsqs sazeuas
_eusgg. oquCzaLL _egCa m_ ceg
agLLsgg.
gg_ gegue _gsaoo sscsc (Problems of the Legal
Profession in the Present days)
Oocgascgu, gu gaLgu gg_ geguc
__gegeao eag_ O_aeLsc _Lasa aLLeuL
noassL OLggcce.
qoOoa gaLgu usscO_aes, _aCs gs_u
qggasc, _ogge cecses, oes eag_
sesOsLsc, _euggcc gg uegasc _saogegs
OsaeL cc mozasc CesmssLLsege. ogge
_qLL eLL_geg O_aeLsce cecses
LggasqegaasCo nccg ce_ O_ma osgg.
_gegugcc mg sscscaoe:
. qggasc usqu uoggcceuaac gg_ geg sao
eLOoc coauc LcL ma Coeccg.
_sCo, ggLgsce cecsesu OLqsgg.
z. o o_sqezsc e_s _euLme _LLeL_
__go_e_L Lgga neeueao emozL mgg
Osaccauc CLao_ac sscsc Lo C_aegsege
ceg noso eLL_geg q_me _gses agsgg.
. gguegascc o_sqsc _gs _cmc C_ass
sLLL_ac, o_sqezsc, oag, mzgoagsec
_e__g _aCu euzeu Oeg msege. g ggsqL
guLae Oeac ceg q_ agsgg.
[[ sms1 os:nqo 6moqm _ 6o+rn+om
. _gegeao Ceg_osc _au e_ss sLeuea
_gg Coeccosc ceLe_ geemc Osacc
Coeu. eg ceg ugssLLu eLL_ gegue
134 135
O_ms _ggeo gqLL_gmLs aLag ceg
CgasqLe ga_u coemsesaaL Lcaagg_c
Coeu.
z. qaaLue gco cgsaouaeg, gg_gegue
geuugu, CgeuugCu nccg. ceCo
gg_gegeao eag_ _eeou _u geeL_e_aac
gg_gegea na__ Coeu.
. _cqsq uga s_o nezsec
o_ssgscLugC_a, OLag usscLugC_a
ggLgsc cgLg _g_ggqL guLae_aqu. q o_sq
meazeeuc squCLag _g Lgg o_sqezsc
ggLguLCua, _ozg _CoaesmLCua CLs_c aLag.
_ooag CLe _zum__ac _O_aesqma _gu
e_gg CLamu.
+. eaLsag og_osecu, o_sq_ O_aLcc
_eeoezu o_sqezsc nma umaae_Le
gL__ Coeu ggCsam og__aeaCoCa _osc gg
coa_osc ces sgm_c aLag. o_sqezsc
cgssLssazezu ug_C_ gLss Coeu.
. o_sqez _u sLssazme goee uLCu sg
ggueg_e_ oeeusCsa, q_LL_gsCsa ossasmLs
aLag.
o. gg_geg_ O_aeLsc gu CeeoeaL Le_gsq
_euaass mLs aLag. gCo gg_gegue OLma
_guaqu.
. _eeeL Lgg mcuLzu Oe_c qegg_ sLLe_gc
o_ses _LL_as geLmzezu OocuLc, CLos_
ggeac o_ses Ooggaas _LLoe gaCe ce sa
mcuLzCua _cog mg _ouas mcuLzCua Oe_c
gg_gegsqL guLae, _gucoa_ Oeaoaqu.
a. o_sqez qo, q ggoe_gc _eee
Lcaaczas _eu_gs OsaccsaLag.
s. q ggoe_gc eLL _Coaeszas squ
o_sqez, cssazeu Osaeu, _gggoe
ngLmesce Cog mzoeees_sq eLL
_Coaeeeea q CLagu o_aq_c aLag.
(@i @1mnno n[[m _+om (The Ethics of Teachers)
caCs_u gg LeLaLs qegq ggLLLagu _g
scmaac_ae og_g ceg agu o_ssu cLCLagu gg
oggccg. ooesuc nosu __o_gqu OLmgu
seLeuLLLLosc _masCc. uaeasssec
_gqeLaozas _sqogc _masc __oc soeu
Oeg__ Coeu.
e__aa_e_ __euaas _sq_c qeCg _ma_
O_aeLs_sq nsg__aqu. neeueaL Lgga
_geou, neeueao eag_ OeagLaLeLu cca
_eguc neggog ceg qeeg qgsCsacasss
OsaeLg _ma_ O_ae.
136 137
@1m1o_ @s_mm omom
(Problems Facing the Teaching Profession)
. egcc _masce Lc us__aeg. nos _zasc
semssLLu _qsecu, mecqsecu nLe
OsaeL_as eega scm _eg _euggccg.
_gqma Lugea uaeos_sq_ _zCoea
sLLaau _mas_sqmag. ceCo, gacC_agu
geLOLgu e_s uaggasec nL_sqLe _ggg
__gCsgg Lugeau _css Coeeaoscas
_masc ss Coeccg.
z. _eue_ee _goa_q Osacesea uLu
_gsao_gc scm _egaas oq__e. LCLag
_eue_ee LcCog agsc LcCog gegscas
uoggcce. aLgq _eg uggu eega e__aa
_eg _saogeg _LLeLaass OsaeL nos e_s
_euLmgq eag_ scmea mmoae _cmc
Osass Coea _oau LCLag _masq
nccg.
@1m1 0q+oqm [s6+1 6n+[ 6moqm _+om
(Ethics for Teachers)
. q uaeoee nLc, nccu, _eua _saogge
qu__ ocoaae __euLLe ocoaeLa_
gee mLosc _masCc. LaL_gLLu, geosc,
Luggmsqu _eg _saeo ccoau scmue
qgsCsaec _eLo_gqma ogscaqu. ceCo, e_s
go oa_qsq_ C_eoaae, _e ue_ __eu
ocoCaa aa, _qgeLa oguc _masc,
uaeosec _e__go Oeco Coeu.
z. uaeosce qegsec uggoOzgmc saLsaLLaugu,
qegsec gceu Oeu CLosssec_ _m__gu
gcoamasq _guaqu.
. uaeosc _masecL La_C_ q_ss_e_ sggs
Osacsege. ceCo, _emaasc q_ss_e_ CLcs
saLLoscas, _euagmaas_ gs_ Coeu.
+. uaeos_sq_ _eaae geouc LaLu Oeacos
Osa_g, __gsas _e mgau OLgu _egea
_qsq_ se_gccg. _gqs szeu o
qegLasCc, _sqegLasec gss Coeu.
Lm_u u _egaac _ma uaeo ngq
_a_geo _eLsgg.
. uaeosec gco qusscas _squ e_s
gs_oscc uLu _masc LaCsgs Coeu.
_zac CLaeg gs_oscc sogg Osaco_ac
uaeosc eLCau OLagussc eLCau _zu
_a_gg CLasege.
o. ussceLCa uagLLL s_gssec noasqu
Oegsec oqLLeguc _masc moagssoasag.
. _masc _au Lc Oeu goas_e_o eagC_
aas Coeccg. cooagau_u neeus scmea
_c__c ceg qgsCsaec qLCa LaLL _acog
_mas_sq gcog.
138 139
a. _masc ugg _masecs qegagL CLs_eo_
_mss Coeu. _ma_ O_ageos qegoas
ce@ogu CLsogu _og.
Oeu O_agCo O_ou
ceg neq Coeu.
s. _ee_ggu Cuoas _masc _ueu gacC_agu
_qgaac na_gs Osacc Coeu. q_auc q
ga_u ss CoeLau ceg _gOuag
uaeasss_sq uLueg _mas_squ
OLaggo_aqu.
mm+1m1 n+:m 0o+mm q_m qs
saou, Lu __oaae geuaau, OLa__uau
ncceoa ceLeogegL La_g_ gLgaeLg_ meeCz
gcoama uaeos_sqs scmeas sgmLLa. _ae
Oeaco og_ LaLss_e__ _e ncc_gc _eu_gs
Osae mezq coauc, mLL_gLe, _su uogg
sgmLLoCz gcoama _oa. uaeoe uegc LaLs
s_gssec oaassOsac_u oesuc LaLu Oeaco_
_zCoeu eoaaqu gcoamame osseuaqu.
g mmzm
I. q1_ m1omm ms:mm
. e_su ceLLog aag
z. e_s_gc ncc Cssc aaeo
. z__eo qg_g uasu OoL agoe aaeo
+. moasz_g g qgL oezs
. oz_Leee qgL oezs
o. Laaszoa_u ceLLog aag
II. n m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm
. z__gssae sazeasc aaeo
z. moasz_g OLgs sazeasc aaeo
. moaez_ge )a mecqsc aaeo
+. _gOsaeossae sazeasc aaeo
. ecsc CLae_L OLa_sq _euaass
sazeasc aaeo
o. gg_ geguc egcc sscsc aaeo
. _ma_ O_ae mLos_sq egcc sscsc
aaeo
a. gcoama LaLu Oeaco__u _egsc aaeo
s. _gOsaeo ceeu LLe_ Lgg _gu _egsec
qgLm.
III. q Lss _cmc meLac
. z__eo gsqu og _egsc aaeo
z. moasz_e__ _msqu og_egsc aaeo
. oz_Leees Osaeuea_ _squ _egsc aaeo
+. _gOsaeo Oeg Osacoe__ _squ ogoessc
aaeo
. e_s ggg_ _a_qsec gsqu og_egsc aaeo
140
o. CLae_L OLa_sq _euaa_oe )a mecqsc
aaeo
. CLae_L OLac L_ss_e__ _squ og _egsc
aaeo
a. Laaszoa_u Lgga gga - zqaame aL
mzsLe_ge _ueasc aaeo
s. Laaszoa_u uggu )mzoa__ge mecqsc aaeo
o. Laaszoa_u uggu )mzoa__e_ qgsqu og_egsc
aaeo
. _ma_ O_aec geCga CLagg Coea _gasc
aaeo
z. u_goL Lc Lgga _gasecs ags
IV. gaeq Lss _cmc meLac.
. _Oumss u_gos s_su s-c OocuLL u_go
_gs CsaLLasc qg_g q sLez oezs
z. gg_geg __emss Coeu _gasc qg_g q
aLez oezs
141
IV. g(gJ g0sssQs
_[qom
nosc scC_aeg ueC_aegas sao_C_ _e C_aega
___q _u_sq _u_e ceg OeacoLa, _eo gugg
gcoLa cega Lazg_aee. qoe oa_mc gco geouc
ss Coeu ceg _eeLLoae. __gq gco g_ee,
gco ceeu, gco Oeacsc Coeu. _u_e cg_
geougu _esOse q Oggea eo_gs Osacoae.
_g_ OggCa, gco Ogg _gCo _gOgg.
_gOgg _ae _gmac ceLLLLg. _gOggeaLLgg
Lo _ggcsec oosc c_gcce. ue_e ceg
ggss_ O_aLaseaCea _eCg _gOggu C_aegag.
_gu ceg OeaeeaCo __gqc _gOgg, _g_ _gOgguc
oa__ C_eoaae oa_mac OggsecL Lgga s_gssc
_Lasa gcsc gu geeqsq ou.
qmgm _0[ _mom
_gOggs s_gssecs agu gcscae gsqgc,
gaoaa, qceoue __gog, OsaeegCog_e, _gez
CLaeg gcsc _u_me _gmac CsaLLasec nosgq
__e __oc _g_eo _qu. gu gaLe gsaeascae
zauaaeu, u_aLaz_u, Lso_e_ CLaeg gcscc _gu
Lgg _gsu agLLLccg. zauaae_gc ua_Le nosc
cLL _gOgguc oa_ Coeu ceLe_ oa_gg
saLaoe zaue. usaLaz__gc Lsoae sqee
_se_sq nLC_LLg CLao _gs s_gssc
142 143
_euggcce. _s_ga, O_acsaLma saou __Co _gu
CLeLLsgg. _gu cegac cogu, ggogu ceL. ue_e
_e oa_mc gaeq geouc oa_sgae mzuuoemau,
cogu, oeLmzu_u, ggogu ceg qoOoa geougu
_g_ _gOggsceL oa_sgae.
m+gmmm _[n 0n+_rom
nggL OLacsc gaeq oesLLu. _eo _gu,
OLac, eLu, m ceLe. e_Ca euus_ Ouaguc
qa__asc cesege. Lqa__asc gaeq _eo
_egCa _u, ___, sau, Cuaeq ceLeoaqu. _uu
ceLg _g_e_u, ___u ceLg OLaecu, sauu
ceLg eL_e_u, Cuaequ ceLg mCLgegu
ne_gsgg.
_oggc m ceLg ge_u Ouagu Oecoa
geoeu__asoe ggogu ceLg sazeoesaac
agLLsgg. osse oesuc agLLLa__ac gcscac
agLLog _gu, OLac, eLu ceg _egu _ae.
_oggc _guaog _g gcscc agcce_ Oe_gu
mossae qg__gu _qu.
_u _.g q_ssu, o_sq, _eLu ceLLu _oggc
q_ssuaog _g_e __oa oe__a ___usq
mgssLLLL geouc geg _os_sOse agLLLL
_gascc o_oag q_q_c.
mg, qo: mmom
o_sq ceLLog q OLaec_ _e__eCa ceg
ceg LL. __e sazeuas_ _u_c uagLL
_LOLac Cuc Oecog. _g sLe CsaLc __c
LgOeL L___g _qu.
_eLuaog _oOoa_ss Oggu_u o_sq Oggu_u
moseosec _gOgg gg_g_g OLaL qLL ga
__gq_ _s qg__c.
oggc o_squ _eL_u nos Ogg gg_g_c.
__aog _egLL__c _cog _e__c OLaL _cog
q_ssu CLao ussc nusq ngg _c__c OLaL
eo gLmcoa_ saze__agu gcsCc uLu _eg
neq uqgaagu agesaagu _gaLLsgg.
gLeLa q_ss_e_Ca _gu ce c_gs Osacc
Coeu. cogu ceLLog coa_sessq_ C_eoaae
Ogguc gggc __gq_ geeaasa sgeL ueemCaau
oa_og __oe __ee __oc oa_gg me ggogu
Lgg CLeLLsgg.
__moms mmom
gagu zeu Oeacgsqgg ceLasc LgOee
_ssesq gcs_c qegae gaoaau OLaecs
Osae _gu Oeasc, _g_e_s Osae eLu
OLgasc ceg oc_ou CLaoCo oog_gsgg.
_g_e_o Oe cegac OLaecs Osa ceg uLu
s__asag. Cgaggosq Oeacsg _g_c oa_e_, nLc
ne_L _ou n_q_c, ___o Oea_gsq _eeLLLaeu,
_g_o ga se zaq_c CLaeg _ee_gCu
_gmaoe LagLLLeoaaqu.
qceoaau _au agga gcscc _gss_gssec
q _a _e q_ge_sq __gLog CLao
agcca. q_ge_sq nemu CLag seLg_ neq
__ogu _zuaLLac. gg g_as Lses Lsesaas
144 145
mgq gg neeLaas mLoac. _g CLao
qceoaa _u _gOggs s_gssec ze, _eg
oa_e_scCoCa agcca. ze Oeagscc
qceoaa LaLcsc, zeLscc oc_oee
qgLLassc, gaeq _scc gaoaame LaLcsc _u_me
_gmac CsaLLasecs agsege. _gmac
CsaLLasec nc_eqs Osaces, Lq__gqs
Osaces, Lso_e_ agu Lae Cgassao Oeac _cog
gqsaua sua, eLmag Osaces gegqs Osaces
ce Lo oesscasL mm_g _gmaoc agcce.
_gmagsq_ C_eoaae s_gsc _ee_gu gu
_eCeascac oa_gg saLLL LLcce. _osc og
gLg_aCo gau _gmaeo __Lmss _u. C_a
Oecou _ee_gu guuLu geo_g ggs _gmac
CsaLLaLeL oa_ Coeu ceg _u_e _eCg
agccae.
4.I.I qmsmm+1 o_m _o_om
qceoaa agga gg gcsc q gg_ _gmac
gcscaqu. ue_ oa_sesuc qoe oa_ nggL OLac
Coeu. _eo gaeq oesLLu. _gu, OLac, eLu,
m _saogeg qceoaa _e gg gcscc mcsss
agcca. qoe _ae oa_o_gq C_eoaaeg OLac.
OLac ceo cegac nosc oa_ _aag _LOLaec
cLL =LL Coeu. OLacac seLsqu Lae cee
ceg La__ac seLLLg eLCu cesga.
qoe eL_e_ _eLa Coeuaeac, gg oguc
oa_ Coeu. __gq _g_e_ _ggg Osacc Coeu
_g_ggq _uu cegu OLac ne coe _u oguc
gLssgaCea _oee _u oe ceL, __gq _uu
Oea Coeu.
qceoaa _u gcscae __gog, Osaeeg Cog_e,
_gez _saoggc _gss_gssec agcca. _s
s_gssc _ee_gu nosc ncc ccoa ue_s_squ,
cssao_ggqu cog_gsqu ggeLa_as _euggcce.
qceoaa _u goae __ggLuc
__gg _ug_ C_oee
g_g g_g_ O_a_Coau aaCu
ceg egoeasa __g uaeo _cg_
oOLuaee mLL_ggqma mgaasee ge_u
ugoauc Lo_eg s_gg La oeas geo_
O_aLaqsga.
I. _m 0omm m_mq
O_aLss_gCoCa geeu _u _gu, _go Oeacsec
_ogauc Oea mus ceg agsga. mus ceg
Oeacogc gg __oc _eeLL cesga. qoe
q OLaec muu CLag _ae __e Cuc Lgg ggLu.
Lgg cegac sLe cegu OLac ne. sLe cegac
sLeu cegu OLac ne. ce sLe Lc Oeg
sLLLC_ cega ggaqssze. qoe O_ae Oea
Coeu ceg gee__aCo _go Oeacsec_ _ae
Oeoae.
_LCLag _oe _e, zssu, see _saogge
_ou gcoguc Oecoae. _g_ _g_e_o Oea
ue_geu, OLaaaeu, Osacoaeu, _e _saeo
146 147
Coeu. g_ Ogguc oa_g_ac _oe _goa_mc
oa_oae. _LCLag _go Oeacsec Oea Coeu ceg
ce@oae. _e oguc _ae __, gs, sagg, gmsc
gaasu, mCosaeg_ CLaeCga _go Oeacseco
Oe_asc. _au uLu _goguc oa_g_ac CLa_ag.
mgu _g oguc oa_ Coeu. _LLo Oeg oa_g_ac
_emeagu _g_geagu meessLLL Lae OLgoau.
_g_e_ Oe ceg uggos_sq nLC_eu Oe_ac
uLu CLa_ag. _e_ aa nLC_eu OesgaCza _ou
_gu Oea Coeu. _gu OeLoe _eg ue_gc qggu
coa_oeas ss Coeu uggoscg scm, Oecou,
OLe, OLae, uee CLaegoggc OLagaeuLLs aLag.
guoesc tOu, oa, se, _sq, Oemi og Oecgu,
_g_ggq guLae _eeea mL Coeu. C_eo
coauc ncc_gc c_u CsaL_e_ mL Coeu.
_sCsaL__ac ou su Oeaceo mL Coeu. ogeg
gss oa_oC_ _gu mgmLu _e Oeg_goC_ gg_
_guaqu. _eme ogag nugeo qoe cogu
O_aLaqu CLaC_ _eeL _LLeLaass Osae_ae
O_aLas Coeu. ceCo _ae qceoaa _u goc
O_aLss_gCoCa _gu Oea mu cega.
z. @_m sm
ccaoscL_gc CsaLa OsaccaC_. _eee mL
Lo__ac, Le__ac ccaoscL_g CsaLu Osaccc aLag.
CsaL_e_ mLmL Coeu, CsaLu _ae eu, Ooqc
ceg OLacc CLeLLsgg. CsaLLLLsaLag, CsaLL
LLLac _g_ CsaLu _L__aeg. eu Losseg
L_g saLLoe _ae ea saLLoe. _e eu Losqu
L_gc __ee c_auc _LLoCe _cac _LLoe
_oae. _eg eu Lossa_ L_gc __ee ___ac
cee. _ssauc g_ac cee OecoLu _coLu
ceLg _o__ac _eee Ouoaaezu ooaaezu
qgsqu.
_eee_ _ae sasse eu sass _eee_ _ae geLu
c_auc sass, ozauc sass gee__aeaue _e ue_go
eu ozauc sass Coeu. saoassac eu _eeeCa
Osacgu.
eu ce_u Ceg_aezs Osaco - eu ce_u
OgL eu ce_u guL eeeao su. _esq
LuaeoezCaaeg _osq euasa guLeeeau
su. Ceg_aezs Osaco ceLg ggLOLa. _ae Ceg_
L_e_s Osacgu O_agog cegoag Ceg_aez
nageeL Leeuaac ago.
1. @mmm o;6mm
neeac _g_ogeg uegssauc Oeg mL Coeu.
neeac _g_ _cq _uu Oea Coeu. scm, neL,
neq __oaogeg coa_os_sqs Osass Coeu.
neeLu Oecou squ CLag _e_ ceo ceg
uegsss aLag. _eeLu scmo Oecou squ CLag
_e_ uggosqs sgm__c Coeu. OLaLOeco_e_
ueg_g _gu Oeamceo cegac _g Ooccu, sco,
Cog_e, agesue ggu _saoggac _gu. ceCo
neeac _g_ogeg uegssauc Osass Coeu cega
qceoaa.
148 149
4. om mm6om
Osa_g n_qu gco Lemee mL mLaC_.
ogaasq qeg =oC_ =es. q OLa_u
coa_asq _o Coea qeeg OsaLLC_ gcog.
Cugosu ceo ce_u OsaLLg geg, Oecou
geoucoa_g, ceCo squ CLaC_ =og geg.
ogaos_sq =oC_ =es. ceCo OLac nccosc
uggosq Osa_g n_qu Lemee oc_gs Osaccc
Coeu. =og ceLg occcsc qeu, =o_ac seLsqu
eL_ggq = cgqu ceo. quee _e _eoeas
Osass _eog_ae. Lam _ceosq_ C_ez =g_ae. =es
qeu neLaomLu _e, see, eag_u _saeo
squ. ceCo =og mosCsc cega qceoaa.
s. s:m mmm6nm
ncc_gc ncc zsaasec ccoau Lo _ga
agaC_. mgme zsau nesq_ O_mg_ac __ee Lo
_gas agsaLag. ageac _L_g ou. Lesome
zsau O_mg_ac Lesoee Oocooau quL
zsaasc Oocuc CLaeac _squL_ge uaeu
CLaqu. gaLe LagsaL sg zsassaL nggOuag
L_mCagCLa CugOsacsege.
o. uo u_ @o6gm
sc__e_u osse_e_u seu ceg s_gg
Lssauc ssaC_ ce ceL gee c__g ceL cega
oc_o. ce ceg Oeacoequ c__g ceLguasa
seosc zeeeu oa_u nusqs se ceL.
ce ceLg sc_u _g smu Oeesu ce
oesLLu. c__g cegaCo __Cea qggeueLa
Oeacgu _Laqsgg om gg_u _g__g OLacsec
saeL_gqs smaasoe se ceLLLLg. ceCo ce
c__g sC_c cega qceoaa.
. qnq;q q_
nos geL_eg _ggg __eL gLgg Osacc
Coeu. _._aog nos acmee _ggg
OeacL_c. nos geL Co_ geL CLao, _ggcscac
agLLo_eg _aCu _ggg Oeg_eeu_ _a_oe,
qLzq _g_Ooega.
nu oa_oae q__g _goae nuCza a
oa_Loe ceLoe nos geLuee _ggg OeacLLoe
_._ggg Oeaa_oe nueLaaCeaau_u Oe__ac
qoeass s_LLoae. nume _gqu Oeagu
saeaeuue Oe__ac eossLLu cega oc_o.
eaeCgazg Oecou, mmc oa_oa _ec ne@u
qcu g geggg, LaeLoe_L CLaegg.
Cugu LaeLu uzu m gCo L___agCLaegg.
8. qmmmm 6n6om
OLagaeu Osae ce_u CLeaC_ qoe _e
Oge_gc OLagaeu ceg qggu coa_oea ss
Coeu _esqma q_ss Ogguc oa_g_ac OLagaeu
qeu ozag cesga qceoaa. ss_e_L meou
se_aac _gaoauuggo oco se OLaga_ _eeuCa
OLagaeu ceLLog. uss_sq CoeLa_ gg_
150 151
qeas_c g _eoaaag. oc_ou __ee __ssag
c_u q Lam cega.
qeL_au oqL uaem _auez; _oc s__gc _aso
easo; esuc _as oecac; mzoc Cuagzu; eLuc
LLL LaoaeL; __esa _eL _csCca oqLmgq
osgac.
Ooecoaqu _C_ oqL uaem _ae; _o_squ
LLLaeL coamLLagu L_gaaeL ne. _asoecac
coamLLagu seea oecac ne, _aso easo
ceo cegagu La uaeo ne, cegagu _auezeaL
Lasqu CLaO_coau Ooecoame nccu OLagaeuaac
Osagsqu; _g mg _ssu se OLaga_ nccu.
OLagaeuue mecq cee _sgg _a_u _oecL
CLao n__ Coeu; _ca Coeu; ceg _eeea_
gesgg. _ee gegCoga_ CLag CsaLu neLasgg;
sOeac mgssgg.
_sCo OLagaeu ce_u q qeu CLzaeeea
neLasqsgg. CsaL_e_ neLasqsgg; sOeagsec
CLeo Oesgg. _sCo qoe OLagaeuagg ncc_e_L
OLgoe_Ca gg_ q_ssuass Osacc Coeu.
OLagaeuagg ncc_e_L OLg_Co qoe OLg__ss
CLgs_c gg_ CLgaqu.
OLagaeu ce_u qeu usqu gg__aqu. Lesou
nesq_ )aq Oeo_gq ugg_agu ugLL, OLagaeuCaa
nesq_ _ogauc )euea neLassCa )u.
qoe uggo_sqs OsaLLe_L La_g g OLagaeuL
LLaC_; OLagaeuLLe g uLueg, ne sgg__au
nss neLu ne@o_gq nequ eg og_ Cgmu.
OLagaeu nccu LeL__oeL_C_ Oecou geo_g
LLgceo.
OLgaeu qLLgg Lamaaoae; _oe ueuuc ne
Oeco_e_ _gLLae ugeuuc gzs_gc _c_oae.
_sCo uaeo ucsCc! mg oco se OLagaeuL
LLa)sc. __gq uagas mg oco se us_o
_eLasc! gas_u ocz _ag Oeasc.
9. +n 6n+m msm
asz c__e_L CLaoCo _eeoezu _zoee_go
Oec.
a szu _e_g aasag. Oeacoe __c c___as
ozag _esq _e q c__e_u, me q c__e_u
OLgg ggaasua ou. n. u, _aq, aq, caq usscac
_e_g aas _aag. asazu ccCoaezu _zoee_g
Oecg_c CLac nosgcc _eeoezu _zoee_go
Oeco Coeu. qoe geLsecL Les_gs Osaccs
aLag. _ssu Lss_gc nccosecL Les_gs Osaccs
aLag. _ae oa_u sgg_e_L LessssaLag. _eeoezu
__mo Oecgu ncL LaaqLe oa_ Coeu.
sasessc _usq ezaaue seL og uegaag
e_e_ _e__g __Ceau aL ne@u ceCo aL
CLac oec cega qceoaa.
I0. @oom _[] @o+
ggqeu usso ceg _zagg La_g _gg_ meCL
qoLe gLs Osacc Coeu.
ss_e_L me ou ggs se_aac _gaoau.
152 153
m+]q +om
Ogss Cgz_gc aL gg n_qLoCe geLe.
Cgzs aLa_ Ogssea neLass _gc ss
eoLLoe geLe _co.
ggeueamLo euCaa_L _g gg_g ceL. ggeu
ncco_sCs euCaa_L _g Loe _u q asu saLc
_e quL_gLe oa_g_g. __e nLoc ooqccoez
__e quLu __ee_ _eooeas gggg. asu
_geuaac _cg_ CLag quLu __ee _eCa mL
_segg. s_o as_ggq q gm geLeaeg. _g
cLCLagCu _e _ggz__aCoCa oa_g_g. guagg_gu,
g_oCu __e oa_ses _eg. _e nLc ooqu
ggeuu qegaqLe as_ggqu _g__ _ggzu n_qu
ceg C_aeggg.
as_u gmu Cegg CoLeLsqo Oecgu. gm
ogsaLaL asu qmL_gc gg_g CLac L_gsqu.
__ees seL ugg usasc Laueg _sc gLuau.
gmue qgLLggg asu guOze c_gg _g_ us_e__
_asso eaLmu. gmsq _g neL ug neCo CLagu.
zeu ss goeu Oe_e.
q gac as_u gmu Oecgu Lae_uc aaees
aLLu og_g. as_ggq aaeeeas Osaeg gee uqg_
_ee. gmsqu aaee uaue_gc _ee. gm as_e_
gg_g CLac LssL Lc__g. as_u eLo _gaac
_ee gggg. aaees aLLu Cosuas og_g. gmc
L_gg_ as_ge uC_g ug_gs OsaeCL
Oeegg. gm g_geoea negg _eeCz qmLLg
aLLuas oseg aaeesec_ _ae qoe cgss
_ua __gsae ooeuu ggeuu ncceoa ce
Caassa_ asu gmue _ggz_e_ gum ugLLo Oe__g.
II. q]sq q+mn 6no
un6n+m 0n[6+s; s n+o+nn+m+o
_ma Lmgmsqs sazeuasa _au _ge_u
oess_ggq nmaosc. La_Lo zaL Lae_e_L
OLaggg ocsqu _au e__aa_gc geeeo OLg scm
_geo_ C___g_ _ge_u __c oess_ggq
nmaosc. Co__u ua_ C_Coa Lo , m_ C_Coa
Lo, _eaa C_Coa Lo ceg _egCa _a, _ge_,
_ma _sa _oezu O_ouas ogLLCoeu ceg
agsgg. _eaCoCa qceoaa Osaeeg Cog_ec _au
_ge_u q_ge_aac _gaLLseg __c O_ou ceLg
C_aeg _eeeu m_aqu _eeg O_ou cega. _a
_ge_aaez _geussao_gc OLgg q_ge_sc CLaggL
Lagsass Coeu. _eu __zqu _c__c Coeu.
_ooag Oeue _gCaa coasc qegu. _eaCoCa
gu gaLc _gsao_gc aLsquL oa_ses_eg gg
og_gu _gCaasLq ugLu umaae_u o_asLLL
og_gu cec us___ssg.
Iz. s[ m6mm
mg Oe_ gco n_mea cegu ugoaC_
_esq _e q n_mu Oeaagss qoe mg_sqo
Oe_ n_msq ue@os_u me@os_u esuagass
Osa__agu qLLasag.
154 155
qoe Oe_ nLsazu _ceoL OLag_g
g_aug_g, _u_u sao_e_ Cgass goqos_g_u
usLOLmag _qu.
_usq gee_gee nLsaz_e_ qoe Oe_aeau_u
__ee ggqe_eLCaa Leeacoasssgo.
gcCoa n_maoez g_mgLmgu geeLL.
qoe Oe_ geeuea ugLLg qosq _uu
_eg _oe Oe_ )eueao Oe_ OLa_C_ ugLLg
geg.
OLma _gaseco e___asqu Lao_ge gaqu
oauc neLau. _eac qoe Oe_ gegea
ugg_o_sq _.g ceo cesga oc_o.
I1. @msmmm om
cu Lo_gCo sgs Coeaeogegs seLgs sggs
Osac.
scm sggc cegg _gggu, ggggu sggc _qu.
qoe sgqu gcsecL L__gs sgs Coeu. ceuL
Lo_gCoCa scm sgs Coeu. _oeuau Lsuz__ac
CLao scm uegc Lgu. ceuuc scoa_e scm _co.
ceuLLou q gLLae Lou. sgLee gegg_ soeo
g_a_ Lou, uCeaLao_u nLcesgu uqg_
Lou _LLo_gee messauc scm sgLg gcog.
gacoes Co_asecu sgqu saou ceu _ae.
soeo ceLg O_maa_ Lou, s_ggzuae
Lou sLLLaLsqc _Lasa_ Lou. ceCo
ceuCa guoesec _Lss sgs Coea gcsc
_ee_gu sgqu saou. __oe ceuuc sc cega
qceoaa.
I4. o+nn m;qm
mg nusecL LagsaLLC_ gg_ CgaeLqu.
CugOsaeL CgaeeL mLauc OeoC_ mz_uaqu.
guoesec _Lss uegee q _sLL_g egoee
gee__c mzsuaqu. mz__gc oac neq neLgceo,
__eac mg nusecs Osacoauc ss _sgg.
mz__gc ue_e _e CLasqLL CLasmLauc ues
qgezea _Lss _sgg. mz__e_ ccoa u___au
eua__au gggs Osacsgasc. mz_u LL_ac
eozassau ggLsgg. mz_ascc o _gmac _egsc
ncce. mz_ugg _omz__e_ _squ gacc ge_
ccaos_sq _ee _aeu Oe_c CLaeg _u Oeacsc
gLssege. mz_u LL_ac gu nLc qCz zas ss
oes Oesgg. mz_u LLo _ae mz_u LLC_a
uggosecu mz__gc =LL_gog uso gLLaeg.
saggasc Ouce mz_u LLa, neea CgaeeLu
seLLmLLa. gga m_eosq _ozg Cgaeu mz__u
usqu n_maas g_e. mz_ascc uso
gg_g Oucemz_u. zue Lo _e saou Ouce
geouc g_a ceL. Ouce geouogg OsaeCL
Ls_sc CsLqu meass_sq meLea Ouce_gCoCa
mcssea ceL. mz_asc Lo cog__a CugOsac_u
mz_asc, ggog__a CugOsac_u mz_asc ceg
ncce. mz__e_ mLCoCa CugOsaccoau ggmsc
geL gac mz__e_ _ssauass seLLmLLa. nos
156 157
geeusq ggmsc squ mz_as_u cog__a
squ mz_as_u usqu LaeLsege.
egaecL OLg _ou Coeu. _o_gc ss
mz_u Coeu. mz_uss guoe _Lssu Coeu.
guoesc _Las ue _Lssu Coeu ueu _Las
Ouceu Coeu. Ouce_gc ss soeo_gc
sssaLag. uee_ q_sLL_g egaec _eLa
mz_u n_qseg saze__agu, mz_ sao_gc oac ug_g
oa_o_agu mg nusc go_g oa_o_agu saLLg mz_u
cega qceoaa.
Is. gsm _o[_
Lg Laou _u gg_ Oeacseco Oeoe_ _gCo
gsq_c _qu.
gg_ Oeacscaoe. OLagaeu Osac__c, Oeggeg
ug__c, gq geoeu _og_c, mgec me__c, g_c,
OLa CLs_c, gaag_c, _a_g_oLe gL Osac__c,
sc_e@_c, CsaLLL_c, mg nusecs Osacg_c,
_eeeouc _a__c __oaeoaqu. Cug agaeo
geL_e_Ca _oe. __oac _ogeg gss oa__c
Coeu ceLg C_aeg _eu _sgg ceg agea.
g mmzm
I. q1_ m1omm ms:mm
. _ugc ncc _ggcsc ceoCa_u zeees ag.
z. qceoaame _ggcsc ceoCa_u zeees
ag.
. gagu zeu Oeacgsqgg - gc gaeq, ze
ceLe cogegs qgssege
+. oa_mac nggL OLaLsc gaesees ag
. qg__c - oOeacoe OLac aag
o. _ggcsc agu oes _gasc aaeo
. oOLauae _cggcc uaeo cg
a. ce sLe Lc Oeg sLLLC_- ceg oa_g_o
aa
s. _e oguc oa_gg nosL s_ OLgCga oezs
ag.
o. guoesc - ceo
. qceoaa coOeaeoo Oea muL Coeu
cega
z. eu sassLLL Coea Lu cg
. Ceg_aezs Osaco ce goc_o c_ees
qgLmsga
+. c_ee ueg__c aLag cesga qceoaa
. s__ _sa_eo - comzeu ce qceoaa agsga.
o. oc_o nuoa_oaeas aaezs qgssga
. geg, gegeg ceg oc_o cogegs qgLmsga
a. scm sgs ggg Louas qceoaa cLLo_gees
qgLmsga
s. mz_uaog aag
zo. _euo Oeacsec _sgg Coea_e sazeu cee
158 159
II. L_g oms_sq usauc meLac.
. qceoaa _gog eu - ceg agae_ mcsq.
z. acog szCoc - mcssu _s.
. aL CLac oec - oauoas qceoaa ne_gu gg
cee
+. aaLe gL Osacc Coeu ce qceoaa
agsga
. qceoaa ceuuc sc ces agag ge
o. _eus qeascas qgLmLLLoe aaeo
III. q Lss _cmc meLac
. _gu Oe ceg sLLecuLauc qceoaa _gu
Oea mu cegg ge ceLe_ mom.
z. =og mosCsc oauoas qceoa oog_gu
=esea mom.
. ce c__g sC_c ceg ags sazeu cee.
+. qLzq - ceL_e OLaecs ag qceoaa agu
s_gee mom.
. qcmau CLCec - ce_u oassa_e_ mom.
o. _ge_ _aL CLe - ce qceoaa aga_e
egaeuaaeuea mom
. geg ugoaeuea qceoaa oggeg mom.
a. _eu _sgg ceg qceoue oases mom.
IV. gaeq LssasLq usauc meLac.
qceoaa __gog oauoas agu _gs s_gsc
gC__u gggee_ O_aq_gs ag.
4.I.z 0o+ss6m]qs
__ggea_ O_aLgg Osaeeg Cog_ec _gs
CsaLLasec qceoaa agsga.
OsaeegL_uaeo _cg_ oeg Oecoeasa
mgaasee gosec cLOLa_gu s_gg La
oeaqCoau ceg O_aLaqsga.
I. _sssm nq+qm qss[ 0qmmm
gau __e __oc sLqcas _ggg OsaeLosc _au
_ge_u _ae. ua_a, m_a, q, O_ou g_ gaesc __c
o ua_a, m_a gusq O_ou. _aea neg_oe
O_o_e_ neg_oe _sgae. eg nosc ussc
uasscas LL_gqs sazeu ua_ t_ai Lsg, m_ t_ge_i
Lsg coa_g _ae. _e sago__ac _e sa C_eoea
__g Oeg OsaccL OLgg _aea _ge_ea _gCaa
coascc Ce_g msgae. _aue OLeu
O_maa_osc _aea, _ge_ea _oscg _geuuc
_oscg uee_ geLLLLo Oesgasc. _asc use
_eg _geuuc saLLaggoae ceg gumsesL
OLgCgascLu _gCLag qeggg osgg. _gq _ac
gaL Cuas_. e_u q sazeu ceg Oeacooau. OLgg
_au mgg_ OLaeeau gggooae_u ge gg_g ceL.
_aug gg_ Csauguceo _ge_ Oeag uss uggzuceo
_a _ge_eaL CLe Coeu ceg Oeaee qceo
OsaeegCog_ec _eeeu m_aqu _eeg O_ou
cesga _aeau _ge_eau _ggg O_a_g
oeaqLoe mgaaseeL CLac ccoa go_u OLgg
oa_oau. mgaas _a _ge_aCz nosu ceg Oeaco
160 161
_oseco sggogg uaase OLggo. _sCo _a
_ge_aez_ O_a_g oeas _os_sq_ O_ae Oe_c
Coeu. _O_aeCL gaeq Co_asec, _g
eaugzasec, sgg_gq euu. noes _eL OLeuu,
us_ou _qu. ceCo _eeeu m_aqu _eeg
O_ou cega qceoaa.
z. @mmm 0q+_m o+mqm s_
ga_u _ogag Csaugsqo Oeeg egoee
oeaqog usqu gcog. _a _ge_aez __oc _gu
O_ouassa qceoaa egoeeL me _gu
O_ouas s agsga. __O_o ogLaLsq _oa_u
_gc O_o ooas_u _ogge _za_ees_u
ue_ue q geoL LaLgqu __azuas mcasaeuaac
_oau Oeeg oeaqoe_ qceoaa ogg_gcca.
Cugu _ssao_gc _oaasc mL OLag uegascasqu
scms aLascasqu, seo ocsqu Lascasqu
mcsaeuaac aaou Oeeg Lae _eLu Luas
_oaasc mcasa_agu _oau Oeeg _eLoee_
O_a__c us geeu _u qeOge qceoaa agea.
1. @mmm _mm mmm _s_
cog oa_Co gcogo Oeaoaqu. ue_ oa_q cogu
ggogu c_u CLzgascasL mmssLLsegg.
oggc cogu ceLg ueem ussCca, Cegg
OLgCga, ngCgaL_u O_ou CLagg g__a sLe Oeg
mgC_aum Oecmggu, omggu Lagsa_g
_goguc OLacL OeaLL_oe gCo
gg_ _guas s_LLLLg. ggogu ceLg qoe _e
oesec _Lss uee_ q ogLL_g nLeo o_g
OgLmgu gmgu sLgg _ou Oeg egoee neu
geoea _eLog ggq.
4. om+1 6qrs: [m+1 0o+mm1
uggos_sqs Osassa_o_eLa Oeco_e__
)aosc sogg moasc.
LaLL_ C_L Le_e_L e__geosqa Cs
OsLL uaeLCz Cs_asc - amL _m_ae CLaueme
aaCza __LmLLa.
C_a Oeco_e_ _goguc Oeoq Oeg __eac
seLsqu eL_e_ nez Coeu. Csauc sL_c,
u_gouee, scmoeaeo CLaegogggq Oeoq Oeg
eca_e_L OLgoau.
ceu geoaaeg _co. ceu eLu ceg gee_g
Oeco_e_L Lo ogscc Oeoq Oeg _geuuc Cgasq
_euaaoe_ mL_ C_a Oeco_e_ gcoguc Oeoq
Oe_c gcog. ceoCac =aa C_LeL_ )aa Osaco
ceg qceo Laag neeuaasmu.
s. _:s nsos 6m_:s 0om
mLe q_g oa_auc qoe Les OsaeLac
quL_gLe _goae.
qoe _e mme Cuc _e coauc g_ac
mCz _oeeL Lessqu. _gCoaeg ooa gee
162 163
coa_oee Lesoe ccgc Oocoae mLe qoe
q_g oa_g_ac mCz _o_sq n_qu, _esaac Lesea
oc_gs OsaccaC_ ceLg _e OLac. e___ae
qceoaa _u LaLoasa __gguc uagga_sq
LaOsaCLc ceg agcca. __aog Leso_sq cg_
oesugu ggu Lu Osa_g mLaC_ cega.
n__ueau - msq ne_squ gcooeas - mLe
a oa_ - mmc ncc gcoos_Le ngq Osae oa_s
- ccCoamL_u _eLe L_s Coeu. Lo es Ceg_ac
Lesea Oocooau C_e_C_a q_g oa_ CLaeg
Ouagsc C_aege.
o. gmm q_m 0omms 0om
moee csqu _cqsq ogeu _eLg_agu
Oea__ss gco Oeacseco Oea Coeu. moee
c__aog scm sgs Coeu. scm sgg me gco oguc
oa_ Coeu. ugggu )a Oeacseco Oeas aLag
ogeu og_ sao_gc aL eaeCgasc Lg Lao_ggq _
Oea__sa_ Oeacsec OeauaLLasc.
=egac Lsae Laeau_u Oeags
eaeCga Lgsqu mee
- cega oc_o
ceCo gau s_u Oeoeo Oe cega qceoaa.
. qqms s6 6m[m1 q_om
Co_u __oae ueg gcsec ga_u LLLe_mL
q_ssua LLC_ _g_esq __q uggu gcog.
qoe scmea oa_me cg_L Lqgugu toaggui
O_aLas __g _gOo_oau _ooag scm OLgoe_
e__aa_u gggs Osac_u. scm sggoezL CLagg ugsqu
_eac oa_me cg_L Lqgugu q_sss CsLae Oeaeo
qoe OegmLLac _oeeo e__aau gggs Osaccag.
ggga_asqu, _eLee OLgg_asqu ageagu, e__aa
_asazu ceLg q_ssu _ogao_sqs seLssag.
_eaCoCa goc_o
ugLm_u q_gs Osaccoaqu LaLLae
mgLOLa_ssu qegs Osu.
cesga.
8. [m n+1m o[m @msm
mgezs qggu Oeacos OsaeCLuLLos_Le
ngmesc g_ggss uaLLasc.
qegLa neLaoCe ue_e - ue_eLu _ooag
qegLa __c acu _qu. _auez __sae uo.
_g CeggCo _ae _ecssgg, ocsgg. __eac _g_
_auezea gau Oog_g msCgaua! ceo. Czaga ueu
uss uo. __eeo sggcc _Lsc __ee Lgss
ooaez q_gsege. __eac _e_ muLauc
sseCgaua _e_L CLaoCo usscLu nLg qegu
ssoau. qes qegu ssoau. __ee qgss
gegmee LazaLseg nccu gusq oz Coeu.
_eeCa qggu Lasse sggu ceo cesga
qceoaa.
9. son0n+_m qss 0mmn0n+_m omm
_gseg neg mg Oecoasec mL cegu
c_eagu _gaa_ scmCa gg_g. nggg n_mu ng
164 165
OLac Osa_gu mgeg geo _eaag sggc geCg.
gLme Laoac _au ueu gmu, Coggeu O_mg_ gag
Lagc _Lac qo sgme CugLac qo _osLLu.
Oocc__ac _gaag, Cog_zac Osacc_aag,
Oog_eoac Cosag t_gaagi, scozac gL _aag,
_LLLLLL OLeu neLag scm.
I0. o]q[ _g m][ 0omm+sm
_eg LzuLezea _gaauc sa_gL ueemCaa as
q_ge_L CLggLe oa__Co gL.
oqosc C_aega numeasc _ee_gu LcsL
OLs Coeu ceLg agesue gag. _gCsgL
_aozas_u moaqs_u _asc e_e_LOLsss
Osaecce. ue_e _gq mgmossco. agesu
eLOLss_ggsasCo ue_ez _easqu, OLeeasqu
LeL_gssgg. Lq__gqeLa ue_e agesue
mgs_sq sLLLL _e ueemaLe a ge ussecL
OLgg oa_ Coeu. _eeCa qceoaa eg_gsq
__q ogg Oeaaeu cesga.
II. o[[[ _g _g @_]qm
qoCza qo geeuugu )euugu a oa_oC_
ngmesq __sa LeLaqu.
g ogga qc_gc LgeosCca _asauc g
gegg_ ue squ Cog qc_e_ Cgass Lggg mu.
_eac _g_ qc_gCoCa ocggsqu OsaL, _co,
Og_c _sa Oesc gzgg CLagu _aCsCa _as
_sqc_C_a _g_eos saesCgau. qo
Oecog_ea g_ sao_gc _oCea Cegggg.
us_g_ sgg__asc _oe ogeugg sao_gc gzgg qc_g
LgeosecL CLac Lggg Oecg_c _guasag.
_sqc_C_a _gu OsaL, _co, Og_c CLaeg
OesecL CLaeg sgg__asCc neeuaae sgg__asc.
_osc oa_mgu, _a_mgu, eamgu a LLe_Ca
OLeuaass Osaco. __esa sgg__asCc gu eu g_
__c __q ceg qceoaa agsga.
Iz. q]sq 0o+m mo m][;m @msm
mg uggz _Coaeeesc ccoau _ge_ue _gqezsq
=Lasa.
q_ge_ue nLc ocosq_ _aeau _gq
ocosq_ _ge_eau ce _eCga ago _eoa_g
_gguLLo Oeac - _ge_a sLeas oc_o
ago_agu, _ueus saLgu _u ussc _gqeLaoza
__eo _ge_asc muma_agu, eaeCgaeasq_c
_ge_sq sLe - ce gga@g ago_agu _gqeLeuCa
q ue_ee __ ue_eas uaggo_agu _oogqsq
m_gsg _ge_ue Oeac uggzuasL CLaggL LL Coeu
ceLe_Ca qceoaa _ge_ Oeac uss uggzu ceo
cega.
_ge_ Oeac CsLLoez nosu ugsqu ceCo _ge_
Oeac uss uggzu ceo cega qceoaa.
I1. q+m[ ]q0q+_ 6o+mm @msm
OLgg _aea mL qo_sq gg_ Csauc
CoOgaegu ceo.
OLgg _au mgg_ OLaeeau gggo oae_u
ge gg_eCa. _aCa qo_sq O_ou. ccoa
166 167
eua__au _aea O_ouass Osacsege. _aucoauc
gauceo. _aeaL CLao mcec geoL CLao Ceeo,
ceLg L_Ouag, _aOuag, _aga ceOgcoau _aue
OLeu CLeLLsgg. _a gueu L_g ua_u sugg
OLggoc. gau qug_ oug, q Csauc CLaegg. ce_
Coeuaue meo Osa_g oaasoau _aea aazagu
meo Osa_g oaas _aag. _esqcce_ gusq
o_aqLoc. OLggqLe Lao_g mLL CLcL Lagsa_g
ocLLoc _a. _geasz CLaeCga _aue OLeuea
s_gg agcce. _aCa mz_e__ _u Lzaesgaa,
scmea_ _u seousca, Oeco_e__ _u gusca
ssgac. ceCo Csaugsqo Oeeg egoee
oeaq_c CLac _aeaCa Csauoas, gee_g oeasoau.
ue_e guugaas soeo coauc O_o _ecL OLg
O_o_ _aue _c Coeu. ceCo _aug gg_
Csauoceo cega qceoaa.
I4. 6q+g6s+m gsm 6n6om
OgasL L_sa geLscL_ggu _esqgg ogeu
geoea c_gs ags aLag.
C_a_sq ueac useeCa C_a_easL Lamss
Coeu ceLasc. geLscLu gLeL OLgu CLag
_oscg qe_e_ _zagg gLeL eo_gs Osacc
Coeu. n_LLcq gL, ncc__cq gL, cgLaLCLa
L_qu gL, OLa_g CLasqo_gsae gL ceOgcoau
nccg. cLLLLLL geLeas g_agu _oeLu g_eu
CLesaLag. g_ g_eueaL LaeL_g quL_e_Ca
_gss oco _gggeLaoeas uagoae. LLLLLL
C_a_eac quL_gc mzoeee, seoe ueemsqc
mzoeee, Lcaaggu L_gc mzoeee ceg ggLL
me _oCe mzoeeeaas moae. geLee q
cceosqc eo_gs Osacc Coeu geLsc n_maac
_eCeggu _eLg_o o, geLscac
Co_eeaeLg_o Lo. C_a_Cea g_eu CLeag__c
geg. gu qegeas CsL ___aLLLog CLac gLL.
me gueuLLgg ugg geLscLu qeg ago. gL
ceLg mmg_ meeu geLeeL Lgg qeg agag
__oaqu. _sCo C_a_Ceau g_eu CLCec ceg
qceoaa agsga.
Is. 6+sq usn 0o+s_ [ss+sm
mg nusecs Osaeg geeauc LLC_ mz_u
gCo nag_ CgaeLaqu.
q nuezu Osacoa_oeeu oaeou
neea_oeeu ccoa nuu es qm_g_ O_a_u.
ceCo mg nusecs Osaeg geeauc LLC_ gg_
mz_u CgagL_e _LLeLaaqu e_Ca Cgae ceLg
Osaeg geeaeu ceg qceoaa agcca.
g mmzm
I. q1_ m1omm ms:mm
. _eeg O_ou aa
z. cg eaoqu geg
. gcogu cg
+. suue Oeco_e_ aa Osaco
. CoLe Osu - cLCLag
168 169
o. g_oe geg cg cesga qceoaa
. sgguceo - cLCLag
a. OuL OLac cg
s. ogg Oeaaeuaaog aag
o. ngmes_sq __q - cg
. _ge_ue Oeac c__esag
z. qo_sqo gg_ Csauc cg
. aaLe g_eu CLe_c aLag
+. CgaeLaog - aag
. ogeuugu eaeCgasc c__esaosc
II. n m1omm ms:mm
. _a, _ge_ue OLeuaas Osaeeg Cog_e agog
aag
z. cog_e_ Osaeeg Cog_e cooag gLmssgg
. Leseuaac mecu CsLas qceoaa agoe
aaeo
+. Cogame q_ssu qg_g qceoaa agoe aaeo
. scmue Cueeu qg_g Osaeeg Cog_e agoe
aaeo
o. _ge_ Oeacuss uggz uceo - mcsq
. aamL_gc _e ogeuea c_gez__c aLag
a. Osacoeu Lgg OsaeegCog_e agog aag
III. q_no _mmm ms:mm
. _oau O_a_og Lggu, =aa C_LeL Lggu
qceoaa agoe aaeo
z. gau s_u Oeoeo Oe - mcsqs
. eg_g Lggu, sgg__a Lggu qceoaa agoe
aaeo
+. qceoaa _aea cooag gLmssga
IV. gaeq Lss _cmc meLac
Osaeeg Cog_e oauoas qceoaa ne_gu _g_
s_gsc ceoCa_u gggee O_aq_gs ag.
4.I.1 qs;
mmz1 q
LaLc oasqeLau gco ue_eLau uauozac
CgasqeLau Cue gLasag - _s Osae
gLLa gCue_ gumses aae La_u
_LLauc eaoa _usq
s; : Locu CLaeg gg_e_ neLaoeasa mgaase,
gumses _s_e_ neLaoe. _oe gosec ga_u
_ogag _auez uo Osae oeas Coeu. _ooag
oeaseac scmaac oasq oeeu neLaqu. ue _ggc
OLqu, osqu _cac Oecou ocu. nLc Cgaueg
geL gac oa_oau.
I. 0oms[ _[qm
LaLc geg qogqo Oe_ssac _ggeg
ceg _aOsac ce CoeLa - geg
_cza ocO_aq _a_eL gez_
_eoaaCo _ae __oac.
nez : _czauc geo_g geg ocseg O_eee
uzuaeg, _e Cozac neL gez_ _e _aaCo
tcgscas_i _sgg _g CLao ggqe_eLa qo_sq
170 171
n_m Oe_ac _oq_mea _oe cLOLa_g gLmo
OeoaCea ceg gaLLL CoeLa _oe gegLe
n_mea mezgg gusq_ guLo Oeoae.
ss_e_L meou se_ueac _gaoau.
_ _mqm qqm
Lau _seg Ogssue CLag o n_osau
ceg cgLassLLLLo qgaqoe_u, O_aLCL
coa_o _aCe ooa ogg n_qoe_u saesau
ueoCLaeg OLmaosq co CLaeg ga mzacu
n_osau. Ogssuc n_o Coeu ceg csa
nccCu _oscg Oeagsqo esgea_ _sgg
uz_ge secuc mgg Osaeg_ cgu eoue
gesq oggmLLg _LCLag Cosuas ma sagg eoea
ng__g. ng__ eo C_ qu _ggc u_g_g. _gc
g_ cguu __e Cuc g_g. sgggu Ooccu.
cgu gasag. __eeL La_g uz_gog_ ga sag_
gessecea q_g eoue _Cs CLaLLg. g_o
scc ogCa cguu sez Ceg_g. gamgq geg O_mmss
cgumgq og O_mamceo.
_LCLag q CoLe og_ae. gaeo
_LL_gsas qg La__ae. cgu __eeL La__g.
OosOse _oe saoc s__g. s#Ozeg ggLLL sL
_oee geo _uago Oe_g. ga _LLauc
_Lm__g. cgumgq geg O_mmss __gqu og
O_mamceo. gamgqu cgumgqu Cgg_ _L_C_a
ususL OLmg. _e__ _ss zeu Oe_ n_mCaa
CgmeLaaeg ceo. ooq ussgu ceo. _eac Oe_
n_mCaa OL__ _L_e_ gssag. _L_gc n_qseg
gcOoeeCu _oscg g Oeagsqu OLesgea_
_g_g.
z. ssm q_m 0ommom
LaLc gcoaezs saeLgqu geCg, gouss
gcoa Oeac CsLLgqu geCg - gcoa
qeasc nezLLgqu geCg
_oCza eas LLgqu geg.
s; : g_ nosc _goagu, qe__agu gg_osc
o ne _osecs saeLgu gcog. _osc Oeaceos
CsL gLLLgu gcog. _osce Cuoae qeasec
c_go Oecogu geg. _osCca gL Osae
LLgu gco_au. __eac gusq gcogqu q_ss_u
Lu.
1. o+mm _[] 0ommnqm
_Lssu neLaa _gmo ceg cecs
sLsss s_qu CoeLau - ueL_
_eouc que gL ngue oucqu
oa squau Osasq.
s; :
Osassaeg ga uesec qLmL OLma u esc
ouoez _Lssuaugg og_gu mezgg msqu. _g
CLao gcogqeLa eaeCga _ggeo _Lss _eugaas
LLasc. _osce _Lss_e_ _gaa_oe _osec
Ooco gee__ac mezmc _ggg moae.
172 173
4. ommms 6mssm
uee_u uaegs sgCga_u gsse
ueeeg sgCgae gLeLae - ueegq_
_e C_eu _coac gLmceo sgCgasqo
Oeeg L Oucoau gL.
nez : _ze_sq_ _e gaLCo uLu ugL squ
scmsgg _g_sCsa Oeeg gascc ccoau ugLu
umaae_u squ __eac q gaLe ueeeemLs
scm _gqeLaoCe gg_oeaoae.
s. m6m+1 @mmq
LaLc : Ogcgsq eg__g oassac ogCaaL
cgsqu _aCs OLauau - O_acgosc
gcoa qo ncCzc _o OLaL
ccoasqu OLu ue_.
s; : gau OgcgsqL Laosseg _ec oassac
oguc meas ocggcc cgsqu neoaqu. _g CLao
O_aeg O_aL ou g_ ue@osc mgssas oa_u
gcoo qo g_aCo, _ossas ccoasqu ue_
OLagu gcooscac ccoau Lae OLgoa.
ss_e_ meou se_ueac _gaoau.
oqm @;oqm
mg geLu se Ogeu Ogss_gg _o geLu
geLss _gLoC_ zssu. _e_eLag ceg gsagu
ug_g og_gc nmeu neq gasL mgsqL
Lsg_cLLgc us_o saeLg =qu zss_u, eo
ue_ee_ O_o geosq na_gsege. _g q g
gszu ue_ OLa___ac gaOLaqu Leu. caqu Lu
LLeu ogeuu g_eo mquass og_e.
qosOsao n_qo_gqs aL aoa_ Csazgeo.
ussCc ussec __gs gege. _ggeoagu
=mzss_cc _aasc qegze _asaq _eeac
aeg n_mseco Oeg Osaeg_e.
q m_eo_ _a CgaggL Lsesuc g_ac.
_ocg qCz OLe gu cL oagccoc. Cgagg _aaac
us_sq n_o aomceo. guaae_ac uscac _asq
n_o _amceo. O_aLgg LLe sLgg ou
Ouog_e.
q gac usc, _aue secLeL negg moee c_g
ozs scumeac. caqu moee CLaoa aauceo. q
uz__uc s_m _esqs seL__ uaeos Osae _LLu
_aam_gs Osaeg_ac. _ocLu Oeeg gu moee
CsLLac. sgmue _au seg_g. Lue Csaz_e_
neg_ _oc q _LL_e_ _ocLu _g_ac. gu _e
_a LLeaagu Cgaggu oaoe_o OeacoCo s_m
Cugu Ogs_gg ugOga _LL_e_u _g_ac.
gu s_msq ncuaz geg O_mm__ac. mLeL Cgass
ou CLag q ga _oec gss_gLe La__g. Laou!
_gqu neeos se Lo gaLscausqu. oaug_ac
_aCa cesq neq Osa ceg CsLsqu.
ogmg_ac qez_g mzLL mas_ gegsqu.
oaucoa_ _g_ goee Lm_aL geo seL gu _essasL
OLgg _LL_e_ __gq_ _g_ac. _g _ogLe
eaLmLLe_s seL gu _e L gasa_as neg_ac.
174 175
mL_c ge_gg gu _auLu gLg_e_o Oeaeeac.
g Lag gae Lagaas g_ _LL_e__ geCLau ceg
Oeaeeac. __gqc oauoc _uua! L nu CLasgg,
gC__u _aasc _aCa ceg )es qzc CsLLg.
_a _eeLug_ Lag _LL_e_ _o_sq _csso
Oeegac. guu Lag _LL__ac _oe L gasaO_eo
Oeacoo _e Lageau _oeLu _g_ac. _oe oaaaz
_osec oa__go Oeegae. osCca oa___
Coeaoc _g_s s_mCa cege.
oscg g_ zss geoeas seL ages ueu
seg_g. ue_ OLagg_g. Lss_g gaLeu OLmgu
n_me.
Leu gasag. ccCoau egoe_s seL _g_
uz___ s_mu g__ _au us_u OeacOoaeaL OL
us_o _eLg_e. ga ugLu __gs sa_gs
qgasag.
omm+q+s o[ om
LaLc : sae uuoaLs seg_ oaeCsag
_a_u _goasL Lam_g - _a_g_e
OLacoao gesmm_ _aea CLagCu
scoa_ae sgg sm.
s; : saLc __sa uuc _oe_s se
oaeCsagu _goas gee_gs Osae _uau. _g
CLaos scm _gmcoa_oe sggosecL CLao gee_gs
Osae gLLae.
e_L meou se_aac _gaoau.
_[n_ 0n_m+gq
_gL_sq oa_q og_ac ___ za_gmuc qeL
mLLae. _eeLssu _seg ooao_Le CLaLuL
_goae ncc__ac OLmaoe gegqLu-__uL uLLae
uqg_ Oecou neL__ ocsc qo gega _ae
_uaseco Oea_ O_aLasea. cgu sases _a
__oaogggq nemLL mee _ae nee_
O_aLasea. coc eoscgcc Lsessec uLCu
ne oa_g_ sases qeg _ozg secc LLLg, __gq_
ge_u ougaz _gseo nemLLa.
o ua_ascCoCa _g geg Osa___g, L__g ugg
sasessec ocsmLu _eL mLauc _Lao Oeg
gz_gag, sases e_gLe gcoauc ugg Lgeo
e_ggqu _aCe _zee ce_ _eees saLs OsaeLg.
uae=u ceg g qeL ua_ggsLLac nccg. _aq
osseg _eeOuaeg oaee nouc gses CgasL
Lgg__ac secLgg g_s sases osseg uz_gc _as
ecLLag gee__g.
sases _e __ugueg_ _e uz_gc _eeu
_aqoe_ cg__g. ue_sc _ae, _e Lu _e Lae_
ceg eeeLuLs Osaco. Lzg_ oae_u g_c _u
uzas_u Lgeosce OLagqeLeu. _e q Lgeosq
_oggc _emeu ceo. _eeu magg qgas gegg.
sases ogoeeeLuc gasag _eCea LgLLgc
CLaLuL _ua ceg CsLLg.
_ee_ggq g_ CLaLu OLagaeuu
LzLzLu _oLs Osacogu gg _g _eugcc
176 177
uae=_gc oa_g_g. _oLs Osaccauc CLaL neCo
coauc nazL Lggg noess se egC_aqLLLCo
O_gq CgassL Lggg og_g. maLu, mecaaL
neou ngga_ac sasesLe CLaLuc sogg
OsaeLg. sases e ce naCz c_um _C_ Cos_gc
ggas qgsCs Lagg geL L_sag. _ee_ggq _LLL
LzLzLLeLogc mLLu ceo ce_u mecaaLLas
ug_g_ _a_u _ooaCg Oe_g. caqu _asauc qq
OLgauc Ooqgzu _eo Lgg_e. cgmc sLc O_eLLLg
sLeos seLgu _ee_ggq _eg_u OLasag. __e
Cuc Lgss_ O_aLasag. sasessqs sLc Cuc Lggg
L_ssu ceo. o euaascc sLLcsce Osa uzascc
_ugg gg gzu Oeeg gumou. sLoe LzL Lgg
_g goez gg__gceo.
_ee_u, sasesu Lggg OsaeCLug_e. sases
sec_g mLLg. mumgsas_ _ae secssa_g CLac gg
gzu Lgg_g. _eac gsessc sec_g qgg mLL_ac
naz_gc Lgss _aauc _cg_e.
_e oeueg C_ gasa sases sLoeouc Cuagag.
ugL zuLLL c_umL Lgss_ O_aLaq _eeCz
_eouc ssag. e_s seL _eeu __gq n_o
_e og_g. sases )euae qzoc _ee_e_ Coeag.
_eeCu! cLLaaog nuLe ceee sez Ce_g m.
ce _qgagaauc ne_Le CLaLuLCLe. ne__g
neeauc mg nemc ne Osa__g cesq nosCu
_gLuaeO_eg Oesq ggLLLg. sases sases _ae,
_eeu _eeu _ae. ce Osa_Lu Oesqu qeogg
ce sageo O_coas_ O_msgg. cees saLLa ces
Osag. _eeu nLCe __ee_ _e sacscac Lgg
gsesscac _eLe _ee_g sez Ce_g __e
LmL_gc Osae Ce_g _e ogCa Oeegg.
sasesea _g_ ocs o_ssu CLac aLmsga. LCLag
ugg sasess_Le ao Oeeg _eLaesu mLs
Osa_g Lsgg neCogsgg. eg _g _gLeco.
g mmzm
I. q1_ m1omm ms:mm
. O_eee uz_ge geg nemees ag.
z. OeegmL Oucoau gL - aasq.
. gcoa qo LL_ac OLgu Laeas _gez agog
aag
+. aaezs saeLg geg
. Osasq oauLL_e Cgassu cee
II. L_g omscc meLac
. Oegeg _g_c Lgg _gez agoe aaeo
z. geeu_u Oeacscas qceoaa _gezuc cee
agsga
. saouggg Oeac L_c Lgg _gez agoe aaeo.
+. scmue Cueeuea _gez Osae mcsq
. gcCoa acmee qceoaa _gezue oauoas
cooag mcsqsga
o. scoa_ae sgg sm - ce qceoaa c_ees
qgLmsga
178 179
III. qLss _cmc meLac
. g guu n_qu - ceg se_ea c_g, _sse_
ne_gu ggea mcsqs.
z. =qu zss_u se_ea c_g __eac mcssLLu
ggea c_gs.
IV. gaeq Lss _cmc meLac
. _gez oauoas qceoaa ne_gu _gs
s_gsscc gC__u zeee mom
z. _gL_sqL OLoa_q ce_u se_uc _gaLLu
gg aag
4. @qm_q1 @ g
qm_q@ @g_
gsqgc us nag_O_a _gmac goaqu. g
ce_u Oeac gL, Cueeu ce_u OLac ne_gu.
Cueeu OLagga tze _secs OsaeLi qgc
OoeLasscac _sa gc __oac gsqgc ce_u
OLaezL OLggg.
sasa Oeagscac, mmg_ gg_ OLaec ze
_scac ago_agu, oc_o agu _gu, Ouag, eu,
u_u, saou _saogegs sLgg ggL_agu _ee nosL
OLag ueg ceL CLaggsege. eas__u_
ossaLLqLmc gsqgc LgOee_s sesq_
O_aqLc _LssLLL nccg. ue_ oa_mc _eLa
Coea nggL OLacsc gaeq _eo _gu, OLac,
eLu, m ceLeo _qu. gsqgcc _gu, OLac,
eLu, ceg _eg nggLOLacsc mcssLLLcc
euaac _LLac ce_u OLaezL OLggg. gsqgc
_gsazasecu o qgLLassecu Osae mcaqsgg.
_g_gLLac, a _gsazasecs OsaeLg. gc
Lauzu, cogmac, ggogmac, m_ ce_u gaeq ac
mmqsecs Osaeccg. OLaLLac o _gsazasecs
OsaeLg. gc _zac, _asmac, qgmac
ce_u _eg acsecs Osaeccg. sau_gLLac
_cog eL_gLLac, z _gsazasecs OsaeLg.
gc scmac, sgmac ce_u ze acsecs
Osaeccg.
gsqg_sq oaeg oa__g, OLagueg,
OLaaaOuag, _u_ ueg, O_o gc, ce_u OLas_u
ne eaeCga Lo Laa goc_o uaeo gsqgce
OLeuea ne_gsegg.
gsqgec aggao goc_o. ome oeuo
gLs sazeuas oez __gLaoo, O_oLoo, ua_ae
Las, OeggaL CLa_a. OLauc oo, OLgaoo, gaaea,
C_o __oa gLL OLascL o_aqsege. o
s._. c mgg_a ceg ngg OeaLLL_ goc_o
_e scssLLLccg. _gmac, nageo _gmac
oeseao eag_g. gsqg_u _gmac qgsCsac
Osacessec c_gs ag _ogeg _eLo_gqma
ogsecu _ug goc agcca.
nose mg numeasecL CLaoCo ue_eu Cegg
e__aauas oa_ Coeaoe. _ooag oa_u ue_ee
180 181
oa_sesea _s oa_q, g oa_q ce zeLasL
mmssoau. cog oa_mc =LL ueem ussCca
OLag_ oa__c _soa_q; ueem ussecL OLgg ue_e
e__aa_C_a Cegg oa__eoL goa_q cequ
Osaccoau. om oa_mgu ue_e moaq geosq_
_a_agss o _gasecL CLagg oa__c Coeu.
__oac ue_ee LcCog gg_ Les_u _guass
s_LLsgg. goc_ou _gu ceg OeaceoL Lo
OLacscc esaaecca. cssoa_gsqu OLaggu
oesuoae Lo _ma _gmag CsaLLasec gusq_
gocco _c_gcca. _oggc oogeg LCLag
saeCLau.
_[[ mm_m1 o_m @moom
_gmaoc us _ssa L_e_L OLgog Oeaoaggc
_qu. _ee_g ue neoscgu, nLc ngLscgu
mzmssLsqu ass _ggeo _ogge CLasqscCoCa
mLmLLac _eo )a oguc Oeco oaLe
eL_e_ mum ueu )ae_ Oea ce@ogu __e
og ass _ggc OeacLogu ussc oa_eoo e_squ
ceL_ac oc_o ue_e_ __eeuLL_g _g_ge
osse_e_ oqssga. ue_gc )euaaeogeg
geessaeuCa _guaqu ceLg C_aeg
ue_gsse uaoe __c _ee__ge
_qo gz mg - cesga.
ue_ge se qgg_eLaosc Oeu _uu
CLaegeo mg _g_c Coe OeaLLo_ac _ogeg
_zoaz__eeu neLa Oeac ceg g_gs agsga.
ussc Oeu _go Oeacsc _o_eLa qeu, Oeac
ogge qggascac LaeegL CLaqu oaL ne.
__oac oc_o OLagaeu, oesc Cuc Oecgseg
_ee, mgLac ou Ooqc, __e OocLLaLasa
sOeac _sa gaequ ggu sossag _gOeaLL_c
Coeu ceLe_
__ssag _oaOoqc eeao Oeac gaequ
_ssa aegg _gu
ceg qgLLa _ou mcsqsga.
@mm+g6m ]q _m
cogu ggogu zec cogCu gg_g ceLg
oc_o s_g.
_ge ceLLLLC_ coa_ses _.gu
mge LgLLgcoaue geg - cesga.
cog__ae ceLae OLgCga, ueem ussCca
oa_Loe _oe e__aa_ggq_ geas_ gs_Coeu.
Laou Oe_euaac _eeuLL__L LLLos_squ,
ogeu _eLg_os_squ _uuLu aa__osqu
coa_oae geeaas_ gs__c Coeu.
Cugu gggLLLL _eCea sLe _ggc, O_ou
ogL_c, g_as ou mggesec_ _aaq_c,
sgg__asecL Lagsa__c, _eeeu _geagC_aezu
qu_c eo coa_me sLeu _qu. ssLeuseco
Oea _eeLa ueem _eu_c Coeu. ueem
Lac _cogg _eu, _oCca eegg mgsqo Oeu
_uu CLaeg _g_geeo Oeu og, oa_me Leu,
oa_me La_u uss_a cogu mcaqu ceLe_
182 183
_eu _g_u neL__aue coa_ses
Leu La_u _g.
ce_u qgcac mcaqsga.
gogg cogu _eeo_ggqu, LaoeL_gLmg
sasqu _eg ceLgu, eg_O_aegsasqu e_s_
O_aegsasqu _ae cog_e__ _u_ Cug OsaeLasc
ceLg _gOeeL LLLC_ coa_ses ceg ____u
g__uas oc_ozac ag _g_g ceLg _gsCgau.
__esa coa_oagu _o_eLa oa_ses_ gee
goeasa ueemu Cegg OLgu mcecsecL Lggs
agu CLag, _ge_ue sLeueau usee sLeueau
gaggm _g, qgcscc ago Oeegssga
goc_o. _eoaaoe :
_ge_ usgsaggu geg _eoa_g
_gg uLLo Oeac - ceLgu.
use _ge_ssaggu n_m oe_ge_
ceCgaggae Osacc_u Oeac - ceLgCu _qu.
m+msm6m _m
nos_gL g ecL CLass mcsqscasa aug,
gasc, ), CLaegeo ssege. _eac ussce _s
ecL CLasqu mcsq neLa _g g_ac _gaaeu
gas _gmac mcas _gu Oegsqu Ceaeoaasmu
ueu, __gq aag og ceg agsga oc_o aa qoe
oaeueas seLm_g oa_sgaCea _oee ncc_g
_gaaeuaasa ec, OLaaaeuaasa mcsq
_sggsgg. cesga oc_o.
neeu CLsoaeaue nos_g nag_a ncc_gc
nccozaoae. _aeuasa _g_e_u, _ouasa _g_e_u
Oeoaezs saLgu gL neLaoe _oae, Cugu
LmgLmc nag_ se_s Osa_g ugeuuc ggsg
_eLa gcogasec_ _aCe Osasqu cesga oc_o,
Cugu q L Oeeg ugeusqL Lae_u gcogasec
nLc o_go Oea Coeag ceo, oaeuaasa
_gu qeCg CLagu ceLe_.
OLaaaeu OLaaaeu _gge _gumg
Oeaaeu Oeaaeu geg
ce_u qgcac mcsqsga.
goc_o _au sgggg_ Ou gcs_c neeu
CLs_eos saLgu gg_ _gu Cogceo ce nggaass
ag_eo LLaLoc _gaoau.
aau OuaasseLoggc ceo cee_O_aegu
oaeuue gco mg
oaeu ceLg gs_g_g agc ceLe_ oc_o
ugssga. mgC_a nusq_ )aq ggu Laoa_ Oeagsec
uLu CLs_eo oaeu cesagu CLag oc_ome
ue_Cgau, mg nuscL_gs OsaeL _e ogeg
_ga _sgg. _ee meou qgc mcsqsgg.
oaeu ceLLog aaO_ee aaO_aegu
)eu oa_ Oeaoc
0o+mm+smm+m _m
goc_o Osacoaeuea gg_ _gu cesga.
_esq q Lae sg mg nus_sq ea_aze geL_u
Oe_oasag. Oeue sLss _aag geLuasa Lgu
184 185
Lao_u cgu cesga. gusq_ geLu Oe_aez_
_esqu _egugu geueas agsga. geLu
Oe_o _aCe ga@uag _osq ea noesscasa
geeueao Oeg masc cesg. Cugu gL__c
g_ac, gggc, neLc __oa gu Oeacscac mg
nus_sq Cgu geL_e_ _eCe _ggg _ogeg
mosq_c Coeu ceg agu oc_oL OLg_es
mmC_a nuezs Osaeg __e nLeo _ae ne oa_u
oa_sesea g_gs agsga. OsacoaeuCa gg_ _gu
ceLg C_aeg.
_gmee aagcee Osacoaeu Csagc
mgmee ccoau _u cegu
gc_g ceLLog aaO_ee aaO_aegu
Osacoaeu q_u Ogg
cegu oc_o ago_ac _ga _sgg.
_s6n _m
nosc C_aega nusc ccoau _u e_C_a
_eeLa_as sss saesCgau. ue_e _emeg
ss _ua _aag, ueem, ussc, _cosc, ngq,
gLq _sCaamLu _e LazaLoe_L LassCgau.
O_aLmeg sseg ue_mL_gu ue_amuaeu ceg
OLamc _e saLsCgau. gaqssas _e _eeeas
Osa__ae m, _ceosq_ C_ =g_ae Lam, uugsqL
CLaeo =g_ae CLse. oaa Luezs seLCLag ccoau
oaea occoa. eou _eme OocLLaCL. tmg
nusc Cuc _c mgg_agu _eme LaeasCo
s_LLui.
_c ce_u _e =e q_m tqgc i ceLg
oc_o oasq. ceCo _e, _c, zssu eo
ue__sq agesaas ncc gco neosc. oc_o.
_emgqu neCLa _eLsqg_a_ _oo
esc _ec _u
ceg qgLLame oauoas _emc _Lascc
uaOLu ass _ggoe esgea OocLL_gsga.
nose ccoa u_as_u _e qeegCa oog_gsege.
ooeeL ue_e OocLL__ OLmgu geemog
cogu _qu. quL_gc cog_e_ _ouass
Osae_ae _gu O_aLaqsegg ceLgc _eess
_aa_ gumsesea_ goc_o Osaeg_a. sees,
CsaooeeL mmggg_ sao_C_, _ou Oeu
eaeCgas_sq neq _cssmceo, Co_u ggu
_g_esec Lagsassmceo, ggog_e_ CugOsae
q_qu OLmCaasec cg Oeege__g gLuss
mggesq neoc_g _ae aaO_a n_mu
Oeamceo ceg oggoe_ caCsaosc
_gCoasq _c__gu _g_e quLgu
ggCoasq cg_gu O_acCoa gLme
mgg cg CsaLgu _g_ ceee
tou o..i
ces ago_e _ou _gsCgau. gogg cog_gc
_eLasa _gu O_aLaqsgg ce _gaoau.
_e cLCLagu geeaas LLg _g_ggCs ceg
Oeacgoa o _gaa - geea ug_ggqu _ooeCL
geeaaqu ceLe_ oc_o.
186 187
_g_ggCs _e eaOLeL _gaa
ug_ggqu _.C_ gee
ceg agcca. _emeaCo _gu ocssLLsgg
ceg agu oc_o ug_ggqu _ooeCL geeaas
ssgg cesga.
ug_ggqu _e geeaaoe_ _ga OLmazaeu
n_qsgg. Cuoegsq gLo Oeeg Lsme Laeo
_eLoee _mCqs_ggqL LaeL_ga goee
_emee _gaa_ _ge_ saoac _cc, egoe ugcc
_eLac _ge_ue saeo OoLa go_squ sossu
seL__ ozoaggac ug_ggqu _e geeaaoe_ _ga
_sgg. _eac _eCga ugssee ceg Oeac o_sq
neLaugg.
@s0o+m o6m _m
nusce ncc_gc C_aegu noesea OocLL__
gesu eOeacgu gee ggqu. _ooag OocLLu
eOeac ue_sq uLu nmeuaaeg. _oOeac _eCLa
sogg, oeee coa_eoas __Coa _gu neg_
eaeCga agu geOuag CLaoqu ss Coeu. qoez
Ceeuaac seLCLag _s__ac mLL_C_a e_as
Cgass, me _sc og_qLe ue_C_a OLagga ea
Oeagsec Oeacg_c gg_ _gu cesga oc_o.
_s__ae _uggeg Cgass _s__aeau
eOea oeC_ _gu.
eOeac CLe_eo _guass Osac_asac geL_e__
_u ogeu qosq ceoaaqu. mgsq geeu _u
Oeagsec ue__ac _zagg ea Oeagsec qoe
Oeacgoaeaue, _oe Oe_ Laoasc qeggg _gu
ocu cesga goc_o.
_coeo C_a _gu OLqu gcoeo
ga ea Oeaoe
ugeusqu eOeac Lae _u ceLe_ oc_o.
geuc gasa eOeac ugeuu
ueuu eLu _u - cesga
s[ mm+sm6m m1]q _m
go__ g no gzas g_agu ne ocg_
O_eee seo uqg_ cgzas___eo geg ugoaeusq
noeuaasss saLo. moaqs_u _gq mg mossco.
mLeLs sasqu gau, geg ugoaeusq c_gssaL
_qu. _aoz_u moaqu geg ugoaeusq ogsaLu
CLag ue_eL_gc LLe g_c _oau cesga
oc_o.
oc_o qo Oeu n_mea _egasL mmssga.
Oeaauc Oe_ n_m sao_geac Oe_ geg,
Lae gssa Oe_ n_m ceLeCo _eo.
qosq gau q n_mu _e Oeaagss _o
gusqo Oeu n_msq Oeaauc Oe_ n_m cesga
oc_o _oq_msq ue@os_e_u me@os_e_u
es uagass Osa__agu =Lasag cesga. qo_sq
_L_g og_ sao_gc ugOgaoe Oe_ n_m sao_geac
Oe_ n_m cesga oc_o. o n_m ga_as
g_agu, _oq_m, OeaLLLL sao_e_ eo_g
qLmu CLag oqos_e_s saLgu OLma_as eo_g
ugssLLu cesga. osq g_ n_mea gau Oe_ac
gusq _eac g_ Lae seLsqu ceg ggssauc
188 189
qo Oe_ n_mea _zagg La__ac _g sLeos
saLgu OLma_aqu cesga oc_o. u_eg n_m
OeLome saze__agu, OLacagu, sao__agu
mmssLLLLagu _eo OeaLLLLome ue_ge _ceo
OLag_g Cugu nagg ggg geo_g ggqu cesga
oc_o.
n_m oez__eg n_m n_m
OeaLLLLa eacme oez_g
cesga. eaeCgasc _esq qo Oe_ n_mea
c_seg g_mgLu gee_g us_o cesga. _LL
eg _ggegea ug__c geeu Lassag cesga. _C_a
mg Oe_ )euea ue_gc Osaccag _LOLa_C_ ug__c
gcoO_esga.
geg ugLLg gegeg gegcog
_eCg ugLLg geg
_eaCoCa oogu Cugu ggg nagg ggsgg.
q [smsm:s m+gq6m _m
guCua Ceggsqu ngme, geL, _aoa, Leso,
aaomL_gu CogLa s_ag qLL ggqu _eeu,
gqgeoeu cesga oc_o _o =La Oecou
mgOecou CLaoeg _oeLa LzuLezsqu _gaag
geg n_qu cesga. gq geoeuueeg uag og_
Oecou geeuCa _o_as g_agu, __ee ggsag
_LCLaC_ mL m_c Coeu ceLe_
geCg _m_u gmsg_au _ss_e_
_eCg qga mLc
ce LLamc mcsqsga.
OLacsce ceLea ne_gu _zas __oc _ae
euuas gegme _eeLu eossLLLL OLacsce
ceLeas saL_c CLac eaeCgas_u q Lssu eazag
_goac _zagg oa__c __saqu ceLe_ oc_o.
eue Oegeagsqu CsacCLac _eugO_aLac
CsaLaeu eaeCgasq _c
cesga oc_o.
___s:sm6m m1]q _m
_ec _e =_u q_m cega goc_o. _c,
_e ceg _eee =eg q_maaussoau, _eac _c
_eeLmL usL OLaeu oag_g. _e g
cceosqLLLLg.
__aog guCua O_aLeLaomLu uLu
sa_geLaoea __c _qu. __oac ooe
aaosqu egaeuaa_g ceg oc_o agsga. e_
nosac Laeu ceg agoau (Earthly Love) _Cca
_ooageg cceoucoa_ Lzg_ CLzzee neLag.
__sa =z_eLa Oge_e_ neLCaa ceg
LLL_ggq _qg ncco aaou _c OLggoCz. Oeoma
seeea, mossc eg nos_g ccoa nuscL_gu
Oeg_gu OeueuCa __eLaeu _qu. __oac
goc_o oogsaz_e_ ggog aoc eo_gcca.
ce_u __eLeuea cog__au Osacc__qu Ogg
ceLgc gauceo. __eLeuea (Heavenly Love)
ceoau.
nos_go Oecoas_sOscoau gg_ nag_ Oecou
_LOecouaqu. gOeec Lgggga uaLCL oOecou
190 191
C_aegu _eeu__aqu. mg Oecoasc ccoau nos_gc
gg_oscL_gu saeLLsege ceLe_.
_LOecou Oeco_gc Oecou OLaLOecou
_maa se@u nc
ceg goc_o agsga.
oqos_g eLasec_ gss Coeuaue
OLaLOecou Coeu _e_ _gmeac _zagg gcogu
Oea LaeL__ Coeu. qCz og gc _og
ggLuaue )euu ggLL oaL ne. oa_me nggL
OLaLscasa _gu, OLac, eLu, m ceLgc m
CLgasa geoaae eLu OLg __eLeuCa
sazeuasgg ceLe_ oc_o.
_c coasq _oqosu ceo
OLaccoasq oqosu coasaaaq
cesga.
q+o+sm6m _m
qo coa_mL_g _oez s_gg ag_c
gaag_oaqu. _ooag ag_oac Ouags qgg_u,
)euea ue_gc gee_g ues qgg_u ggLu. __oac
_ooag agaO_ag_eoL gaagaeu cesga oc_o.
gaag_c ceLg usqu Laouaeg, geLu _zsaag.
_e Osaeuea __euaas neg_ Coeu ceg
muu goc_o qoe _g_e_ oaaagu
Oeacoauc CLasoau, ___Le Lo Lao_e__ _u
Oeacseco Oeaoau, _eac aaezL Lggu gaag_c
uLu Oeaoasag. oe gaagae ceg
nos__azac OeacoLLog geg cesga. oc_o
_gaagaeuaagu, Laou Oe_oagu geLu _esq
uLCu o_oagu gaagoae geLu _esq ooC_a
OeacoLLLo CsLLo CLaeCgau LagssLL_oac
oc_o gaag_eos sggezssga.
_guagae _coOeu_u qoe
gaagae cegc eg
cesga. Cugu qo coa_mL_g s_gg CL,
Cgmc sa@u CLag OLaaasL s_gg CL q_q_c _o
oa_oe_mLo Oe_gLCLa_c _ggcscc Oeacoa
geeusc ccoaogegu _o_sqs Osasqu cesga
goc_o.
e_
gaagL OLa_g nuoa__oe ea_c
_guagu _ssu _u
ceg mcsqga. _eac gaag_c Osaeuaaeg
ceLg oeaqu.
m_]6q+mnm _m
cogu gg__ass agLLLs sazeuas _euog
mgC_auLc cg__a sLeuaasCo g_gCo.
mgge ce _e_ssLLLLo, ngme _co, sgg__a
_co, geLs_u _co, gusq _g_suaeo aaou
oza gaozas gu L_ggq oseg oez mgg
cege___e. mgg ceg Oeacgsq geu ceg
OLa_u ne. _ssao_g ccoa ccoa mscgu
mgge uacess_u neq mgs_u coagg_
euaac coa_oaCe mggesqs saLLaceas
ggssgae ceLe_ gsqgc _ou _ga _sgg.
192 193
goc_o mgge mLe OocCa ss_ _ae
neLg eaoaeusq ug_asa _u__Cuaaeagu _g
muu _eeu_g _co ceLe_
mgg g___a_ _a_eLc oaoa
ugO_e_u CoeLgLagg _eg
cesga. Cugu mgC_auoaeL_g ogeu
oogceo cesga.
mggee oc_o Oecmgg cegu omgg
cegu zeLass agoa. mLgqs quL_C_a ogg
_aso Oecgu gaosec omgO_egu, mLgqc
oaza mz_u CugOsaeL ggmsc CLaeCga O_Coa
Oecsegoseco Oecmgg cegu ag osecs
saLLgu cog__ae sLeu ceLg C_aeg
Oecmgg gum omgg La_gLLae
gcmgg oae_ _osq cesga.
mgC_auu cog__a_sqs sLeu, gL, Lae,
aga _oc_o szu eo__agCLac agu qeegs
sae nccu u_g _eLsgg. cog__ae _ggu
sLeusc aaqu ue_C_a OLagg mLL_C_au,
_omLLu _s_gc OuLLaLas_ C_aegu oesugu
gLggOsacc Coeu cesga. gOeec mgge
ceCLa Oueeuaae ue_gee neLao, ama _gqu
OsaeLosc. _eee muCoamLu uLCu Oecgu
_eeueLao. __oac _oseco Ceeuuc se@gg
CLaC_ e_su saLL Coeu cequ _Cs og_ og
eeuaa Oeagscac ozCogg _osc gu mLc _as
nLeLLL og _e__goOeeg nLem__gu Oea
CoeOuequ agsga. _eoeuo _sgg La__
_cmc _ae gu OoLLu uoCuc LL oau _eac
mggesc _ooag ceo. Ceeuuc _su uagLL
Cgasqu _cmCo ueu oa Cog Lu Oecgu
_eeuao ceg mggeme, Oueeuaae
nccLLaaseeu momssega.
CuaLLs qe_u _eoeu _sggmgg
Cgassss qe_u mgg ceLg _sqgcaqu.
_m 0omm mg
ueusqu ugeusqu eLg_u _g_e_ ___usq
_g_ oezuc eLmLauc ueu, oasq, saau tnLci
_sa L__ac oaL Cgu CLaO_coau Oea
Coeu ceLe_
qcgu oesaae _gmee qoaC_
Oecguoa ccoau Oeac cesga goc_o.
_eggoau ceeag _gOes uggg
OLaegasac OLaega_ gee.
ceg ag_s__ae ceuuCoCa, eCg _gu
Oe_c Coeu ceg agsga.
_m qoqm
eoa_gc oa_oaaq oa_segos_sq ueuuc
eL oa_qu ugeuuc eL_u mu _u _guasa
sLqc qggaseL mL_g_ _essqu _ogag cesga
goc_o.
cemc __ee OoucCLaos saCu
_emc __ee _gu
194 195
nLoc cgu coa_ numeasc _ssc. _eo
_auasCo _gaag gmaee Ooaoc OeegmL_g __e
OoLL_e__ _aas _aag geLLLL nLc sasL me
uau. =e gmae _eo uass Coeu ceL_gsas
ozmceo. _ _e acLas ogg OoLL_gc ss gssgg.
_g CLaoCo ue_gc ggu _emcoa_o _auasCo,
acLas _g_C_oe_uLu eagg geLLLL _goae
cesga. gaeucssesu _coeo Oe_agq _gu
aggu cesgg. Laoasc Oe_gq _s_oasa )mee
_oe_gc oc_o.
ugggu mgeCs g_gs gge
_gug_u q_g_oe Cs
cesga. qoe mgsqs Cs neLasqu Oeaeo
ugggu aL ue__ac geessaO_aga Coeu.
_ooageg Cs ce@oaeaue, _esqs Cs neLasqu
meeea _gssLqc ce@u. om qgLLasscac _gu
_esqu ceLe_ _ga _sgg.
gsagu seLoggccgg gsqgcc goc_o
aga_ _guceo ceLgu, g nos_gsCs agLLLL _gu
ceLgu mcaqu.
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. nosL OLagueg ce gsqgc CLaggLLLs sazeu
aag
z. gsqgceOLeuea ne_gu gc cg
. gsqgce Cog OLasc aaeo
+. gsqgc _LLac ce agLLLs sazeu cee
. goc_ozaeLaog - cg
o. gsqgc c__ee _gsazasecu, qgLLassecu
OsaeLg
. _zoaz_ _eeueLa Oeac cgOoe oc_o
agsga.
a. g ec gsqoe ceo
s. cggeouc _gu mg Oeaaeu geg ce oc_o
agsga
o. oaeu cgOoe oc_o agsga.
. gc _g - ceLLog aag
z. ue_ee noesea OocLL__ geeggLg cg
. _gu cLOLa_g OLqu
+. ueuu ugeuu eLu _og cg Ooe
oc_o agsga
. ce_ _eCg ugss Coeu ce goc_o
agsega
o. c__esa Oeco_e_ ggsauc mLmL Coeu
. eaeCgasq _caaog aag
a. Oeco_gc gg_ Oecou cg
s. _c coasq cg ceo
zo. OLac coasq cg ceo
z. ga ag_oaog aag
zz. OLaegasac OLaegag gee cg
z. _emcoa_oee _gu cooag _esqu
z+. _gu aggaqu - aasq,
z. ugggu geesss aLa_g cg
196 197
II. n m1omm ms:mm
. gsqgc _g aoaog caseu
z. ue_e ge _gasecL CLagg oa__c Coeu.
. ue_e_ __eeu L_g oc_o _g_gees ags
sazeu aag
+. cg gaees sossag _gu OeaLL_c Coeu ce
oc_o agsega
. coa_oaee sLeu cg
o. _ge_ use saggu geg cg
. use _ge_ssaggu n_m cg
a. OLaaaeuaasa mcsq ce_ _sggsgg
s. oaeu ceL_gq oc_o agu osseu aag
o. Osacoaeu Lgg oc_o agu osseu aag
. sees _eeac Oea_aa_ _gascas cogeg
agsga
z. ug_ggqu _e gee aaoe_ mcsqs
. _coeo C_a _gu OLqu cLOLa_g
+. Oeaauc Oe_ n_m - mcsqs
. sao_geag Oe_ geg - mcsqs
o. Lae gssa Oe_ n_mea mcsqs
. gqgeoeuL Lgg oc_o aag agsga
a. _e, _c - ogggq oc_o _u mcssu aag
s. ga agaeu Lgg oc_o agog aag
zo. _gaagu _ssu _u - cg
z. Oecmgg, omgg - mcsqs
zz. _g_e_ cooag Oea Coeu ce oc_o
agsga
III. q_no _mmm ms:mm
. _g_ggq oc_o agu osseu aag
z. coa_q _guaog caseu
. oaeuaasa _gu Lgg oc_o agoe aaeo
+. Osacoaeu Lgg oc_o agoe aaeo
. _eCL _guaog caseu
o. e Oeac _guaoe_ mom
. gq geoeu Lgg oc_o agoe aaeo
a. _L OecoCu gg_ Oecou ce oc_o ags
sazeu cee
s. mgC_auLc Lgg qgc agoe aaeo
o. _gu _esquaggee mcsqs
IV. gaeq Lss _cmc meLac
. gsqgc _ggoaog caaeu
z. gsqgcc agLLLL gC__u gaeq _gasec c_g
mcsqs
4.B gzgz1 @ g
eas ossaas_c LgOee_s sesq gcsc gL
oag_eo. oggc LgOea gcsc ggea mcsqu
_ggcscasqu, _ggcsc _sLOLac gcscasqu, q
gc gLOLac goasqu _euggcce.
gsqg_sq ___ geouc eo_g ceeLLu
gg_ gg gc gaoaa _qu. gagu zeu
Oeacgsqgg ceLg L_Ouag. gCo gaoaa
gsqgCca q__ OLeueLa gc ceLe_ mcsqu.
gaes OoeLasscac _ssLLLL ggc ga@g
OoeLassecs OsaeLg. _eac _ee gao ga@g
cequ o_aqo. ggc qozac aggLLLLg _eg.
198 199
eue _eosc ga@g CL Laa LaLcsecL Lguaea
ce_u oo O_aq_g gaoaa ceL OLa
o_asa_ass ago.
gaoaau gsqgecL CLaoCo _LLacscasL
LqssLLLccg. gagLg _gsazas_u _gsaz_ggq L_g
LaLcsca ga@g LaLcsc ggoc _euggcce. _u_
_g_e_ cogu, ggogu ce zeLasL Lq__e,
gaoaau ggog aeo g_ass Osae c_Lg Lass_u
cog aeo _gass Osae _gLg Lass_u OLgg
_g_e_ agsgg.
ggog aoc Oecou geoaaeu, ceu geoaaeu,
aases geoaaeu, _ge oog__c, ga_eeu, ggq,
eu eeu _sa g_ _gsazasc _euggcce. cog
aoc OLaegeLeu, mg uee gaoaeu, =es,
L_mee, Ouueu. )meeaoeu _sa _g _gsazasc
_euggcce. e gaoaa Lsu _g_e_s saeCLau.
0ommm [smm+sm
Oeco_e__ _ae uLu gssoau ceg eaeCgasc
geess uaLLasc scmo Oecou, Cscmo Oecou CLac
_coag oOecou geoaaeuaasa se_ neLag. scm,
Cscmo Oecoasecs scosc sogg Oeco _aag,
eo_g _ss _aag, css css qegu _eeuu
coag, uggosLqs OsaLL_ac Cugu ocu
_eeu_g ceL. OLaL Oecou geoaaeuea
neLa_ac aaou _au gLLC_a aaosqu Osa_g
Lsgge oa_ Coeu. Oecou squ CLaC_
Osa_g _gu Oea Coeu ceLe_ gaoaa
mcsqsgg.
_geeoe _uggc oac mLL
uges gsse Lau - gogg
OeegzLL qmL_gs aO_ec Oeco
uageLa eossgLag geg.
_g seoaasa neeo, ueem _eCLa OLagg
nemss, tOecouqgaaci _esoc_e_ gssL me
soc_e_ neL OL Oecou, _oOecou _ga
ogeu neLaozas, _e L_e_ mL gas Cog g
m Oeeg gg_ ae_L moee CsL ggLasc ceL_ac
Oecou geoaae_as cee__ss_co cesgg gaoaa.
mmgmm 0ommm 6o1q+m
_u_L OLus sc n_q_O_aggu Ogeq_ O_aggu
Oeg oa_g_e. om O_agcseco eag_ LgOeL
nL O_agcsc gaLc gLg_eoas _gsCgau. eoaeg
_u_sc oacs_ggu gggg_e. gezsLCoau
gzmau C_ ceLg _gOuag. sLc sLgg Oeegu
oacsu Oeg oa_g_e. _ee gaoaa gsc )
OLOecou cesgg. qggugg oguCo Oeco_e_o
Cess Coeu cesgg.
@msmm m+som
OL Oeco_e__ C_o Ce__ _u_sc
LoCza Cegg ne oa_g_e. ge_ cca
uss_sq seos_squ oos_squ ceo ceg
_uuLu CsLLos_squ Osa__e. _osc
Oeco_ge geoaaeuea _gg_osc. ue_ee _c
saou cLCLag _u ceg ag _aag, _ggu ceu
200 201
ceLg gsqug CLaegg __oac oa_gac sgo_gq
_eCe mgsq nLsazu Oeg oa_asc cesgg gaoaa.
oa_gac nooa _e qLzq _ggue cesg omsc
ne_gu neeusc _coggeo. Cugu gaoaa
LLaLoc.
_oau gau _ssu gee _gu uggg
CLaoau gau ceeaL eo OgCe - goag
geggg oa_g Oae_u ge oa_gacsc
Oeege Oeog nez
_gL_ _eeueLa ueCu g Oeco_e_ usqu
mum. gau CueCugu Oecou neLaozaCoau.
_oOecou Oeooao_gqssazeua ncc _g_e_
mLmCoau. ceOgec, ggu gmcoauc _czauc
_aeg oa_oaaaeagu, neg _c saou sggg mLLe.
e ugeusq cee OeaL CLasga ceLe_o Oeac
cesgg LLaLc.
_gga _gL )__c _.O_aoe
OLggae OLac eoLg
ce_u gsqgec geeq L_gsgg.
m+sonns
_mg _mg uaeLza_c _mg ceg qceoaa. _ae_u
_o_u _ae Oeoazaue oaeo ga ogggggCu ceg
_gu CLaggog CLaoCo gaoaau
_u OLgc aaseseaL OLgg La__ac
OLu La_u _ggCo Osacs - su_g_
eag CLac eaoqu me__m ugg_e
Csag CLac CLaqu nLu - cesgg.
OLgo_gq _ma nLueLL OLgg Laeac ussc
_g_e_ usqgaasCo Oeg eo_gsOsacc Coeu.
_gCo nLume OLu Laeaqu. su, _eeeL
Lsqouas _eouc eo_g _Leos_sq _eeL_gc
ncc ea eagegs OsaLLg CLao, ussc nLuu
ugeusq Coea _guasa Laee usqu Osa_gL
me _ssumeg eses CLao _gu, cesgg gaoaa.
_m 0omo
_uu Oea Coeu. _e_ caCs, cLCLag cLLo
Oea Coeu ceLe_u gaoaa mcsqsgg. gL
ceLg qosq cLCLagu ogg mLoau. __oac
nuCza squ CLaC_ gau _g_e_o OegmL Coeu.
Oeco_u geoucoa_g. __oac Oecou ncc CLaC_
_gu Oeg mL Coeu. _uu Oea saoCua LCua
C_eouceo. ccoa L_ggu Oeg OsaeCL ss
Coeu. _eeac aeg _cqsq _g_geeo Oea
Coeu. eLmLag O_aLgg _g_e_o Oeg OsaeCL
ss Coeu e_Ca.
egOsac _egOsac ceg Osac ceeag
meegCa gegg aggOue Ogec
qque )aeo qcgu oesaae
uque uaeLa _gu.
__aog nuezs Osac_u aue oog
omceuuCoa, _geuuCoa, _cog eL
202 203
gegsao_gCoa ceg ceeauc, _oc nuezs Osae
CLas meCe ogg ueggg ggsgae ceg geegg Laoo
Oeacseco Oeaauc gsqasc. _gqeLCaa aga
_g_e_ nascac aauLu Oeasc - cesgg
gaoaa.
gsqgc agu s_gsec qLCa gaoaa _gu
ageagu ggog_e_Ca uqgu na_gs agsgg.
cog__a_squ Coea _gu ageagu _soa_ses
ceLg geL_gsqo sazeuasa Laoasc gegg__au
_e_o OeCoa )a mgmsq _cas _coggoasc ceg
agsgg. gaoaa saLu _g_ge og geg nCoau.
g mmzm
I. n m1omm ms:mm
. gaoaa Oecou geoaaeu Lgg aag agsga
z. Oecou Cesqu ogaas gaoaa agoe aaeo
. cLCLag nLsazu Oea Coeu ceLe_
gaoaaog geg mcsqs
+. aasesue Laeas gaoaa agoe aaeo
. _g_e_ cooag, cLCLag Oea Coeu ce
gaoaa agsgg
o. gaoaaez O_aq__ oo aa
II. +s no _mmm ms:mm
gaoaa agu _gss_gssec O_aq_g c_gs.
4.4 @gzz g@ gzzgg p1@ g
n+;q +rqs 0n_sm
Laz_ ga L_u OLu ga
gz_e _co ggee osgga)
Laz_ ga Las Oscoau gosu
gz_e _co ggee osgga)
cge_u _au us_gg qoam g_gu ggaCL
_ge_a _uzu _esc oa_gg _g_gu
ggaCL
cega Lazgaa.
Laz_ ga L_eu OLagga_asqu nosc _eo gg_
gaLasqu mcaqsgg Laz_ ga nosgCs og saLaa
gs_sgg. Laz_ gaLe _cosca mgg__gCs
OLeuLLL Coeu.
sc C_aeg ueC_aegas sao_C_ _e C_aeg ___q
ussecs OsaeLg Laz_ ga. sgsaou __gOsaeCL
ue_e agesCaa eeg_ oa_sesea CugOsae
ageseaCa O_ouas ogLLLae ceg LeeLa
ossaasc Lssege.
@m[so mmm
_eg gu sLoagu q gu go__agu g_LLLL
Laz_ ga Laaq OLgo_gq __e ages _euLLasa
)LsgLCu sazeua _eug_g ceLg CgassgLaog. gaLc
C_aegcc _gs_uueos_u gaLeL Cugu
ocLL_ge. _gge sezL Lqguc m _eu_g oa__
O_aLasaoe, _gegCa, O_ouas ogLu
LeLaLeLu _ggg OsaeLae.
204 205
oa_mgq nggee mu sgzoee O_ouass
OsaeLau o_ssu O_aeg O_aL eg oez gom
osgg. gmeg _euaag noq ceg Ouagsq ggL
ggsec, ezuog, samm CLaeg O_oasce OLasec
eo_g O_ouasCo ogLu o_ssu eg oez O_aLgg
Osae ssgg.
__esa ages ocu uLCu q gaLeL nos
_zasc na__ag. uagas _gga LeLOaLL_gqu,
_gssu Oeaqu ogoq__g.
_eac gu Laz_ gaLe ages oc_gLe aa
ue_ ocCu namgqL OLeu Ce__g cegac _g
uesaasag.
mqmmm m1m+s
ue_ocu ceg Oeacos aag ue_ee ue_gc
ncCc neggg. squ _ggeos qgssgg. ooaggc
oaggq ggga CLac Lzggu mmggu OeacLLs aa
_eeu neLag. ___esa ue_ocu Cuoaeg
naoaeg, e_ uegcOsae oa_u qoOoaou
OeacL_geac _g_ ga g naoae nee_uae gaLasL
CLaggLLu.
Laz_ gaLc _eosc Lo oa_g_e cegu
_g_ou mgC_a, LLLc gssCaa Laou
O_aeo_C_a, Lo oa_g_e ceg zaeas_u gsae
gcs_u ausege. eas sao ossaasceac _ze
Lo LaLc aggu gge OLggg_e ceLe_ _gsCgau,
oo OL ussc _ze_sq _gqez agu _eoL
oozas mcasaeu _o _u LaLcscc gg _gaL
OLgsegg. _esqL LgOaee nuezu Osasqu
n__uo eaeCgasc Loezu, Laz_ ga OLggg_ Laaq
nez _segg.
gug LeLaLe L_eueau OLeueau
nosgao Oeoe gsaeas_u, zaeas_u _qu.
gsaeu ceL_gq g LL neeuaas gLg_g
ceLg OLac. __oac e_ LeLaLe uso gg_
__azuass Osacogc _ogceo. zaeasc ceLg
OemogsCsLL ozoagCga sgLee sogg eeg_ ggs
se_scas _eusgg.
gu_eLa gsaeasc zauaae_u Laz__u _qu.
oLOuaguc oaeus _eozagu, _gguc gc_aezagu
zauaaeu c__LLLLg.
_ugc suLzac c__LOLgg zauaaeCu Lo CLaggu
Laeeu neL___a mcaqsgg. suL O_eeaLgq ggg
LeLaLCLa ggu uagauc _u saLma_e_
ooeu_gcca. _eaCoCa Lazgaau scm gg_ _u_
ga s_s suL mgg_ _u_ga ceg CLaggsga.
@;+m+mom
L_u OLu gsaeas_u qeg zauaaeu.
zaue g _o_azL qeas_ C_aeg _uuc
ue_eas cLL oa_ Coeu ceL_gq osseuas
oa_g_ae. _eome qqo oae_gc zaue Lo
aasasecs sa__ Oeac nosc geeu gs_ Coeu
)eu _so Coeu ceLe_ ne_gsgg. _eome
_ssqgLegg. zaue mc gaCegg mceo oec_g
e_ea ueu mg_ae ceLg qme nccs qgLeL
negg Oeac mgg gg_e_ geq mcsqgg.
206 207
e_ea ueu mgg ea cog oa_mee
CugOsae q_qu gacc _eza_e zau_sq _ gLL
muma _e cee_e_ _eeomLu O_mm_g _ gLL
ga_u qgssLLLLg.
esCsu OLgg oz_geac zaue sa gs Lz_e
gaLa_u geo ggLLLg. zaue _Caa_gueeg gas
saeseas sLgg oeu s saLeL _eL qse ceLaee
gL ggLLLg. qse CoL qo_ _eooe.
saes_gc _gz aL_gc qc _eu_g uzqm _m_g
sau, seu neoass Osae oa_g_e. zaoee
_aes gLLges oz CoLes uqgaac zaueeu
osqoeeu uag uag muL, osqoeac _ssgLL
zaoeeLu Oeeg _eguLLac. zaoee oeeeaac
e_ea sooae Coe ua#eee uaa uae _ss _a_u
_o oou OLgg uaau Oeg e_ea sogg Oeeg
_Ceas oe_gc eg eo__ae.
e_eas saeag zaue osqoe C_ ou
Coecuc __ue ess#oe osce gL seL__g.
oaessqo Oeco __uCe _ssoe ceg C_gg
__uee __Lm eo__e. __ue _Ceas oe_gc
e_eas seLae. zaue Osa__ seeaageas
Osa_g e_ Osa__ gLauceaL OLggs OsaeLae.
zauee g_eas zaoeeLumOeeg zaoeeac
LcCog geLas_sq _LL__L LL ueu zaue
LmL_ggq gumeae. _e Oeesue _oCu O_e
geeuc e_ ssgac ceg Oegea O_e geeea
Cgass. oeasa oeeu zaueLu Ogas __ue
Oeacoe Oecoe ceg _e_ssLOLggae. seLee
sgm_u _cea sescac ceg Oeaco_e _ou
e_ue LmLu _gg_ zaue _e LeLsCca
oaes Oeeg zaoee quazsecu, _umeau
Ooeg gguc zaoeeeL CLamc _g__ae. zaue
e_ea uL og_ae. _Caa_gsq ueu ogg _gL
m_a ggLa Oeg oLLe _ gLL zaue eC_
_L Oeg_g og_ae.
suL zau sae_ea zauao_azu ceCg OLamLLa.
zauee ozoag eLu geLu zeeLu q geoaass
Osae oa__c Coeu ceLe_s saLsgg. _gasecs
sa_g )ae_s secgg oa__eo ne_gsgg. _a _ge_
osce neqs_sq nLLL zauee oa_q
_eug_g. )a esgaasa zaoeee o_u mgg Oeac.
_gu ocz Laou uegu ceLe_s saLsgg.
I. @;+ms noq ms
zaue _o_azu cegagu _qosc oa_u ue__
_eeuu, uaeu Osae oa_g_ae ceg _ga
_segg. _a _ge_ Oeac CLc ga gggg sa Oeegae.
CoL _eooe qsCeau Lgeo gLagCoau, moasasa
es#oCeau, _zsseasa mmqeCeau eCsa_z ngeo
gggs OsaeLeu zauee nagg mmg_ ueL Laaess
saLsgg.
esCsuue oz_geac zaue saLgq CLas Coeu
ceg Oeg _gg_qLe cesq me mgg_oe OLgg
208 209
Oecou _Cae OLgge_L CLaoaqu cegu, _asc
n__zmee_ _eo CugOsae LOLa_C_ saesu
OecsCge ceg zaue aggas suL _u sama_gc
agsega. Cugu zauee C_aggu _LOLa_g uog_
Oeg_auezea Oogg OsaeLg. .g ccoazagu
ago_eg g zauee ce_u _aaqu ue ooeuea
qgssgg.
_eeL meou LaLoac _gaoau.
LOLa_g cuuCeazac au_gq cc_a aau
OeLLu qe_g zaue g_so Oecm Cgasse
qLLC_ _e me, _ooaesu nezs CsLL
_LOLa_g _og_ Oeg_auezuee Ooeg_uua.
Cugu _Ceas oe_go e_ zauee gee_gs
aguCLag.
OugLL_u Cuq ceg CLag_u
_g gggg gq ceg CLag_u
_gz_ge _og_ Oeg_auez
q_gsqu _s_gee ne@oac.
ceg ago_ac gaec _gLm_a ceg CLagu ga
nessceo sa Oec ceg CLagu _gz_gc squ
_auez uo CLaeg _s_e_ neLaoe zaue ceLg
mLu OogLu eg g_aece _ga _sgg.
zaue gsL_ge mz_u neLaoe. gcogu gs_
eLu geLu eo zeu oa_mc O_aLgg
ozsaag, ceLe_u _e_ CugOsae zeeLu
q Cez cec, oa_eooOeg_gog _ae oa_mac _gu
ceLe_u zaue _gggg_e_ gau nez _sgg
eoa_gc oa_oaaq oa_Loe oa_egu O_o_gc
eossLLu ceg qgce osse_ggq ggL zaue
ozoag mcsqsgg Cugu zaue.
gaaau ___eesqu q geoau _ueae ceg
suLe oassagu _gaoau.
z. sq
e_, __qu, sLeu nequ qaCs _euaL
OLggoc, gese _e _zeueeuc mceo oecLLosCs
ce usc ceg sauozu _gm__ae. _e ooeuaac
zaue mceo oec_g e_ea ueg_ae. sg Ogg
CugOsae q_sa e_ seo_Le saesu Oeeg,
seoe CugOsaeL ggq geoea_ _a_u CugOsae
LcmeL Oeg og_ac. zaoeeac eg eossLLLL
e_ zaueeCa cec oggeac.
qoOoa ga_u zaue oaessq ogg zaoeee
Ooeg _eee uLo Oecoae ceg gas g_ac.
zauee g_eas __ue seeaag Osae ogg Osa__
CLag zaueeCa OLgg geouee cgeac. _a_u
_eLaacuas _e_eLa gLauceas Osa___Lmeac.
OLeeusqma sg, _e, Laeu, egeu, mgC_auLc,
OLageu, __oa _aqeasec qaCs _euaL
OLggoc e_ ceLg oeasgg.
1. @mms
osqoe eCsa_z Laou, gumses, mg neeo
CLaggu uae oggsq osseua gs_sgae. _um
neLaae LeLsq _eae ceg _gOuagsq ggL
210 211
osqoe zaue saesu Oeeggogg gguc zau
zaoe __u gs_u oez zauezL mmaag nLe
negg_oe ceLg. ceeg Laog. nos o_ssc zau
osqosc qggeusq eegg oa_o_gqu
c_gssaLLas ago.
osqoe, zauee mc ooeuea geq neg_oe.
uameeac uaasqzc Osa__ CLagu zau_sq aaO_a
)aqu Cgzag ceg ngg OsaeL ncc_C_a g_ae.
_eac e_ue Oeac CsL zauees saeo Oeegae.
gCgz_gc zaoee e_eas sogg Oeegae.
oOees osqoee mg neqss_sq ugL _u
uaemee ne_gsgg. e_ea_ C_og __gOsae
zau zaoe __u gs_u oez zau_sq
nggeeaasqu Lss Louasqu gg sLeuaagga
osqoe g oLa qe _oae.
4. n;qs
osqoeeL CLaoCo Lz__u zaueL_g _eu
Lae_u gegg_oe _aue g_oaac _L seL__CLagu
_egucoa_ og OLgg _zee ggs ug__gLe
zaueLu Oeeg _e ue o___e_ O_mm_g
Lagessec OLgg ogg _zea_uL Oe_ae.
geCg _m_u gmsg_au _ss_e_
_eCg qga mLc.
ceLggseas gaLa_u nmeuea zau LagesuLu
mL gggs szau_gc ggq oa_ses CugOsaeLae.
s. __ms
O_aeg gg_oe __ue qzaseuas g_agu
ag_ ugueeL OLggoe _ze g_e ceLLoae
_ze_sqma _qgsecL OLggss Coeu. __uee
zaug_e ceCg gcsc qgLmsege.
O_egee Oeeg C_o_gq __uCe _ssoe ceg
zaueac C_gO_ssL LLLoe. oaes Cgasss
Oecesuc eLuc C_aegu eecsecs secgg
Oogg Osae oaesuc _Ceas oe__c e_eas
saesgae.
zaue _g_ seeaagea e_uLu o_as e_ _g_
gLauceaL OLggae. oaesuc zaoee
_zeueesqo Oeeg zaoeeac oaoc )uLL OLgg
oaesea cmgLeae.
osqoee nuLmss em ueoea oLssogg
OLagg ogg sa__eou, zauee qgLLggg
Oeaoaggu gLL_u, e_a zaueeu e_u _u ue_gc
eo_g _g__euu ozg _ggeou uggLL_e_u
zaue ug OsaeL _cmLgsma Lsgu
OocLL_gsgg. e_ OuLmsqu oesaac suL
zauaae ggs saLaasa uc _ gL m_amc
__u_sq zauee _maeeea_ _aaqu nag_
sLeu _cssLLLLeuaagu _ga_sgg.
o. m:os
zaoee _umaasa mLee zaoeee _sa_
Oeaeo_ g_g _aeg C_acm seLae. _goguc
_eeee OeacL__ _aa_ geouc _g_gLCu gau
212 213
Oeeg Ceog gcog ceg _q Oe_ae. zaueLu
mLee eze _eLg_ae. oOeac nosgq _g_ge
Cueeueau, _og Oe_oe _euaCe _eagu
g_gs ag_ _aasa_oe, zaoee gg_aeu se
ueu ogg _g_ge Lssu ea_c Coe zaueeo
eze _eLg_euu oeg _gLLgegu qggu su
_eeueau gq geoeu _ogag _zss qou sass
_ae qoeaog c ss Coeu ceseg Leu
suLzac __mssLLsgg.
. mno1os
O_aLgg _g ua_u ngassaa _ggc quLsee
qo_sCs nmag. gss_gc gg_osec quLsee
ceCg ag oog uz
quLsee zaoeee_ g__ coocCoa _aegu
aoaug CLaeg. Lm_u _eee _cassa zaoee
zauee cg_gL CLamL __Lmeac _ossas nu
mL_ _aazas g_ae qome _eeu ea_c
neLosqma_uua ceg om e_ ne_gsgg.
zaoeee _gezsqu Lemeac _g_ge Lac OsaeL
=Lau _o_ssas CLasqo Oeeg namo_ac
OeCeaggs sLe )squ geg ugoaeuaasa _g_u
_gaLLsgg.
8. @;+mos
zauaae_gc zaoee Lo gco qeasecL
OLggoeass agLLsgg. eeuc ocooe. gg_ o
Ls_e. C_ac ooeu neLaoe, cL_gsq aaee
s_L_u CLamL uamc m_Le OLgg Oogg seLoe.
gL Lo OLggg_agu uaggae ueemea gee__
)a Oeac zaoee _go_gqs sazeua _eug_g.
zaoeeg )a q_ssu _oee_ _eo qeao Oe_g.
zauee _gu Ooegg. zaoeee _gugg Oeac
qo_ggCs _geo_ _g_g. mzu mCosu OLggoeas
zaoee g_agu mgeuee ga__oasa _gucoao
Oeaeo Oe__ac OsLLgg_ae.
@;+m+mom o1m _ o_om:
. _ge_ Oeac uss uggzuceo
z. qo_sq q_g ceg nag_ coa_q Ogg
. nos nuscL_g _e LazaLu nama Le
+. eCsa_z Laeu
. OLmCaa uaL Oeg_gu ugLu umaae_u
o. Oegeg ugoaeu
. ggoee nama Leu Lsgu
a. _og OeLosc cozau_u _eLeesqgao .
s. )aomLu oa_oe_ mL gcooscLu eaoC_ Cuc
o. ezeeLgC_aezs sasqu Le
. mge uee Cgassaeu
z. )aeo )euCa Lasqu
. oaeuCa Oocgu
Cugaga _gs s_gssec gsaeuae
zauaae_ge oauoas gau _gaoau.
gzzgg
oLOuaguc maae _eo c_ga usaLaz__e_
_Oaagg _ugc mcoL _g __oa u_aLaz__e_
c_gea. u_aLaz_u ceg Oeaceos CsLLqLe
214 215
_eeosqu CLaL, OLagaeu, CLa, gg, mgezs
Os__c ceg Oeacsc geeqsq oo_ac _ee
mLc LLLg, se_ CsLLg CLaeg s_gsec _m_g
oggcce.
gsaeasc zeL_c Laz_u qegas LL_ac
e_L CLagg Lagsa_g osCgau. LeLaeLosc _uu
cegac Osczosc oo CLu gg ceoau. _gu cegac
_gucoa_g oo nccg ceg __go_e_u u_aLaz_u
ne_gsgg. gg_ac geg Ooco _ua cegao _u
_ggssgg. ss_e_Ca Lazgaau.
_u_ge oa_q_eeo gg soqu, _uu ugL
Oocgu cega. LaeLosc agga Cocmue gL
se Laus OsaeLCaaeasa gmCaa_ee OLagaeu
OsaeLae.
uaue eqeue gee OsaeLae. _zsq uaces
_eu_g __ees sae _e__g. cm_gs Osaco g_o
Oe_ae.
g_aLL_e_ Oog_gs aga LaeLos_sq uaue
eqe g_a_c Cog_sq goeg , gge neLCaa
Oogg Osaco ceg ag g_aL eem__ae. g_aLL_gc
LaeLo C_agge gOzcLg gq OeaLLLLac.
LaeLo ga_gg oeoaeu CugOsaeLe. u_aLaz_L
CLa a gaLsc gLg_e. gguc gOzcLgue eL_u
gegCogag CLamc gmCaa_ee, goea_ee see
__oCaa OsacoLLLLe. _uu _e___g.
n+o:m1om
_ue, _osee, due, esaC_oe, gqoe _sa
gou LeLaeLosc ceg _e_ssL OLgsege.
LeLaeLosce ___oeasa _ue __oa gou
_g_ge Lac ggqu Laaq neLCaa. gmCaa_eagaa
g_oaac ga_gg oeoaeu Oecgu geosq
_cassLLLLe. gguc qoCe_z __u gLgg _uu
geo__g __uu _gg_g.
0om;m1om
gmCaa_ee, goea_ee nccLL oo CLsc Osczosc
ce _e_ssL OLgge. osc LaeLosce
eCsa_zsCc. OLagaeu Osae LaeLoez ggc Ooeg
_osec _euLL_g, gaLeL mLCL moss saLgq
oeoaeu Oecgu Lo Oe_e.
16m+qos
LaeLomLu goag __Co Leseu OsaeLoe.
CLzaee neLaoe. __oac gaLeL Lsg_css
muLmceo. g_ou oeeeu neLaoe.
OLeeuea gq L_gaoe. OLmCaascLu ugLu
umaae_u Osacc_oe. _)a qeasc oe
_gmgqs sazeuaue, gg_ mze, Lou OLaggaoe
dqu, gCzae, sL, see, mgz, __oa eaeCgasc
oe Lss g_agu _gucoa Oeesaac C_acmeau
uze_e_u __meae.
o
oeeeue __ oou cegac eqe ceCg
qgLmLoau ggc oco eqe Osczosce
uaceseas sae _e_squ CLaC_ g_aLLu Lgga
qgLmee LaeLomLu qgLLac ne__mceo. gg, )g
ceg LaeLo mossa CLagu g_aL Coeu ceg
216 217
s_e_ oeee ue_C_a mgc neLCaaa Oogg
OLgLo ceg ag g_aL eo__ae. g_aLL_gc LaeLo
C_agggu goea_eeac LazaLLL OLggoe eqe. eqe
ceg La_gzu nLegC_ Osacgu Cga CLao __gs
Os__eo ne_gsgg.
o1os
_gCu ooaeoe. OsaeLsq q see ceg
s_LLLLoe. Osa_gs Osa_g og_ szasec
neLaoe CLas sc_gc guac Coga CoLu _e
aasqu Coeouc _ae _uu Oeu CLag g oggeo.
LCLag sc_gc ce nu CLaqu _oauc oggcca.
aq ceeL_gc LLe_s CsL. ggeougu
ceo ceag o_aqu CLOzesq __uLs CsLs
OsaeLae.
_LOLa_g g oezuc g Oe_ _ae_uasce
Laee _aezoa_g o_asu ceggu _e qgaac
_aez oa_g Osa__oe. C_CzaLue useas
ocg_oe. gmCaa_ee LaeLomL_g OsaeL
Lesaac qgLLas _oee_sq gszaeoe see ceLe_
negg _oee Ooco seee gLLasss
OsaeLae. Cugu _esq gszas _asC_e_g
ueeeasseae.
se_u _e ea nuez gmCaa_e_ssass
Osass _aazaeae. _e mgLme neeuea _ggg
OeCeaggs sL_ssas CLamL uaeLae.
uaeLme _ae aa ceLe_ qggaac nosguLo
Oe_ae.
ooos
u_aLaz__gc _ssa Lu OLgu seeee _a
nLC_eu gL neLa_ass s_L Lsgg.
Lso_ e_uc seee nosc __uu OLs
_u_ggq Cs ouCLag _u_e_ geogaLL _ae
qoOoa s_gCou C_aegsCge cegae.
_ooassgseas _u_e_ geogaLL _o_m__ seee
q _o_az qe ceLe_ _gsCgau. g_ _o_az_gc
zauao_azu CLac coauc _e O_o__eeuea
_asaaq OocLL_g _u_e_ geogaLsga.
gzzgg p1@ g
. ggu oagu Co_ee Oeu
z. Osoae Cs geeLLae
. geg ugoaeu
+. _uCu Oecou
. __uu _gu
o. ue__sq esL__eeu, mLs Osasqu
ueLLaeeu uggu gaas neq Coeu.
ueeaee aLag
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm
. ggaa )LsgLuaog caaeu
z. O_ouas oeasLLu ages ocasc aaeo
. ages ocascac q gaLgq neLaqu CsLas
c_ees agsga
+. Laz_ gaLe namgq OLeu Ce__g cg
218 219
. gsaeasc aaeo
o. _ugc zauaae_e_ c_gao aa
. esCsuue ze ozasc aaeo
a. gLLees aa _oc _eLg_ geLu aaeo
s. zaoee agga oesu aag
o. zausae_sq suL LL OLa aag
. Lz_e caCs ggq oa_ses CugOsaeLae
z. _ugc Laz_u c_gao aa
. LaeLosce OLamees ags
+ seee Cogaeas ogg seeLu Coeag cg
. see gmCaa_e_ssas CLamL uas sazeu aag
II. n m1omm ms:mm
. suL zauae_ge gL aag
z. zauee nagg mmg_ ueLLaaes coOeac
saLsgg
. eLgeL_e_ zaue qegass sgaeu suLzac
caaeu momssLLsgg.
+. __ue Oeacoe Oecoe ceg _e_ssL LLs
sazeu aag
. _gu ocz Laou C_u ceLe_ cg ne_go_as
_ma agsga.
o. e_uLu _euggg_ _aqeasc aaeo
. Lz_e cooag _zeaeLae
a. LaeLo oeoaeu Oecos sazeu aaeo
s. OeCeaggs sLe _gg quLsee Oe_g aag
o. seee Laz__gc _gga Lcea mcsq.
III. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. Laz_gaLe OLeusc aaeo
z. ue_ ocu Lgg mcss oezs
. e_ue Le goesec mcss c_g
+. osqoe q oLa qeag caseu
. mLeee qe goesec O_aq_g c_gs
o. _zss qou _ga zaoee cooag sazeuaeae
. seee OsaeLo gLeL mom.
a. eqe Lgg qgLOL_gs
IV. +s no _mmm ms:mm
. zauee Le goesec_ O_aq_g c_gs
z. zauaaeu ne_gu _gs s_gssec ag
mcsqs
. u_aLaz_u ne_gu _gss_gsseco O_aq_g
c_g
4.. q mg @ g @@m @z1z
_g ac ozoaggc Lso_ e_ q
gLLae L_e_L OLggccg. gga_ __go
geL_egs CsaLLa, _gac, oe sLg_ OLacac,
euau, ___gs Osaces _saogeg nccLssa_aqu.
ue_e ceLoe agesaasqu, _gqL _ouasqu,
ue#gaasqu, _eus _LLeLugu qaseegg
_eg g_ee, Oeac, nc_eq ogeg _eu_gs
Osacsgae. g_ _LLeLuCo _ae Lso_ e_,
aeCaasu, su Caasu, LsgCaasu ceg _egees ag,
220 221
Lae Cgassao Oeac ceLLu gqsaua suame
qe_e_ mcsqsgg.
aeuassu ue_ ncc_gc c_u _ee neqsec
gssqu, Lsg uassu O_ms_ geusq, sazeuas
mcaqog CLac su uassu oqosc ue_e _e
sLeuea cooag Oea Coeu ceLe_ mcsqsgg.
suCaasu OeacLog _ae nume _eeu ceL_e
_LLeLuc _euggccg. __aog ue_e _eee
nuccoe ceLe_ geogaLLs sLeueao Oea
Coeu.
gqsaua su_e_ O_coas mgg Osacc Lso_
e_uc oeazu _u CsaLLa mcssLLLLccg. g
e__aa_gc ue_e _ae eaggcc e__aa geougu
oage _LLeLugu sLeu _gg_c oeazu _uuas
mcssLLLcc_as ago.
qs_ mson noqom
nosc oa_u ccoa ue_scL_u eu_gou, zageu,
_aueu ceg _eg nLoac Lesc _euggcce.
_ozo ___u Les_sq ggL Oeacseco OeoC_
so_uu ceLLsgg.
omm
ngeasu, qeuLLa oeLssu _sa g_
_eggu __euaas Oogg OLgog _ae e_gou.
nuLe nLuu ue_u CLaguae _cq
O_aL OsaeLLgqu, qcuauas LLgqu _ae
e_go qeu.
;+gom
e_go qe_gc qegq ggLog, OeacL_go_gsas
e_ zageu cegu OeacLu qeu cegu ago.
q+mom
nuLe ngeasu __oaeo CLaguae _cq O_aL
Osacca_ CLag _gaaeu ce_u c g_sgg.
e___ae _aue qeu ceL.
_eg oesL Lesce _LLeLuoae CsaLLa
Cueo gaL_ __go_ggu saeLLsgg. mCcLCLa ceg
sCzss _g uee__c, mzu, e_mau ceg _egu
q ue_e _e sLeueao Oea_ C_eo ceg
agcca. mzaLo ceg __go _g, qoOoaou
___u geosCsgL_ _e sLeuea negg Oeaoaggeac
e__aa_ggq geeu Oea _u ceg agcca.
o:sm
ue_e sLeueao Oeu CLag cg_m_L Laeeu
_ae mumCaa Oog_C_a Oeaauc sLeueaCa
seeass Osae Oea Coeu ceLC_ Lso_e_uc
su Caas_gc agLLu gqsauasua ceL_e
OLacaqu.
sLeueao Oeu nmeu gug cegagu __e Lae
ceLg sLq_sCs nmag. gug Oeacsec egoe Lc
cegu, ego_sq _LLcLLg cegu c_gs
Osaccoau. gau q Oeaeoo Oeu CLag _g
Oogg OLgua _cog C_acmgua ceg gu ncc
nemgq ggu Lu Osassauc ueuaeg q
222 223
geoLLL sLeueao Oea Coeu. Cugu mgL,
gL ceg s_guc ssauogg, Laee_ gggg
sLeuea gegCoggLoCe suCaas. _oe Oe_
sLeuCa gqsauasua ceg Lso_ e_ agsgg.
qm o:smm
ggm ceLoe sam neL _m_g saLgqo Oecoauc
Laee uLu ggLLC_ e_ oog_gu ggoaqu _g
CLao ue_e neCo coauc sLeu _gg Coeu
ceLe_ gggs Osaccauc _eeu nequ, nag_
qgsCsacae sLqc Lsgaas uagoC_ sLeu ce_u
_guaqu cesgg e_. ceCo e_ue _gs sLeu
ceLg gaas neCoa Oeas aa e__aaL Lcaaqu.
LL_ _e sLeuea ccoa geougu __euu
gegqu OLgg geoaae ue_gLe OeLoCe
ug_Lzse (Steady Wisdom) ces s_LLsgae. _oCe
mgsao_gc usa_ua _oae.
[o+mmo1m+ 0o+msoms 0n+smm
q[smsmm
Lso_ e_ue gqsauasua ceL_e _LLeLuc
Oeaoaggu CLag, qoOoaou _ozo sLeuea
_g_g_ geouc gLLas OeacL__ _u.
cLOLa_gCu oqos _gocscc =LLs
Osae__c, _cog __gq uagas _o
_gocsceegu _ggu mos_ ggq _@_c, _sa
zeeLu gssL Lae s_ag Oeacseco Oea
Coeu. cegu _LLo Oe_ac egoee _eLgg
us_oau ceg q gq geoeus Osacesea e_
noasqsgg. Cugu _eeou, e__aa gou zeeLu
eeLLgu gqsauasuame gL _ueuaqu.
[o+mmo1m+ 6o+rn+rqs qmn nsso
gug gg __gos CsaLLaLeL gau ugmgm
cLL_gqs sazeu gug Oeacsce meeL LaesCc.
meeLLaesc gueuL Lg__gc ___gsege. e_ue
aggLLL Lae s_ag Oeaoaggu CLag meeLLaesc
gueu LagLLgceo. _sCo mgmL mcueegu
mLL mCLgegu _eLaoau.
mzgLoee cgLassag _eesec noscmc
na_ga geosq Osae ogg _e_eLa sLeuea
ego_sq _LLcsseg CLag egoe gusq ccoa
eL_e_u _oae ceLg e_ue _guaqu. ceCo
sLeuue LaeeL OLag__oezuc ggqu, eg
eL_e_ __Lmsqu geouc eLs Osacesu
eesege.
g qmzm
I. n m1omm ms:mm
. Lso_ e_ agu gaeq Oggsc aaeo
z. _oes nLoac Lesc aaeo
. e_gou ceLg aag
+. zag=u ceLe_ mcsq.
. _au=u ceLe_ mcsq.
o. mCcLCLaqu, mzaLou sLeuea negg
Oeaoagg_c Lgg agoe aaeo
. gqsaua sua ceL_e OLaec mcsq.
224
II. q_ no _mmm ms:mm
. ae, su, Lsg Caasasec mcss oezs.
z. ggqu sLeuu Lgg Lso_e_ agoe aag
. gqsauasua ne_gu OLageus Osaces.
+. gqgeoeus Osaceseau mom.
. gqsaua sua CsaLLaLe __gou meee aag
III. +s no _mmm ms:mm
Lso_ e_ agu _gs s_gssec_ O_aq_g c_g.
225
V. 0saJ ymJggJ sg gJ
(ETHICS IN YOGA)
m g@ pd qm1d Uzzmm @
ueu nLoe geca Lqg cegu, ueu nLoe
ug Oeacmsegg cegu OsaeLac, nLgu uegc
OeacLsegg ceg Oeacog gaaau. nLc
CgaoaLLLLac ue_u eeou _eLsgg. nLc goua
g_ac ue_u goua ssgg. L ouCLag ue_u
eeou _eLsgg. ueu soaseac nLgu gooeLsgg.
usscc Lo nLoe _eesq nLLLLosCc. Lozac
ue_e_ _Lss _ogceo. nLeou, ue_e_u
sLLL_go_gq nLeoo eag_ o n_msc Coeu.
nLeoL CLaga _cmgq _Lssa me uee_ _Lss
_aooau. uee_ muuL Oeg __e _ggcsec
qeg Ce_g q _suass eoss _u.
ooag ue _eosec q_sLL_gu
CLag ggLu _ea_aze __LoCu Caasu ceLLu.
OLagoae __Loas_sq nLuu, ue_Cu _LLeLaas
ssgg. nu __Lou ceLg nLeou,
ue_e_u sLgg, nu _aCe __Lmsqu __Lo_e_s
qgLmsgg. nLuu, ue_u _g_ __Lo_gc
Laq Osac_u CLag OLoa_q seLssgg.
e___ae _e sze _gsc _ae sLgg _gu g
__Lou ceg Oeacsga g. _Lmzsae. Cugu gaaeu
226 227
neLaseac ccoau neLaqu cegu Oeacsga.
_eeCa aesc gasaz _ee cesege.
Caasu ceLg Oogu gaae_e_L Lgg uLu
CLagLLgceo. _.g q ue__eLa oa_ses
mzoeeesc ccoaogegu )squ _egaas
_euggssgg. ue__eLa oa_sesue geu_ae
Caas_ge qgsCsac. nLcgou, uegou CL@_c
Caasuaqu. __gq q ue_ee nLuu, ue_u gas
qc OLg Coeu. __aog nLuu ue_u qegLL
aas Coeu. _eeCa g_o
nLuLa _guc nuza _go
gLuLL Ouae Cezq uaLLa
nLueL ocsqu nLaau _ggC_
nLueL oc_C_e nuoc_C_Ce.
nLu _ggguaue nu _eLa Coea Laee
_eLa _aag. nu _eLa Coea Lae Ouaeu
_qu. __oe nLueL ocsqu nLaa_e_ _ggg
nLueL ocss Coeu. _LCLag _ae nu OLg
Coea Laee _eLa _u ceLg uuggz_ge
s__aqu.
ceCo, Caasa Oggsq __oc nLc sLLLa
C_eoaasgg. me_ae uessLLLa C_eoLLsegg.
eo zeu CeuCLag_ae Caasa Ogg_egL
L__LLsgg.
6m+om
Caasu ceLg cee Lo aesc oesaae
mcssasec _sgasc. ggssce e_ goae
Lso_e_aaeg LsgCaasu, suCaasu, aeCaasu,
zagCaasu ce gaeq Caas Oggsc Lgg mcsss
agccg. Caasu ceg Cscmsq __Lo_ouae
ea_e_e_ __aog LugeaL Lgg mcsqog _ae Caas
ea_gzu.
6m+om 0o+m mmom
Caasu ceLg g ceg oLOuag Oeacoc gg
Caas ce uag, me Caasu ceL OLa OLggg. _gq,
ee__c qeg_c ceg OLac.
_gu ueoesgeas aL_c, egoeLu
ezeasgeLgg, _o_Le _eeeo Ce__c, -
tee__ci
- gCo Caasu.
Caas geouc _ae ugg nusecu _e_u
CLaoCo Cgss _u. _eeCa sg_go e_ goae
eLmc. neeeL CLao mgezu Cg ceg qgLmsgg.
Cugu uoaua e_ goae qzae g mgmLu zssu
saLeac gae neeLu uLaq zssu neLaoea
LCLe cesgg. g_ _euCga qeuLLaL
nmeuea Caas _egea CugOsaco_e _ouas _coag
Cog cg_ oesugu _eLa _aag.
Caasu ceLg q euau _eg, _.g q OLu
__gou, q seo, g _gmac, uggu oa_ses _eg
(Yoga in short, is not a religion, but a great philosophy, an art, a science
and a way of life)
ceCo Caasu ceLg ue _eosec _Lss, _e_
q _sLL_gog. uee_ _Lss _cs sgg_ _sgg.
228 229
aazagu gueu _euLL__ _aa_ geosqs Osae
Oecsgg. e___ae oc_o.
aou sggu es au saou
sg Lg_ag Oeue - cesga.
nqom6m+o _[;m nqom - qm1 m;m+_
Caas ogea ue_ e_gsq_ _g_o _zea sL.
_e_o g_gzascass eo__o u_mq L_eo _oa.
Co_ neeusec muu g_gzuas maaeu, Lsg
g_gz_e_ gaz_u Oe_g CLao Caas g_gzu L_eo
_eozac OeaLLLLg.
g_L L_eo _eoez _gOeqeme _o_azuaso
Oeacgo oeLa _ge_ ___m _eo. _a Csacsa
_oa. __gmue mcec ceL_ac, __gCza cegu,
Csacssame mcec ceL_ac Csacsa _z cegu
osqL OLasc ne.
o c_gag _eg gcsc. qeg Caas eaugzu
eOeaeg, Ouag osseuae u_aLaq au _egaog
_Co_uasa ezsu ceg __gCza eu_e_
_saeoaqu. _s, oasq, ueu, nLgssae _egssasqu
gcsec _sscca. oezL Lgga Oegsc, gg
_es_sq _e zauL_z )_zac aggLLL L_eo
mgau ceg goc ncce.
_ms 6mssm
Co_ sao_gc scm qqou (Gurukulam)
_ouas sgmssLLLLg. _ssao scmue Cgassu _eu
m_eoCaaaqu. Cugu Oem ogaas, g_gzascas
sgmssLLLLg. qqo scmuc q - qa ngq CLagg_
_ss_as g_g. ua_a, m_a, q, O_ou ceg omeeuc
O_o_ggq _eLas eo_g, _egaog L_gc q
oeasLLsga. qme _Caau, CugLaeoue _u
scm sgLC_ eaoo gg__aqu. oLOuag uggzuae q
uggzu _s seLoag qme Cueeuuee
q mzuua,
q mq@,
q C_Coa uC_uoz_,
q =asqa_,
Lz mzuu,
_ueu_
qCo gu_,
ceg mcsqsegg.
q geouc gg Caasascac nos_ge _ssac
Lqgea uagg _euss _sgg. mzuu_e_ _mazas -
qoass Osacog. egoeeCa qoass Osae
oa_sesea gL_go_gq qLLaqu.
_:++o 6m+om (uo mso 6m+o [smi
au, gau _=e, mzaeaaua mz_aa_az, _aze, gaae,
=ua_a _qLaosae - _uLaas Caasu
_qLaas Caasu ceLg cL Caasasec
nccLssag.
. auu. z. gauu. . _eeu. +. mzaeaaauu.
. mz_aa_azu. o. _azeu. . gaaeu. a. euag.
@mmm : g CaasL Lugsq CoeLa_ogeg
mossmog.
[mmm : g CaasL Lugsq_ C_eoaaeogeg
oezag_go Oeacog.
230 231
@osm : _eeu CaasL Lugsq nma _eguc _ugg
LLg.
n;+o+m+mm : g _oee OggLL_gog.
n;m+p+;m : g ggg oesecu gu sLLLaLsqc
Osae oog.
q+;so : _azee ceLg g_eeea q_sLL_gog.
[m+sm : g neeo_ geuLL_gog.
om+[ : g O_aLgg squ CLmeL geoeaL OLgog.
@mmm
auuaog )aogeg Oeaag q_q_c _qu auu
ggg Lesec nccLssag. gLaeu, Osacoaeu,
OLaaaeu, mzuuoemau, zoaeu _saeoaqu.
neeuuc g_ ggg Les_u uau CLac nag_
qeascaqu. _g_asc gs__go_gsae _LLeL
qeascaqu.
@mm[s nms
_sueeuc geo OLggoe _e ccoaLLesu
gasmsege. zue oa_g_ L_gc Lauu, mu
gLCLa oa_g_eoau. gaae_gc __ggg_ _
zaua_g Cuc Laa og_ ga m_eoaeLgg CuaLeu
OLggg. u_a_ua sagg _as_c mCza_u Osaeg_
_eoosec qeg aL eo__a. ceCo, ccoa nuezu
Cgsqu _oez ccoa nuu Cgssege.
[mmm
geu, us_o, _ou, O_o gcsecL L_g mgg
Osac__c, egogLa ceg gggu gauasc _qu.
nLu, ueu nu ceg _eegu geuLL_gog
cLL ceLe_ mcsqog gauu. ggg Oeacscc __c
OeaeoL Lgg goc_o.
gugeu gzae _euu _su geu
oaeuaac saeL Lu.
ceg Oeacsga. ueu, Ouag, Ou u_egu geu
_eLog gmsze esg _qu.
[mm[s nms
. uog_ _s_u, ue_ O_cqu, nggaae nLgu cggu
Ooggea_ _sgg.
z. cca oa_sesu, ssoa_meeu gcqsgg.
. CLagu ceg ue_e__ _aa L_gmsgg.
+. mgmLOLasLeo ggg, egoeLu ezeasg _eLa
gauu ogsaLsgg.
- gauu auu eo zesqu _LLeL
_sueeaaqu.
@osm
nggaasqu, ssuasquLL_gq _eeu.
mzaeaaauu, _azee, gaaeu, =uag _sa ccoaCu,
_ee_e_ _LLeLaass Osaecce. _eeu nggaas
ss Coeu. _C_ euauu O_aceo _o_as sss
aLag.
zo _eeasc CLeLLsege. _oggc _ssauae
ogegL Lug Oeg OsaeLac CLagu, gma guusazu
za _eg Oe_ac CLaguaeg.
232 233
@os[s nms
. nLoc ccoa_ _eesecu, gzusecu emaae
geouc nggaas ss eoss n_qsgg.
z. gacucoao szLmsec (Endocrine glands) css
_aCuaesec q_asaso szss eoss _eeasc
n_qsege.
. ugega C_sLLug CLao nLc esgeao Oeaoas
mLauc _eeu Ceussegg. gzu ueLo_e_u,
e_za, _Lmec, meac, mLgLLm szLmsecu
s__u Oeg gegas Coeo Oea eossgg.
+. _au, oug, gezazcs_sq z__u _gsu seLss
og Oesgg.
. nLgsq gco oecu _eeuea_ _sgg.
_gOsgu ogLOLgsgg.
o. oggac ccoam_uae Cgas_u )ssLLsgg.
qegg_LLeu sLLL__LLsege.
n;o+m+mm
_ee_gc nggaasqu, ssuasqu _ugg, Lug
Oeu CLag, _oss sageg Oocuc mLu ncCc
__gu - nc_u g_u gg_gu mzaeaaauu Oeu
geosq nasCgau. mzaee- aauu ceg ze Oeagsc
Cegg mzaeaauu ceg Oeac noaugg. mzaee ceLg
_oss sageg uLu qgLmLmceo. mzaee ceLg nuo
esgeas qgLmsgg.
_g nu _ecaasa _qc_gc gg Osae,
_a_e_u, z__ gLL_e_u OggLL_gsgg. _oee
oog Lss_u, Lg Lss_u uag, uag OecguL Oeo_ac
ga s_g ggLsgg. aq ga ceLg Lseo, maseo,
sg_ee ceg _eg oesaae _oe ass_e_Ca
qgLmsgg.
. _sse oog Lss_gc _os go_gq maseo ceg
OLa.
z. _sse Lg Lss_gc _os go_gq Lseo ceg
OLa.
. maseou, Lsseou euuas go_gq sg_ee
ceg OLa.
+. Lg Lss _osu, oog Lss _osu qeg Cegg
ze Lss_ggu euuas _os Oocuc ogg, euuas
_os ncCc Oeco_gq sg_ee soaeu ceg OLa.
mzaeaaauu _egaso OeacoLLsgg. qeg _zsu
ceLg _oss sageg ncc___c, ze Czesu ceLg
_osssageg Oocm_c.
quLsu ceLg gg_g eo__c _saeoaqu. e_
_LLeLaass Osae uze_e_Ca Oocooau cesga
g_o.
ggg gss, sagu _m_g,
sagegL msqu sesq _goa ceo
sagegL msqu sesq - _g _easq
ageg ne_squ qg _goaCu
ceg guggz_gc ____u g__uaso Oeaco
ssga. _gq oaCaasu ceg OLac.
n;+o+m+m[s nms
_os ceg ooeueaL Lo _ss Coeossaso
Ceu__Co mzaeaaau_ge Cgassuaqu.
234 235
. LLL mzaeaaau_gc CeussLLLL esgaac
mgmL_cc maageas qeLL__c.
z. mgez gcogL L_g_c.
. g Cuc gL__c, _saa_gc c_u_c.
+. mzLe_ggcc ccoa nuscL_gu _e Oeg_gu
_ggc OLggc.
. _gaaeu gas _gqu, gssu gss es_u OLgog.
o. mzaeaaauL Lugaac _s_gc __q OLg_c.
n;m+o+;m
g_C_ Oecgu ue_e_ ncCc gg_g L_qog
mz_aasazuaqu.
ggmaasc, ___u OLacsec mL moso ___ge
ageseao eauCLag mz_aa_azu _sgg. ggmaasc
_ouas ueu OocCa Oeeg ggmaas_sqma
OLacsce oeo _eLsgg. ggmaasec _ogge
OLacscogg uLmLLac, _eo ue_gLe _as,
__e agesuc qegmsege.
. gu ueuaeg OLaLsce ug Lgeg gss n_qsgg.
z. nLoaeg ue_ge sLLLaLc aas oes Oesgg.
. _ga ue_gLe sLeuaaggqu, ceuLe ss
n_qsgg.
+. oa_ses eLu gegg__as sso Oesgg.
q+;ss
ue qeuLLa - _eeCa _azee cesCgau. gu
ueo esgaaeg _e__eaas OeaoLLLsgg. qCz
Cgz_gc Lo mqaascc ueuaeg =Lsgg, _eac
ea_aze ue_scas, esg qegg_oscas, Ooggu,
C_acmu mgLL _eLLoscas oa_q ceg OLamc
oas OsaessCgau.
ggeosq uagas, mmgg Oecgu ueo esgea qeg
Ce_g, q_sLLLL ueuass, qCz mqa_gc Oeg_geac
ue_e OLu ea_eesec _gg _u.
_zaLs ceg Lug _gq us _oau. g_aoO_a
cceaCaa, qL O_oL LL_e_Caa, _cog
)L_e_Caa, nggL La_g ue_e_L Lg_gL L_q_c,
_Lauc, _eeaauc, mgsec nLLauc eu OsaLLauc
La_g L_q_gsq _zaLas ceg OLa.
q+;ssms nmsom
. q _sLLLL ueu noass sazeuuas _eusgg.
z. oeLssu ggLL ggoas _eusgg.
. gg_ _ggc LeL__, seoe, mae, CLaeg
_gsc, aesc C_aeg ogoqssgg.
+. ueuaeg gaae_ggq _aazasgg.
[m+sm
eLmLag gee_g__c gaaeu _qu __aog,
qgLmLL saou eLmLauc, gee_gLLg gaaeu. z
measc ueu CoOge_u geessauc q qgLmLL
OLac ug gegac _g q _azee. _LLL LeeOze
_azee q gaaeu. _gCo LeeOze gaaeu oez,
__aog zs guLasc _azeeuc eLmLauc gegac
_g q euag ueu ea_msu _eLog gaaeu.
gaaeu sao ouggc OeaLLL Coeu. soeoagg
sLqec gee_g sesec _ nLsaggmL Coe .
236 237
saeo gaeq ucuogg o ucoez, _cog uaeo
gggogg g_ ucoez OeaLLL Coeu. nLsa_e,
Osaeu gezL Ls mL _ug_ac oa O_aceo zag.
[m+s[s nms
. ue_u, nLgu, ssuas __c.
z. _eugaae qeu neLa_c.
. OLma Coeoseco emoz Oe_c.
+. Lesosec uggg, _osec Cg__c.
tLeseu uggg, Lesosec CgLLgi
_eeCa Lazg Leso_sq _coa geOgCe
cesga.
om+[
euagaaog nuu, ego_u qeg gggc. euag
ceLg __Lo__ac uLCu mgg Osaccs aag.
Oeagscac mcss aoag. __Lo__ac neog.
oa_sesuc ceg _geoL OLgqu g_ euagCa
OeaLLsgg. _eus_ggu, _zaogu gg_
ae_e_aeLgg, s_OLgg usa_uass_u,
ea_eeaacs_u noasege.
egoee_ gaaeL OLacas c_gs OsaeLo
euaguc eg ae_e_ _eLsege.
gaaeL OLace ae_e__ _og euag.
6m+o @os+om
_eeasc ceo cegu, __e Laesc ceo ceo
cegu LaLCLau.
I. [16o+o+osm
Loee_ qega se Laeo gLLeLa n_qsgg.
z. om+osm
gOossqu, numeeo euLL__qu n_qsgg.
1. m1m++o+osm
Cuc n_sq z__u seLss, e_za, Laza e_za
Lu.
238 239
4. pm+osm
e_za, Laza e_za emaas assLLsege.
s. mmm+osm
s__gL Lqgu ougu emaas.
o. nm 6m+m+osm
uoossoeg __sqOocCagqu, oug qegaqu
n_qsgg.
. mo;+osm
gOo__gsqL L_qog.
8. qg+o+osm
essc Lou OLg, soaeLeL mmoeLa
9. omn+osm
sacs_u L oezu gou OLg
I0. q_;+osm
oug, Lss nLc _eesq gcog.
240 241
II. o;+osm
es, C_ac Lou OLg
Iz. mg;+osm
numaeeo euuas nLOoaqu Lzoo Oeu
I1. ;o+osm
tccoasqucoi tmeac scaeLi szLmsc ooq OLg.
szLmsc ooq OLg. eosc _ug_ geouCoCa
L_sLLu _eeasc.
I4. mg;+osm
oa_ O_aceo gas, gze esgsq
Is. nm+osm
gL_ggq gaae_ggq nLsau. _eeu
Io. 6m+o q;+
uoossc gas
I. q+osm
tOLes_sq_ C_eouceoi gL, _L, mzaea aau_ggq
n_qu.
I8. _1qmm 6m][;+osm
L, oug Lssauosso Oeu.
_sa eosecu Lug Oe_ac CLagu.
242 243
_egaL Coeoscc Lo geoscc nLsau gau,
gzusecu, _osLeLsecu, ougegu gsss, qss
msCgau. q_asgg _eguc nLc ssL L_smsgg.
nLoc ccoa_ _eesecu, gzusecu, emaae
geouc nggaas ss eoss _eeasc __geeu
qoOoa nLc Lqgsqu n_qsege.
6m+on nm[m, oq qso_m
neq nLOsacog Lggo o mgsc ncce.
nLOsac_u neq uee__ geuaass Coeu. uss
saL eaeosq g asc Oeegac, _e neeuea _gaoau.
aaee OLma_a ggu. _eugu Oucoa geLu
OLggLLe_s saeoau. asu, o squ aesce
_sc Oeegac, _eo _eugagg _eooe_s saeoau.
g nemeac ggLLL CogLaCL, nLoc neLaqu esgsc
nemogg og_e. gasc LLe CLaLLac nLc Lomeu
_eLsgg. me ue _gggu qegsgg. __oc aLsesg
qegu. mgq g_ee esgu _cqgu. Lq__g_c emaas
geLOLgag. _sCo, CaasL Lugsq _zuL geascc
neq neLgc coemses Coeu. Lug _go
_eLg_me _oocq coemses C_eouceo.
neq ceLg nee_ neeo_ _o_a _eua
Coeu. neq neLg ue_ee na_go_gsasCo.
oms msoom
gmaeac _eussLLLL Le__s soeouc
ngL_gaae ez, sasg, L_asc, _aeaasc, C_asa,
oae_LL_u. eosec neoas c_gs Osaco_ac
_Czassau m_gaaogLe Cga cgL _gggu
OLqu.
Loees sasgsec neL_ac gaL OLac, nLoc
Ceo_ac, _ag nLss_u, mLLues_u, nLgsq
Cgzaas seLsege.
CossLeo, cc, C_asa CLaeg ceee m_gssec
_ecssL eaLmu CLag sLLL _cog Oocou
Ce_gs eaLmL Coeu.
_ecssLa _aeaasec saeo neCoa_ae nee
Coeu.
sescgu, nag_ geouc ngL_gaaqu O_aq, ua,
Loa, Ogco, CL#oee, oge_, gaoc, eLCLaLLa, oae_,
LLLac, uagec, Osaaa, cguoee, ea_gsq, gzaLee,
_ssac ceg oesuc omeeLL_g, __c _zuaeeosec
_gsu LaeL_gog eaoo gg_g.
L_asc naoaso OeacoLLLLagu, o s_aq
oessecu nL Osaccoau ce L_a__ g_auc
agsgg. _eo, uec, sees s_aq
CLaegeoscaqu.
oac neeo_ _mLLg gcog. ceCo, sesec
neCLau, mcsec OocCoau
m+om1o_m 6m+oqm
Caasame neeuaae ___u gaz_gogg gueuL
mm_gs OsacoC_ g _ae neeuaae eeL _qu.
eega uaeoo e__aa_ggq Caasa scm us
_oauae qegaqu. Laz__ge usL L_euaaeO_a
244 245
scm ceg _eguc eg Caasa Lgg noOsasgu
CLeLLsgg. Cugs_ga gascc aL Caasamc _ou
C_aegccg. _asaaCs gu gaLogg _aq Oeegcc
Caassc Caasa euaasec_ ggggcce. _aq gggs
sessae _es_u, OLes_u CaasaL Lug OLgg
osege.
CaasaL Lugae _ou _ae uaeome nLc
ngLsec _ggc oag__asqu, oesecs sLLLa
neLaeoasqu, uee_ q geoLL__qu, neqseco
eugeougu, soae_gee q_aq _egugu, _gmeeL
Louae_asqu Oea _u. Cugu _oee __asazu,
OogL CLaeg )a qeascogg mm_g,
__uamgq_ geuea _css _u.
Caasa scmue _ouas, sLqcLsg, OLmoscLu
umaae_, O_ae ueLLaeeu, geeL_e_, e__aa _gu
_e gL _gu, mgC_auLc Le, gLe CLaeg
ggqeasec ocss _u.
Caasa scmue _ouas uaeosceLCa, mss
eees Oeas sgmss _u. suCaasu ceLLu
ggOeacsecu _osc ue_gc ggL__ _u
n_azeuas, Oesc, uzasc g_c, Oes_sq g oa__c,
Lgeos_squ, cgus_squ _aeaas_u, gu _c__c,
_eee mLo gaoscL_gc _e saL_c, n_m
Oe_c CLaeg ggLesec _osceLCa ocss Caasa
scm gee msegg. _g ac uaeosc uee_
q_sLL_g gcogq OLg n_qsgg. _ooaCg Caas_u
nLc ueu ue ocosq n_qsgg.
6m+om [ om+m m6mo+s]q1
ue__sq neeu Coeu. neeuea _oe
__Lo_gc sae Coeu. _e_ negg __Lm__
me ccoa gaLLas_u gmaees seL ecLCLac
_seg mu. ccoas qegs_u _sggLLL mu.
_gaa_ _uz_gou oag_ q_ge_sCcl Cuoae
nosascc oa_LosCcl g_ ceeg OocCagu
og O_mgg mLLg. g_ _sq _LLac ncc
LzCeagea _go_e _ou ga_u ecs sLssoau.
Cog ogCa ceol
g mmzm
I. 1_ m1omm ms:mm : (z m[0noomi
. Caasu cegac cee
z. Casau - oOeaceo mcsq.
. Caas oguee ue_ e_gsq_ _g_o aa
+. Caas oguee g_gzascas _ss _g_o aa
. L_eo _eome OLgCgasce OLasec qgLm.
o. L_eoue gcsc aaeo
. L_eo _eo Lgga Oegea noqsq_ _g_o
aa
a. L_eo mgau ceg geo c_gao aa
s. quggzu aag
o. _qLaas Caasu cegac cee
. _qLaas Caasasecs qgLms.
z. uau cegac cee
246 247
. gauu cegac cee
+. _eeu cegac cee
. mzaeaaauu ceLg aag
o. mz_aa_azu ceLg cee
. _azee qgL _s.
a. gaaeu - oezag.
s. euag - mcsq.
zo. maseo cegac cee
z. Lseo ceLg aag
zz. sg_ee qgLms.
z. sg_eg soaeu aag
z+. Czesu - cegac cee
z. __zsu - cegac cee
zo. quLsu ceLg cee
z. _zaLs mcsq.
za. gmCsaeaeeu - _e Lae aag
zs. eoaasaeeu _e Lae aag
o. L_uaee_ge Laee qgLms.
. ogzaee_ge _ssa_gou aag
z. ugzaee_ge _ssa_gou cee
II. q_ n[ _mmm _mm n m1o_ mo+mm
ms:mm (s ms:mmi
. Caasu ceLg Lgg c_g.
z. L_eo _eome oa_ses ozoaggee c_g.
. qme Cueeu Lgg mom.
+. au_ge Laesc aaeo
. gau_ge Laescas Caas eaugzu qgLmog aag
o. _ee_ge Laesec mom.
. mzaeaauu ue_ oa_mgq _u Laesec qgLms.
a. _azee - LLug _egea mcsq.
s. gaaeu Oeu _egea Caas ea_gzu cLL
mcsqsgg.
o. euag geo Lgg mcsq.
III. q_ no _mmm _mm @_n m1o_
mo+mm ms:mm (I0 m[n0noomi
. auu Lgg mmoas oezag.
z. gau_ge qe acsecu, Lug _egueeu
mom.
. _ee _eg Lgg L_eoue mcss_e__ _s.
+. LcCog oesaae _eeasec mom.
. ueu uggu nLc ocouc Caasme Laq aag
o. _ug_ geouCoCa OeaLLu _eeasec mom.
. Caasa eaugzu agu neq _egsec mcsq.
a. Caasa_eg uaeos_sq cooesuc La_eLa_as
mcaqu ceL_ee mcsq
s. mzaeaaau_ge egaeuaaeuea mom.
o. mz_aa_azu Lgg c_g.
IV. +s no+o_ mo+mm _mm +[n
m1o_ mo+mm ms:mm (z0 m[n0noomi
. _eeasecL Lgg mom_g __e Laesec mom.
z. _qLaas Caasu Lgg sssuas mom_g c_g.
248 249
@m @d gd
. _gmac g _g_su - mcoau oco -
_u_assu sagg - LgL - sa+-
z. LLsCsaLeL scaae sg_zea LaLc O_aqL -
_ma m. . Lao sqee.
. __go ac Cuc geo zeLau _e - _u_ ga
LaLgc s_su LgL - zoo.
+. _g ac - Cuc geo __oau _e - _u_ ga
LaLgc s_su LgL - sa.
. e_smc - Cucgeo zeLau _e - _u_ ga
LaLgc s_su LgL - zooz.
o. gsqgc LmCuo_s nez - LgL - sao.
. L_eo Caasu - Lz_e - LgL - zooo.
a. gaaeu - soau ssCLasaeg_a - LgL - zoo.
s. guggzu - nezaama - G. oz_zage LgL - zoo.
o. _ L_eo Caas g_gzu - uoau - LgL - zooz.
. gcoa_q - LasL _. oz_zaee - LgL - sso.
z. Caass scm - _. _. sLmzucae - m_aa Lazg
_sa Laz)a qa=u=_ae.
. _Czassa oa_qsq _euaae Caasaeeasc -
LasL g. _. sqee - LgL - zoo.
+. e_s _gmac / qeL_au oqL _u_ga LaL gc
ggoeu LgL / zoo.
. gsqgc - LmCuo_s nez - saes __s geoau
g. gs Oeeee - . gaesau LgL zooz.
o. gaoaa-q.ugez __oaa-Oeeee oCaaoas sc_m_
_u_L oo tso-+i. _ceo geoau. g.gs,
Oeeee - . _egau LgL ge - ssa.
. _oeoaame gg gcsc - C_.L.eeeau. gaoaa
LgLLsu - so, saes _uue Csamc O_.
Oeeee - z+. __g LgL gLzc - sss.
a. uaeos_sq gg CLa_ee - _ sa sauCsadLu
- _ easzaoeaa uoausc _ uLu - sazu a _
szm gs_q =_aLg LLcCsqeu - a/z Cosmg
Cza - Cugq uauLou Oeeee - . Ooca -
geom zoo.
s. gcOoa_sss scm - gcoama oo. caCsaoe -
ga sacses aeee usc Cu.g.L. Csaa__g.
eauLa LLcqu suOLe - Oeeee - - gaesau
LgL - sa.
zo. gcOoa_sss se_sc - _u_ga OLgCga _ma
s_su Oeeee - o. __gLgL - sa+.
z. _u_ gm_ass_u LeLau - _eeo
OL.sLzucae cu.g.m.co.., zauqua LgLLsu. zo.
sc_m eaeo L_e - oz+ oo. __gLgL Cu sss.
zz. q_ss Oggsc - L__au oqL - Co. _. uggzu
cu.g.m. sac LLcCsqu - Oeeee - . __gLgL
geo ss
z. umaae_ zaue - )Ls se_sc - gaa - ea gaa
ceL mezeu Le_a ce z+, sqea O_.
Oeeee - __gLgL euL - zooz.
250 251
z+. Le _ggzs se_sc - _ee - ea gaa
ceLmezeu L.ce.z+, sqea O_, Oeee@.
zeLau LgL - gLzc zoo.
z. L_e _se Csamgu )___u LasL cL.
sLzucae zauqua LgLLsu, L_e-oz+ ooz. __g
LgL uao ss+.
zo. us_Coa oa_ gaoaa saLu ogsc - .cu.
C_oga_ gu_a LgLLsu. gaas zaa gs Oeeee - .
__g LgL - geo ss.
z. C_aege sC_a C_aegs - LasL cu. qoCesze
_u__u LgLLsu , __gL mcec O_ Co_ oz
oo. __gLgL - euL ss.
za. goc_ou sazc uassu - ouo Oeco. LasL
u.OLa. oaeu - _aOsa LgLLsu - euoaL_
Oeeee - + zeLau LgL - Cu zooo.
zs. qceo ___u - cgCzao msoga_e. ua_a LgLLsu
- , Cgaeu Cza, eee_, Oeeee - . __g LgL
- sa.
o. e_u qg_u - uoau - __zasu - s, see_aee
eaeo, gaaszaa gs. Oeeee - . __g LgL zoo.
. sa _eo geeqs s_uLu - za. seLg - goa
m_aa zuL, oo/, _mcoa eaeo g.gs, Oeeee -
. __gLgL ge ss.
z. _ zau sqeme ggs se_sc - _ zau sqe
uLu euoaL_, Oeeee - +.
. oa_sesu O_aggu - g. _ozas __g,
cu.g...LLcCsqeu ouOLL, Oeeee - za.
__gLgL _sCLaL soz.
+. em_gzu CLaggu Cez se_ - oo _ze uc -
osqu geoau o, sau O_. Oeeee - +. zeLau
Lgq - euL sa.
ENGLISH
1. Ethics (in Questions & Answers) - Kedar Nath - Ram Nata - Ninth
Revised Edition - 1999 -
2. English Reader - Higher Secondary - Second year - Revised Edi-
tion - 2000.
3. Manual of Ethics ] Introduction - S. Mackerzie
4. Study of Ethical Principles - Seth
5. A Study of Maral theory - J. Latrde.
6. In defence of free will - C.A. Cambella
7. Moral Education - std vi CBSE - Fourth Edition - 1977.
8. Wings of fire - Auto Biography - A.P.J. Abdul kalam - 1999.
9. Ethics for today - Harnold H. Titus.
10. Principles Of Political Science.
252 253
@@azgz@m
mazgm
A
Absolute ethics - t_eo gLcci eamcoa
_gmac
Adolescence - ceuLLou
Aesthetics - __sau, cgoac
Analytical model - LqLLazao uagm
Appetite - gaLLu
Assertorial Imperative - nggs sLLLa
Authority - _gsazu
Altruism - mg gou
Association - easu
Alms - moee
Avaricc - CLzaee
Alcoholic - ug_ggLo
B
Behaviourism - gL_e_sOsaces
Begging - z__c
C
Character - Oeac_eg _gmac
Character - q_ssu _cog gL_e_
Coherence - ea
Conduct - gL_e_
Conscience - ueoeaeg
Constructive - _sso eaLae
Courage - gcq
Custom - uzOLa_ssu
Concept - s_gL OLac
Cardo - s_gu _os
Courage - gcq, )zu
Cardinal - _LLeL
Crime - qggu
Civics - qeuuac
Citizenship - qmeu
Community centre - e__aa gosaLu
Conference Hall - uagaLs aLu
D
Definition - oezaeg _cog mcssu
Descriptive Science - mcss _gmac
Desire - mLLu
Determinism - )uaessLOLggg
Duties - sLeusc
Divorce - moasz_g
Dowry - oz_Leee
E
Elements - _e _ueasc
Emotional attitudes - OuLLaLL CLasqsc
Emotions - ueOo_osc
254 255
Ethics - _gmac
Evaluative language - ugLdL Ouag
Evolution - Lmeauu
Egoism - _sge_
Education - scm
F
Final cause - _qgeoaae sazeu
Freedom - sLLgg geo _cog s_ggz
geo
Freedom of the will - agggeoue sLLgg _cog
s_g_zuae geo
G
General will - OLagagggeo
Good - goe, geeu
Generous - _azacueLLaeeu
Greedy - CLzaee
Gambling - g_aLLu
H
Happiness - us_q
Harmony - eeq _cog ea
Heredity - uzgeo
Hypothesis - msu
Hypocrisy - sLLu
Hospitality - mgC_auLc
Hatred - OogL
Humanity - ue_Cgau
I
Ideal Community - nag_ qgsCsac OsaeL
e__aau
Idealists - oLas Osacesue _cog
s_gs Osacesue
Ideal Self - nag_ oLaL OLacas
mcaqu_eua
Illusion - uaa_ C_aggu
Impulse - ge_c
Indeterminism - )uaess_aa_g _cog
oezaeg Oea_aa_g
ce_a Osaces
Individual - _e__ _cog _eLLLL
Intention - nLseL
Interrogative language - meaqsg Ouag
Intrinsic value - nccag_ Lae _cog ac
Lae
256 257
Introspection - nccgq
Intuitive Induction - nc_eq_ O_aqL_eg
Imperfect - O_cogg
Inequality - ggg__a_q
Individual - _eue_e
Intoxicating - CLae_ _seg
In carnation - _o_azu
Industrial - O_agosu
J
Judgement - _qsc _cog )uaeasc
Justice - Cgeu _cog gg
Jurisprudence - gg eaugzu
L
Levels - geosc
Logic - _ceouac
Logical Atomists - oagssc _LLu=s
Osacesue
Lust - )a neqsc
M
Mean - eLog _cog q geoaae
og
Metaphysics - _LLeLuac,
Middle Course - g__zuae og
Moderation - eLoes
Monism - qeCg OuLOLac ceg
Osaces _cog qeus
Osaces
Moral experience - _gqeq _cog __Lou
Moral gain - _gLLae
Moralizing - _gogLL__c
Moral Science - _gog _gmac
Moral Sense School - _gqeqs Osaceseas
seLLmLCLa
Moral relations - _g_O_aLsc
Motive - mss
Mysticism - _g_g Ogg
Moral rights - _gOgg nmeu
N
Natural Selection - ages_ C_q
Normative Science - CucozumLL _gmac,
nageo _gmac
O
Objective - ggeo
Objective validity - ggeo ggeLeu
Obligatoriness, sense of - sLLLaLeq
Organic needs - nugLsce C_eosc
258 259
Organic unity - nugLsce Ceses
Oughtness - sLLLa
P
Paradox - _z@ez
Perception - gssaL
Perfection - gegq
Personality - __eu _cog uaOLu
_eue_L Le
Persuasive Definition - oog_gu oezaeg
_cog mcssu
Phenomenon - C_aggL OLac
Philosophers disciplines - __go _gOoa_sss
sLLLasc
Philosophy - __gou
Positive Science - Cggeo _gmac
Practice - Oeac_eg _cog geL_eg
Prescriptive Language - sLLec Ouag
Prima facie obligations - O_aLsss sLLLasc
Probability - eeL _qu ce_u agg
Proximate ends - __gcc _qsc
Psychology - ncgc, ncmac
Professional - O_agc eag_
R
Rationality - Lq__az_u _gq
Realist - saLLOLaLOsaceseas
seLLmLLo
Reality - OuLOLac, LzuOLac
Relative Ethics - ea _gmac
Religion - u_u _cog euau
Remote ends - O_aeoq_qsc
Right - emaaeg, Cgmag, gcog
Rights - nmeusc
Revenge - Lg oaaq_c
Retributive - LgsqL Lg
Reformative - g__u
S
Scale - LLac _cog omee
Self- Conscious - _e_eq geo, _e geqgeo
Self-determinism - _eeaCo )uaessLOLgg
Osaces _cog sa )uaes
Osaces
260 261
Self-evident - _aCe mcaqu _eeu
Self-realization - _eee ne_c
Sentiment - Lgg
Spiritual Evolution - _eusLLmeauu
Standard (ethical) - _gOgg _eg
State - ga
Stimulus - mssu, geLo _cog ge_c
Subjective - _sgeo
System - q_aseuL
Social Obligation - e_s sLLLa
Shyness - OoLsu
Soul - _eua
Super natural - O_msu
Salvation - m CLg
Saints (Monks) - ggm
Sin - Laou
T
Taboos - mosqsc
Telelogical Theory - Cgasss Osaces
Temperance - _eeLssu
Tendency - CLasq
Tendency, Innate - nLemgg_ ncLCLasq
Theists - O_o gumses nccosc
Theory - Osaces
Terrorism - Laaszoa_u
Terrorist - Laaszoag
U
Unconditionality - oezaegagg geo
Unconscious - geeogg geo
Universality - OLageu geo
Universe - mzLeu
Urges - c_osc
Ultimate Reality - Lzu OLac
V
Validity - ggeLeu
Value - Lae _cog ugL
Value in use - o_aqu Lae _cog ugL
Virtue - q_ssu
262
Virtues, cardinal - _LLeLaae q_ssasc
Volitions - agggeo
Voluntary - _eeacLae
Vice - Lgo Oeac
W
Willing - agggeo
Wisdom - __Lo _gq