CH 11 - Generator Protection

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Generator Protection
Introduction
Device Numbers
Symmetrical Components
Fault Current Behavior
Generator Grounding
Stator Phase Fault (87G)
Field Ground Fault (64F)
Stator Ground Fault (87N, 51N, 59N, 27-3N)
Loss of Field (40Q, 40Z)
Over/Under Frequency (81O/81U)
Overexcitation and Overvoltage (24, 59)
Out of Step (78)
Negative Sequence (Current Unbalance) (46)
Inadvertent Energization (27, 50, 60, 81, 62, 86)
Loss of Voltage Transformer (60)
System Backup (51V, 21)
Conclusion
G
64F
60
51N
87T 24
81U
47
27 62
87G
59 81O
32-1
59N
51-
GN
32-2
27-
3N
40 51V
50
E I
46
63
49
REG
51
51
25
Steam Generator Stator Windings
Hydraulic Generator Stator / Rotor
Hydraulic Generator Stator Core
Split Phase Relaying CT
Cylindrical Rotor in Need of Repair
Positive Sequence
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally
displaced from each other by 120, and have the same phase
sequence as the system under study (ex ABC)
Negative Sequence
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally
displaced from each other by 120, and have the opposite phase
sequence as the system under study (ex ACB)
Zero Sequence
A set of three phasors of equal magnitude that are all in phase or
have zero displacement from each other
Example Problem
One conductor of a three phase line is
open. The current flowing to the delta
connected load thru line a is 10A. With
the current in line a as reference and
assuming that line c is open, find the
symmetrical components of the line
currents.
Example Problem
I
a
= 10/0 A, I
b
= 10/180 A, I
c
= 0 A
I
a0
= (1/3)(I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
)
I
a0
= (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180 + 0) = 0
I
a1
= (1/3)(I
a
+ I
b
+
2
I
c
)
I
a1
= (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+120 + 0)
I
a1
= 5.78 /-30
I
a2
= (1/3)(I
a
+
2
I
b
+ I
c
)
I
a2
= (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+240 + 0)
I
a2
= 5.78 /30
Example Problem
I
b0
= 0
I
b1
= 5.78 /-150
I
b2
= 5.78 /150
I
c0
= 0
I
c1
= 5.78 /90
I
c2
= 5.78 /-90
Example Problem
I
a0
= 0, I
b0
= 0, I
c0
= 0
I
a1
= 5.78 /-30 , I
b1
= 5.78 /-150 , I
c1
= 5.78 /90
I
a2
= 5.78 /30 , I
b2
= 5.78 /150 , I
c2
= 5.78 /-90
Example Problem
Note: the components I
c1
and I
c2
have
definite values although line c is open and
can carry no net current. As expected, the
sum of these currents is zero.
The sum of the currents in line a is 10/0
The sum of the currents in line b is 10/180
Single Phase Line to Ground Fault
Generator Sequence Networks
Fault Current Behavior of a
Synchronous Generator
Max DC Offset
No DC Offset
Generator Grounding
Generator Grounding
Low Impedance Grounding
Single phase to ground fault current between 200A and 150%
High Impedance Grounding
Single phase to ground fault current between 5 and 20A
Generator Stator Phase Fault
Protection (87G)
Protection (87G)
87G used to protect for:
3 phase line to line
1 phase line to line
multi-phase line to ground
May not be able to detect a 1 phase to ground fault on high
impedance grounded generators
Restraint or Percentage Differential Trip Characteristic
Used to improve sensitivity for detecting small levels of
fault current
Also maintains security against inadvertent tripping due
to thru faults
Protection (87G)
Protection (87G)
Protection (87G)
Split-phase protection scheme
Able to detect turn-turn faults
Windings for each phase split into equal groups
Individual winding currents are vector summed
Any difference in winding current results in a output from CT
Overcurrent relay (50/51) can be used to monitor difference
current
Setting must be above any normal unbalances that may exist
Protection (87G)
Generator Field Ground Fault
Protection (64F)
Generator Stator Ground Fault
Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
For Low Impedance Grounded Generators
For Low Impedance Grounded Generators
External Generator Phase-Ground Fault
External Generator Phase-Ground Fault
Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault
Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault
High Impedance Grounded
50MVA, 13.2kV Generator
Xc = 10,610 for 0.25uf @ 60Hz
Rpri = 10,610/3 = 3537
Loss of Field Protection (40Q, 40Z)
Over/Under Frequency Protection
(81O/U)
Causes:
Significant load addition
Sudden reduction in mechanical input power
Loss of generation
Loss of load
Underfrequency can cause:
Higher generator load currents
Overexcitation
Turbine blade fatigue
Overfrequency can cause:
Overvoltage on hydro turbines
Overexcitation and Overvoltage
Protection (24, 59)
Modern Excitation Systems include over excitation limiting
and protection, but it may take several seconds to limit
Overexcitation occurs when the V/Hz ratio exceeds 105% at
FL and 110% at no load
V/Hz relays set at 110% with a 5 10 sec delay
Generator overvoltage can occur without exceeding V/Hz
relay setting due to large over speed on hydro generator
Generator overvoltage relay, 59 may be used
Out of Step Protection (78)
High peak currents and off-frequency operation can occur
when a generator losses synchronism
Causes winding stress, high rotor iron currents, pulsating
torques and mechanical resonances
Conventional relaying approach analyzing variations in
apparent impedance as viewed at generator terminals
Variation in impedance can be detected by impedance
relaying and generator separated before the completion of one
slip cycle
B A
E
A
E
B
Z
B
Z
T
Z
A
Generator System Transformer
+R
+X
-R
E
A
/E
B
>1
Q
P
E
A
/E
B
=1
E
A
/E
B
<1
Z
T

-X
Z
A
Z
B
A
B
R
X
B A
M
B
Element
Pickup
A
Element
Pickup
Blinder
Elements
Mho
Element
Gen X'd
Trans
System
P
Negative Sequence Protection (46)
Protects generator from excessive heating in the rotor due to
unbalanced stator currents
Negative sequence component of stator current induces
double frequency current in rotor, causing heating
Rotor temperature rise proportion to I
2
2
t
Negative sequence relays provide settings for this relationship
in the form of a constant, k = I
2
2
t
Minimum permissible continuous unbalance currents are
specified (ANSI/IEEE C50.13)
Inadvertent Energization Protection
(27, 50, 60, 81U, 62 and 86)
Protects against closing of the generator breaker while
machine is not spinning / on turning gear
Caused by operator error, breaker flash-over, control circuit
malfunction
Two schemes illustrated:
Frequency supervised overcurrent
Voltage supervised overcurrent
Frequency Supervised Overcurrent
G
50
81U
60
62
81U
60
86
50 (3-phase)
86
62
+DC
-DC
0.5sec Pickup
0.1sec Dropout
Frequency Supervised Overcurrent
Uses an underfrequency relay (81U) to enable a sensitive
instantaneous overcurrent relay (50)
Overcurrent relay picks up at 50% or less of expected
inadvertent energizing current
Frequency relay contacts must remain closed if sensing
voltage goes to zero
Voltage balance relay (60) protects against loss of sensing
Time delay relay (62) protects against sudden application
of nominal voltage during inadvertent energization,
allowing overcurrent to trip lockout relay (86)
Lockout relay must be manually reset
Voltage Supervised Overcurrent
Same illustration as frequency supervised overcurrent except
81U replaced by 27
Undervoltage setpoint of 85% of the lowest expected
emergency operating level
Loss of Voltage Transformer
Protection (60)
Common practice on large systems to use two or more VTs
One used for relays and metering
The other used for AVR
VTs normally fused
Most common cause of failure is fuse failure
Loss of VT protection blocks voltage based protective
functions (21, 32, 40 etc)
Loss of VT protection measure voltage unbalance, typical
setting is 15%
Loss of Voltage Transformer
Protection (60)
G
60
vt
To
Excitation
Controller
To
Protective
Relays
System Backup Protection (51V, 21)
Common practice to provide protection for faults outside
of the generator zone of protection
Voltage supervised time-overcurrent (51V) or distance
relaying (21) may be used
Distance relay set to include generator step up transformer
and reach beyond, into the system
Time delays must be coordinated with those of the system
protection to assure that system protection will operate
before back up
CTs on neutral side of generator will also provide backup
protection for the generator
G
21
51V
a.) Neutral Connected ct's
For medium and small sized generators, voltage-restrained
or voltage controlled time overcurrent relays (51V) are
often applied
Control or restraining function used to prevent or
desensitize the overcurrent relay from tripping until the
generator voltage is reduced by a fault
Percent Nominal Volts
25% 100%
25%
100%
a.) Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

S
e
t

V
a
l
u
e

f
o
r

P
i
c
k
u
p
Percent Nominal Volts
Enable
Inhibit
b.) Voltage-Contolled Overcurrent
P
i
c
k
u
p

I
n
h
i
b
i
t
/
E
n
a
b
l
e
80% 100%
Conclusion
Generators must be protected from electrical faults,
mechanical problem and adverse system conditions
Some faults require immediate attention (shutdown) while
others just require alarming or transfer to redundant
controllers
Design of these systems requires extensive understanding
of generator protection
Further study IEEE C37.102 Guide for AC Generator
Protective Relaying

CH 11 - Generator Protection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 11 - Generator Protection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

You might also like