1

NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY

Department of Computer Science &
Engineering



Term Paper on
IP PBX


Prepared For
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering


Prepared By
Md. Murtoza Ali Quader (shadman)
ETE-405
ID - 061213045
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Abstract
In this paper I was trying to give as much as information about IP-PBX. By reading this paper one can
easily understand what is IP-PBX, what is the benefit of it. And how easily one can setup his own IP-PBX
system.
In this paper I give details information about how one can setup IP-PBX system, from where you can buy
the hardware & software necessary for setting up an IP-PBX system. And what is the future, advantages
and current market of IP-PBX system.
















3

Table of Content

1. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2. IP PBX Rapid Growth and Implications ------------------------------------------------ 6
3. System/Protocol Architecture ----------------------------------------------------------- 8
4. Advantages of IP PBX --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
5. Some Standards Used in IP PBX Software -------------------------------------------- 12
6. IP PBX Interface Selection Guide (Asterisk Hardware) ---------------------------- 13
7. IP PBX Software ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
8. Main types of interface on an IP PBX ------------------------------------------------- 14
9. Security of IP PBX ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
10. Firewall Options ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
11. IP PBX Security Service Provider -------------------------------------------------------- 17
12. Feature of IP PBX --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
13. The reasons of using OpenSource based IP PBX ------------------------------------- 20
14. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21




4

Introduction
PBX is actually an acronym for the term Private Branch Exchange. A Private Branch Exchange
(PBX) is a telephone exchange that operates a local business or offices telephony service. In
other words, a PBX is the technical term for a phone system. A PBX is used to make connections
among the internal telephones of a private organization. Utilizing a PBX a company can save
considerable cost savings on internal phone calls. PBX systems handle the circuit switching
locally reducing chargers for local phone service. Another advantage of utilizing a PBX phone
system is that it allows a company to share trunk lines (external lines) for all its employees,
maximizing usage of dedicated phone lines.
[1]
IP stands for Internet Protocol, a signal and data transfer technology that is used by your Local
Area Network (LAN) and the internet. Typical IP PBX phone systems can switch calls between a
VoIP user and a traditional telephone user, in the same way a traditional PBX system works.
Replacing traditional PBX systems, IP PBX allows calls to be sent via data packets over a data
network instead of the traditional phone network. The real advantage of an IP PBX or a VoIP
PBX is that it utilizes a single network for both voice and data. With a IP PBX you would require
a separate network for voice and data communications. This means that internet access and
traditional voice communications are possible using a single line to each user.

IP PBX integrates into the network
5

An IP PBX handles voice signals under Internet protocol, bringing benefits for computer
telephony integration (CTI). An IP-PBX can exist as physical hardware, or can carry out it
function virtually, performing the call-routing activities of the traditional PBX or key system as a
software system. The virtual version is also called a "Soft PBX".
The traditional PBX based on the TDM technology is reaching the end of its lifecycle due to the
emergence of IP-PBX. The IP-PBX, based on the VoIP technologies, offers easier user
administration and advanced applications. With an IP-PBX, the Local Area Network is the
platform for connecting smart IP phones logically over a shared packet network to the call
manager. Enterprises dont need to disrupt their current external communication infrastructure
and operations. With IP PBX deployed, an enterprise can even keep its regular telephone
numbers. This way, the IP PBX switches local calls over the data network inside the enterprise
and allows all users to share the same external phone lines.

[1]. www.fonality.com













6

IP PBXs Rapid Growth and Implications
IP PBXs are well on their way to becoming the primary type of premises-based voice systems
particularly in the large enterprise market space.
[2]
In publicly available research, a recent
Dell'Oro Group report reveals that large IP PBX systems registered 17 percent growth in Q205 to
become a $367 million industry. The report also disclosed that nearly 34 percent of total large
PBX line shipments worldwide are IP PBX lines, almost double from only 16 percent the
previous year. Infonetics reports that Worldwide, IP PBX annual revenue reached $256 million
in 2003 and is predicted rise to $830 million in 2007, and while traditional PBX line shipments
will decline by a 15.4% CAGR over this period, shipments of converged PBX lines are expected
to grow at an 11.2% CAGR. Pure IP PBX line shipments are expected to grow even more
dramatically, at a 28.9% CAGR.



The growth in IP PBX shipments, however, masks the true use of IP-based telephony in
enterprise environments.
[3]
In fact, a recent report from BCR states that,

Based on system design and optional capabilities, almost all new PBXs now shipping can be
classified as IP telephony systems -- i.e., they can support IP endpoints and/or use a
LAN/WAN infrastructure for transmission and switching among port carriers or endpoints.

This same report identifies that of the 7.75 million PBX station shipments in 2004, roughly 3
million were for IP station sets, with the expectation that 80% of all station sets will be IP based
by 2009. Though station shipments seem to be closely correlated with new systems, a great
percentage of these stations are being shipped to customers with existing PBX systems.
In these cases, recent vintage, TDM (time division multiplexed or circuit-based) PBXs are able
to provide Voice over IP (VoIP) functionality by a fairly simple integration of IP cards and
software in their chassis. Such PBXs are often called hybrids.




7


There are mainly four factors that are driving acceptance of IP PBX. These are:

Falling prices for IP phones and media gateways.
Increasing number of customer LAN/WANs capable of supporting quality of service (QOS)
requirements for real-time voice.
Improved system design to meet customer needs such as remote location support; improved
survivability; and new disaster recovery options.
General market acceptance of the technology platform as risk-acceptable.









[2]. Glenn LeBrun, Sr. Product Marketing Manager, GENBAND
[3]. Business Communications Review, January 2005, (http://www.bcr.com/bcrmag/2005/01/p38.php)
























8

System/Protocol architecture



According to the figure shown above an IP-PBX system compare with additional software
(Cisco call manager), PSTN Gateway, Media Server, IP Phone, Soft phone, PDA soft Phone, &
VoIP Firewall.
Usually an IP phone connects to a LAN either through a hub port or a switch port. The phone can
talk with CallManager and registers itself. CallManager stores the IP-address-to-phone-number
mapping (and vice versa) in its tables. When a user wants to call another user, the user keys in
the called party's phone number. The Call Manager translates the phone number to an IP address
and generates an IP packet version of ring tone to the called IP phone through the TCP
connection. When the called IP phone receives the packet, it generates a ring tone. When the user
picks up the phone, CallManager instructs the called IP phone to start talking with the calling
party and removes itself from the loop. From this point on, the call goes between the two IP
phones. When any change occurs during the call due to a feature being pressed on one of the
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phones, or one of the users hanging up or pressing the flash button, the information goes to
CallManager through the control channel.
If a call is made to a number outside of the IP PBX network, CallManager routes the call to an
analog or digital trunk gateway which in turn routes it to the PSTN.
Now you may ask what CallManager is.
[4]
CallManager is a member of a class of systems called
softswitches. In a softswitch-based system, the call signaling components and device controllers
are not separated by a hardware bus running a proprietary protocol, but instead are separate
boxes connected over an IP network and talking through open and standards-based protocols.

CallManager provides the overall framework for communication within the corporate enterprise
environment. CallManager handles the signaling for calls within the network and calls that
originate or terminate outside the enterprise network. In addition to call signaling, CallManager
provides call feature capabilities, the capability for voice mail interaction, and an application
programming interface (API) for applications.

As you can see an IP PBX network also consist of many different endpoint devices. These
devices can be classified into the following categories:

Station devicesStation devices are generally telephone handsets. CallManager offers four
different types of handsets, which it controls with Skinny Protocol.
Gateway devicesGateway devices provide access from one telephone system to another.
This access can be from one network of CallManager servers to another, from a CallManager
network to a PBX, or from a CallManager network to a public network
Media Server---Media Server is located in the service providers network. It is also referred to
as an announcement server. For voice services, it uses a control protocol, such as H.248
(Megaco) or MGCP, under the control of the call agent or application server.
IP Phone/PBX---IP Phones and PBX systems are located at customer premises and provide
voice services. They interact with the Call Agent/SIP Server using a signaling protocol such as
SIP, H.323 or a device control protocol such as H.248 (Megaco) or MGCP.
Soft Phone---In computing, a softphone is a software program for making telephone calls over
the Internet using a general purpose computer, rather than using dedicated hardware.
ATA (Analog Terminal Adapter) ---Connects an Analogue Telephone to a VOIP network
usually has an Ethernet jack, and an RJ-11 phone jack.






[4]. Cisco CallManager Architecture

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Advantages of IP PBX

1. Much easier to install & configure than a proprietary: An IP PBX runs as software on
a computer and can leverage the advanced processing power of the computer and user
interface as well as Windows features. Anyone proficient in networking and computers
can install and maintain an IP PBX. By contrast a proprietary phone system often
requires an installer trained on that particular proprietary system.
2. Easier to manage because of web/GUI based configuration interface: An IP PBX can
be managed via a web-based configuration interface or a GUI, allowing you to easily
maintain and fine tune your phone system. Proprietary phone systems have difficult-to-
use interfaces which are often designed to be used only by the phone technicians.
3. Significant cost savings using VOIP providers: With an IP PBX you can easily use a
VOIP service provider for long distance and international calls. The monthly savings are
significant. If you have branch offices, you can easily connect phone systems between
branches and make free phone calls.
4. Eliminate phone wiring: An IP Telephone system allows you to connect hardware
phones directly to a standard computer network port (which it can share with the adjacent
computer). Software phones can be installed directly onto the PC. You can now eliminate
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the phone wiring and make adding or moving of extensions much easier. In new offices
you can completely eliminate the extra ports to be used by the office phone system.
5. Eliminate vendor lock in: IP PBXs are based on the open SIP standard. You can now
mix and match any SIP hardware or software phone with any SIP-based IP PBX, PSTN
Gateway or VOIP provider. In contrast, a proprietary phone system often requires
proprietary phones to use advanced features, and proprietary extension modules to add
features.
6. Scalable: Proprietary systems are easy to outgrow: Adding more phone lines or
extensions often requires expensive hardware modules. In some cases you need an
entirely new phone system. Not so with an IP PBX: a standard computer can easily
handle a large number of phone lines and extensions just add more phones to your
network to expand.
7. Better customer service & productivity: With an IP PBX you can deliver better
customer service and better productivity: Since the IP telephone system is now computer-
based you can integrate phone functions with business applications. For example: Bring
up the customer record of the caller automatically when you receive his/her call,
dramatically improving customer service and cutting cost by reducing time spent on each
caller. Outbound calls can be placed directly from Outlook, removing the need for the
user to type in the phone number.
8. Twice the phone system features for half the price: Since an IP PBX is software-
based, it is easier for developers to add and improve feature sets. Most VOIP phone
systems come with a rich feature set, including auto attendant, voice mail, ring groups,
advanced reporting and more. These options are often very expensive in proprietary
systems.
9. Allow hot desking & roaming: Hot desking the process of being able to easily move
offices/desks based on the task at hand, has become very popular. Unfortunately
traditional PBXs require extensions to be re-patched to the new location. With an IP PBX
the user simply takes his phone to his new desk No patching required.
10. Better phone usability: SIP phones are easier to use: Employees often struggle using
advanced phone features: Setting up a conference, transferring a call On an old PBX it
all requires instruction. Not so with an IP PBX all features are easily performed from a
user friendly Windows GUI. In addition, users get a better overview of the status of other
extensions and of inbound lines and call queues via the IP PBX Windows client.
Proprietary systems often require expensive system phones to get an idea what is going
on your phone system. Even then, status information is cryptic at best.





12

Some Standards Used in IP PBX Software
[5]
-G.711: an international standard used for encoding (packetizing) telephone voice at either 56kbs
or 64 kbps - this is uncompressed digitized voice.
-G.723: a protocol for compressing voice to 6.4 kbs or 5.3 kbs. The compression quality is very
good with voice quality as good as normal telephone voice quality. It is supported by virtually all
IP telephone equipment.
-H.323: Signaling & telephone services protocol for the transmission of IP packets representing
any combination of voice, video and data. H.323 is designed for operation over existing IP
networks. Includes facilities call setup signaling and media control. Allows VoIP equipment to
interoperate.
-SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): A signaling & telephone services protocol similar to, but
simpler than, H.323.


[5]. http://lcsystem.blogspot.com/2009/10/some-standards-used-in-ip-pbx-software.html


























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IP PBX Interface Selection Guide (Asterisk Hardware)

Because voice over IP is digital, often a standard PC or server is used for the PBX. Those VoIP
PBX's (aka IP PBX) need PCI interface cards to connect to analog telephone lines, digital T1/E1
lines, analog telephone handsets and fax machines. This category contains PCI interface cards
from the leading manufacturers in the industry. If you are using Asterisk IP PBX or a variant
such as trixbox, Elastix, AsteriskNOW, FreePBX and need to connect it to something, this guide
will help you to select the best one. According to my survey I found these devices are best.

Sangoma Connectivity Hardware

Digium Analog & Digital Interfaces



Sangoma interface cards allow
you to connect voice over IP
PBX's to T1/E1services, analog
telephone lines, analog
telephones and fax machines.
Sangoma offers optional
hardware echo cancellation on
most of their cards and all cards
carry a Lifetime Manufacturer
Warranty.





Digium, the creators of the
Asterisk IP PBX software
offer their own line of
interface cards to connect
your IP PBX's to
T1/E1services, analog
telephone lines, analog
telephones and fax
machines. Optional
hardware echo cancellation
is available on some of their
cards.


Rhino Equipment

OpenVox Cards



Rhino's high quality - made in
America interface cards allow
you to connect your IP PBX to
T1/E1 services, analog
telephone lines, analog
telephones and fax machines
Optional hardware echo
cancellation is available of many
of their cards.





OpenVox has a wide
selection of budget-
conscious interface cards
with FXS/FXO ports and T1
/ E1 ports for most IP
PBX's. Connect your IP
PBX to analog telephones,
fax machines and analog
telephone lines. OpenVox's
A400M series is a great
option for small, low power
IP PBX's.



Redfone T1/E1 HA Interfaces

Xorcom USB Asterisk Channel Banks



RedFone's solid state T1/E1
interface adapters are
designed to provide high
availability solutions for
trixbox/Asterisk based
solutions.




Xorcom's innovative
channels banks deliver FXO,
FXS, T1/E1 connections to
your IP PBX system over
USB 2.0 eliminating the need
for available PCI slots.

14

Dialogic / Eicon Diva Cards



Dialogic offers a range of enterprise
grade telephony interface cards
designed specifically for large scale
implementations and high reliability
systems.






IP PBX Software

There are many software for IP PBX. According to my survey the following are the most used
software.

- Asterisk: Asterisk is the most popular open source IP PBX in the world. Many
variations of Asterisk are now available such as trixbox, AsteriskNOW, and elastix that
can provide advantages and disadvantages over the original Asterisk. These IP PBX's can
be loaded on to personal computers or business servers to build a feature rich, business
grade voice over IP phone system.

- 4S IP PBX: The 4S IP PBX is a product package based on the 4S proxy and the 4S
media server. It allows users to migrate from traditional PBX-based telecommunication
systems to modern service-oriented VoIP technology. This software provides the
complete set of functions users expect from traditional PBX devices and more.

- Dial-Office IP-PBX: Dialexia's line of enterprise solutions is a suite of products that
address small business communications needs. For companies that have an established
Local Area Network (LAN), Dial-Office is the ideal IP based PBX solution. This IP
PBX system is a full featured PC-based IP Communication Server designed specifically
for the rapidly emerging voice over IP and data convergence market.



Main types of interfaces on an IP PBX

There are four main types of interfaces on an IP PBX, FXS, FXO, T1/E1 and Ethernet. An FXS
interface is used to connect analog telephones or faxes to the IP PBX. An FXO interface is used
to connect analog telephone lines to the IP PBX. A T1/E1 interface is used to connect the IP
PBX to high speed, ultra-reliable internet connections. Ethernet interfaces are used to connect an
IP PBX to the local area network (LAN).

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T1/E1: Highly reliable digital data connection. Some VoIP providers can install a T1/E1 circuit
to deliver phone calls to your IP PBX system. T1 is the US standard and E1 is the European
standard. If you have a VoIP connection delivered over a T1, you do not need any telephone
circuit interface equipment.

PRI (Primary Rate Interface): A PRI is a telephony circuit that is delivered over a T1/E1
circuit, this is the industry standard for delivering voice phone calls to business customers. Over
a T1 you will get 24 simultaneous calls and an E1 will get you 30 simultaneous calls. You will
need a T1/E1 interface card to use these types of circuits.

FXO: Analog telephone line connection (POTS) - 1 call per port - An FXO connection connects
to an analog telephone line jack.

FXS: Analog telephone or fax machine connection - 1 device per port.




Security of IP PBX

The current crop of VoIP PBX systems provides an IP-based alternative to traditional circuit-
switched phone systems, delivering savings and flexibility for enterprises of all sizes. Like any
IP-based system, however, a VoIP PBX brings with it risks that can't be ignored--among them,
denial-of-service attacks, privacy breaches, and theft of services.
Securing a VoIP PBX presents some unique challenges, but the alternative--loss of service and,
possibly, loss of customers--may be more costly in the long run.
Fortunately, safeguarding an IP PBX doesn't require an army of experts or Big Brother-style
intrusions. You can get off to a good start by applying the same basic principles you'd use with
any IP-based system: Adopt a defense-in-depth strategy to protect components of your PBX
from as many threats as possible. Consider your network infrastructure as well as your phones.
How many VoIP phones have you deployed? How big is your network? These calculations will
help determine what steps to take next.
Isolating components on virtual LANs is a popular approach for securing the corporate network.
Many VoIP phones, including those from Polycom and Grandstream Networks, have built-in
switches that set up an 802.1p/Q trunk over the link to the local switch in the wiring closet.
802.1p/Q allows VLANs to share a physical network without leaking information. The trunk
separates voice traffic from data traffic, from the phone all the way to the IP PBX.
Isolating VoIP traffic will boost security, but it won't stop all intruders. Software that mimics the
VoIP VLAN could let an attacker tap in from a data jack. You can limit the UDP and TCP ports
that can access the IP PBX from the VLAN by using the access control lists on switches or
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routers or by installing a firewall to limit the TCP and UDP ports that are vulnerable. You can
also lock down the Ethernet addresses that access the network.
Defining separate VLANs for phones also makes it possible to better control bandwidth
allocation--in other words, raise quality of service--to protect the IP PBX from denial-of-service
worms that originate on the network. VoIP doesn't require much bandwidth, but it's sensitive to
packet loss and delays, so boosting quality of service can be very effective in keeping
conversations going during such an attack.
You also need to be careful with auto configuration protocols, such as the LLDP-MED standard
or Cisco's proprietary CDP. These protocols ease the administrative burden of VoIP phones and
VLAN configuration, but they aren't hard to spoof.
VoIP phones' use of encryption today provides better privacy protection than most legacy
phones. However, protection only lasts until a call leaves your network. The public switched
telephone network doesn't provide encryption.
The signaling protocol for outgoing calls can be encrypted, as can the Real-Time Transport
protocol that transports the actual conversation. Encrypting the signaling protocol will prevent
eavesdroppers from gleaning phone numbers within your organization.


VoIP phones have a built-in switch that creates an 802.1p/Q trunk over the link to the local
switch in the wiring closet. The 802.1p/Q-enabled link separates voice and PC data onto
distinct VLANs, so one cable can carry both types through the company network. The
VLANs carry traffic to the data center switch, which sends voice data to the IP PBX and
other data to its network destination.

17

FIREWALL OPTIONS

Firewall rules should deny all Internet access to your IP PBX servers, gateways, and phones, and
should limit access between the phone VLAN and IP PBX. Vendors such as Check Point say
they can do this via Session Initiation Protocol filtering, but there may be compatibility issues.
Test this feature carefully with your equipment.
You may also want to consider a Session Border Controller. Offered by vendors such as Ingate,
SBCs analyze traffic patterns to protect networks from SIP-based denial-of-service attacks.
Using VPNs for Internet access is a logical way to accommodate telecommuters, but if you're
using soft phones and the VPN becomes compromised, that could compromise your phone
system as well. Also, if there's already high latency on the connection, a VPN could put it over
the edge.
IP PBX Security Service Provider

According to my survey following are widely used IP PBX security service provider.

1. 3CX VoIP Security Solution. (http://www.3cx.com/)
2. The Sipera VoIP/UC Security Solution. (http://www.sipera.com/)
3. Interactive Intelligence. (http://www.tmcnet.com)



Feature of IP PBX
[6]

Unlimited Extensions
Unlimited Auto Attendants
Unlimited Voicemail Boxes
Cell Phone Integration
Integrated Paging
Remote Phones
Advanced User Interface (including Find me/Follow Me, Unified Messaging, Call
recordings, Voicemail .wav).
Extension Groups
Auto Provisioning
Extension Range Flexibility
Caller ID Customization
DID Direct Inward Dialing
Find Me/Follow Me
Time of Day Routing
Extension Call Recording
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On the Fly Recording
Call Return
Voicemail Callback
Voicemail to Email
SMS Voicemail notification
Voicemail Web Access
Voicemail Bypass
Intuitive VoIP Ready
Voicemail Blast Groups
VoIP Ready
Inbound Call Description
VoIP Compression
Outlook Integration
Announcement Interface
Call Out
Call Pickup
System Diagnositcs
Multivendor Phone Options
Analog Phone Support
BYO Phones
Call Parking
Call Barge
Dial by Name Directory
Powerful Reporting
CRM Integration
Remote Linked Servers
Operator Console
Custom Routing Rules
Conference Rooms
Outbound Dial Map
Speed Dial Numbers
Channel Bank Support
Multiple Music on Hold
Analog and Digital T1 Ready
PSTN or Digital Failover
NIS Routing
Advanced Routing (IVR)
Fast Pass
Caller Position Notification
Call Whisper
Auto call forwarding
Unified Messaging
Call Screening
ANI Routing
DNIS Routing
19

Enhanced Mobility
Overhead Paging
Custom VoIP Provider
Professional Development
Fax Support
Fax to Email
Fax PDF Support
ACD Features
Click to Dial
Softphone
Call Transfer
call Conference
Live Monitoring





[6]. Wikipedia
20

The reasons of using OpenSource based IP PBX

1. Avoid Costly Telephone Wiring.
2. Twice the phone system features for half the price!
3. Forward VoiceMail to your email inbox.
4. Increase productivity of Your Employees by integrating phone System with CRM, ERP and
Outlook Express.
5. Linking office Locations: Make free video and voice calls between your office branches
6. Zero License fee.
7. Allow Hot Desking and Roaming.
8. Teleworking: Soft phone can be installed in your employees laptops.
9. Scalable: Grow with your business!
10. Significant cost savings using VOIP providers of your choice.





21

Asterisk-based OpenSource telephony Systems offer a rich and flexible feature set. Asterisk
offers both traditional PBX functionality and advanced features, and interoperates with
traditional standards based telephony systems and Voice over IP systems. Asterisk offers the
features one would expect of a large proprietary PBX system such as Voicemail, Conference
Bridging, Call Queuing, Call Recording, and Call Detail Records. So we can use this system
very easily and the future is very bright for IP PBX.





Conclusion

With the explosion of IP PBXs and IP PBX hybrids into the enterprise market space, service
providers need to step up to the next level of service for these customers. Using the G6 Trunking
Gateway to provide the IP PBX Network Trunking solution, service providers can now create
true savings for IP PBX customers by allowing their voice traffic to access the service providers
IP network. Such access will require two main elements: 1) a policing and interworking entity,
given the nature and risk in the enterprises private IP networks, and the SIP Proxy Server
provides this function; and 2) a highly reliable, highly scalable trunking gateway that can accept
SIP signaling from the Proxy Server and convert both bearer and signaling traffic between the IP
and TDM networks, and the G6 Trunking Gateway feature provides this function.
Because this functionality is new, yet vitally important to IP PBX customers, service providers
should deploy this solution as rapidly as possible in their networks to ensure that they step up to
the next level of service for these important and profitable customers before somebody else
does.