FT:510

FOOD CHEMISTRY
Submitted by:
Kiran naz
O7-arid-64
FT;6
th
semester
Submitted to:-
Dr. Asif Ahmed
Toi! of assi"nment:-
CHEMISTRY OF FOOD COLORS
Chemistry of food o!ors
Food o!or:"
#$Food o!or is #$y s%&st#$e th#t is #dded to food or dri$' to h#$(e its o!or)**
Food !o%orin" is used both in !ommer!ia% food rodu!tion and in domesti! !oo&in". Due to its
safety and "enera% a'ai%abi%ity( food !o%orin" is a%so used in a 'ariety of non-food a%i!ations(
for e)am%e in home !raft ro*e!ts and edu!ationa% settin"s et!
+%r,ose of food o!ori$(:"
+eo%e asso!iate !ertain !o%ors ,ith !ertain f%a'ors( and the !o%or of food !an inf%uen!e the
er!ei'ed f%a'or in anythin" from !andy to ,ine. For this reason( food manufa!turers add dyes
to their rodu!ts. Sometimes the aim is to simu%ate a !o%or that is er!ei'ed by the !onsumer
as natura%( su!h as addin" red !o%orin" to "%a!e !herries -,hi!h ,ou%d other,ise be bei"e.( but
sometimes it is for effe!t( %i&e the "reen &et!hu that /einz %aun!hed in 0111.
2hi%e most !onsumers are a,are that food ,ith bri"ht or unnatura% !o%ors -su!h as the "reen
&et!hu( or !hi%dren3s !erea%s su!h as Froot 4oos. %i&e%y !ontain food !o%orin"( far fe,er
eo%e &no, that seemin"%y 5natura%5 foods su!h as oran"es and sa%mon are sometimes a%so
dyed to mas& natura% 'ariations in !o%or. 6o%or 'ariation in foods throu"hout the seasons and
the effe!ts of ro!essin" and stora"e often ma&e !o%or addition !ommer!ia%%y ad'anta"eous to
maintain the !o%or e)e!ted or referred by the !onsumer. Some of the rimary reasons
in!%ude
Offsettin" !o%or %oss due to %i"ht( air( e)tremes of temerature( moisture( and stora"e
!onditions.
7as&in" natura% 'ariations in !o%or.
8nhan!in" natura%%y o!!urrin" !o%ors.
+ro'idin" identity to foods.
+rote!tin" f%a'ors and 'itamins from dama"e by %i"ht.
De!orati'e or artisti! uroses su!h as !a&e i!in".
Re(%!#tio$:"
Food !o%orin"s are tested for safety by 'arious bodies around the ,or%d and sometimes
different bodies ha'e different 'ie,s on food !o%or safety. 9n the :nited States( FD-C numbers
-,hi!h "enera%%y indi!ates that the FDA has aro'ed the !o%orant for use in
foods( dru"s and !osmeti!s. are "i'en to aro'ed syntheti! food dyes that do not e)ist in
nature( ,hi%e in the 8uroean :nion( E $%m&ers are used for a%% additi'es( both syntheti! and
natura%( that are aro'ed in food a%i!ations.
7ost other !ountries ha'e their o,n re"u%ations and %ist of food !o%ors ,hi!h !an be used in
'arious a%i!ations( in!%udin" ma)imum dai%y inta&e %imits.
;atura% !o%ors are not re<uired to be tested by a number of re"u%atory bodies throu"hout the
,or%d( in!%udin" the :nited States FDA. The FDA %ists .o!or #dditi/es e0em,t from
ertifi#tio$. for food in subart A of the 6ode of Federa% =e"u%ations - Tit%e 0> +art 7?.
/o,e'er( this %ist !ontains substan!es ,hi!h may ha'e syntheti! ori"ins
There are 12 o%ors ermitted to be used in food and 13 to be used in !osmeti!s and
harma!euti!a%s.
There are ma*or three !ate"ories of food !o%ors;
>. ;atura% !o%ors
0. Syntheti! !o%ors
?. 4a&es and dyes
4#t%r#! Food Co!or:"
4#t%r#! Food Co!or is #$y dye5 ,i(me$t or #$y other s%&st#$e o&t#i$ed from
/e(et#&!e5 #$im#!5 mi$er#!5 or so%re #,#&!e of o!ori$( food dr%(5 osmeti or #$y
,#rt of h%m#$ &ody5 o!ors ome from /#riety of so%res s%h #s seeds5 fr%its5
/e(et#&!es5 #!(#e - i$set)
A "ro,in" number of natura% food dyes are bein" !ommer!ia%%y rodu!ed( art%y due to
!onsumer !on!erns surroundin" syntheti! dyes. Some e)am%es in!%ude:
6arame% !o%orin" -8>@1.( made from !arame%ized su"ar( used in !o%a rodu!ts and a%so
in !osmeti!s.
Annatto -8>61b.( a reddish-oran"e dye made from the seed of the A!hiote.
A "reen dye made from !h%ore%%a a%"ae -!h%orohy%%( 8>41.
6o!hinea% -8>01.( a red dye deri'ed from the !o!hinea% inse!t( Da!ty%oius !o!!us.
Aetanin e)tra!ted from beets.
Turmeri! -!ur!uminoids( 8>11.
Saffron -!arotenoids( 8>61a.
+ari&a -8>61!.
8%derberry *ui!e
To ensure rerodu!ibi%ity( the !o%ored !omonents of these substan!es are often ro'ided in
hi"h%y urified form( and for in!reased stabi%ity and !on'enien!e( they !an be formu%ated in
suitab%e !arrier materia%s -so%id and %i<uids.
A!!ordin" to the a%i!ation a suitab%e ;atura% 6o%or !an be a!hie'ed by &eein" in mind the
fa!tors su!h as +/. heat( %i"ht stora"e and the other in"redients of the formu%a or re!ie. The
stora"e !onditions for natura% !o%ors deend on the arti!u%ar need of the rodu!t.
A ti"ht sea%ed !ontainer is best to store he rodu!t in a !oo% stora"e to reser'e !o%or stren"th
and <ua%ity( a%on" ,ith its de"ree of !oo%in" oint.
/ere is a %ist of fe, natura% food !o%ors:-
;AT:=A4 6O4O:= 886 ;O. D8S6=9+T9O;
Annatto 8>61b 4i<uidB+o,der -os.
49C:9D B +O2D8= -2S.
Turmeri! 8>11 +aste( ?@D 6ur!umin
4i<uid -Os. : To >0D 6ur!umin
4i<uid -2s. : To >1D 6ur!umin
+o,der( : To E@D 6ur!umin
6O6/9;8A4 8 >01 +o,der( ;.4.T. @1D 6armini! A!id
6armini +o,der( ?1D - E@D 6armini! A!id
+o,der : To 41D 6armini! A!id
4i<uid -2s. 0D - >1D 6armini! A!id
+ari&a 8 >61! 4i<uid -Os. >1(111 To >(61(111 6u
4i<uid -2s. >1(111 To @1(111 6u
+o,der( Sray Dried
Antho!yanins 8 >6? 4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
Aeta 6arotenes 8 >61a +o,der -2s. : To 7.@D 7i) 6arotenes
6arotenoids 4i<uid -Os. : To 0.@D 7i) 6arotenes
Fardenia - 4i<uid -2s.
Fardenia - 4i<uid -2s.
Fardenia - 4i<uid -2s.
9ron O)ides 8 >70 +o,der
9ron O)ides 8 >70 +o,der
9ron O)ides 8 >70 +o,der
9ron O)ides 8 >70 +o,der
7ari"o%d 8)tra!t 8 >6>b +aste -Os. : To >1D Ganthohy%%s
4utein +o,der : To @1D 4utein
6h%orohy%% 8 >41 4i<uid 2s B Os
8 >4> 4i<uid 2s B Os - +o,der 2s
Titanium Dio)ide 8 >70 +o,der H +aste 2s H Od
6arbon A%a!& 8 >@? +o,der( +aste( 8mu%sion 9n Oi%
Aeet =oot 8 >60 4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
Saff%o,er - 4i<uid B +o,der -2s.

6arame% 8 >@1 4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
a(b(!(d
4y!oene 8 >61d 1s .0 To 01D
7onas!us - 4i<uid B +o,der -2s.
=ed 6abba"e - +o,der
=addish - +o,der
Detai% of fe, ma*or !o%ors:-
6446TTO:"
Annatto( a%so !a%%ed Ro%o%( is a deri'ati'e of the #hiote trees of troi!a% re"ions of the
Ameri!as( used to rodu!e # red food o!ori$( and a%so as a f%a'orin". 9ts s!ent is des!ribed
as .s!i(ht!y ,e,,ery 7ith # hi$t of $%tme(. and f%a'or as .s!i(ht!y s7eet #$d
,e,,ery.)
Annatto is rodu!ed from the reddish u% ,hi!h surrounds the seed of the a!hiote -8i0#
ore!!#$# L).. 9t is used in many !heeses -e.".( 6heddar( =ed 4ei!ester( and
Arie.( mar"arine( butter( ri!e( smo&ed fish( and !ustard o,der.
Annatto is !ommon%y found in 4atin Ameri!a and 6aribbean !uisines as both a !o%orin" a"ent
and for f%a'orin". 6entra% and South Ameri!an nati'es use the seeds to ma&e a body aint(
and %isti!&. For this reason( the a!hiote is sometimes !a%%ed the %isti!&-tree. A!hiote
ori"inated in South Ameri!a and has sread in ou%arity to many arts of Asia. The heart-
shaed fruits are bro,n or reddish bro,n at maturity( and are !o'ered ,ith short( stiff hairs.
2hen fu%%y mature( the fruits s%it oen e)osin" the numerous dar& red seeds. 2hi%e the fruit
itse%f is not edib%e( the oran"e-red u% that !o'ers the seed is used as a !ommer!ia% food
!o%orin" and dye The a!hiote dye is reared by stirrin" the seeds in ,ater or oi%.
History
Annatto has %on" been used by indi"enous 6aribbean and South Ameri!an !u%tures. 9t is
be%ie'ed to ori"inate in Arazi%. 9t ,as robab%y not initia%%y used as a food additi'e but for other
reasons( su!h as body aintin"( to ,ard off e'i%( and as an inse!t ree%%ent. The an!ient Azte!s
!a%%ed it #hiot!5 and it ,as used for 7e)i!an manus!rit aintin" in the si)teenth !entury.
I@J
6s # food o!ori$(
As a food additi'e( annatto has the 8 number E120&. The fat so%ub%e art of the !rude e)tra!t
is !a%%ed &i0i$( the ,ater so%ub%e art is !a%%ed $or&i0i$( and both share the same 8 number
as annatto. Annatto seed !ontains 4.@-@.@D i"ments( ,hi!h !onsists of 71-K1D bi)in.
9n the :nited States( annatto e)tra!t is %isted as a !o%or additi'e e0em,t from
ertifi#tio$ and is !ommon%y !onsidered to be a natura% !o%or. The ye%%o,ish oran"e !o%or is
rodu!ed by the !hemi!a% !omounds bi)in and norbi)in( ,hi!h are !%assified as )anthohy%%s(
a tye of !arotenoid. /o,e'er( un%i&e beta-!arotene( another ,e%%-&no,n !arotenoid( they do
not ha'e the !orre!t !hemi!a% stru!tures to be 'itamin A re!ursors. The more norbi)in in an
annatto !o%or( the more ye%%o, it is; a hi"her %e'e% of bi)in "i'es it a more reddish shade.
:n%ess an a!id-roof 'ersion is used( it ta&es on a in& shade at %o, /.

6heddar !heese is often !o%ored
6s #$ #!!er(e$
Annatto has been %in&ed ,ith many !ases of food-re%ated a%%er"ies( and is the on%y natura% food
!o%orin" be%ie'ed to !ause as many a%%er"i!-tye rea!tions as artifi!ia% food !o%orin"
8ET64I4:"
I9+6C $#me
0( 6-+yridinedi!arbo)y%i! a!id(4--0--0-!arbo)y-@--beta-D-"%u!oyranosy%o)y.-0(?-dihydro-6-
hydro)y->/-indo%->-y%.etheny%.-0(?-dihydro--( -S--=L(=L..-

Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C1:H1;41O1<
Mo!#r m#ss :551):3 (=mo!
Aetanin( or Aeetroot =ed( is a red (!yosidi food dye obtained from beets; its a"%y!one(
obtained by hydro%yzin" a,ay the "%u!ose mo%e!u%e( is betanidin.
As a food additi'e( its 8 number is E121. Aetanin de"rades ,hen sub*e!ted to %i"ht( heat(
and o)y"en; therefore( it is used in frozen rodu!ts( rodu!ts ,ith short she%f %ife( or rodu!ts
so%d in dry state. Aetanin !an sur'i'e asteurization ,hen in rodu!ts ,ith hi"h su"ar !ontent.
9ts sensiti'ity to o)y"en is hi"hest in rodu!ts ,ith hi"h !ontent of ,ater andBor !ontainin"
meta% !ations -e". iron and !oer.; antio)idants %i&e as!orbi! a!id and se<uestrants !an s%o,
this ro!ess do,n( to"ether ,ith suitab%e a!&a"in". 9n dry form betanin is stab%e in resen!e
of o)y"en.
Aetanin is usua%%y obtained from the e)tra!t of beet *ui!e; the !on!entration of betanin in red
beet !an rea!h <00"200 m(='(. Other dietary sour!es of betanin and other beta%ains in!%ude
the ountia !a!tus( S,iss !hard( and the %ea'es of some strains of amaranth.
The !o%or of betanin deends on /; bet,een fo%r and fi/e it is &ri(ht &!%ish"red( be!omin"
&!%e"/io!et as the / in!reases. On!e the / rea!hes #!'#!i$e %e'e%s &et#$i$ de(r#des
&y hydro!ysis( resu%tin" in a ye!!o7"&ro7$ o!or.
Aetanin !an be a%so used for !o%orin" meat and sausa"es.
The most !ommon uses of betanin are in !o%orin" i!e !ream and o,dered soft
drin& be'era"es; other uses are in some su"ar !onfe!tionery( e.". fondants( su"ar
strands( su"ar !oatin"s( and fruit or !ream fi%%in"s. 9n hot ro!essed !andies( it !an be
used if added at the fina% art of the ro!essin". Aetanin is a%so used in sous as ,e%%
as tomato and ba!on rodu!ts.
Aetanin absorbs ,e%% from the "ut and a!ts as an antio)idant.
Aetanin is a beta%ain i"ment( to"ether ,ith isobetanin( robetanin( and neobetanin. Other
i"ments !ontained in beet are indi!a)anthin and 'u%"a)anthins.
C6R6MEL:"
6arame% !o%or ->@1B8>@1. is a dar&( rather bitter-tastin" %i<uid( the hi"h%y !on!entrated rodu!t
of near tota% !arame%ization that is bott%ed for !ommer!ia% and industria% use. Ae'era"es su!h
as !o%a use !arame% !o%orin"( and it is a%so used as food !o%orin".
6arame% !o%or or !arame% !o%orin" is a so!%&!e food !o%orin". 9t is made by a !arefu%%y
!ontro%%ed heat treatment of !arbohydrates( "enera%%y in the resen!e of a!ids( a%&a%is( or sa%ts(
in a ro!ess !a%%ed !arame%ization. 9t is more fu%%y o)idized than !arame% !andy and has an
odor of burnt su"ar and a some,hat bitter taste. 9ts !o%or ran"es from ,#!e ye!!o7 to #m&er
to d#r' &ro7$ .
6arame% !o%or is one of the o%dest and most ,ide%y-used food !o%orin"s( and is found in a%most
e'ery &ind of industria%%y rodu!ed food( in!%udin": batters( beer( bro,n bread( buns(
!ho!o%ate( !oo&ies( !ou"h dros( dar& %i<uor su!h as brandy( rum( and ,his&y( !ho!o%ate-
f%a'ored f%our-based !onfe!tionery( !oatin"s( !ustards( de!orations( fi%%in"s and toin"s(
otato !his( dessert mi)es( dou"hnuts( fish and she%%fish sreads( frozen desserts( Fruit
reser'es( "%u!ose tab%ets( "ra'y bro,nin"( i!e !ream( i!&%es( sau!es and dressin"s( soft
drin&s -ese!ia%%y !o%as.( s,eets( 'ine"ar( and ,ines.
+rod%tio$
6arame% !o%or is made by the o$tro!!ed he#t tre#tme$t of !arbohydrates -nutriti'e
s,eeteners ,hi!h are the monomers "%u!ose and fru!tose or their o%ymers( e.g. "%u!ose
syrus( su!rose( in'ert syrus( and de)trose( "enera%%y in the resen!e of food-"rade a!ids(
a%&a%is( and sa%ts( in a ro!ess !a%%ed !arame%ization. Antifoamin" a"ents may be used as
ro!essin" aids durin" its manufa!ture.
:n%i&e !arame% !andy( it tends to,ards ma)imum o)idation of the su"ar to rodu!e a !arame%
!on!entrate that has an odor of burnt su"ar and a some,hat bitter taste in its ra, %i<uid form.
9ts !o%or ran"es from a%e ye%%o, to amber to dar& bro,n.
6arame% !o%or mo%e!u%es !arry either a ositi'e or ne"ati'e !har"e deendin" uon the
rea!tants used in their manufa!ture. +rob%ems su!h
as re!iitation( f%o!!u%ation or mi"ration !an be e%iminated ,ith the use of a roer%y !har"ed
!arame% !o%or for the intended a%i!ation.
C!#ssifi#tio$
9nternationa%%y( the >oi$t F6O=?HO E0,ert Committee o$ Food 6dditi/es @>ECF6A
re!o"nizes fo%r !%asses of !arame% !o%or( differin" by intended a%i!ation and in the rea!tants
used in their manufa!ture( ea!h ,ith its o,n 9;S and 8 number( that are %isted in the tab%e
be%o,.
6%ass
9;S
;o.
8
;umber
Des!rition =estri!tions on rearation :sed in
9 >@1a 8>@1a
+%ain !arame%( !austi!
!arame%( sirit !arame%
;o ammonium or su%fite
!omounds !an be used
2his&ey amon"
many
99 >@1b 8>@1b 6austi! su%fite !arame%
9n the resen!e of su%fite
!omounds but no
ammonium !omounds !an
be used
999 >@1! 8>@1!
Ammonia !arame%( ba&er3s
!arame%( !onfe!tioner3s
!arame%( beer !arame%
9n the resen!e of
ammonium !omounds but
no su%fite !omounds !an
be used
Aeer( syntheti! soy
sau!e( and
!onfe!tionery
9M >@1d 8>@1d
Su%fite ammonia !arame%(
a!id-roof !arame%( soft-
drin& !arame%
9n the resen!e of both
su%fite and ammonium
!omounds
A!idi! en'ironments
su!h as soft drin&s
+hysi#! ,ro,erties
6arame% !o%or is a o!!oid) A%thou"h the rimary fun!tion of !arame% !o%or is for !o%orin"( it
a%so ser'es additiona% fun!tions. 9n soft drin&s( it fun!tions as an emu%sifier to he% retard the
formation of !ertain tyes of 5f%o!5 and its %i"ht rote!ti'e <ua%ity !an aid in re'entin"
o)idation of the f%a'orin" !omonents in bott%ed be'era"es.
6arame% !o%or has e)!e%%ent mi!robio%o"i!a% stabi%ity. it is manufa!tured under 'ery hi"h
temerature( hi"h a!idity( hi"h ressure( and hi"h se!ifi! "ra'ity( it is essentia%%y steri%e as it
,i%% not suort mi!robia% "ro,th un%ess in a di%ute so%ution.
2hen rea!ted ,ith s%!fites( !arame% !o%or may retain tra!es of su%fite after ro!essin".
/o,e'er( in finished food rodu!ts( %abe%in" is usua%%y on%y re<uired for su%fite %e'e%s abo'e
10 ,,m.
CR6MI4E:"
C#rmi$e a%so !a%%ed Crimso$ L#'e( Cohi$e#!( 4#t%r#! Red :( C)I) ;5:;0( or E110( is
a i"ment of a &ri(ht red o!or obtained from the #rmi$i #id rodu!ed by some s!a%e
inse!ts( su!h as the ohi$e#! and the +o%ish !o!hinea%( and is used as a "enera% term for a
arti!u%ar%y dee red !o%or of the same name.
6armine is used in the manufa!ture of artifi!ia% f%o,ers( aints( !rimson in&( rou"e( and other
!osmeti!s( and is routine%y added to food rodu!ts su!h as yo"urt and !ertain brands of *ui!e(
most notab%y those of the ruby-red 'ariety.

+rod%tio$
6armine may be reared from !o!hinea%( by boi%in" dried inse!ts in ,ater to e)tra!t the
!armini! a!id and then treatin" the !%ear so%ution ,ith a%um( !ream of tartar( stannous
!h%oride( or otassium hydro"en o)a%ate; the !o%orin" and anima% matters resent in the %i<uid
are thus re!iitated. Other methods are in use in ,hi!h e"" ,hite( fish "%ue( or "e%atin are
sometimes added before the re!iitation.
The <ua%ity of !armine is affe!ted by the temerature and the de"ree of i%%umination durin" its
rearation( sun%i"ht bein" re<uisite for the rodu!tion of a bri%%iant hue. 9t a%so differs
a!!ordin" to the amount of a%umina resent in it. 9t is sometimes adu%terated
,ith !innabar( star!hed other materia%s; from these the !armine !an be searated by
disso%'in" it in ammonia. Food !armine shou%d !rumb%e readi%y bet,een the fin"ers ,hen dry.
6armine %a&e is a i"ment obtained by addin" fresh%y re!iitated a%umina to de!o!tion of
!o!hinea%.
6armine !an be used as a stainin" a"ent in mi!robio%o"y( as a 8estBs #rmi$e to stain
"%y!o"en( m%i#rmi$e to stain #idi m%o,o!ys#h#rides( and #rm#!%m to stain e!!
$%!ei. 9n these a%i!ations( it is a%ied to"ether ,ith a mordant( usua%%y an A% -999. sa%t.
6!!er(y
6armine is used as a food dye in many different rodu!ts su!h as *ui!es( i!e !ream( yo"urt(
and !andy( and as a dye in !osmeti! rodu!ts su!h as eye shado, and %isti!&. A%thou"h
rin!ia%%y a red dye( it is found in many foods that are shades of red( in&( and ur%e. As a
food dye it has been &no,n to !ause se'ere a%%er"i! rea!tions and anahy%a!ti! sho!& in some
eo%e.
Food rodu!ts !ontainin" !armine-based food dye may ro'e to be a !on!ern for eo%e ,ho
are a%%er"i! to !armine( or eo%e ,ho !hoose not !onsume any or !ertain anima%s( su!h
as 'e"etarians( 'e"ans.
C6ROTE4E:"
The term #rote$e is used for se'era% re%ated hydro!arbon substan!es ha'in" the formu%a
C:0H0( ,hi!h are synthesized by %ants but !annot be made by anima%s.
6arotene is an or#$(e ,hotosy$theti ,i(me$t imortant for hotosynthesis. 6arotenes
are a%% !o%ored to the human eye. They are resonsib%e for the oran"e !o%or of the !arrot( for
,hi!h this !%ass of !hemi!a%s is named( and for the !o%ours of many other fruits and 'e"etab%es
-for e)am%e( s,eet otatoes and oran"e !anta%oue me%on.. 6arotenes are a%so resonsib%e
for the oran"e -but not a%% of the ye%%o,. !o%ours in dry fo%ia"e. They a%so -in %o,er
!on!entrations. imart the ye%%o, !o%oration to mi%&-fat and butter. Omni'orous anima% se!ies
,hi!h are re%ati'e%y oor !on'erters of !o%ored dietary !arotenoids to !o%or%ess retinoid ha'e
ye%%o,ed-!o%ored body fat( as a resu%t of the !arotenoid retention from the 'e"etab%e ortion of
their diet. The tyi!a% ye%%o,-!o%ored fat of humans and !hi!&ens is a resu%t of fat stora"e of
!arotenes from their diets.
6arotenes !ontribute to hotosynthesis by transmittin" the %i"ht ener"y they absorb from
!h%orohy%%. They a%so rote!t %ant tissues by he%in" to absorb the ener"y from sin"%et
o)y"en( an e)!ited form of the o)y"en mo%e!u%e O0 ,hi!h is formed durin" hotosynthesis.
"C#rote$e is !omosed of t7o reti$y! (ro%,s( and is bro&en do,n in the mu!osa of the
human sma%% intestine by beta-!arotene >@(>@3-monoo)y"enase to retina%( a form of 'itamin A.
-6arotene !an be stored in the %i'er and body fat and !on'erted to retina% as needed( thus
ma&in" it a form of 'itamin A for humans and some other mamma%s. The !arotenes -!arotene
and -!arotene( due to their sin"%e retiny% "rou -beta-ionone rin".( a%so ha'e some 'itamin A
a!ti'ity -thou"h %ess than -!arotene.( as does the )anthohy%% !arotenoid N-!ryto)anthin. A%%
other !arotenoids( in!%udin" %y!oene( ha'e no beta-rin" and thus $o 'itamin A a!ti'ity
-a%thou"h they may ha'e antio)idant a!ti'ity and thus bio%o"i!a% a!ti'ity in other ,ays..
Anima% se!ies differ "reat%y in their abi%ity to !on'ert retiny% -beta-ionone. !ontainin"
!arotenoids to retina%s. 6arni'ores in "enera% are oor !on'erters of dietary ionine-!ontain"
!arotenoids( and ure !arni'ores su!h as !ats and ferets %a!& beta-!arotene >@(>@3-
monoo)y"enase and !annot !on'ert any !arotenoids to retina%s at a%% -resu%tin" in
!arotenes $ot bein" a form of 'itamin A for these se!ies..
Mo!e%!#r str%t%re
6hemi!a%%y( !arotenes are ,o!y%$s#t%r#ted hydro#r&o$s !ontainin" :0 #r&o$ #toms
,er mo!e%!e( 'ariab%e numbers of hydro"en atoms( and no other e%ements. Some !arotenes
are termi$#ted &y hydro#r&o$ ri$(s5 o$ o$e or &oth e$ds of the mo!e%!e. A%% are
!o%ored to the human eye( due to e)tensi'e systems of !on*u"ated doub%e bonds. Stru!tura%%y
!arotenes are ter,e$es( synthesized bio!hemi!a%%y from ei(ht iso,re$e %$its.
6arotenes are found in %ants in t,o rimary forms desi"nated by !hara!ters from the Free&
a%habet:
a%ha-!arotene --!arotene.
Aeta-!arotene --!arotene..
Famma( de%ta( esi%on( and zeta -( ( ( and -!arotene. a%so e)ist.
Sin!e they are hydro!arbons( and therefore !ontain no o)y"en( !arotenes are f#t"
so!%&!e and i$so!%&!e i$ 7#ter -in !ontrast ,ith other #rote$oids5
the 0#$tho,hy!!s5 7hih o$t#i$ o0y(e$ #$d th%s #re !ess hemi#!!y
hydro,ho&i..
Diet#ry so%res
The fo%%o,in" foods are arti!u%ar%y ri!h in !arotenes
;
S,eet otatoes
6arrots
6anta%oue me%on
7an"oes
Ari!ots
+ersimmon
Sina!h
Ka%e
Turni "reens
Aeet "reens
7ustard "reens
Aro!!o%i
+ars%ey
=omaine %ettu!e
9'y "ourd
2inter s<uash
+um&in
6assa'a
Absortion from these foods is enhan!ed if eaten ,ith fats( as !arotenes are fat so%ub%e( and if
the food is !oo&ed for a fe, minutes unti% the %ant !e%% ,a%% s%its and the !o%or is re%eased into
any %i<uid. 6 " of dietary -!arotene su%ies the e<ui'a%ent of > " of retino%( or > =8 -=etino%
8<ui'a%ent.. This is e<ui'a%ent to ? 9: of 'itamin A.
The m%!ti,!e forms
-!arotene
-!arotene
The t,o rimary isomers of !arotene( "#rote$e and "#rote$e( differ i$ the ,ositio$
of do%&!e &o$ds i$ the y!i (ro%, #t the e$d.
a. -6arotene is the more !ommon form and !an be found in ye%%o,( oran"e( and "reen
%eafy fruits and 'e"etab%es. As a ru%e of thumb( the (re#ter the i$te$sity of the
or#$(e o!or of the fr%it or /e(et#&!e5 the more "#rote$e it o$t#i$s.
6arotene rote!ts %ant !e%%s a"ainst the destru!ti'e effe!ts of u%tra'io%et %i"ht. "C#rote$e is
#$ #$ti"o0id#$t
4ome$!#t%re
C#rote$es #re #rote$oids o$t#i$i$( $o o0y(e$. C#rote$oids o$t#i$i$( some
o0y(e$ #re '$o7$ #s 0#$tho,hy!!s)
The t,o ends of the -!arotene mo%e!u%e are stru!tura%%y identi!a%( and are !a%%ed "ri$(s.
Se!ifi!a%%y( the (ro%, of $i$e #r&o$ #toms #t e#h e$d forms # "ri$()
The -!arotene mo%e!u%e has a "ri$( #t o$e e$d; the other end is !a%%ed a "ri$(. There is no
su!h thin" as a 5-rin"5.
C6RTH6MI4:"
C#rth#mi$ is a natura% red i"ment deri'ed from s#ff!o7er @C#rth#m%s ti$tori%s A 5 ear%ier
&no,n as #rth#mi$e. 9t is used as a dye and a food !o%orin". As a food additi'e( it is &no,n
as 4#t%r#! Red 12.
Saff%o,er has been !u%ti'ated sin!e an!ient times( and !arthamin ,as used as a dye in an!ient
8"yt. 9t ,as used e)tensi'e%y in the ast for dyein" ,oo% for the !aret industry in 8uroean
!ountries and to !reate !osmeti!s for "eisha and &abu&i artists in Oaan( ,here the !o%or is
!a%%ed &e$i . 9t !ometed ,ith the ear%y syntheti! dye fu!hsine as a si%& dye after fu!hsine3s
>K@E dis!o'ery.
9t is !omosed of t7o h#!o$es; the !on*u"ated bonds bein" the !ause of the red !o%or. 9t is
deri'ed from re!arthamin by a de!arbo)y%ase. 9t shou%d not be !onfused ,ith !arthamidin(
another f%a'onoid.

C9RC9MI4:"
C%r%mi$ is the rin!ia% !ur!uminoid of the ou%ar 9ndian si!e turmeri!( ,hi!h is a
member of the "in"er fami%y -Pin"ibera!eae.. The other t,o !ur!uminoids are
desmetho)y!ur!umin and bis-desmetho)y!ur!umin. The !ur!uminoids are ,o!y,he$o!s and
are resonsib%e for the ye%%o, !o%or of turmeri!. 6ur!umin !an e)ist in at %east
t,o tautomeri! forms( 'eto and e$o!) The eno% form is more ener"eti!a%%y stab%e in the so%id
hase and in so%ution.

6ur!umin !an be used for boron <uantifi!ation in the so-!a%%ed !ur!umin method. 9t rea!ts
,ith bori! a!id formin" a red !o%ored !omound( &no,n as roso!yanine.
6ur!umin is bri"ht%y !o%ored and may be used as a food !o%orin". As a food additi'e( its 8
number is E100

Chemistry
6ur!umin in!ororates se'era% fun!tiona% "rous. The aromati! rin" systems( ,hi!h are
o%yheno%s are !onne!ted by t,o (-unsaturated !arbony% "rous. The t,o !arbony% "rous
form a di&etone. The di&etone form stab%e eno%s or are easi%y derotonated and form eno%ates(
,hi%e the (-unsaturated !arbony% is a "ood 7i!hae% a!!etor and under"oes nu!%eohi%i!
addition.

The stru!ture ,as first identified in 1C10 by D#EimierE Dost#$e'i( >) Mio&dE'# and
?i'tor L#m,e.
6ur!umin is used as a rea"ent for Aoron in 8+A 7ethod 0>0.?
.
Aoron by 6o%orimetry.
T9RMERIC:"
Turmeri! -6ur!uma %on"a. is a rhizomatous herba!eous erennia% %ant of the "in"er fami%y(
Fi$(i&er#e#e. 9t is nati'e to troi!a% South Asia and needs temeratures bet,een 01Q6 and
?1Q6( and a !onsiderab%e amount of annua% rainfa%% to thri'e . +%ants are "athered annua%%y for
their rhizomes( and re-seeded from some of those rhizomes in the fo%%o,in" season.
The rhizomes are boi%ed for se'era% hours and then dried in hot o'ens( after ,hi!h they are
"round into a dee oran"e-ye%%o, o,der !ommon%y used as a si!e in !urries and other South
Asian and 7idd%e 8astern !uisine( for dyein"( and to imart !o%or to mustard !ondiments. 9ts
a!ti'e in"redient is !ur!umin and it has a distin!t%y earthy( s%i"ht%y bitter( s%i"ht%y
hot eery f%a'or and a mustardy sme%%.
9n medie'a% 8uroe( turmeri! be!ame &no,n as 9ndian Saffron( sin!e it ,as ,ide%y used as an
a%ternati'e to the far more e)ensi'e saffron si!e.

9n non-South Asian re!ies( turmeri! is sometimes used as an a"ent to imart a ri!h( !ustard-
%i&e ye%%o, !o%or. 9t is used in !anned be'era"es and ba&ed rodu!ts( dairy rodu!ts(
i!e( yo"urt( ye%%o, !a&es( oran"e *ui!e( bis!uits( o!orn !o%or( s,eets( !a&e i!in"s( !erea%s(
sau!es( "e%atins( et!. 9t is a si"nifi!ant in"redient in most !ommer!ia% !urry o,ders. Turmeri!
is most%y used in sa'ory dishes( as ,e%% as some s,eet dishes su!h as the !a&e Sfouf.
A%thou"h usua%%y used in its dried( o,dered form( turmeri! is a%so used fresh( mu!h %i&e
"in"er. 9t has numerous uses in Far 8astern re!ies( su!h as fresh turmeri! i!&%e ,hi!h
!ontains %ar"e !hun&s of soft turmeri!.
Turmeri! -!oded as E100 ,hen used as a food additi'e.

is used to rote!t food rodu!ts from
sun%i"ht. The o%eoresin is used for oi%-!ontainin" rodu!ts. The !ur!uminB o%ysorbate so%ution
or !ur!umin o,der disso%'ed in a%!oho% is used for ,ater-!ontainin" rodu!ts. O'er-!o%orin"(
su!h as in i!&%es( re%ishes( and mustard( is sometimes used to !omensate for fadin".
9n !ombination ,ith annatto -8>61b.( turmeri! has been used to !o%or !heeses( yo"urt( dry
mi)es( sa%ad dressin"s( ,inter butter and mar"arine. Turmeri! is a%so used to "i'e a ye%%o,
!o%or to some reared mustards( !anned !hi!&en broths and other foods -often as a mu!h
!heaer re%a!ement for saffron..
Turmeri! is ,ide%y used as a si!e in South Asian and 7idd%e 8astern !oo&in".
7any +ersian dishes use Turmeri!( for the !o%orin" of ri!e bottoms as ,e%% as as a starter
in"redient for a%most a%% 9ranian fry us -,hi!h tyi!a%%y !onsist of oi%( onions and turmeri!
fo%%o,ed by any other in"redients that are to be in!%uded.. 9n ;ea%( turmeri! is ,ide%y "ro,n
and is e)tensi'e%y used in a%most e'ery 'e"etab%e and meat dish in the !ountry for its !o%or as
,e%% as for its medi!ina% 'a%ue. 9n South Afri!a turmeri! is traditiona%%y used to "i'e boi%ed ,hite
ri!e a "o%den !o%or.
Com,ositio$

6ur!umin Keto form

6ur!umin 8no% form
Turmeri! !ontains u to @D essentia% oi%s and u to ?D !ur!umin( a o%yheno%. 9t is the a!ti'e
substan!e of turmeri! and it is a%so &no,n as 6.9. 7@?11( or ;atura% Re%%o, ?. The systemati!
!hemi!a% name is ->E( 68.->(7-bis-4-hydro)y-?-metho)yheny%.->(6-hetadiene-?(@-dione.
9t !an e)ist at %east in t,o tautomeri! forms( &eto and eno%. The &eto form is referred in so%id
hase and the eno% form in so%ution.
6ur!umin is a / indi!ator. 9n a!idi! so%utions -/ S7.4. it turns ye%%o, ,hereas in basi! -/ T
K.6. so%utions it turns bri"ht red.
64THOCY64I4:"
Antho!yanins -from Free&: @#$thosA U f!o7er V @'y#$osA U &!%e. are 7#ter"so!%&!e
/#%o!#r ,i(me$ts that may aear red( ur%e( or b%ue a!!ordin" to /. They be%on" to a
arent !%ass of mo%e!u%es !a%%ed f%a'onoids synthesized 'ia the heny%roanoid ath,ay; they
are odor%ess and near%y f%a'or%ess( !ontributin" to taste as a moderate%y astrin"ent sensation.
Antho!yanins o!!ur in a%% tissues of hi"her %ants( in!%udin" %ea'es( stems( roots( f%o,ers( and
fruits. Antho)anthins are their !%ear( ,hite to ye%%o, !ounterarts o!!urrin" in %ants.
Antho!yanins are deri'ati'es of antho!yanidins ,hi!h in!%ude endant su"ars.

F%$tio$
9n f%o,ers( bri"ht reds and ur%es are adati'e for attra!tin" o%%inators. 9n fruits( the !o%orfu%
s&ins a%so attra!t the attention of anima%s( ,hi!h may eat the fruits and diserse the seeds. 9n
hotosyntheti! tissues -su!h as %ea'es and sometimes stems.( antho!yanins ha'e been sho,n
to a!t as a 5suns!reen5( rote!tin" !e%%s from hi"h-%i"ht dama"e by absorbin" b%ue-"reen and
:M %i"ht( thereby rote!tin" the tissues from hoto inhibition( or hi"h-%i"ht stress. This has
been sho,n to o!!ur in red *u'eni%e %ea'es( autumn %ea'es( and broad-%ea'ed e'er"reen
%ea'es that turn red durin" the ,inter. 9t has a%so been roosed that red !o%oration of %ea'es
may !amouf%a"e %ea'es from herbi'ores b%ind to red ,a'e%en"ths( or si"na% un a%atabi%ity(
sin!e antho!yanin synthesis often !oin!ides ,ith synthesis of una%atab%e heno%i!
!omounds.
9n addition to their ro%e as %i"ht-attenuators( antho!yanins a%so a!t as o,erfu% antio)idants.
/o,e'er( it is not !%ear ,hether antho!yanins !an si"nifi!ant%y !ontribute to s!a'en"in"
of free-radi!a%s rodu!ed throu"h metabo%i! ro!esses in %ea'es( sin!e they are %o!ated in the
'a!uo%e( and thus( satia%%y searated from metabo%i! rea!ti'e o)y"en se!ies. Some studies
ha'e sho,n that hydro"en ero)ide rodu!ed in other or"ane%%es !an be neutra%ized by
'a!uo%ar antho!yanin.
O%rre$e
Antho!yanins are found in the !e%% 'a!uo%e( most%y in f%o,ers and fruits but a%so in %ea'es(
stems( and roots. 9n these arts they are found redominant%y in outer !e%% %ayers su!h as
the eidermis and erihera% mesohy%% !e%%s.
7ost fre<uent in nature are the "%y!osides of !yanidin( de%hinidin( ma%'idin( e%ar"onidin(
eonidin and etunidin. =ou"h%y 0D of a%% hydro!arbons fi)ated in hotosynthesis are
!on'erted into f%a'onoids and their deri'ati'es su!h as the antho!yanins. There is no %ess than
>1
E
tons of antho!yanins rodu!ed in nature er year
.
;ot a%% %and %ants !ontain antho!yanin;
in the 6aryohy%%a%es -in!%udin" !a!tus( beets( and amaranth.( they are re%a!ed by beta%ains.
+%ants ri!h in antho!yanins are Ma!!inium se!ies( su!h as b%ueberry( !ranberry and bi%berry(
=ubus berries in!%udin" b%a!& ras berry( red rasberry and b%a!&berry( b%a!&!urrant( !herry(
e""%ant ee%( b%a!& ri!e( 6on!ord "rae and mus!adine "rae( red !abba"e and 'io%et eta%s.
Antho!yanins are %ess abundant in banana( asara"us( ea( fenne%( ear and otato( and may
be tota%%y absent in !ertain !u%ti'ars of "reen "ooseberries.
The hi"hest re!orded amount aears to be se!ifi!a%%y in the seed !oat of
b%a!& soybean-G!yi$e m#0 L) Merr). !ontainin" some 15000 m( ,er 100 ( and in s&ins
and u% of b%a!& !ho&eberry -6ro$i# me!#$o#r,# L)A . /o,e'er( the Amazonian a%m
berry( aWaX( ha'in" about ?01 m" er >11 "

of ,hi!h !yanidin-?-"%u!oside is the most re'a%ent
indi'idua% antho!yanin -aro)imate%y >1 m" er >11 ".( is a%so a hi"h-!ontent sour!e for
,hi!h on%y a sma%% fra!tion of tota% antho!yanins has been determined to date.
CHLORO+HYLL:"
6h%orohy%% is a "reen i"ment found in most %ants( a%"ae( and !yanoba!teria. 9ts name is
deri'ed from the Free& -h!oros .(ree$.A and -,hy!!o$ .!e#f.A) 6h%orohy%% absorbs %i"ht
most stron"%y in the b%ue ortion of the e%e!troma"neti! se!trum( fo%%o,ed by the red ortion.
/o,e'er( it is a oor absorber of "reen and near-"reen ortions of the se!trum( hen!e the
"reen !o%or of !h%orohy%%-!ontainin" tissues. 6h%orohy%% ,as first iso%ated by Ooseh AienaimY
6a'entou and +ierre Ooseh +e%%etier in >K>7.
Ch!oro,hy!! #$d ,hotosy$thesis
6h%orohy%% is 'ita% for hotosynthesis( ,hi!h a%%o,s %ants to obtain ener"y from %i"ht.
6h%orohy%% mo%e!u%es are se!ifi!a%%y arran"ed in and around hotosystems ,hi!h are
embedded in the thy%a&oid membranes of !h%oro%asts. 9n these !om%e)es( !h%orohy%% ser'es
t,o rimary fun!tions. The fun!tion of the 'ast ma*ority of !h%orohy%% -u to se'era% hundred
mo%e!u%es er hotosystem. is to absorb %i"ht and transfer that %i"ht ener"y by resonan!e
ener"y transfer to a se!ifi! !h%orohy%% air in the rea!tion !enter of the hotosystems.
Ae!ause of !h%orohy%%$s se%e!ti'ity re"ardin" the ,a'e%en"th of %i"ht it absorbs( areas of a %eaf
!ontainin" the mo%e!u%e ,i%% aear "reen.
The t,o !urrent%y a!!eted hotosystem units are +hotosystem 99 and +hotosystem 9( ,hi!h
ha'e their o,n distin!t rea!tion !enter !h%orohy%%s( named +6K1 and +711( rese!ti'e%y.
These i"ments are named after the ,a'e%en"th -in nanometers. of their red-ea& absortion
ma)imum. The identity( fun!tion and se!tra% roerties of the tyes of !h%orohy%% in ea!h
hotosystem are distin!t and determined by ea!h other and the rotein stru!ture surroundin"
them. On!e e)tra!ted from the rotein into a so%'ent -su!h as a!etone or methano%.( these
!h%orohy%% i"ments !an be searated in a sim%e aer !hromato"rahy e)eriment( and(
based on the number of o%ar "rous bet,een !h%orohy%% a and !h%orohy%% b( ,i%% !hemi!a%%y
searate out on the aer.
The fun!tion of the rea!tion !enter !h%orohy%% is to use the ener"y absorbed by and
transferred to it from the other !h%orohy%% i"ments in the hotosystems to under"o a !har"e
searation( a se!ifi! redo) rea!tion in ,hi!h the !h%orohy%% donates an e%e!tron into a series
of mo%e!u%ar intermediates !a%%ed an e%e!tron transort !hain. The !har"ed rea!tion !enter
!h%orohy%% -+6K1
V
. is then redu!ed ba!& to its "round state by a!!etin" an e%e!tron. 9n
+hotosystem 99( the e%e!tron ,hi!h redu!es +6K1
V
u%timate%y !omes from the o)idation of ,ater
into O0 and /
V
throu"h se'era% intermediates. This rea!tion is ho, hotosyntheti! or"anisms
%i&e %ants rodu!e O0 "as( and is the sour!e for ra!ti!a%%y a%% the O0 in 8arth3s atmoshere.
+hotosystem 9 tyi!a%%y ,or& in series ,ith +hotosystem 99( thus the +711
V
of +hotosystem 9 is
usua%%y redu!ed( 'ia many intermediates in the thy%a&oid membrane( by e%e!trons u%timate%y
from +hotosystem 99. 8%e!tron transfer rea!tions in the thy%a&oid membranes are !om%e)(
ho,e'er( and the sour!e of e%e!trons used to redu!e +711
V
!an 'ary.
Chemi#! str%t%re
6h%orohy%% is a h!ori$ i"ment( ,hi!h is stru!tura%%y simi%ar to and rodu!ed throu"h the
same metabo%i! ath,ay as other ,or,hyri$ i"ments su!h as heme. At the e$ter of the
h!ori$ ri$( is # m#($esi%m io$.The !h%orin rin" !an ha'e se'era% different side !hains(
usua%%y in!%udin" a !o$( ,hyto! h#i$. There are a fe, different forms that o!!ur natura%%y(
but the most ,ide%y distributed form in terrestria% %ants is !h%orohy%% a. The "enera% stru!ture
of !h%orohy%% a ,as e%u!idated by /ans Fis!her in >E41( and by >E61( ,hen most of the
stereo!hemistry of !h%orohy%% a ,as &no,n( =obert Aurns 2ood,ard ub%ished a tota%
synthesis of the mo%e!u%e as then &no,n. 9n >E67( the %ast remainin" stereo!hemi!a%
e%u!idation ,as !om%eted by 9an F%emin"( and in >EE1 2ood,ard and !o-authors ub%ished
an udated synthesis.
The different stru!tures of !h%orohy%% are summarized be%o,:
Ch!oro,hy!! # Ch!oro,hy!! &
Ch!oro,hy!!
1
Ch!oro,hy!!
1
Ch!oro,hy!! d
7o%e!u%ar
formu%a
6@@/70O@;47" 6@@/71O6;47" 6?@/?1O@;47" 6?@/0KO@;47" 6@4/71O6;47"
6? "rou -6/U6/0 -6/U6/0 -6/U6/0 -6/U6/0 -6/O
67 "rou -6/? -6/O -6/? -6/? -6/?
6K "rou -6/06/? -6/06/? -6/06/? -6/U6/0 -6/06/?
6>7 "rou
-6/06/06OO-
+hyty%
-6/06/06OO-
+hyty%
-6/U6/6OO/ -6/U6/6OO/
-6/06/06OO-
+hyty%
6>7-6>K bond Sin"%e Sin"%e Doub%e Doub%e Sin"%e
O!!urren!e :ni'ersa% 7ost%y %ants Marious a%"ae Marious a%"ae 6yanoba!teria
Stru!ture of !h%orohy%% a
Stru!ture of !h%orohy%% b
Stru!ture of !h%orohy%% d
2hen %ea'es de"reen in the ro!ess of %ant senes!en!e !h%orohy%% is !on'erted to a "rou of
!o%our%ess tetrayrro%es &no,n as $o$f!%orese$t h!oro,hy!! #t#&o!ites @4CC3s. .These
!omounds ha'e a%so been identified in se'era% rienin" fruits. Fenera% stru!ture of ;66$s:

S,etro,hotometry:"
7easurement of the absortion of %i"ht is !om%i!ated by the so%'ent used to e)tra!t it from
%ant materia%( ,hi!h affe!ts the 'a%ues obtained( 9n diethy% ether( !h%orohy%% a has
aro)imate absorban!e ma)ima of 4?1 nm and 660 nm( ,hi%e !h%orohy%% b has aro)imate
ma)ima of 4@? nm and 640 nm.
The absortion ea&s of !h%orohy%% a are at 66@ nm and 46@ nm. 6h%orohy%% a f%uores!es at
67? nm -ma)imum. and 706 nm. The ea& mo%ar absortion !oeffi!ient of !h%orohy%% a
e)!eeds >1
@
7
>
!m
>
( ,hi!h is amon" the hi"hest for sma%%-mo%e!u%e or"ani! !omounds.
8iosy$thesis
9n %ants( !h%orohy%% may be synthesized from su!!iny%-6oA and "%y!ine( a%thou"h the
immediate re!ursor to !h%orohy%% a and b is roto!h%orohy%%ide. 9n An"ioserms( the %ast
ste( !on'ersion of roto!h%orohy%%ide to !h%orohy%%( is %i"ht-deendent and su!h %ants are
a%e -etio%ated. if "ro,n in the dar&ness. ;on-'as!u%ar %ants and "reen a%"ae ha'e an
additiona% %i"ht-indeendent enzyme and "ro, "reen in the dar&ness as ,e%%.
6h%orohy%% itse%f is bound to roteins and !an transfer the absorbed ener"y in the re<uired
dire!tion. +roto!h%orohy%%ide( different%y( most%y o!!ur in the free form and under %i"ht
!onditions a!t as hotosensitizer( formin" hi"h%y to)i! free radi!a%s. /en!e %ants need an
effi!ient me!hanism of re"u%atin" the amount of !h%orohy%% re!ursor. 9n an"ioserms( this is
done at the ste of amino%e'u%ini! a!id -A4A.( one of the intermediate !omounds in the
biosynthesis ath,ay. +%ants that are fed by A4A a!!umu%ate hi"h and to)i! %e'e%s of
roto!h%orohy%%ide( so do the mutants ,ith the dama"ed re"u%atory system.
A8TA4A9;:-
Aeta%ains are a !%ass of red #$d ye!!o7 i$do!e"deri/ed ,i(me$ts found in %ants of the
6aryohy%%a%es( ,here they re%a!e antho!yanin i"ments( as ,e%% as some hi"her order fun"i.
They are most often noti!eab%e in the eta%s of f%o,ers( but may !o%or the fruits( %ea'es( stems(
and roots of %ants that !ontain them. They in!%ude o,erfu% antio)idant i"ments su!h as
those found in beets.
Desri,tio$
The name 5beta%ain5 !omes from the L#ti$ name of the !ommon beet -8et# /%!(#ris.( from
,hi!h beta%ains ,ere first e)tra!ted. The dee red !o%or of beets( bou"ain'i%%ea( amaranth( and
many !a!ti resu%ts from the resen!e of beta%ain i"ments. The arti!u%ar shades of red to
,%r,!e are disti$ti/e and un%i&e that of antho!yanin i"ments found in most %ants.
Aeta%ains may o!!ur in any art of the %ant( in!%udin"
the eta%s of f%o,ers( fruits( %ea'es( stems( and roots.
There are t,o !ate"ories of beta%ains:
Aeta!yanins in!%ude the reddish to 'io%et beta%ain i"ments.
Aeta)anthins are those beta%ain i"ments ,hi!h aear ye%%o, to oran"e.
Amon" the beta)anthins resent in %ants
in!%ude 'u%"a)anthin( mira)anthin and ortu%a)anthin( and indi!a)anthin.
+%ant hysio%o"ists are un!ertain of the fun!tion that beta%ains ser'e in those %ants ,hi!h
ossess them( but there is some re%iminary e'iden!e that they may ha'e fun"i!ida%
roerties.
Chemistry
9t ,as on!e thou"ht that beta%ains ,ere re%ated to antho!yanins( the reddish i"ments found in
most %ants. Aoth beta%ains and antho!yanins are ,ater-so%ub%e i"ments found in
the 'a!uo%es of %ant !e%%s. /o,e'er( beta%ains are stru!tura%%y and !hemi!a%%y un%i&e
antho!yanins. For e)am%e( beta%ains !ontain nitro"en ,here as antho!yanins do not.
9t is no, &no,n that beta%ains are #rom#ti i$do!e deri/#ti/es sy$thesiEed
from tyrosi$e. They are not re%ated !hemi!a%%y to the antho!yanins and #re $ot
e/e$ f!#/o$oids. 8a!h &et#!#i$ is # (!yoside( and !onsists of a s%(#r #$d # o!ored
,ortion. Their synthesis is romoted by %i"ht.

The most hea'i%y studied beta%ain is betanin( a%so !a%%ed beetroot red after the fa!t that it may
be e)tra!ted from red beet roots. Aetanin is a "%u!oside( and hydro%yzes into the su"ar
"%u!ose and betanidin. 9t is used as a food !o%orin" a"ent( and the !o%or is sensiti'e to /.
Other beta%ains &no,n to o!!ur in beets are isobetanin( robetanin( and neobetanin.
Other imortant beta!yanins are amaranthine and isoamaranthine( iso%ated from se!ies of
Amaranthus.
MYOGLO8I4:"
7yo"%obin is #$ o0y(e$"&i$di$( ,rotei$ found in the mus!%e tissue of 'ertebrates in
"enera% and in a%most a%% mamma%s. 9t is the heme ortion of iron that "i'es both red b%ood
!e%%s and red mus!%e their !o%or. 9n b%ood( the hemo"%obin !ontains iron( ,hereas in mus!%e
!e%%s it is the myo"%obin that !ontains the iron. =ed b%ood !e%%s !ontain hemo"%obin( not
myo"%obin( and so it is hemo"%obin that "i'es red b%ood !e%%s their !o%or. The on%y time
myo"%obin is found in the b%oodstream is fo%%o,in" mus!%e in*ury( ,hen it is re%eased as the
resu%t. 9t is an abnorma% findin"( and !an be dia"nosti!a%%y re%e'ant ,hen found in b%ood.
7yo"%obin -#&&re/i#ted M&. is a si$(!e"h#i$ (!o&%!#r ,rotei$ of 15< or 15: #mi$o
#ids5 o$t#i$i$( # heme @iro$"o$t#i$i$( ,or,hyri$A ,rostheti (ro%, i$ the e$ter
#ro%$d 7hih the rem#i$i$( #,o,rotei$ fo!ds. 9t has ei(ht #!,h# he!ies #$d #
hydro,ho&i ore. 9t has a mo%e!u%ar ,ei"ht of 125;00 d#!to$s( and is the
,rim#ryo0y(e$"#rryi$( ,i(me$t of mus!%e tissues. :n%i&e the b%ood-borne hemo"%obin( to
,hi!h it is stru!tura%%y re%ated( this rotein does not e)hibit !ooerati'e bindin" of o)y"en(
sin!e ositi'e !ooerati'ity is a roerty of mu%timeri!Bo%i"omeri! roteins on%y. 9nstead( the
bindin" of o)y"en by myo"%obin is unaffe!ted by the o)y"en ressure in the surroundin"
tissue. 7yo"%obin is often !ited as ha'in" an 5instant bindin" tena!ity5 to o)y"en "i'en its
hyerbo%i! o)y"en disso!iation !ur'e. /i"h !on!entrations of myo"%obin in mus!%e !e%%s a%%o,
or"anisms to ho%d their breaths %on"er. Di'in" mamma%s su!h as ,ha%es and sea%s ha'e
mus!%es ,ith arti!u%ar%y hi"h myo"%obin abundan!e.

7yo"%obin ,as the first rotein to ha'e its three-dimensiona% stru!ture re'ea%ed. 9n >E@K( Oohn
Kendre, and asso!iates su!!essfu%%y determined the stru!ture of myo"%obin by hi"h-
reso%ution G-ray !rysta%%o"rahy. For this dis!o'ery( Oohn Kendre, shared the >E60 ;obe% +rize
in !hemistry ,ith 7a) +erutz.
Me#t o!or
7yo"%obin forms i"ments resonsib%e for ma&in" meat red. The !o%or that meat ta&es is art%y
determined by the !har"e of the iron atom in myo"%obin and the o)y"en atta!hed to it. 2hen
meat is in its ra, state( the iron atom is in the V0 o)idation state( and is bound to a dio)y"en
mo%e!u%e -O0.. 7eat !oo&ed ,e%% done is bro,n be!ause the iron atom is no, in the V?
o)idation state( ha'in" %ost an e%e!tron( and is no, !oordinated by a ,ater mo%e!u%e. :nder
some !onditions( meat !an a%so remain in& a%% throu"h !oo&in"( desite bein" heated to hi"h
temeratures. 9f meat has been e)osed to nitrites( it ,i%% remain in& be!ause the iron atom is
bound to ;O( nitri! o)ide -true of( e.".( !orned beef or !ured hams.. Fri%%ed meats !an a%so
ta&e on a in& 5smo&e rin"5 that !omes from the iron bindin" a mo%e!u%e of !arbon mono)ide
to "i'e metmyo"%obin. =a, meat a!&ed in a !arbon mono)ide atmoshere a%so sho,s this
same in& 5smo&e rin"5 due to the same !oordination !hemistry. ;otab%y( the surfa!e of the
ra, meat a%so dis%ays the in& !o%or( ,hi!h is usua%%y asso!iated in !onsumers3 minds ,ith
fresh meat. This artifi!ia%%y-indu!ed in& !o%or !an ersist in the meat for a 'ery %on" time(
reorted%y u to one year. /orme% and 6ar"i%% are both reorted to use this meat-a!&in"
ro!ess( and meat treated this ,ay has been in the !onsumer mar&et sin!e 011?. 7yo"%obin is
found in Tye 9 mus!%e( Tye 99 A and Tye 99 A( but most te)ts !onsider myo"%obin not to be
found in smooth mus!%e.
Str%t%re #$d &o$di$(
7yo"%obin !ontains a ,or,hyri$ ri$( ,ith #$ iro$ e$ter. There is
a ,ro0im#! histidi$e "rou atta!hed dire!t%y to the iron !enter( and a dist#! histidi$e "rou
on the oosite fa!e( not bonded to the iron.
7any fun!tiona% mode%s of myo"%obin ha'e been studied. One of the most imortant is that
of ,i'et fe$e ,or,hyri$ by >#mes Co!!m#$. This mode% ,as used to sho, the imortan!e
of the dista% rostheti! "rou. 9t ser'es three fun!tions:
To form hydro"en bonds ,ith the dio)y"en moiety( in!reasin" the O0 bindin" !onstant
To re'ent the bindin" of !arbon mono)ide( ,hether from ,ithin or ,ithout the body. 6arbon
mono)ide binds to iron in an end-on fashion( and is hindered by the resen!e of the
dista% histidine( ,hi!h for!es it into a bent !onformation. 6O binds to heme 0?(111 times better
than O0( but on%y 011 times better in hemo"%obin and myo"%obin. O)y"en binds in a bent
fashion( ,hi!h !an fit ,ith the dista% histidine.
To re'ent irre'ersib%e dimerization of the o)ymyo"%obin ,ith
another deo)ymyo"%obin se!ies.
+6+RID6:"
+ari&a is a si!e made from the "rindin" of dried fruits of C#,si%m #$$%%m -e.".( be%%
eers or !hi%i eers.. 9n many 8uroean %an"ua"es( the ,ord ari&a refers to be%%
eers themse%'es. The seasonin" is used in many !uisines to add !o%or and f%a'or to dishes.
+ari&a !an ran"e from s,eet -mi%d( not hot. to si!y -hot.. F%a'ors a%so 'ary from !ountry to
!ountry.

9s#(e
+ari&a is used as an in"redient in a broad 'ariety of dishes throu"hout the ,or%d. +ari&a is
rin!ia%%y used to season and !o%or ri!es( ste,s( and sous( su!h as "ou%ash( and in the
rearation of
Sausa"es as an in"redient that is mi)ed ,ith meats and other si!es.
+ari&a ,as first rodu!ed in Sain( as that !ountry ,as a%so resonsib%e for the introdu!tion of
the be%% eer into 8uroe. The hi"hest <ua%ity ari&a and most e)ensi'e ari&a !omes
from Sain.
4%tritio$
6asi!um eers used for ari&a are unusua%%y ri!h in /it#mi$ C( a fa!t dis!o'ered in 1C<1
by H%$(#ryBs 1C<; 4o&e! ,riEe"7i$$er 6!&ert SEe$t"GyHr(yi. 7u!h of the 'itamin 6
!ontent is retained in ari&a( ,hi!h !ontains more 'itamin 6 than %emon *ui!e by ,ei"ht.
+ari&a is a%so hi"h in other antio)idants( !ontainin" about >1D of the %e'e% found
in aWaX berries. +re'a%en!e of nutrients( ho,e'er( must be ba%an!ed a"ainst <uantities
in"ested( ,hi!h are "enera%%y ne"%i"ib%e for si!es.
Sy$theti Food Co!ors
Sy$theti Food Co!ors a%so &no,n as Artifi!ia% Food 6o%ours( are manufa!tured !hemi!a%%y
and are the most !ommon%y used dyes in the food( harma!euti!a% and !osmeti! industries.
Se'en dyes ,ere initia%%y aro'ed under the +ure Food and Dru" A!t of >E16( but se'era%
ha'e been de%isted and re%a!ements ha'e been found.
C%rre$t se/e$
9n the :SA( the fo%%o,in" se'en artifi!ia% !o%orin"s are ermitted in food under a!t of 0117:
FD-C 8!%e 4o) 1 I 8ri!!i#$t 8!%e FCF5 E1<< -A%ue shade.
FDH6 A%ue ;o. 0 Z 9ndi"otine( 8>?0 -Dar& A%ue shade.
FDH6 Freen ;o. ? Z Fast Freen F6F( 8>4? -A%uish "reen shade.
FD-C Red 4o) :0 I 6!!%r# Red 6C5 E11C -=ed shade.
FDH6 =ed ;o. ? Z 8rythrosine( 8>07 -+in& shade.
FD-C Ye!!o7 4o) 5 I T#rtr#Ei$e5 E101 -Re%%o, shade.
FDH6 Re%%o, ;o. 6 Z Sunset Re%%o, F6F( 8>>1 -Oran"e shade.
De!isted
FDH6 =ed ;o. 0 Z Amaranth -dye.
FDH6 =ed ;o. 4
FDH6 =ed ;o. ?0 ,as used to !o%or F%orida oran"es.
FDH6 Oran"e ;o. >( ,as one of the first ,ater so%ub%e dyes to be !ommer!ia%ized( and
one of se'en ori"ina% food dyes a%%o,ed under the +ure Food and Dru" A!t of Oune ?1(
>E16.
FDH6 Oran"e ;o. 0 ,as used to !o%or F%orida oran"es.
FDH6 Re%%o,s ;o. >( 0( ?( and 4
FDH6 Mio%et ;o. >
Syntheti! !o%ors are of t,o tyes;
+rim#ry Food Co!ors
+rim#ry o!ors #re those 7he$ they #re mi0ed ,rod%e other o!ors.
A %ist of rimary !o%ours is "i'en be%o,:-
+rod%t=Co!o%r Sh#de C)I)4o) F)D) - C)4o E)4o)

J9I4OLI4E YELLO?
:;005 " E 10:
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

T6RTR6FI4E
1C1:0 Ye!!o7 5 E 101

- Tri sodium sa%t of @-hydro)y ->--su%hoheny% 4- - -su%hoheny%azo. yrazo% -?-
!arbo)y%i! a!id

S94SET YELLO? FCF
15C35 Ye!!o7 2 E 110
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

ERYTHROSI4E
:5:<0 Red < E 11;
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

+O4CE69 :R
12155 " E 11:
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

6LL9R6 RED
120<5 Red :0 E 11C
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

C6RMOISI4E
1:;10 " E 111
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

6M6R64TH
12135 Red 1 E 11<
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

CHOCOL6TE 8RO?4 HT
10135 " E 155
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

8RILLI64T 8L9E FCF
:10C0 8!%e 1 E 1<<
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

+6TE4T 8L9E K
:1015 " E 1<1
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

I4DIGO C6RMI4E
;<015 8!%e 1 E 1<1
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

8L6CD +4
13::0 " E 151
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

F6ST RED E
120:5 " "
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

GREE4 S
::0C0 " E 1:1
-Di sodium sa%t of disu%fonates of 0--0<uino%y%. - >( ? indandione..

RED 1G
13050 " E 113
- Di sodium sa%t of K-a!tamido->-hydro)y-0- heny%azonahtha%ene-?(6 disu%onate.
8!e$ded Food Co!ors
8!e$ded Co!ors #re ,re,#red from mi0i$( of ,re/io%s!y ertified &#thes of
,rim#ry o!ors) A%ends !an be made a'ai%ab%e to meet se!ifi! re<uirements of a
!ustomer in terms of shade and stren"th.
2ide%y used b%ends are:-
EGG YELLO? KC 10
YOLD YELLO? KC 11
OR64GE RED KC 11
STR6?8ERRY RED KC 1<
ROSE +I4D KC 1:
R6S+8ERRY RED KC 15
GR6+E KC 12
KIOLET KC 1;
COFFEE 8RO?4 KC 13
CHOCOL6TE 8RO?4 KC 1C
D6RD CHOCOL6TE KC 10
LIME GREE4 KC 11
6++LE GREE4 KC 11
+E6 GREE4 KC 1<
8L6CD C9RR64T KC 1:
Det#i! of fe7 sy$theti o!ors is hereL
T6RTR6FI4E:"
Tartrazine -E $%m&er E101 or C)I) 1C1:0. is a sy$theti !emo$ ye!!o7 azo dye used as
a food !o%orin"
.
9t is 7#ter so!%&!e and has a ma)imum absorban!e in an a<ueous so%ution at
407[0 nm.
Tartrazine is a !ommon%y used !o%or a%% o'er the ,or%d( main%y for ye%%o,( but !an a%so be used
,ith Ari%%iant A%ue F6F -FDH6 A%ue >( 8>??. or Freen S -8>40. to rodu!e 'arious "reen
shades.
I9+6C 46ME
Trisodium -4E.-@-o)o- >--4-su%fonatoheny%.- 4-I-4-su%fonatoheny%.hydrazonoJ- ?-
yrazo%e!arbo)y%ate
.
Other $#me: FDH6 Re%%o, @
Mo!e%!#r form%!#: C12HC4:4#<OCS1
Mo!#r m#ss: 5<:)< (= mo!

+rodu!ts in!%udin" tartrazine !ommon%y in!%ude !onfe!tionery( !otton !andy( soft
drin&s -7ountain De,.( ener"y drin&s( instant uddin"s( f%a'ored !orn !his ( !erea%s -!orn
f%a&es ( mues%i (et! .. ( !a&e mi)es( astries( !ustard o,der( sous -arti!u%ar%y instant or
5!ube5 sous.( sau!es( some ri!es -%i&e ae%%a( risotto( et!..( o,dered drin& mi)es( sorts
drin&s( i!e !ream( i!e os( !andy( !he,in"
"um( marzian( *am( *e%%y( "e%atins(marma%ade( mustard( yo"urt( nood%es su!h as Kraft
Dinner( i!&%es and other i!&%ed rodu!ts( !ertain brands of fruit s<uash( fruit !ordia%( otato
!his( Ais!uits( and many !on'enien!e to"ether ,ith "%y!erin( %emon and honey rodu!ts.
S94SET YELLO? FCF:"
I9+6C $#me
Disodium 6-hydro)y-@-I-4-su%foheny%.azoJ-0-nahtha%enesu%fononate
Other $#mes:
Oran"e Re%%o, S; FDH6 Re%%o, 6; 6.9. >@EK@; 8>>1

Mo!e%!#r form%!# :C12H104#1O;S141
Mo!#r m#ss: :51)<; (=mo!
Me!ti$( ,oi$t<00 MC
S%$set Ye!!o7 FCF -a%so &no,n as Or#$(e Ye!!o7 S( FD-C Ye!!o7 2 or C)I) 15C35. is
!o%orant that may be added to foods to indu!e a !o%or !han"e. 9t is denoted by E
4%m&er E110( and has the !aa!ity for indu!in" an a%%er"i! rea!tion
.
9t is a syntheti! !oa% tar and azo ye%%o, dye usefu% in ferme$ted foods ,hi!h must be heat
treated. 9t may be found in oran"e s<uash( oran"e *e%%y( marzian( S,iss ro%%( ari!ot *am(
!itrus marma%ade( %emon !urd( s,eets( hot !ho!o%ate mi) and a!&et sous( trif%e mi)(
bread!rumbs and !heese sau!e mi) and soft drin&s. Se!ifi!a%%y it !an be found in the !asu%es
of Day<ui% -in hi"h !on!entrations.( some e)tra stren"th Ty%eno%( Astro ea!h yo"urt ( fortune
!oo&ies( some red sau!es( !ertain ound !a&es( 6heetos( sna!& !his( and other ye%%o,(
oran"e( and red food rodu!ts.
Sunset Re%%o, is often used in !on*un!tion ,ith 8>0?( Amaranth( in order to rodu!e a bro,n
!o%ourin" in both !ho!o%ates and !arame%
.
At hi"h !on!entrations( Sunset Re%%o, in so%ution ,ith ,ater under"oes a hase !han"e from
#$isotro,i !iN%id to a $em#ti !iN%id ryst#!. This o!!urs bet,een 0)3 M #$d
0)C M at room temerature.
Sunset Re%%o, is a s%!fo$#ted /ersio$ of S%d#$ I( a ossib%e !ar!ino"en( ,hi!h is fre<uent%y
resent in it as an imurity. Sunset Re%%o, itse%f may be resonsib%e for !ausin" an a%%er"i!
rea!tion in eo%e ,ith an asirin into%eran!e(resu%tin" in 'arious symtoms in!%udin" "astri!
uset( diarrhoea( 'omitin"( nett%e rash -urti!aria. and s,e%%in" of the s&in -an"ioedema.. The
!o%orin" has a%so been %in&ed to hyera!ti'ity in youn" !hi%dren. As a resu%t of these rob%ems(
there ha'e been reeated !a%%s for the tota% ,ithdra,a% of Sunset Re%%o, from food use.
6LL9R6 RED 6C:"
I9+6C $#me
Disodium 6-hydro)y-@---0-metho)y-@-methy%-4- su%foheny%.azo.-0-nahtha%ene-su%fonate
Other $#mes : A%%ura =ed( Food =ed >7( 6.9. >61?@( FDH6 =ed 41( 8>0E( 0-
nahtha%enesu%foni! a!id disodium sa%t
Mo!e%!#r form%!# :C13H1:414#1O3S1
Mo!#r m#ss: :C2):1 ( mo!
1
6,,e#r#$e: d#r' red ,o7der
Me!ti$( ,oi$tO<00 MC
A%%ura =ed A6 is a red azo dye that "oes by se'era% names in!%udin": A%%ura =ed( Food =ed
>7( 6.9. >61?@( FDH6 =ed 41 ( 0-nahtha%enesu%foni! a!id( 6-hydro)y-@---0-metho)y-@-methy%-
4-su%foheny%.azo.-( disodium sa%t( and disodium 6-hydro)y-@---0-metho)y-@-methy%-4-
su%foheny%.azo.-0-nahtha%ene-su%fonate. 9t is used as a food dye and has the 8
number E11C. A%%ura =ed A6 ,as ori"ina%%y introdu!ed in the :nited States as a re%a!ement
for the use of amaranth as a food !o%orin".
9t has the aearan!e of a dar& red o,der. 9t usua%%y !omes as a sodi%m s#!t but !an a%so be
used as both !a%!ium and otassium sa%ts.

9t is so!%&!e i$ 7#ter. 9n ,ater so%ution( its m#0im%m #&sor&#$e %ies at about 50: $m) 9ts
me%tin" oint is at T?11 de"rees 6e%sius.
A%%ura =ed A6 is one of many /i"h +rodu!tion Mo%ume 6hemi!a%s.
=ed A6 ,as ori"ina%%y manufa!tured from o#! t#r but is no, most%y made from etro%eum.
Desite the ou%ar mis!on!etion( A%%ura =ed A6 is not deri'ed from any inse!t( un%i&e the
food !o%orin" !armine ,hi!h is deri'ed from the fema%e !o!hinea% inse!t.
=e%ated dyes in!%ude Sunset Re%%o, F6F( S!ar%et F;( tartrazine( and Oran"e A.
A%%ura =ed A6 has fe,er hea%th ris&s asso!iated ,ith it in !omarison to other azo dyes.
/o,e'er( some studies ha'e found some ad'erse hea%th effe!ts that may be asso!iated ,ith
the dye.
Re(%!#tio$
9n 8uroe( A%%ura =ed A6 is not re!ommended for !onsumtion by !hi%dren. 9t is banned in
Denmar&( Ae%"ium( Fran!e( S,itzer%and( and S,eden. The 8uroean :nion aro'es A%%ura =ed
A6 as a food !o%orant( but 8: !ountries3 %o!a% %a,s bannin" food !o%orants are reser'ed. 9n
;or,ay( it ,as banned bet,een >E7K and 011>( a eriod in ,hi!h azo dyes ,ere on%y %e"a%%y
used in a%!oho%i! be'era"es and some fish rodu!ts.
9n the :nited States( A%%ura =ed A6 is aro'ed by the Food and Dru" Administration for use in
!osmeti!s( dru"s( and food. 9t is used in some tattoo in&s and is used in many rodu!ts( su!h
as soft drin&s( !hi%dren3s medi!ations( and !otton !andy.
8RILLI64T 8L9E FCF:"
Other $#mes
FDH6 A%ue ;o.>(A!id A%ue E(DH6 A%ue ;o. 4(A%zen Food A%ue ;o. >(Atra!id A%ue FF(8rio"%au!ine
8rios&y b%ue( +atent A%ue A=(Gy%ene A%ue MSF
Mo!e%!#r form%!# LC<;H<:414#1OCS<
Ari%%iant A%ue F6F( a%so &no,n under !ommer!ia% names( is a !o%orant for foods and other
substan!es to indu!e a !o%or !han"e. 9t is denoted by 8 number E1<< and has a o!or
i$de0 of :10C0. 9t has the aearan!e of a reddish"&!%e ,o7der. 9t is so!%&!e i$ 7#ter(
and the so%ution has a m#0im%m #&sor,tio$ at about 213 $#$ometer.
Chemistry
9t is a syntheti! dye deri'ed from !oa% tar. 9t !an be !ombined ,ith tartrazine -8>10. to
rodu!e 'arious shades of "reen.

9t is usua%%y # disodi%m s#!t. The diammonium sa%t has 6AS number I06@1->K-0J. 6a%!ium
and otassium sa%ts are a%so ermitted. 9t !an a%so aear as an #!%mi$i%m !#'e.
The dye is oor%y absorbed from the "astro-intestina% tra!t and E@D of the absorbed dye !an
be found in the fe!es.
9t a%so rea!ts ,ith !ertain bi%e i"ments to form "reen fe!es.
6,,!i#tio$s
As a b%ue !o%or( Ari%%iant A%ue F6F is often found in i!e !ream( tinned ro!essed eas( dairy
rodu!ts( s,eets

and drin&s. 9t is a%so used in soas( shamoos( and other hy"iene and
!osmeti!s a%i!ations. 9n soi% s!ien!e( Ari%%iant A%ue is a%ied in tra!in" studies to 'isua%ize
infi%tration and ,ater distribution in the soi%. 9t is used as the stain in 4isterine3s A"ent 6oo%
A%ue mouth,ash.
He#!th #$d s#fety
Ari%%iant A%ue F6F has re'ious%y been banned in Austria( Ae%"ium( Denmar&( Fran!e(
Fermany( Free!e( 9ta%y( ;or,ay( Sain( S,eden( and S,itzer%and amon" others but has been
!ertified as a safe food additi'e in the 8: and is today unbanned in most of the !ountries. 9t
has the !aa!ity for indu!in" an a%%er"i! rea!tion in indi'idua%s ,ith re-e)istin" moderate
asthma
.

8RILLI64T 8L6CD 84:"
I9+6C $#me
Tetra sodium -6Z.-4-a!etamido-@-o)o-6-II7-su%fonato-4--4-su%fonatoheny%.azo->-
nahthy%JhydrazonoJnahtha%ene->(7-disu%fonate
Other $#mes
6.9. Food A%a!& >; >74? A%a!&; A%a!& +;; A%ue A%a!& A;; Ari%%iant A!id A%a!&; 6.9. 0K441; 6erti!o%
A%a!& +;2; 6i%efa A%a!& A; 8 >@>; 8di!o% Sura A%a!& A;; /e)a!o% A%a!& +;; 4 A%a!& K111;
7e%an A%a!&; Gy%ene A%a!& F
Mo!e%!#r form%!# :C13H1;454#:O1:S:
Mo!#r m#ss: 32;)23 (=mo!

Ari%%iant A%a!& A; is a syntheti! b%a!& diazo dye. 9t is so!%&!e in ,ater. 9t usua%%y !omes as
tetr#sodi%m sa%t. 9t has the aearan!e of so!id( fi$e ,o7der or (r#$%!es. 6a%!ium and
otassium sa%ts are a%%o,ed as ,e%%.

2hen used as a food dye( its 8 number is E151. 9t is used in food de!orations and !oatin"s(
desserts( s,eets( i!e !ream( mustard( red fruit *ams( soft drin&s( f%a'ored mi%& drin&s( fish
aste( %umfish !a'iar and other foods.
9t aears to !ause a%%er"i! or into%eran!e rea!tions( arti!u%ar%y amon"st those ,ith an asirin
into%eran!e. 9t is a histamine %iberator( and may ,orsen the symtoms of asthma.
9t is one of the !o%orants that the /yera!ti'e 6hi%dren3s Suort Frou re!ommends be
e%iminated from the diet of !hi%dren. 9t is banned in 6anada( :nited States( Fin%and and Oaan.
CITR9S RED1:"

I9+6C $#me
>--0(@-Dimetho)y-heny%azo.-nahtha%en-0-o%
Other $#mes
6itrus =ed ;o. 0( 6.9. So%'ent =ed K1( 6.9. >0>@6( 8>0>


Citr%s Red 1( Citr%s Red 4o) 1( C)I) So!/e$t Red 30( or C)I) 11152 is an artifi!ia% dye. As a
food dye( it is ermitted by Food and Dru" Administration -FDA. sin!e >E@6 on%y for use in the
:nited States on s&in on some oran"es. 2hi%e the dye is a !ar!ino"en( it does not enetrate
the oran"e ee% into the u%
J
.9t is an or#$(e to ye!!o7 so!id or # d#r' red ,o7der ,ith a
me!ti$( ,oi$t of 152 MC.
6itrus =ed 0 is $ot 7#ter"so!%&!e( but readi%y so%ub%e in many or"ani! so%'ents.
ERYTHROSI4E:"
Erythrosi$e( a%so &no,n as =ed ;o. ?( is a herry",i$' sy$theti f!%ori$e food !o%orin". 9t
is the disodi%m s#!t of 15:555;"tetr#iodof!%oresei$.

9ts ma)imum absorban!e is at 5<0 $m

in an a<ueous so%ution( and it is sub*e!t to hoto
de"radation.
9ses
9t is used as a food !o%orin"( in rintin" in&s( as a bio%o"i!a% stain( a denta% %a<ue dis!%osin"
a"ent and a radioa<ue medium. 8rythrosine is !ommon%y used in s,eets su!h as some
!andies and osi!%es( and e'en more ,ide%y used in !a&e-de!oratin" "e%s. 9t is a%so used to
!o%or ista!hio she%%s. As a food additi'e( it has the 8 number E11;.
F6ST GREE4FCF:"
I9+6C $#me :ethy% - I4 - I I4 - Iethy% -I-? - su%foheny%. methy%J aminoJ heny%J - -4 - hydro)y -
0 - su%foheny%. methy%ideneJ - > - !y!%ohe)a - 0( @ - dieny%ideneJ - I-? - su%foheny%. methy%J
azanium
Other $#mes
Food "reen ?( FDH6 Freen ;o. ?(Freen >704(So%id Freen F6F( and 6.9. 401@?
Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C<;H<;41O10S<P
F#st Gree$ FCF is a se# (ree$ tri#ry!meth#$e food dye. 9ts 8 number is E1:<.
9ts absortion ma)imum is at 60@ nm.
Fast Freen F6F is oor%y absorbed by the intestines. 9ts use as a food dye is rohibited in
8uroean :nion and some other !ountries.
9t !an be used for tinned "reen eas and other 'e"etab%es( *e%%ies( sau!es( fish( desserts( and
dry ba&ery mi)es at %e'e% of u to >11 m"B&".

To0io!o(y
This substan!e has been found to ha'e Tumori"eni! effe!ts in e)erimenta% anima%s( as ,e%% as
7uta"eni! effe!ts in both e)erimenta% anima%s and humans. 9t furthermore ris&s irritation of
eyes( s&in( di"esti'e tra!t( and resiratory tra!t in its undi%uted form.
GREE4 S:"
I9+6C $#me:-
Sodium 4-I-4-dimethy%aminoheny%.--4-dimethy%azaniumy%idene->-!y!%ohe)a-0(@-
dieny%idene.methy%J-?-hydro)ynahtha%ene-0(7-disu%fonate
Other $#mes
Food Freen S; FDH6 Freen 4; A!id "reen @1; 4issamine Freen A; 2oo% Freen S; 6.9. 441E1;
8>40
Freen S is a "reen syntheti! !oa% tar triary%methane dye ,ith the mo%e!u%ar formu%a
C1;H1541O;S14#.
As a food dye( it has E $%m&er E1:1) 9t !an be used in mint sau!e( desserts( "ra'y "ranu%es(
s,eets( i!e !reams( and tinned eas. Freen S is rohibited as a food additi'e
in 6anada( :nited States( Oaan( and ;or,ay.
Freen S is a 'ita% dye( meanin" it !an be used to stain %i'in" !e%%s. 9t is used in ohtha%mo%o"y(
amon" f%uores!ein and rose Aen"a%( to dia"nose 'arious disorders of the eye3s surfa!e.
Freen S may !ause a%%er"i! rea!tions and is one of the !o%orants that the /yera!ti'e
6hi%dren3s Suort Frou re!ommends to be e%iminated from the diet of !hi%dren.


+6TE4T 8L9E K:"
+atent A%ue M( a%so !a%%ed Food A%ue @ or Su%han A%ue( is a dar& b%uish syntheti! dye used as
a food !o%orin". As a food additi'e( it has 8 number E1<1. 9t is a sodi%m or #!i%m s#!t of
I4----4-diethy%aminoheny%.-@-hydro)y- 0(4-disu%foheny%-methy%idene.-0(@-!y!%ohe)adien->-
y%ideneJ diethy% ammonium hydro)ide inner sa%t. 9t has the aearan!e of a /io!et ,o7der.

9ts 6AS number is I?@?6-4E-1J and its S7948S stru!ture
is66;-66.!>!!!-!!>.6-U606U66-6U60.UI;VJ-66.66.!?!!-O.!-OS-IO-J.UO.!!?OS-IO-J.UO. 9t
is not ,ide%y used( but !an be found in S!ot!h e""s and !ertain *e%%y s,eets. +atent A%ue M is
banned as a food dye in Austra%ia( :SA( and ;or,ay.
+O4CE69 :R:"
I9+6C $#me
Trisodium -KZ.-7-o)o-K-I-4-su%fonatonahtha%en->-y%. hydraziny%ideneJ nahtha%ene->( ?-
disu%fonate
+on!eau 4= -a%so &no,n as 6.9. >60@@
(
6o!hinea% =ed A
(
6.9. A!id =ed >K( Ari%%iant S!ar%et
?=( Ari%%iant S!ar%et 4=( ;e, 6o!!ine( SG ur%e. is a syntheti! !o%orant that may be added to
foods to indu!e a !o%or !han"e. 9t is denoted by 8 ;umber E11:. 9ts !hemi!a% name is
trisodium sa%t of >--4-su%ho->-nathy%azo.- 0-natho%- 6(K-disu%honi! a!id.
+on!eau 4= is a red #Eo dye usua%%y synthesized from !oa% tar ,hi!h !an be used in a 'ariety
of food rodu!ts.

He#!th effets
Ae!ause it is an azo dye( it may e%i!it into%eran!e in eo%e a%%er"i! to sa%i!y%ates -asirin..
Additiona%%y( it is a histamine %iberator( and may intensify symtoms of asthma.
+on!eau 4= is !onsidered !ar!ino"eni! in some !ountries( in!%udin" the :SA( ;or,ay( and
Fin%and( and it is !urrent%y %isted as a banned substan!e by the :.S. Food and Dru"
Administration -FDA..
J9I4OLI4E YELLO? ?S:"
Cuino%ine ye%%o,( Cuino%ine Re%%o, 2S( 6.9. 4711@( or Food Re%%o, >?( is a ye!!o7 food
dye. 6hemi!a%%y it is a mi)ture of dis%!fo$#tes -rin!ia%%y.( monosu%fonates and
trisu%fonates of 0--0-<uino%y%. indan->(?-dione.

The !o%or Cuino%ine Re%%o, SS -Sirit So%ub%e.( ,hi!h %a!&s the su%fonate "rous( is a re%ated
form that is inso%ub%e in ,ater.
9ses
As a food additi'e ,ith the E $%m&er E10:( it is used as !o%orant that indu!es a d%!! ye!!o7(
or (ree$ish ye!!o7 o!or.
RED 1G:"
=ed 0F is a syntheti! red azo dye. 9t is so!%&!e i$ 7#ter and s!i(ht!y so!%&!e i$ eth#$o!. 9t
usua%%y !omes as a disodi%m s#!t of K-a!etamido->-hydro)y-0-heny%azonahtha%ene-?( 6
disu%honate.

Food dye
9n the 8uroean :nion( =ed 0F is used as a food dye E $%m&er E113. /o,e'er( it is on%y
ermitted for use in brea&fast sausa"es ,ith a minimum !erea% !ontent of 6D and bur"er meat
,ith a minimum 'e"etab%e andBor !erea% !ontent of 4D.
=ed 0F is banned in Austra%ia( Austria( 6anada( Oaan( ;or,ay( S,eden( 7a%aysia and the
:nited. 9t ,as banned in 9re%and( 9srae% and Free!e in Ou%y 0117.
9t is re%ati'e%y insensiti'e to the b%ea!hin" effe!t of su%fur dio)ide -8001. and sodium
metabisu%fite -800?.. 9n the intestines( =ed 0F !an be !on'erted to the to)i!
!omound ani%ine ( so there are !on!erns =ed 0F may u%timate%y interfere ,ith
b%ood hemo"%obin( as ,e%% as !ause !an!er.
I4DIGO C6RMI4E:"
9ndi"o 6armine( or @(@3-indi"odisu%foni! a!id sodi%m s#!t( is a / indi!ator ,ith the !hemi!a%
formu%a C12H3414#1O3S1

9ses
The rimary use of 9ndi"o !armine is as a / indi!ator. 9t is b%ue at / >>.4 and ye%%o, at >?.1.
9ndi"o !armine is a%so a redo) indi!ator( turnin" ye%%o, uon redu!tion.
Another use is as a disso%'ed ozone indi!ator. 9t is a%so used as a dye in the manufa!turin" of
!asu%es.
9ndi"o 6armine -/ indi!ator.
below pH 11.4 above pH 13.0
>>.4 >?.1
He#!th o$er$s
9ndi"o !armine is harmfu% to the resiratory tra!t if s,a%%o,ed. 9t is a%so an irritant to the s&in
and eyes. +roer %aboratory !autions -%ab !oat( "%o'es( and "o""%es. are ad'ised.

CHOCL6TE 8RO?4 :-
I9+6C $#me
Disodium 4-I-08.-0-I-@P.-?--hydro)ymethy%.-0(6-dio)o-@-I-4-su%fonatonahtha%en->-
y%.hydraziny%ideneJ->-!y!%ohe)-?-eny%ideneJhydraziny%Jnahtha%ene->-su%fonate


Other $#mes: 6ho!o%ate Aro,n /T( Food Aro,n ?( 6.9. 010K@( 8>@@
Mo!e%!#r form%!# :C1;H134:4#1OCS1
Mo!#r m#ss: 251)52 (=mo!
6ho!o%ate Aro,n is a &ro7$ sy$theti o#! t#r di#Eo dye.
2hen used as a food dye( its 8 number is E155. 9t is used to substitute oo# or #r#me! as
a !o%orant. 9t is used main%y in !ho!o%ate !a&es( but a%so in mi%& and !heeses( yo"hurts( *ams(
fruit rodu!ts( fish( and other rodu!ts. 9t may ro'o&e a%%er"i! rea!tions in asthmati!s( eo%e
sensiti'e to asirin( and other sensiti'e indi'idua%s( and may indu!e s&in sensiti'ity.
9t is one of the food !o%orin"s that the /yera!ti'e 6hi%dren3s Suort Frou re!ommends be
e%iminated from the diet of !hi%dren. 9t is banned in Austria( Ae%"ium( Denmar&( Fran!e(
Fermany( :nited States( ;or,ay( S,itzer%and( and S,eden.
9t is used in near%y e'ery ma*or brand of !ho!o%ate f%a'ored mi%& in Austra%ia.
Dyes #$d !#'es
6o%or additi'es are a'ai%ab%e for use in food as either 5dyes5 or %a&e i"ments -!ommon%y
&no,n as 5%a&es5..
Dyes disso!/e i$ 7#ter5 &%t #re $ot so!%&!e i$ oi!. Dyes are manufa!tured as ,o7ders5
(r#$%!es5 !iN%ids or other se!ia% urose forms. They !an be used in be'era"es( dry mi)es(
ba&ed "oods( !onfe!tions( dairy rodu!ts( et foods( and a 'ariety of other rodu!ts. Dyes a%so
ha'e side effe!ts ,hi!h %a&es do not( in!%udin" the fa!t that %ar"e amounts of dyes in"ested
!an !o%or stoo%s.
L#'es #re m#de &y om&i$i$( dyes 7ith s#!ts to m#'e i$so!%&!e om,o%$ds. 4a&es
tint by dis,ersio$. 4a&es are $ot oi! so!%&!e( but are oi! dis,ersi&!e. 4a&es are more stab%e
than dyes and are idea% for !o%orin" rodu!ts !ontainin" fats and oi%s or items %a!&in" suffi!ient
moisture to disso%'e dyes. Tyi!a% uses in!%ude !oated tab%ets( !a&e and dou"hnut mi)es( hard
!andies and !he,in" "ums( %isti!&s( soas( shamoos( ta%!( et!.

L6DE J9I4OLI4E YELLO?
4711@:> E 10:

L6DE T6RTR6FI4E
>E>41:> E 101

L6DE S94SET YELLO? FCF
>@EK@:> E 110

L6DE ERYTHROSI4E
4@4?1:> E 11;

L6DE +O4CE69 :R
>60@@:> E 11:

L6DE 6LL9R6 RED
>61?@:> E 11C

L6DE C6RMOISI4E
>4701:> E 113

L6DE 6M6R64TH
>6>K@:> E 11<

L6DE CHOCCOL6TE 8RO?4 HT
010K@:> E 155

L6DE 8RILLI64T 8L9E FCF
401E1:> E 1<<

L6DE I4DIGO C6RMI4E
7?1>@:> E 1<1
4a&e i"ments find ,ide usa"e in areas %i&e foodstuffs( et foods( dru"s and harma!euti!a%s(
!osmeti!s( %asti!s( %asti! fi%ms( !an %inin"s( %asti! food !ontainers( in&s and stationery.
6M6R64TH @DYEA:"

I9+6C $#me
trisodium -48.-?-o)o-4-I-4-su%fonato->-nahthy%.hydrazonoJnahtha%ene-0(7-disu%fonate

Other $#mes:
FDH6 =ed ;o. 0(8>0?(6.9. Food =ed E(A!id =ed 07(Azorubin S(6.9. >6>K@
Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C10H11414#<O10S<
Mo!#r m#ss : 20:):;<05
Me!ti$( ,oi$t110 MC @deom,osesA
Amaranth is a dar& red to ur%e azo dye in o,der form.
on!e used as a food dye and to !o%or !osmeti!s( but sin!e >E76 it has been banned in the
:nited States by the Food and Dru" Administration -FDA. as it is a suse!ted !ar!ino"en.
9t usua%%y !omes as a trisodi%m s#!t. 9t has the aearan!e of reddish"&ro7$5 d#r' red to
,%r,!e 7#ter"so!%&!e ,o7der that deom,oses #t 110 MC 7itho%t me!ti$(. 9ts ,ater
so%ution has absortion ma)imum at about 510 $m. Amaranth is made from o#!
t#r. Amaranth is #$ #$io$i dye. 9t !an be a%ied to natura% and
syntheti! fibers( %eather( aer( and heno%-forma%dehyde resins. As a food additi'e it has 8
number E11<. Amaranth3s use is sti%% %e"a% in some !ountries( notab%y in the :nited
Kin"dom ,here it is most !ommon%y used to "i'e "%a!e !herries their distin!ti'e !o%or.
64ILI4E YELLO?:"
I9+6C $#me
4-+heny%diazeny%ani%ine
Other $#mes:-
6eres Re%%o,( Fast sirit Re%%o,( Oi% Re%%o, AAA(Oi% Re%%o, A;(Or"ano% Re%%o,( So%'ent
Re%%o,(6.9. >>111

Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C2H54Q4C2H:4H1
Mo!#r m#ss : 1C;)1: (=mo!
Me!ti$( ,oi$t :11<"112 MC
8oi!i$( ,oi$tO <20 MC
Ani%ine Re%%o, is a ye!!o7 #Eo dye and an #rom#ti #mi$e) 9t is a deri/#te of #Eo&e$Ee$e.
9t has the aearan!e of #$ or#$(e ,o7der. 9t is a !ar!ino"en.
Ani%ine Re%%o, ,as the first azo dye. it ,as first rodu!ed in 1321 &y C) Me$e. The se!ond azo
dye ,as Aismar!& Aro,n in >K6?. Ani%ine Re%%o, ,as !ommer!ia%ized in >K64 as the first
!ommer!ia% azo dye( a year after Ani%ine A%a!&. 9t is manufa!tured from ani%ine.
9ses
Ani%ine Re%%o, is used in mi!ros!oy for 'ita% stainin". 9t is a%so used in inse!ti!ides( %a!<uers(
'arnishes( ,a)es( oi% stains( and styrene resins. 9t is a%so an intermediate in synthesis of other
dyes( e". !hrysoidin e ( indu%ines( So%id Re%%o,( and A!id Re%%o,.
6FO KOILET:"
I9+6C $#me
4--4-nitroheny%. azobenzene->( ?-dio%
Other $#mes
Azo'io%et; 7a"neson
Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C11HC4<O:
6,,e#r#$e: d#r' red to &ro7$ ryst#!!i$e ,o7der
De$sity : 1):5 (=m
<
F!#sh ,oi$t :121); MC
Azo 'io%et is an or"ani! !omound ,ith the !hemi!a% formu%a 6>0/E;?O4. 9t is used as a dye and
a / indi!ator. 9t Forms &!%e o!or ,ith m#($esi%m i$ s!i(ht!y #!'#!i$e medi%m. This
rea!tion deends on adsortion of the dye on ma"nesium hydro)ide. Ammonium ions redu!e
sensiti'ity of rea!tion.
Any sa%t or sa%t so%ution !ontainin" 7a"nesium ,i%% "i'e this Mio%et !o%orin" of so%ution.
/o,e'er( ammonium !omounds su!h as Ammonium 6h%oride or Ammonium /ydro)ide ,i%%
"i'e a different !o%or based on amount used. Sti%%( it is used as identifi!ation test for
7a"nesium

8L6CD ;C3::"
I9+6C $#me
Tetra sodium 6-amino-4-hydro)y-?-II7-su%fonato-4-I-4-su%fonatoheny%.azoJ->-
nahthy%JazoJnahtha%ene-0(7-disu%fonate
Other $#mes: Food A%a!& 0 ( 6.9. 077@@

Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C12H1C454#:O1<S:
Mo!#r m#ss : ;<<)2C (=mo!
A%a!& 7EK4( Food A%a!& 0( or 6.9. 077@@( is a &ro7$"to"&!#' sy$theti di#Eo dye. 9t is often
used as the tetr# sodi%m s#!t.
2hen used as a food dye( it has 8 number E151. 9ts use in food is dis!ontinued in :SA and 8:
sin!e >EK4. 9t is a%so not ermitted in Austra%ia and Oaan.
A%a!& 7EK4 is a%so used in !osmeti!s.
A%a!& 7EK4 may !ause a%%er"i! or into%eran!e rea!tions( arti!u%ar%y amon"st those ,ith an
asirin into%eran!e. 9t is a histamine %iberator( and may ,orsen the symtoms of asthma. 9t is
one of the !o%orants that the Frou re!ommends be e%iminated from the diet of !hi%dren.

FD-C Or#$(e 4%m&er 1:"

FD-C Or#$(e 4%m&er 1 ,as one of the first 7#ter so!%&!e dyes to be !ommer!ia%ized(
and one of se'en ori"ina% food dyes a%%o,ed under the +ure of Oune ?1( >E16.
I>J
9n the ear%y
>E@1s( after se'era% !ases ,ere reorted of si!&ness in !hi%dren ,ho had eaten foods ,ith
e)!essi'e amounts of dye( the FDA !ondu!ted ne,( more thorou"h and ri"orous testin" on
food dyes. Oran"e > ,as out%a,ed for food use in >E@6.
F6ST YELLO? 68 :-
I9+6C $#me
0-amino-@-I-8.--4-su%foheny%. diazeny%J- benzenesu%foni! a!id
Other $#mes:
Fast Re%%o,( A!id Re%%o,( 6.9. >?1>@( Food Re%%o, 0
Mo!e%!#r form%!# : C11H114<O2S1
Mo!#r m#ss : <5;)<2
Fast Re%%o, AA is an azo dye denoted by E $%m&er E105. 9t ,as used as a food dye.
9t is no, de%isted in both 8uroe and :SA and is forbidden if used in foods and drin&s( as
to)i!o%o"i!a% data has sho,n it is harmfu%.


OR64GE 8:"

I9+6C $#me:
Disodium 4-I;3-I?-etho)y!arbony%-@-o)o->--4-su%fonatoheny%.-4-yrazo%y%ideneJhydrazinoJ->-
nahtha%enesu%fonate
Other names: 6.9. A!id Oran"e >?7
Oran"e A is a food dye from the azo dye "rou. 9t is aro'ed by Food and Dru"
Administration -FDA. for use on%y in hot do" and sausa"e !asin"s or surfa!es( on%y u to >@1
m of the finished food ,ei"ht. 9t usua%%y !omes as disodi%m s#!t)

O=A;F8 FF;:-
Oran"e FF;( a%so &no,n as #!,h#"$#,htho! or#$(e( is a food dye. 9n 8uroe it is denoted by
the 8 ;umber E111) 9t is the disodi%m s#!t of 1"@m"s%!fo,he$y!#EoA"1"$#,htho!"2"
s%!fo$i #id.

9t is !urrent%y de%isted in 8uroe and :SA( be!ause to)i!o%o"i!a% data has sho,n it is harmfu%.
The absortion se!trum of Oran"e FF; and Sunset Re%%o, is near%y identi!a% in /isi&!e and
%!tr#/io!et ran"e( but they !an be distin"uished by their IR s,etr#.
+O4CE69 2R:"

+on!eau 6=( or 6rysta% on!eau 6=( 6rysta% s!ar%et( Ari%%iant !rysta% s!ar%et 6=( A!id =ed 44(
or 6.9. >60@1( is a red #Eo dye. 9t is so!%&!e i$ 7#ter and s!i(ht!y so!%&!e i$ eth#$o!. 9t is
used as a food dye( ,ith 8 number E112) 9t is a%so used in histo%o"y( for stainin" fibrin ,ith
the 7SA Tri!hromestain. 9t usua%%y !omes as disodi%m s#!t.
Amaranth is a !%ose%y re%ated azo dye( a%so usab%e in tri!hrome stainin".
9ts 6AS number is I0766-77-1J and its S7948S stru!ture is O6>U6-;U; 6?U6-6U66U64.
64U66U6?.60U6 -6U6-S-UO. -IO-J.UO.6U60 S-UO.-IO-J. UO.6U6>.



SC6RLET G4:"
S!ar%et F; or 6.9. Food =ed 0( +on!eau SG( FDH6 =ed ;o. 4( or 6.9. >4711 is a red azo dye used
as a food dye. 2hen used as a food additi'e( it has the 8 number E115) 9t usua%%y !omes as a
disodi%m s#!t.
9t is ermitted in fruit ee%s and maras!hino !herries.
9ts 6AS number is I4@4K-@?-0J and its S7948S stru!ture is O60U6-B;U;B6?U6 -S-UO.-IO-J.UO.
6U6-6.6U6?6.6U6 -S-UO.-IO-J.UO. 6>U66U66U6>0.



S9D64 I:"
Sudan 9 -a%so !ommon%y &no,n as 69 So%'ent Re%%o, >4 and So%'ent Oran"e =.( is
#!ysohrome( a di#Eo"o$R%(#te dye ,ith a hemi#! form%!# of 1",he$y!#Eo"1"
$#,htho!. Sudan 9 is a ,o7dered s%&st#$e ,ith an or#$(e"red #,,e#r#$e.

The additi'e is main%y used to !o%or ,a)es( oi%s( etro%( so%'ents and o%ishes. Sudan 9 has a%so
been adoted for !o%orin" 'arious foodstuffs( in!%udin" arti!u%ar brands of !urry
o,der and !hi%i o,der( a%thou"h the use of Sudan 9 in foods is no, banned in many
!ountries be!ause Sudan 9( Sudan 999( and Sudan 9M ha'e been !%assified as !ate"ory
? !ar!ino"ens by the 9nternationa% A"en!y for =esear!h on 6an!er.
Sudan 9 is a%so resent as an imurity in Sunset Re%%o,( ,hi!h is its disu%fonated ,ater-so%ub%e
'ersion.
YELLO? 1G:"
Re%%o, 0F is a !o%orant in food denoted by 8 number E10;
.
9t has the aearan!e of a ye!!o7
,o7der( so!%&!e i$ 7#ter. 9t is a syntheti! !oa% tar and ye%%o, azo dye.
9t aears to !ause a%%er"i! or into%erant rea!tions( arti!u%ar%y amon"st those ,ith an asirin
into%eran!e and asthma sufferers. 9t is one of the !o%ours that the /yera!ti'e 6hi%dren3s
Suort Frou re!ommends be e%iminated from the diet of !hi%dren.
6urrent%y on%y the :K in the 8uroean :nion uses this dye and the 8: is roosin" a tota% ban.
9ts use is banned in Austria( Oaan( ;or,ay( S,eden( S,itzer%and and the :nited States.

6FOR98I4E:"

Azorubine( !armoisine( Food =ed ?( Azorubin S( Ari%%ant!armoisin O( A!id =ed >4( or 6.9.
>4701 is a sy$theti red food dye from the azo dye "rou. 9t usua%%y !omes as a disodi%m
s#!t)

9t is a red to m#roo$ ,o7der. 9t is used for the uroses ,here the food is heat-treated after
fermentation. 9t has 8 number E111. Some of the foods it !an be resent in S,iss ro%%( *ams(
reser'es( yo"hurts( *e%%ies( bread!rumbs( and !heese!a&e mi)es.
+ossi&!e he#!th effets
9t aears to !ause a%%er"i! or into%eran!e rea!tions( arti!u%ar%y amon"st those ,ith an asirin
into%eran!e. Other rea!tions !an in!%ude a rash simi%ar to nett%e rash and
s&in s,e%%in" .Asthmati!s sometimes rea!t bad%y to it.
Critiism #$d he#!th im,!i#tio$s:"
Thou"h ast resear!h sho,ed no !orre%ation bet,een 6tte$tio$"defiit hy,er#ti/ity
disorder @6DHDA and food dyes( ne, studies no, oint to syntheti! reser'ati'es and
artifi!ia% !o%orin" a"ents as a""ra'atin" ADD and AD/D symtoms( both in those affe!ted by
these disorders and in the "enera% ou%ation. O%der studies ,ere in!on!%usi'e <uite ossib%y
due to inade<uate !%ini!a% methods of measurin" offendin" beha'ior. +arenta% reorts ,ere
more a!!urate indi!ators of the resen!e of additi'es than !%ini!a% tests.
;or,ay banned a%% rodu!ts !ontainin" !oa% tar and !oa% tar deri'ati'es in 1C;3. ;e,
%e"is%ation %ifted this ban in 011> after 8: re"u%ations. As su!h( many FDH6 aro'ed
!o%orin"s ha'e been banned.
Tartrazine !auses hi'es in %ess than 1.1>D of those e)osed to it.
8rythrosine is %in&ed to thyroid tumors in rats.
6o!hinea%( a%so &no,n as !armine( is deri'ed from inse!ts and therefore is neither
'e"an nor 'e"etarian. 9t has a%so been &no,n to !ause se'ere( e'en %ife-
threatenin"( a%%er"i! rea!tions in rare !ases.
This !riti!ism ori"inated durin" the 1C50s) 9n effe!t( many foods that used dye be!ame %ess
ou%ar.
Ari%%iant A%ue -AAF. food !o%orin" ,as !ited in a re!ent study in ,hi!h rats that had suffered a
sina% in*ury ,ere "i'en an in*e!tion of the dye immediate%y after the in*ury( and ,ere ab%e to
re"ain or retain motor !ontro%. AAF he%s rote!t sine from AT+ -adenosine trihoshate.(
,hi!h the body sends to the area after a sina% in*ury( ,hi!h further dama"es the sine by
&i%%in" motor neurons at the site of the in*ury.
REFERE4CES:"
777)food#dditi/es7or!d)om
htt,:==e$)7i'i,edi#)or(=7i'i=C#te(ory:FoodSo!ori$(s
777)sri&d)om